Proto-Slavic language

3254:

palatalized and non-palatalized alveolars and labials. In the process, the palatal sonorants *ľ *ň *ř merged with alveolar *l *n *r before front vowels, with both becoming *lʲ *nʲ *rʲ. Subsequently, some palatalized consonants lost their palatalization in some environments, merging with their non-palatal counterparts. This happened the least in Russian and the most in Czech. Palatalized consonants never developed in Southwest Slavic (modern Croatian, Serbian, and Slovenian), and the merger of *ľ *ň *ř with *l *n *r did not happen before front vowels (although Serbian and Croatian later merged *ř with *r).

2196:(c. 600–800): The stage with the earliest identifiable dialectal distinctions. Rapid phonological change continued, alongside the massive expansion of the Slavic-speaking area. Although some dialectal variation did exist, most sound changes were still uniform and consistent in their application. By the end of this stage, the vowel and consonant phonemes of the language were largely the same as those still found in the modern languages. For this reason, reconstructed "Proto-Slavic" forms commonly found in scholarly works and etymological dictionaries normally correspond to this period. 3276:. In Middle Common Slavic, all accented long vowels, nasal vowels and liquid diphthongs had a distinction between two pitch accents, traditionally called "acute" and "circumflex" accent. The acute accent was pronounced with rising intonation, while the circumflex accent had a falling intonation. Short vowels (*e *o *ь *ъ) had no pitch distinction, and were always pronounced with falling intonation. Unaccented (unstressed) vowels never had tonal distinctions, but could still have length distinctions. These rules are similar to the restrictions that apply to the pitch accent in 3378:(palatal or non-palatal according to whether *ь or *ъ preceded respectively). This left no closed syllables at all in these languages. Most of the South Slavic languages, as well as Czech and Slovak, tended to preserve the syllabic sonorants, but in the Lechitic languages (such as Polish) and Bulgarian, they fell apart again into vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations. In East Slavic, the liquid diphthongs in *ь or *ъ may have likewise become syllabic sonorants, but if so, the change was soon reversed, suggesting that it may never have happened in the first place. 36: 7084:, suggesting derivation by some sort of reduplication). A new set of "semi-thematic" endings were formed by analogy (corresponding to modern conjugation class II), combining the thematic first singular ending with otherwise athematic endings. Proto-Slavic also maintained a large number of non-finite formations, including the infinitive, the supine, a verbal noun, and five participles (present active, present passive, past active, past passive, and resultative). In large measure these directly continue PIE formations. 7117:

Macedonian to a fair extent), which has maintained both old and new systems and combined them to express fine shades of aspectual meaning. For example, in addition to imperfective imperfect forms and perfective aorist forms, Bulgarian can form a perfective imperfect (usually expressing a repeated series of completed actions considered subordinate to the "major" past actions) and an imperfective aorist (for "major" past events whose completion is not relevant to the narration).

176: 7593: 7712:. However, the stem was followed by a consonant in some forms (e.g. the infinitive) and by a vowel in others (the present tense). The forms with a following vowel were resyllabified into a short vowel + sonorant, which also caused the loss of the acute in these forms, because the short vowel could not be acuted. The short vowel in turn was subject to Dybo's law, while the original long vowel/diphthong remained acuted and thus resisted the change. 2100: 7097:(verbs inherently marked with a particular aspect) using various prefixes and suffixes, which was eventually extended into a systematic means of specifying grammatical aspect using pairs of related lexical verbs, each with the same meaning as the other but inherently marked as either imperfective (denoting an ongoing action) or perfective (denoting a completed action). The two sets of verbs interrelate in three primary ways: 3289:

period in any dialect when there were three phonemically distinct pitch accents on long vowels. Nevertheless, taken together, these changes significantly altered the distribution of the pitch accents and vowel length, to the point that by the end of the Late Common Slavic period almost any vowel could be short or long, and almost any accented vowel could have falling or rising pitch.

5101:. These arose through advancement of the accent by Dybo's law onto a non-acute stem syllable (as opposed to onto an ending). When the accent was advanced onto a long non-acute syllable, it was retracted again by Ivšić's law to give a neoacute accent, in the same position as the inherited Balto-Slavic short or circumflex accent. 4222:. There were many changes in accentuation during the Common Slavic period, and there are significant differences in the views of different scholars on how these changes proceeded. As a result, these paradigms do not necessarily reflect a consensus. The view expressed below is that of the Leiden school, following 2961:*ę̇ represents the phoneme that must be reconstructed as the outcome of pre-Slavic *uN, *ūN after a palatal consonant. This vowel has a different outcome from "regular" *ę in many languages: it denasalises to *ě in West and East Slavic, but merges with *ę in South Slavic. It is explained in more detail at 2127:. Proto-Slavic gradually evolved into the various Slavic languages during the latter half of the first millennium AD, concurrent with the explosive growth of the Slavic-speaking area. There is no scholarly consensus concerning either the number of stages involved in the development of the language (its 3386:

Proto-Slavic retained several of the grammatical categories inherited from Proto-Indo-European, especially in nominals (nouns and adjectives). Seven of the eight Indo-European cases had been retained (nominative, accusative, locative, genitive, dative, instrumental, vocative). The ablative had merged

3288:

that retracted the accent (moved it to the preceding syllable). This occurred at a time when the Slavic-speaking area was already dialectally differentiated, and usually syllables with the acute and/or circumflex accent were shortened around the same time. Hence it is unclear whether there was ever a

3268:

As in its ancestors, Proto-Balto-Slavic and Proto-Indo-European, one syllable of each Common Slavic word was accented (carried more prominence). The placement of the accent was free and thus phonemic; it could occur on any syllable and its placement was inherently a part of the word. The accent could

3228:

The pronunciation of *ř is not precisely known, but it was approximately a palatalized trill . In all daughter languages except Slovenian it either merged with *r (Southwest Slavic) or with the palatalized *rʲ resulting from *r before front vowels (elsewhere). The resulting *rʲ merged back into *r in

2926:

The columns marked "central" and "back" may alternatively be interpreted as "back unrounded" and "back rounded" respectively, but rounding of back vowels was distinctive only between the vowels *y and *u. The other back vowels had optional non-distinctive rounding. The vowels described as "short" and

7897:

Its immediate successors were Proto-East Slavic, Proto-South Slavic, and Proto-West Slavic. The Proto-Slavic era itself is often divided arbitrarily into three periods: (1) early Proto-Slavic, until about 1000 B.C.; (2) middle Proto-Slavic, during the next millennium; (3) late Proto-Slavic, from the

7156:

The forms of each verb were based on two basic stems, one for the present and one for the infinitive/past. The present stem was used before endings beginning in a vowel, the infinitive/past stem before endings beginning in a consonant. In Old Church Slavonic grammars, verbs are traditionally divided

7092:

Proto-Indo-European had an extensive system of aspectual distinctions ("present" vs. "aorist" vs. "perfect" in traditional terminology), found throughout the system. Proto-Slavic maintained part of this, distinguishing between aorist and imperfect in the past tense. In addition, Proto-Slavic evolved

6957:

Proto-Slavic had developed a distinction between "indefinite" and "definite" adjective inflection, much like Germanic strong and weak inflection. The definite inflection was used to refer to specific or known entities, similar to the use of the definite article "the" in English, while the indefinite

3989:

Although qualitative alternations (e-grade versus o-grade versus zero grade) were no longer productive, the Balto-Slavic languages had innovated a new kind of ablaut, in which length was the primary distinction. This created two new alternation patterns, which did not exist in PIE: short *e, *o, *ь,

3833:

Most word stems therefore became classed as either "soft" or "hard", depending on whether their endings used soft (fronted) vowels or the original hard vowels. Hard stems displayed consonant alternations before endings with front vowels as a result of the two regressive palatalizations and iotation.

2189:

or simply Early Slavic (c. 300–600): The early, uniform stage of Common Slavic, but also the beginning of a longer period of rapid phonological change. As there are no dialectal distinctions reconstructible from this period or earlier, this is the period for which a single common ancestor (that

7104:

A prefix is added to a more basic imperfective verb (possibly the output of the previous step) to form a perfective verb. Often, multiple perfective verbs can be formed this way using different prefixes, one of which echoes the basic meaning of the source verb while the others add various shades of

3283:

In the Late Common Slavic period, several sound changes occurred. Long vowels bearing the acute (long rising) accent were usually shortened, resulting in a short rising intonation. Some short vowels were lengthened, creating new long falling vowels. A third type of pitch accent developed, known as

2944:

During the Late Common Slavic period, various lengthenings and shortenings occurred, creating new long counterparts of originally short vowels, and short counterparts of originally long vowels (e.g. long *o, short *a). The short close vowels *ь/ĭ and *ъ/ŭ were either lost or lowered to mid vowels,

2509:

accent. This indicates the Late Common Slavic "neoacute" accent, which was usually long, but short when occurring on some syllables types in certain languages. It resulted from retraction of the accent (movement towards an earlier syllable) under certain circumstances, often when the Middle Common

7128:

action (motion to and then back, and motion without a specified goal). These pairs are generally related using either the suffixing or suppletive strategies of forming aspectual verbs. Each of the pair is also in fact a pair of perfective vs. imperfective verbs, where the perfective variant often

4075:-stem nouns), which is considered part of the ending. Verbs also had three accent paradigms, with similar characteristics to the corresponding noun classes. However, the situation is somewhat more complicated due to the large number of verb stem classes and the numerous forms in verbal paradigms. 2250:

Two different and conflicting systems for denoting vowels are commonly in use in Indo-European and Balto-Slavic linguistics on the one hand, and Slavic linguistics on the other. In the first, vowel length is consistently distinguished with a macron above the letter, while in the latter it is not

6953:

Adjective inflection had become more simplified compared to Proto-Indo-European. Only a single paradigm (in both hard and soft form) existed, descending from the PIE o- and a-stem inflection. I-stem and u-stem adjectives no longer existed. The present participle (from PIE *-nt-) still retained

5069:

The first form is the result in languages without contraction over /j/ (e.g. Russian), while the second form is the result in languages with such contraction. This contraction can occur only when both vowels flanking /j/ are unstressed, but when it occurs, it occurs fairly early in Late Common

2525:

vowel with no distinctive tone. In Middle Common Slavic, vowel length was an implicit part of the vowel (*e, *o, *ь, *ъ are inherently short, all others are inherently long), so this is usually redundant for Middle Common Slavic words. However, it became distinctive in Late Common Slavic after

7116:

In Proto-Slavic and Old Church Slavonic, the old and new aspect systems coexisted, but the new aspect has gradually displaced the old one, and as a result most modern Slavic languages have lost the old imperfect, aorist, and most participles. A major exception, however, is Bulgarian (and also

7623:

The same three classes occurred in verbs as well. However, different parts of a verb's conjugation could have different accent classes, due to differences in syllable structure and sometimes also due to historical anomalies. Generally, when verbs as a whole are classified according to accent

3253:

In most dialects, non-distinctive palatalization was probably present on all consonants that occurred before front vowels. When the high front yer *ь/ĭ was lost in many words, it left this palatalization as a "residue", which then became distinctive, producing a phonemic distinction between

7161:'s verb classes. However, this division ignores the formation of the infinitive stem. The following table shows the main classes of verbs in Proto-Slavic, along with their traditional OCS conjugation classes. The "present" column shows the ending of the third person singular present. 2478:

accent, originating from the Balto-Slavic "circumflex" accent. In Late Common Slavic, originally short (falling) vowels were lengthened in monosyllables under some circumstances, and are also written with this mark. This secondary circumflex occurs only on the original short vowels

7022:

arose from the sigmatic aorist by various analogical changes; for example, replacing some of the original endings with thematic endings. (A similar development is observed in Greek and Sanskrit. In all three cases, the likely trigger was the phonological reduction of clusters like

6958:

inflection was unspecific or referred to unknown or arbitrary entities, like the English indefinite article "a". The indefinite inflection was identical to the inflection of o- and a-stem nouns, while the definite inflection was formed by suffixing the relative/anaphoric pronoun

2945:

leaving the originally long high vowels *i, *y and *u with non-distinctive length. As a result, vowel quality became the primary distinction among the vowels, while length became conditioned by accent and other properties and was not a lexical property inherent in each vowel.

7676:

in the imperative, but a historical long circumflex in the present tense, and therefore retract it into a neoacute on the stem in all forms with a multisyllabic ending. The infinitive is normally accented on the first syllable of the ending, which may be a suffixal vowel

7728:

have the accent on the final syllable in the present tense, except in the first-person singular, which has a short or long falling accent on the stem. Where the final syllable contains a yer, the accent is retracted onto the thematic vowel and becomes neoacute (short on

4201:

paradigm became mobile as a result of a complex series of changes that moved the accent leftward in certain circumstances, producing a neoacute accent on the newly stressed syllable. The paradigms below reflect these changes. All languages subsequently simplified the AP

5862:

3821:

The distinction between *ę and *ę̇ is based on their presumed origin and *ę̇ has a different outcome from "regular" *ę in many languages: it denasalises to *ě in West and East Slavic, but merges with *ę in South Slavic. (It is explained in more detail at

2206:, in the far northeast): The last stage in which the whole Slavic-speaking area still functioned as a single language, with sound changes normally propagating throughout the entire area, although often with significant dialectal variation in the details. 3655:

Vowels were fronted when following a palatal or "soft" consonant (*j, any iotated consonant, or a consonant that had been affected by the progressive palatalization). Because of this, most vowels occurred in pairs, depending on the preceding consonant.

5870:. At that point in this paradigm, stress was initial, allowing contraction to occur, resulting in a long *ī. As a result, after Dybo's law moved stress onto the vowel, it was retracted again by Stang's law. Without contraction, only Dybo's law applied. 6866:

These forms originally had final accent, which was retracted. Retraction from a yer skipped over intervening yers, even if strong. The result still should show neoacute accent, but according to Verweij, this is rarely found, and falling accent is the

2210:

This article considers primarily Middle Common Slavic, noting when there is slight dialectal variation. It also covers Late Common Slavic when there are significant developments that are shared (more or less) identically among all Slavic languages.

4206:

paradigms to varying degrees; the older situation can often only be seen in certain nouns in certain languages, or indirectly by way of features such as the Slovene neo-circumflex tone that carry echoes of the time when this tone developed.

2027:

Rapid development of Slavic speech occurred during the Proto-Slavic period, coinciding with the massive expansion of the Slavic-speaking area. Dialectal differentiation occurred early on during this period, but overall linguistic unity and

3305:

were permitted, but only at the beginning of a syllable. Such a cluster was syllabified with the cluster entirely in the following syllable, contrary to the syllabification rules that are known to apply to most languages. For example,

2957:

The distinction between *ě₁ and *ě₂ is based on etymology and they have different effects on a preceding consonant: *ě₁ triggers the first palatalization and then becomes *a, while *ě₂ triggers the second palatalization and does not

6964:

to the end of the normal inflectional endings. Both the adjective and the suffixed pronoun were presumably declined as separate words originally, but already within Proto-Slavic they had become contracted and fused to some extent.

3814:

The distinction between *ě₁ and *ě₂ is based on etymology and have different effects on a preceding consonant: *ě₁ triggers the first palatalization and then becomes *a, while *ě₂ triggers the second palatalization and does not

4016:(with accent alternating between stem and ending). There was no class with fixed accent on the ending. Both classes originally had both acute and circumflex stems in them. Two sound changes acted to modify this basic system: 2032:

continued for several centuries, into the 10th century or later. During this period, many sound changes diffused across the entire area, often uniformly. This makes it inconvenient to maintain the traditional definition of a

2927:"long" were simultaneously distinguished by length and quality in Middle Common Slavic, although some authors prefer the terms "lax" and "tense" instead. Many modern Slavic languages have since lost all length distinctions. 2041:

of a language group, with no dialectal differentiation. (This would necessitate treating all pan-Slavic changes after the 6th century or so as part of the separate histories of the various daughter languages.) Instead,

3333:. Syllables with liquid diphthongs beginning with *o or *e had been converted into open syllables, for example *TorT became *TroT, *TraT or *ToroT in the various daughter languages. The main exception are the Northern 8452: 3215:

The exact value of *ś is also unknown but usually presumed to be or . It was rare, only occurring before front vowels from the second palatalization of *x, and it merged with *š in West Slavic and *s in the other

6828:

Verweij reconstructs i-stem genitive plural *zvěrь̃jь and *kostь̃jь, even though his reconstructed dative plural forms are *zvě̑rьmъ, *kȍstьmъ (see note below). This is because the strong yer preceding /j/ is a

7248:. Not productive. Contains almost all infinitives in -Cti (e.g. *-sti or *-ťi), and a limited number of verbs in -ati. In verbs with an infinitive in -ti, various changes may occur with the last consonant. 3212:

The pronunciation of *ť and *ď is not precisely known, though it is likely that they were held longer (geminate). They may have been palatalized dentals , or perhaps true palatal as in modern Macedonian.

2417:

indicates a special, more frontal "hissing" sound. The acute is used in several other Slavic languages (such as Polish, Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian) to denote a similar "frontal" quality to a consonant.

2498:

accent. It corresponds to the Balto-Slavic "short" accent. All short vowels that were not followed by a sonorant consonant originally carried this accent, until some were lengthened (see preceding item).

4215:

Most of the Proto-Indo-European declensional classes were retained. Some, such as u-stems and masculine i-stems, were gradually falling out of use and being replaced by other, more productive classes.

6973:

The Proto-Slavic system of verbal inflection was somewhat simplified from the verbal system of Proto-Indo-European (PIE), although it was still rich in tenses, conjugations and verb-forming suffixes.

4089:, the accented syllable always had the acute tone, and therefore was always long, because short syllables did not have tonal distinctions. Thus, single-syllable words with an originally short vowel (* 5897:-stem nouns are not listed here. The combination of Van Wijk's law and Stang's law would have originally produced a complex mobile paradigm in these nouns, different from the mobile paradigm of 3391:

and plural numbers, and still maintained a distinction between masculine, feminine and neuter gender. However, verbs had become much more simplified, but displayed their own unique innovations.

5089:

stems are long. This is because all such stems had Balto-Slavic acute register in the root, which can only occur on long syllables. Single-syllable short and non-acute long syllables became AP

7353:

is inserted into the hiatus between root and ending. Verbs with the plain -ti infinitive may have changes in the preceding vowel. Several irregular verbs, some showing ablaut. Not productive.

3399:

As a result of the three palatalizations and the fronting of vowels before palatal consonants, both consonant and vowel alternations were frequent in paradigms, as well as in word derivation.

2067:

Authorities differ as to which periods should be included in Proto-Slavic and in Common Slavic. The language described in this article generally reflects the middle period, usually termed

7108:

The two verbs are suppletive — either based on two entirely different roots, or derived from different PIE verb classes of the same root, often with root-vowel changes going back to PIE

6812:

The first form is the result in languages without contraction over /j/ (e.g. Russian), while the second form is the result in languages with such contraction. See the corresponding AP

3249:, although some dialects have kept a distinction to this day, specially among the elderly), in Russian (except when preceding a consonant), and in Bulgarian (when preceding a vowel). 7946: 3829:*ā and *an apparently did not take part in the fronting of back vowels, or in any case the effect was not visible. Both have the same reflex regardless of the preceding consonant. 2075:) and often dated to around the 7th to 8th centuries. This language remains largely unattested, but a late-period variant, representing the late 9th-century dialect spoken around 7002:

In terms of PIE tense/aspect forms, the PIE imperfect was lost or merged with the PIE thematic aorist, and the PIE perfect was lost other than in the stem of the irregular verb

3269:

also be either mobile or fixed, meaning that inflected forms of a word could have the accent on different syllables depending on the ending, or always on the same syllable.

8449: 6945:

The long-rising versus short-rising accent on ending-accented forms with Middle Common Slavic long vowels reflects original circumflex versus acute register, respectively.

2934:

In the Early Slavic period, length was the primary distinction (as indicated, for example, by Greek transcriptions of Slavic words, or early loanwords from Slavic into the

7809:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

6941:- and i-stems are end-stressed except the dative. (However, the masculine i-stem instrumental singular is stem-stressed because it is borrowed directly from the jo-stem.) 3818:

Word-final *-un and *-in lost nasal and became *-u and *-i rather than forming a nasal vowel, so that nasal vowels formed medially only. This explains the double reflex.

3374:). In West Slavic and South Slavic, liquid diphthongs beginning with *ь or *ъ had likewise been converted into open syllables by converting the following liquid into a 3990:*ъ versus long *ě, *a, *i, *y. This type of alternation may have still been productive in Proto-Slavic, as a way to form imperfective verbs from perfective ones. 6782:

This word is reconstructed as *kȍręnь in Verweij, with a nasal vowel in the second syllable (and similarly for the rest of the paradigm). This is based on Czech

3301:. The only closed syllables were those that ended in a liquid (*l or *r), forming liquid diphthongs, and in such syllables, the preceding vowel had to be short. 7795:

Vьśi ľudьje rodętь sę svobodьni i orvьni vъ dostojьnьstvě i pravěxъ. Oni sǫtь odařeni orzumomь i sъvěstьjǫ i dъlžьni vesti sę drugъ kъ drugu vъ duśě bratrьstva.

7509:

was a result of iotation, which triggered the change *jě > *ja. In the present tense, the first-person singular shows consonant alternation (caused by *j):

3219:*v was a labial approximant originating from an earlier . It may have had bilabial as an allophone in certain positions (as in modern Slovene and Ukrainian). 5912:-stem nouns were also simplified, but less dramatically, with consistent ending stress in the singular but consistent root stress in the plural, as shown. AP 8463: 4137:, in forms where the accent fell on the stem and not the ending, that syllable was either circumflex or short accented, never acute accented. This is due to 3402:

The following table lists various consonant alternations that occurred in Proto-Slavic, as a result of various suffixes or endings being attached to stems:

7046:

The three numbers (singular, dual, and plural) were all maintained, as were the different athematic and thematic endings. Only five athematic verbs exist:

5093:

nouns in Common Slavic through the operation of Dybo's law. In stems of multiple syllables, there are also cases of short or neoacute accents in accent AP

3841:

alternations, although these had been reduced to unproductive relics. The following table lists the combinations (vowel softening may alter the outcomes).

7120:

Proto-Slavic also had paired motion verbs (e.g. "run", "walk", "swim", "fly", but also "ride", "carry", "lead", "chase", etc.). One of the pair expresses

3308: 6104: 8614: 7570: 7563: 7491: 7072: 7048: 7004: 4146: 4111: 8477: 8440: 7527:"to sleep" : *sъpľǫ (with epenthetic *l). The stem of the infinitives in *-ati (except for *sъpati) ends in *j or the so-called "hushing sound". 7438: 2440:

For Middle and Late Common Slavic, the following marks are used to indicate tone and length distinctions on vowels, based on the standard notation in

6132: 5337: 5302: 4402: 4388: 8677: 7498: 2377:) use the common Balto-Slavic notation of vowels. Discussions of Middle and Late Common Slavic, as well as later dialects, use the Slavic notation. 9560: 6174: 6160: 5901:-stem and other nouns, but this was apparently simplified in Common Slavic times with a consistent neoacute accent on the stem, as if they were AP 5295: 5274: 4465: 4423: 2370: 2171: – 300 AD): A long, stable period of gradual development. The most significant phonological developments during this period involved the 8044: 7523: 7517: 7392: 7365: 7289: 7237: 7230: 5104:

The distribution of short and long vowels in the stems without /j/ reflects the original vowel lengths, prior to the operation of Van Wijk's law,

7415: 6188: 6139: 6097: 5330: 3351: 8634: 7460: 1961: 7556: 7260: 7223: 7216: 7203: 7066: 6146: 6125: 6111: 6090: 5316: 5309: 5288: 5281: 5260: 4479: 4472: 4437: 4430: 4416: 4395: 3209:*č and *dž were postalveolar affricates, and , although the latter only occurred in the combination *ždž and had developed into *ž elsewhere. 7511: 7338: 7141:

Many different PIE verb classes were retained in Proto-Slavic, including (among others) simple thematic presents, presents in *-n- and *-y-,

2541:

There are multiple competing systems used to indicate prosody in different Balto-Slavic languages. The most important for this article are:

1925: 7267: 7210: 7196: 4178: 6991: 6960: 7549: 7542: 7331: 7324: 7317: 7060: 7054: 6181: 6167: 6118: 5267: 4458: 4451: 4444: 4409: 1123: 7952: 7035:- affix.) A new synthetic imperfect was created by attaching a combination of the root and productive aorist endings to a stem suffix *- 8714: 8645: 7043:-, of disputed origin. Various compound tenses were created; for example, to express the future, conditional, perfect, and pluperfect. 6153: 5323: 8660: 4059:("mobile"), with alternation of the accent between the first syllable of the stem and the ending, depending on the paradigmatic form. 2016:. As with most other proto-languages, no attested writings have been found; scholars have reconstructed the language by applying the 8930: 7274:

PIE nasal-infix presents. The infinitive stem may end in either a vowel or a consonant. Not productive, only a few examples exist.

4115:"tongue"). These restrictions were caused by Dybo's law, which moved the accent one syllable to the right, but only in originally 7898:

1st to the 6th century A.D., although it was not until the 12th century that Slavic linguistic unity actually ceased to function.

2467:

accent. It occurred from Late Common Slavic onwards, and developed from the shortening of the original acute (long rising) tone.

9555: 8282:

Caldarelli, Raffaele (2015), "On Latin-Protoslavic Language Contacts. Some Remarks on a Recent Paper by Salvatore Del Gaudio",

7830: 3330: 8565: 8539: 8373: 8316: 8273: 8221: 8192: 8159: 7782: 5842:

This word is reconstructed as *olỳ in Verweij. The initial e-, however, is what is found in Derksen (2008) and other sources.

1932: 1904: 7885: 8423: 783: 6833:

that is strong enough to block the supposed rule that skips intervening yers when retracting from a yer (see note below).

3199:

The phonetic value (IPA symbol) of most consonants is the same as their traditional spelling. Some notes and exceptions:

1889: 4003: 9415: 4176:

paradigm but have neoacute accent on the stem, which can have either a short or a long syllable. A standard example is

2456:

accent, originating from the Balto-Slavic "acute" accent. This occurred in the Middle Common Slavic period and earlier.

1954: 1911: 842: 7014:). The aorist was retained, preserving the PIE thematic and sigmatic aorist types (the former is generally termed the 6902:

The accent pattern for the strong singular cases (nominative and accusative) and all plural cases is straightforward:

9433: 8394: 6895:

These forms originally had final accent, which was retracted, skipping over the intervening yer (see footnote above).

175: 79: 57: 6999:. The imperative and subjunctive moods disappeared, and the old optative came to be used as the imperative instead. 50: 8486: 6909:

The *-à ending that marks the nominative singular of the (j)ā-stems and nominative–accusative plural of the neuter

2941:

In the Middle Common Slavic period, all long/short vowel pairs also assumed distinct qualities, as indicated above.

1918: 682: 6989:, a perfect mediopassive formation). However, a new analytic mediopassive was formed using the reflexive particle 2536: 2239: 8788: 8731: 7820: 7577:

PIE athematic verbs. Only five verbs, all irregular in one way or another, including their prefixed derivations.

2643: 2215: 193: 4145:

nominals. Thus, Dybo's law did not affect nouns with a mobile accent paradigm. This is unlike Lithuanian, where

2369:

For consistency, all discussions of words in Early Slavic and before (the boundary corresponding roughly to the

9645: 8707: 1774: 1549: 953: 7748:

In verbs with a vowel suffix between stem and ending, the accent in the infinitive falls on the vowel suffix (

7708:. Such verbs historically had acute stems ending in a long vowel or diphthong, and should have belonged to AP 6842:

Verweij has *synóvъ here, with unexpected long rising accent on an originally short vowel. This may be a typo.

3823: 3329:

By the beginning of the Late Common Slavic period, all or nearly all syllables had become open as a result of

2962: 7296:

From various PIE n-suffix verbs, the nasal vowel was a Slavic innovation. Two subclasses existed: those with

1947: 1519: 788: 725: 526: 412: 8608: 7604: 9550: 8512: 8474: 8437: 4149:(a law similar to Dybo's law) split both fixed and mobile paradigms in the same way, creating four classes. 4048:, with largely fixed accent on the first syllable of the ending, sometimes retracted back onto the stem by 2374: 2214:

For more detail on the development from Proto-Balto-Slavic to Proto-Slavic to modern Slavic languages, see

1207: 710: 521: 516: 511: 406: 139: 17: 2399: 9545: 9173: 8740: 8674: 6790:. The form with medial -e-, however, comports with the majority of daughters and with other n-stem nouns. 2403: 1524: 1019: 720: 599: 585: 566: 144: 2564:

Four-way Serbo-Croatian system, also used in Slovenian and often in Slavic reconstructions: long rising

9580: 9018: 8036: 7445:

An innovated Slavic denominative type. Very productive and usually remains so in all Slavic languages.

862: 820: 420: 8237:, Skrifter utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, II, vol. 3, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget 9337: 8700: 3388: 1998: 1564: 1529: 1202: 506: 7124:

action (motion to a specified place, e.g. "I walked to my friend's house") and the other expressing

9650: 9377: 2053:

One can divide the Proto-Slavic/Common Slavic time of linguistic unity roughly into three periods:

1824: 1714: 1534: 1065: 897: 848: 744: 546: 501: 496: 416: 44: 9438: 9355: 9283: 9074: 9031: 8747: 8246:, Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics, vol. 22, Editions Rodopi B.V., pp. 493–564 7855: 2620: 2021: 1719: 1446: 556: 551: 541: 185: 9275: 9208: 9203: 9168: 9127: 8898: 7840: 2029: 1709: 1681: 1465: 1367: 1133: 979: 603: 441: 333: 272: 227: 167: 159: 61: 4109:. If the stem was multisyllabic, the accent could potentially fall on any stem syllable (e.g. 4067:

suffix), but not generally on the inflectional suffix that indicates the word class (e.g. the

9468: 9422: 9347: 9325: 9240: 9229: 9037: 9009: 8988: 8799: 8468: 3631:

Originally formed a diphthong with the preceding vowel, which then became a long monophthong.

3181: 3164: 2172: 1856: 1685: 593: 574: 570: 8642: 8119:(1987), "On the relationship of old Church Slavonic to the written language of early Rus'", 6906:

All weak cases (genitive, dative, instrumental, locative) in the plural are ending-stressed.

9484: 8978: 8948: 8907: 8827: 8328:(2004), "The Slavic Lingua Franca. Linguistic Notes of an Archaeologist Turned Historian", 2180: 1802: 1767: 1080: 763: 715: 652: 622: 580: 560: 424: 278: 948: 8: 9585: 9494: 9293: 9260: 9161: 9151: 9120: 8920: 8807: 8770: 8759: 7825: 5109: 4049: 3999: 3342: 3263: 3222:*l was . Before back vowels, it was probably fairly strongly velarized in many dialects. 3107: 3068: 2120: 2112: 2088: 1075: 1070: 966: 890: 855: 778: 768: 627: 328: 323: 292: 9156: 9093: 9068: 8915: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8836: 8357: 8201: 8136: 8104: 8081: 7772:, the accent is acute on the stem instead. Meillet's law did not apply in these cases. 6786:. Verweij notes that *kȍrěnь is an alternative reconstruction, based on Serbo-Croatian 4223: 3334: 2176: 2108: 2084: 2017: 1781: 1732: 1666: 1650: 1275: 928: 667: 353: 258: 253: 9570: 8527: 8438:

Warstwy chronologiczne leksyki prasłowiańskiej na przykładzie słownictwa anatomicznego

4152:

Consequently, circumflex or short accent on the first syllable could only occur in AP

4141:, which converted an acute accent to a circumflex accent if it fell on the stem in AP 9605: 9595: 9456: 9372: 9310: 9213: 9195: 9178: 9135: 9109: 9055: 9050: 8973: 8938: 8857: 8780: 8628: 8561: 8535: 8390: 8369: 8312: 8269: 8217: 8188: 8155: 8140: 7640:

are the most straightforward, with acute accent on the stem throughout the paradigm.

7244:

PIE primary verbs, root ending in a consonant. Several irregular verbs, some showing

6996: 4182:"will", with neoacute accent on a short syllable. These nouns earlier belonged to AP 3375: 3346: 3338: 3302: 3025: 2995: 2990: 2588:, indicating its normal origin in the Late Common Slavic neoacute accent (see above). 2046:

typically handle the entire period of dialectally differentiated linguistic unity as

2009: 1994: 1795: 1761: 1753: 1697: 1691: 1673: 1644: 1623: 1609: 1601: 1371: 1232: 1172: 1154: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1052: 1047: 876: 739: 388: 381: 374: 360: 346: 306: 285: 222: 214: 8957: 8583: 8557: 8498:(in German), Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., pp. 69–71, 89–90, 99, 138–140 4041:, with a fixed accent on the stem (either on the root or on a morphological suffix). 2545:

Three-way system of Proto-Slavic, Proto-Balto-Slavic, modern Lithuanian: Acute tone

9590: 9526: 9330: 9044: 8995: 8983: 8968: 8847: 8842: 8723: 8670: 8657: 8412:"Најмлађа (трећа) промена задњенепчаних сугласника k, g и h у прасловенском језику" 8337: 8291: 8128: 8085: 7835: 4138: 4020: 3277: 2985: 2935: 2584:

dialect and other archaic dialects, the long rising accent is notated with a tilde

2124: 2116: 2005: 1789: 1739: 1556: 1362: 1250: 1190: 1167: 1110: 1105: 1042: 1029: 1024: 1014: 687: 300: 248: 240: 233: 108: 8244:

Dutch Contributions to the Eleventh International Congress of Slavists, Bratislava

4078:

Due to the way in which the accent classes arose, there are certain restrictions:

2410:, and is shared by most Slavic languages and linguistic explanations about Slavic. 9610: 9408: 9367: 9360: 9114: 9104: 9079: 9062: 8852: 8820: 8775: 8765: 8681: 8664: 8649: 8599:, Janua linguarum, series minor (in French) (2nd ed.), 's-Gravenhage: Mouton 8481: 8456: 8444: 8306: 8230: 8205: 8176: 8076:, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, vol. 4, Leiden: Brill 7879: 7845: 7157:

into four (or five) conjugation classes, depending on the present stem, known as

7031:- that arose when the original athematic endings were attached to the sigmatic *- 4218:

The following tables are examples of Proto-Slavic noun-class paradigms, based on

3230: 3147: 3000: 2974:

Middle Common Slavic had the following consonants (IPA symbols where different):

1870: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1810: 1746: 1725: 1703: 1288: 1177: 1100: 1009: 942: 883: 749: 481: 466: 456: 451: 367: 339: 8411: 8295: 9625: 9600: 9393: 9315: 9305: 9248: 9026: 8963: 8866: 8361: 8302: 8242:

Verweij, Arno (1994), "Quantity Patterns of Substantives in Czech and Slovak",

8209: 8180: 7787: 7737:). In the imperative, the accent is on the syllable after the stem, with acute 7158: 7101:

A suffix is added to a more basic perfective verb to form an imperfective verb.

7094: 2441: 2407: 2203: 2034: 2001: 1615: 1482: 1357: 915: 869: 837: 773: 264: 7105:

meaning (cf. English "write" vs. "write down" vs. "write up" vs. "write out").

9639: 9575: 9565: 9265: 9141: 8886: 8812: 8382: 7769: 6981:

The PIE mediopassive voice disappeared entirely except for the isolated form

5867: 5105: 5071: 4026: 3298: 2870: 2803: 2733: 2666: 2484: 2128: 1875: 1339: 1255: 972: 830: 692: 446: 8341: 3349:) only with lengthening of the syllable and no metathesis (*TarT, e.g. PSl. 3203:*c denotes a voiceless alveolar affricate . *dz was its voiced counterpart . 662: 9183: 8325: 8069: 7142: 4226:, whose views are somewhat controversial and not accepted by all scholars. 3273: 2428: 2080: 2076: 1494: 1332: 806: 677: 476: 471: 461: 9512: 9499: 8515:(1957), "Z dziejów języka prasłowiańskiego (Urywek z większej całości)", 8147: 8116: 7850: 4063:

For this purpose, the "stem" includes any morphological suffixes (e.g. a

3225:

The sonorants *ľ *ň could have been either palatalized or true palatal .

2882: 2865: 2815: 2798: 2745: 2728: 2678: 2661: 2013: 1470: 1456: 1420: 1128: 9253: 7592: 4119:(stem-accented) nominals that did not have acute accent in the stem. AP 657: 9449: 9428: 9320: 8604: 8132: 7764:, the accentuation is unpredictable. Most verbs have the accent on the 4064: 3238: 3007: 2910: 2875: 2841: 2808: 2775: 2738: 2706: 2671: 1433: 1347: 1225: 990: 2020:

to all the attested Slavic languages and by taking into account other

9474: 9300: 9288: 5919:-stem noun are not listed here, because there may not have been any. 4123:

thus consists of the "leftover" words that Dybo's law did not affect.

3285: 2953:

below, additional distinctions are made in the reconstructed vowels:

2895: 2828: 2761: 2691: 2581: 2043: 1636: 1413: 1405: 1398: 1391: 1377: 1245: 9519: 9443: 9401: 8692: 4116: 2251:

clearly indicated. The following table explains these differences:

2099: 1579: 1570: 1461: 1262: 1237: 1141: 632: 208: 3837:

As part of its Indo-European heritage, Proto-Slavic also retained

2394:

is used in this article to denote the consonants that result from

9506: 9462: 4186:; as a result, grammars may treat them as belonging either to AP 2631: 1629: 1593: 1586: 1384: 1004: 637: 4008:

Originally in Balto-Slavic, there were only two accent classes,

8553: 7245: 7109: 6918:

All other strong cases (singular and plural) are stem-stressed.

6891: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6799:

Verweij has *kȍręnьmъ here, with unexpected -mъ ending when AP

3838: 2421: 1352: 1306: 825: 642: 8107:(2011), "Rise and development of Slavic accentual paradigms", 6862: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6848: 5879:

Verweij has *olènьmъ here, with unexpected -mъ ending when AP

3387:

with the genitive. It also retained full use of the singular,

2602:

Stress only, as in Ukrainian, Russian and Bulgarian: stressed

8574:

Moszyński, Leszek (1984), "Wstęp do filologii słowiańskiej",

8520: 7505:

A relatively small class of stative verbs. The infinitive in

2387: 1451: 1325: 1319: 1301: 672: 647: 8368:(1 ed.), London, New York: Routledge, pp. 60–121, 8169:

Proto-Slavic Inflectional Morphology: A Comparative Handbook

6870: 4029:, which advanced the accent in non-acute fixed-accent words. 2202:(c. 800–1000, although perhaps through c. 1150 in 7624:

paradigm, the present tense paradigm is taken as the base.

6845: 3229:

some languages, but remained distinct in Czech (becoming a

1843: 8675:

Sulla ricostruzione dello stadio più antico del protoslavo

8517:Езиковедски Изследвания В Чест На Академик Стефан Младенов 7884:. Dept. of Slavic Languages and Literatures. p. 57. 7009: 2511: 2343: 2284: 2269: 2060:

a middle period of slight-to-moderate dialectal variation

8550:

Slavenska poredbena gramatika, 1. dio, Uvod i fonologija

8266:

Slavic Prosody: Language Change and Phonological Theory

8074:

Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon

7700:

verbs, the infinitive has a stem acute accent instead,

6824: 6822: 4023:, which removed any stem acutes in mobile-accent words. 2380: 8588:

Grammaire comparée des langues slaves, t.I: Phonétique

8496:

Slavische Sprachwissenschaft, I: Einleitung, Lautlehre

8017: 7300:

also in the aorist and participle, and those without.

7965: 7927: 7768:, but if the infinitive was historically affected by 7149:

conjugation), factitive verbs in *-ā- (cf. the Latin

4130:, the stem syllable(s) could be either short or long. 4004:

History of Proto-Slavic § Accentual developments

2642:

Middle Common Slavic had the following vowel system (

2057:

an early period with little or no dialectal variation

2008:. It represents Slavic speech approximately from the 8643:

Two-Part Personal Names in the Proto-Slavic Language

8590:(in French), Lyon—Paris: IAC, pp. 113–117 8475:

Prasłowiańska leksyka topograficzna i hydrograficzna

8005: 7993: 6819: 8490:

LXX (2021): 13-54. DOI: 10.24425/rslaw.2021.138337.

8460:

LXIX (2020): 3-28. DOI: 10.24425/rslaw.2020.134706.

7786:in reconstructed Proto-Slavic language, written in 4033:As a result, three basic accent paradigms emerged: 2634:that are reconstructible for Middle Common Slavic. 2487:(i.e. when not forming part of a liquid diphthong). 7915: 4164:, the accent always shifted forward by Dybo's law. 3320: 3313: 2526:several shortenings and lengthenings had occurred. 6922:For the weak singular cases, it can be observed: 6803:*kàmy has expected *kàmenьmь. This may be a typo. 5883:*kàmy has expected *kàmenьmь. This may be a typo. 9637: 8658:https://doi.org/10.15826/vopr_onom.2021.18.2.016 7668:in the imperative. Verbs with a present stem in 7153:conjugation), and o-grade causatives in *-éye-. 6985:'I know' in Old Church Slavonic (< Late PIE * 2402:that previously followed the consonant) and the 2190:is, "Proto-Slavic proper") can be reconstructed. 8511: 8381: 8111:, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, pp. 89–98 7903: 3356: 8532:Poredbenopovijesna gramatika hrvatskoga jezika 7877: 7873: 7871: 5116:nouns and the differing lengths in /j/ stems. 4160:, it did not occur by definition, while in AP 3369: 3362: 2115:language family, which is the ancestor of the 8708: 8597:Les langues slaves: de l'unité à la pluralité 6936: 6927: 6910: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 4197:During the Late Common Slavic period, the AP 2157:Another division is made up of four periods: 1955: 4105:) in the stem could not belong to accent AP 3297:Most syllables in Middle Common Slavic were 2530: 8603: 7868: 2963:History of Proto-Slavic § Nasalization 2537:Proto-Balto-Slavic language § Notation 2240:Proto-Balto-Slavic language § Notation 2103:Balto-Slavic material culture in Bronze Age 8715: 8701: 8633:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8547: 8281: 7939: 6806: 5845: 5048: 2591:Length only, as in Czech and Slovak: long 2134:One division is made up of three periods: 1962: 1948: 1926:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 27:Proto-language of all the Slavic languages 8573: 8526: 8103: 8080: 8011: 7999: 6976: 2510:Slavic accent fell on a word-final final 2226:For more detail on notations for prosody 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 8594: 8582: 8534:(in Croatian), Zagreb: Matica hrvatska, 8502: 8356: 8200: 7971: 7951:, Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl, archived from 7933: 7145:in *-ē- (cf. similar verbs in the Latin 2232:and various other phonetic distinctions 2098: 43:This article includes a list of general 8347: 8241: 8187:, London: Routledge, pp. 188–248, 8174: 8068: 8037:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 8023: 7983: 5932:Example Late Common Slavic nouns in AP 5129:Example Late Common Slavic nouns in AP 4239:Example Late Common Slavic nouns in AP 4219: 4083: 3312:"wealth" was divided into syllables as 14: 9638: 9556:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony 8493: 8301: 8263: 8216:, London: Routledge, pp. 60–124, 7831:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony 7403:. Remained very productive in Slavic. 3624: 2131:) or the terms used to describe them. 2063:a late period of significant variation 2039:latest reconstructable common ancestor 8696: 8656:Vol. 18, no. 2 (JUL 2021). pp. 9–32. 8409: 8324: 8305:; Corbett, Greville G., eds. (2002), 8229: 7987: 7802:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 7783:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 7380:caused iotation of the present stem. 5939: 5136: 4246: 3331:developments in the liquid diphthongs 1933:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary 1905:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 8722: 8610:Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 8146: 8115: 8086:"From Proto-Indo-European to Slavic" 7921: 7909: 7692:In a subset of verbs with the basic 7587: 6669: 6352: 5747: 5474: 4947: 4634: 3824:History of Proto-Slavic#Nasalization 2630:The following is an overview of the 2435: 2381:Other vowel and consonant diacritics 29: 7685:) or the infinitive ending itself ( 5074:(the accentual shift leading to AP 3644: 2978:Consonants of Middle Common Slavic 2107:Proto-Slavic is descended from the 1890:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 24: 8251: 7760:). In verbs with the basic ending 7376:, root ending in a consonant. The 7345:PIE primary verbs and presents in 6513: 6459: 6196: 6084: 5614: 5569: 5345: 5254: 4796: 4745: 4487: 4382: 3634: 3626: 3326:at the beginning of the syllable. 3206:*š and *ž were postalveolar and . 2413:The acute accent on the consonant 1912:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language 49:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 9662: 8264:Bethin, Christina Yurkiw (1998), 8233:(1957), "Slavonic accentuation", 7948:Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř) 6008: 5990: 5978: 5954: 5942: 5193: 5181: 5169: 5151: 5139: 4309: 4291: 4279: 4261: 4249: 3993: 3112: 3073: 3030: 2930:Vowel length evolved as follows: 2245: 8212:; Corbett, Greville. G. (eds.), 8183:; Corbett, Greville. G. (eds.), 8109:Baltische und slavische Prosodie 8093:Journal of Indo-European Studies 7591: 6721: 6565: 6404: 6248: 6002: 5996: 5984: 5972: 5966: 5790: 5657: 5523: 5388: 5187: 5175: 5163: 4996: 4845: 4693: 4536: 4303: 4297: 4285: 4273: 4267: 3584: 3272:Common Slavic vowels also had a 3241:(it subsequently merged with *ž 2371:monophthongization of diphthongs 2229:⟨á à ȃ ã ȁ a̋ ā ă⟩ 1919:Journal of Indo-European Studies 683:Bible translations into Armenian 174: 34: 8617:from the original on 2016-03-05 8505:Russische Historische Grammatik 8426:from the original on 2024-08-20 8364:; Corbett, Greville G. (eds.), 8047:from the original on 2021-03-16 8029: 7888:from the original on 2024-08-14 7881:The sharpness feature in Slavic 7821:History of the Slavic languages 7660:in the present tense and acute 7010: 6836: 6793: 6776: 5873: 5836: 3646: 3406:Regular consonant alternations 3394: 3292: 3284:the "neoacute", as a result of 3257: 2392:⟨č ď ľ ň ř š ť ž⟩ 2268:Short close front vowel (front 2238:in Balto-Slavic languages, see 2216:History of the Slavic languages 2147:(1000 BC – 1 AD) 2094: 194:List of Indo-European languages 9416:Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin 8389:, Cambridge University Press, 8268:, Cambridge University Press, 7977: 7775: 7569: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7541: 7522: 7497: 7490: 7459: 7437: 7414: 7391: 7364: 7337: 7330: 7323: 7316: 7288: 7266: 7236: 7229: 7222: 7215: 7209: 7202: 7195: 7136: 7071: 7018:in Slavic studies), and a new 6959: 6617: 6300: 6173: 6159: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6103: 6089: 6026: 6020: 6014: 5960: 5948: 5704: 5431: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5273: 5259: 5205: 5199: 5157: 5145: 4898: 4585: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4401: 4387: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4255: 3636: 3350: 3307: 3130: 3090: 3049: 100:Common Slavic, Common Slavonic 13: 1: 8360:(1993), "Proto-Slavonic", in 8062: 7715: 7652:Verbs with a present stem in 7643: 7627: 6948: 5922: 5119: 4229: 4172:-stem nouns) fit into the AP 4012:(with fixed stem accent) and 2969: 2283:Short close back vowel (back 2165: 1520:Proto-Indo-European mythology 789:Paleolithic continuity theory 9551:Slavic second palatalization 8688:Nr. 04, 1998. pp. 9–38. 8503:Kiparsky, Valentin (1963) , 7475:. Remained very productive. 7467:PIE causative-iteratives in 3245:but continues to be spelled 3179: 3162: 3145: 3105: 3066: 3023: 3005: 2950: 2625: 2375:Slavic second palatalization 1208:Northern Black Polished Ware 407:Proto-Indo-European language 7: 9546:Slavic first palatalization 8595:Van Wijk, Nikolaas (1956), 8296:10.13128/Studi_Slavis-15348 8235:Historisk-Filosofisk Klasse 8152:Old Church Slavonic grammar 7814: 7516: 7510: 7259: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7003: 6990: 6187: 6180: 6166: 6152: 6124: 6117: 6110: 6096: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5315: 5287: 5280: 5266: 4478: 4471: 4464: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4415: 4408: 4394: 4177: 4110: 2406:. This use is based on the 2404:Slavic first palatalization 2221: 1525:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 10: 9667: 8548:Mihaljević, Milan (2002), 8507:(in German), vol. 1–3 8410:Belić, Aleksandar (1921), 8385:; Cubberley, Paul (2006), 8350:The phoneme jat' in Slavic 7349:, root ending in a vowel. 6937: 6928: 6915:-stems is ending-stressed. 6911: 3997: 3381: 3315: 3261: 2618: 2614: 2534: 2225: 2213: 2183:distinctions on syllables. 821:Domestication of the horse 9619: 9536: 9483: 9392: 9346: 9338:Slavic dialects of Greece 9274: 9239: 9228: 9194: 9092: 9017: 9008: 8947: 8929: 8906: 8897: 8798: 8730: 8613:(in German), Heidelberg, 8348:Samilov, Michael (1964), 7724:Verbs in accent paradigm 7636:Verbs in accent paradigm 7583: 7449: 7304: 7183: 7087: 6932:-stems are stem-stressed. 6455: 6080: 5565: 5250: 4741: 4378: 3982: 3959: 3936: 3913: 3890: 3806: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3707: 3690: 3676: 3651:Forms a liquid diphthong. 3613: 3601: 3592: 3520: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3319:, with the whole cluster 3180: 3163: 3146: 3106: 3067: 3024: 3006: 2982: 2904: 2889: 2835: 2765: 2700: 2685: 2637: 2531:Other prosodic diacritics 2235:⟨ą ẹ ė š ś⟩ 1530:Historical Vedic religion 807:Chalcolithic (Copper Age) 130: 122: 114: 104: 99: 94: 8513:Lehr-Spławiński, Tadeusz 8494:Bräuer, Herbert (1961), 8175:Scatton, Ernest (2002), 7861: 7515:"to walk" : *xoďǫ, 6968: 6954:consonant stem endings. 4210: 1535:Ancient Iranian religion 898:Novotitarovskaya culture 745:Indo-European migrations 8641:Tolstaya, Svetlana M. " 8342:10.1163/187633004x00134 7878:Savel Kliachko (1968). 7856:Proto-Slavic borrowings 7521:"to fly" : *leťǫ, 7426:. Somewhat productive. 5085:All single-syllable AP 4168:Some nouns (especially 3370: 3364: 3357: 3322: 2621:History of Proto-Slavic 2342:Long open front vowel ( 2320:Long close front vowel 2298:Short open front vowel 2022:Indo-European languages 1036:Northern/Eastern Steppe 64:more precise citations. 8416:Јужнословенски филолог 8366:The Slavonic languages 8358:Schenker, Alexander M. 8308:The Slavonic Languages 8214:The Slavonic Languages 8202:Schenker, Alexander M. 8185:The Slavonic Languages 8171:. Leiden: Brill, 2015. 7841:Balto-Slavic languages 7464:"ask, make a request" 6977:Grammatical categories 6935:All such cases in the 6926:All such cases in the 3774:After soft consonants 3721:After hard consonants 3526:Second palatalization 2331:Long close back vowel 2309:Short open back vowel 2104: 2030:mutual intelligibility 1507:Religion and mythology 1466:Medieval Scandinavians 757:Alternative and fringe 126:2nd m. BCE – 6th c. CE 105:Reconstruction of 9646:Proto-Slavic language 9469:Taimyr Pidgin Russian 8311:, London: Routledge, 8154:, Mouton de Gruyter, 7986:, p. 8, echoing 7422:PIE stative verbs in 7399:PIE denominatives in 3998:Further information: 3476:First palatalization 2535:Further information: 2357:Long open back vowel 2102: 1857:Indo-European studies 1220:Peoples and societies 8487:Rocznik Slawistyczny 8450:Rocznik Slawistyczny 8387:The Slavic Languages 7696:ending, known as AP 7439:*cělovàti, *cělùjetь 7008:'to know' (from PIE 3641:Forms a nasal vowel. 2791:Nasal vowels (long) 2490:Double grave accent 2398:(coalescence with a 2194:Middle Common Slavic 2141:(until 1000 BC) 2073:Middle Common Slavic 764:Anatolian hypothesis 716:Proto-Indo-Europeans 623:Hittite inscriptions 168:Indo-European topics 9495:Pan-Slavic language 9294:Burgenland Croatian 9174:Marcho-Magdeburgian 8771:Old Church Slavonic 8352:, The Hague: Mouton 8330:East Central Europe 8121:Russian Linguistics 8105:Kortlandt, Frederik 8082:Kortlandt, Frederik 7826:Old Church Slavonic 7471:, denominatives in 7093:a means of forming 7080:has a finite stem * 5936: 5133: 4243: 4000:Proto-Slavic accent 3590:+t (in infinitive) 3407: 3264:Proto-Slavic accent 3182:Central approximant 3165:Lateral approximant 2979: 2859: 2792: 2722: 2655: 2425:⟨ę ǫ⟩ 2187:Early Common Slavic 2169: 1500 BC 2145:Middle Proto-Slavic 2113:Proto-Indo-European 2089:Old Church Slavonic 1020:Multi-cordoned ware 891:Mikhaylovka culture 779:Indigenous Aryanism 769:Armenian hypothesis 628:Hieroglyphic Luwian 140:Proto-Indo-European 9581:Illič-Svityč's law 9561:Monophthongization 9069:Camaldolese Slovak 8882:Canadian Ukrainian 8748:Up to Proto-Slavic 8741:Proto-Balto-Slavic 8680:2021-04-21 at the 8663:2024-08-20 at the 8654:ВОПРОСЫ ОНОМАСТИКИ 8648:2023-03-26 at the 8480:2024-08-20 at the 8455:2023-03-26 at the 8443:2022-11-30 at the 8404:In other languages 8133:10.1007/BF00242073 7603:. You can help by 7499:*slỳšati, *slỳšitь 7461:*prosìti, *prõsitь 7393:*dělati, *dělajetь 5931: 5128: 5112:, which led to AP 5078:nouns). See below. 4238: 4224:Frederik Kortlandt 3405: 3335:Lechitic languages 3303:Consonant clusters 3247:⟨rz⟩ 2977: 2858:Liquid diphthongs 2857: 2790: 2720: 2653: 2646:where different): 2549:, circumflex tone 2427:, indicates vowel 2200:Late Common Slavic 2139:Early Proto-Slavic 2109:Proto-Balto-Slavic 2105: 2018:comparative method 600:Proto-Indo-Iranian 586:Proto-Balto-Slavic 567:Proto-Italo-Celtic 145:Proto-Balto-Slavic 9633: 9632: 9626:extinct languages 9457:Solombala English 9388: 9387: 9311:Prekmurje Slovene 9224: 9223: 9004: 9003: 8858:Doukhobor Russian 8781:Glagolitic script 8567:978-953-0-30225-9 8541:978-953-150-840-7 8436:Boryś, Wiesław. " 8375:978-0-415-04755-5 8318:978-0-415-28078-5 8275:978-0-521-59148-5 8223:978-0-415-28078-5 8194:978-0-415-28078-5 8167:Olander, Thomas. 8161:978-3-11-016284-4 7800:Article 1 of the 7780:Article 1 of the 7621: 7620: 7581: 7580: 7366:*sъlàti, *sъljȅtь 7020:productive aorist 6997:Romance languages 6995:, much as in the 6772: 6771: 5832: 5831: 5044: 5043: 3987: 3986: 3811: 3810: 3621: 3620: 3376:syllabic sonorant 3243:⟨ż⟩ 3237:in spelling), in 3235:⟨ř⟩ 3197: 3196: 2924: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2890:*ъl/*ŭl, *ъr/*ŭr 2887:*ьl/*ĭl, *ьr/*ĭr 2853: 2852: 2786: 2785: 2716: 2715: 2608:⟨a⟩ 2604:⟨á⟩ 2597:⟨a⟩ 2593:⟨á⟩ 2586:⟨ã⟩ 2578:⟨ȁ⟩ 2574:⟨ȃ⟩ 2570:⟨à⟩ 2566:⟨á⟩ 2559:⟨à⟩ 2555:⟨ã⟩ 2551:⟨ȃ⟩ 2547:⟨á⟩ 2519:⟨ā⟩ 2503:⟨ã⟩ 2492:⟨ȁ⟩ 2472:⟨ȃ⟩ 2461:⟨à⟩ 2450:⟨á⟩ 2436:Prosodic notation 2415:⟨ś⟩ 2367: 2366: 2151:Late Proto-Slavic 2087:, is attested in 2069:Late Proto-Slavic 2010:2nd millennium BC 1972: 1971: 1233:Anatolian peoples 1203:Painted Grey Ware 1091:Nordic Bronze Age 740:Kurgan hypothesis 693:Old Irish glosses 658:Gaulish epigraphy 153: 152: 90: 89: 82: 16:(Redirected from 9658: 9527:Slavonic-Serbian 9378:Cieszyn Silesian 9249:Carpathian Rusyn 9237: 9236: 9015: 9014: 8904: 8903: 8789:Modern languages 8724:Slavic languages 8717: 8710: 8703: 8694: 8693: 8638: 8632: 8624: 8623: 8622: 8600: 8591: 8579: 8570: 8544: 8528:Matasović, Ranko 8523: 8508: 8499: 8472: 8433: 8432: 8431: 8399: 8378: 8353: 8344: 8321: 8298: 8284:Studi Slavistici 8278: 8247: 8238: 8226: 8206:"Proto-Slavonic" 8197: 8164: 8143: 8127:(2–3): 133–162, 8112: 8100: 8090: 8077: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8052: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7981: 7975: 7969: 7963: 7962: 7961: 7960: 7943: 7937: 7931: 7925: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7900: 7894: 7893: 7875: 7836:Slavic languages 7616: 7613: 7595: 7588: 7573: 7566: 7564:*jьměti, *jьmatь 7559: 7552: 7545: 7526: 7501: 7494: 7492:*mьněti, *mьnitь 7463: 7441: 7419:"know, be able" 7418: 7416:*uměti, *umějetь 7395: 7372:PIE presents in 7368: 7341: 7339:*dajati, *dajetь 7334: 7327: 7320: 7292: 7290:*rìnǫti, *rìnetь 7270: 7268:*stati, *stanetь 7240: 7238:*zъvati, *zovetь 7233: 7231:*bьrati, *beretь 7226: 7219: 7213: 7211:*gretì, *grebetь 7206: 7199: 7164: 7163: 7075: 7013: 7012: 6963: 6940: 6939: 6931: 6930: 6914: 6913: 6896: 6893: 6868: 6864: 6843: 6840: 6834: 6826: 6817: 6810: 6804: 6797: 6791: 6780: 6723: 6671: 6619: 6567: 6515: 6461: 6406: 6354: 6302: 6250: 6198: 6177: 6163: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6107: 6093: 6086: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5937: 5930: 5884: 5877: 5871: 5860: 5843: 5840: 5792: 5749: 5706: 5659: 5616: 5571: 5525: 5476: 5433: 5390: 5347: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5277: 5263: 5256: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5079: 5067: 4998: 4949: 4900: 4847: 4798: 4747: 4695: 4636: 4587: 4538: 4489: 4440: 4433: 4426: 4405: 4391: 4384: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4244: 4237: 4085: 4055:Accent paradigm 4044:Accent paradigm 4037:Accent paradigm 3844: 3843: 3659: 3658: 3650: 3640: 3630: 3408: 3404: 3373: 3367: 3361:; > Polabian 3360: 3354: 3325: 3318: 3317: 3311: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3132: 3114: 3092: 3075: 3051: 3032: 2980: 2976: 2936:Finnic languages 2860: 2856: 2793: 2789: 2723: 2719: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2579: 2576:, short falling 2575: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2520: 2504: 2493: 2473: 2462: 2451: 2426: 2416: 2401: 2393: 2254: 2253: 2236: 2230: 2170: 2167: 2117:Baltic languages 2006:Slavic languages 1964: 1957: 1950: 1805: 1798: 1784: 1777: 1770: 1756: 1749: 1742: 1735: 1728: 1653: 1639: 1632: 1618: 1596: 1589: 1582: 1573: 1408: 1401: 1394: 1387: 1380: 1363:Germanic peoples 1353:Hellenic peoples 1342: 1335: 1328: 1251:Mycenaean Greeks 1240: 1168:Thraco-Cimmerian 1066:Globular Amphora 1043:Abashevo culture 982: 975: 945: 900: 893: 886: 879: 872: 865: 858: 851: 688:Tocharian script 391: 384: 377: 370: 363: 356: 349: 342: 309: 295: 288: 281: 267: 243: 236: 217: 178: 155: 154: 109:Slavic languages 92: 91: 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 60:this article by 51:inline citations 38: 37: 30: 21: 9666: 9665: 9661: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9656: 9655: 9651:Proto-languages 9636: 9635: 9634: 9629: 9615: 9538: 9532: 9486: 9479: 9409:Bohemian Romani 9394:Mixed languages 9384: 9361:Pannonian Rusyn 9342: 9284:Banat Bulgarian 9270: 9232: 9220: 9190: 9088: 9080:Pannonian Rusyn 9000: 8943: 8925: 8893: 8853:Alaskan Russian 8828:Old Novgorodian 8821:Old East Slavic 8794: 8776:Cyrillic script 8766:Church Slavonic 8726: 8721: 8691: 8682:Wayback Machine 8665:Wayback Machine 8650:Wayback Machine 8626: 8625: 8620: 8618: 8584:Vaillant, André 8568: 8552:(in Croatian), 8542: 8482:Wayback Machine 8466: 8457:Wayback Machine 8445:Wayback Machine 8429: 8427: 8397: 8376: 8362:Comrie, Bernard 8319: 8303:Comrie, Bernard 8276: 8254: 8252:Further reading 8224: 8210:Comrie, Bernard 8195: 8181:Comrie, Bernard 8162: 8148:Lunt, Horace G. 8117:Lunt, Horace G. 8088: 8065: 8060: 8059: 8050: 8048: 8035: 8034: 8030: 8022: 8018: 8010: 8006: 7998: 7994: 7982: 7978: 7970: 7966: 7958: 7956: 7945: 7944: 7940: 7932: 7928: 7920: 7916: 7908: 7904: 7891: 7889: 7876: 7869: 7864: 7846:Language family 7817: 7778: 7722: 7650: 7634: 7617: 7611: 7608: 7601:needs expansion 7586: 7571:*věděti, *věstь 7568: 7561: 7554: 7547: 7496: 7486: 7481: 7336: 7329: 7322: 7318:*bìti, *bь̏jetь 7312: 7265: 7235: 7228: 7221: 7214: 7208: 7204:*mę̀ti, *mьnetь 7201: 7197:*nestì, *nesȅtь 7191: 7139: 7090: 6979: 6971: 6951: 6900: 6899: 6894: 6871: 6865: 6846: 6841: 6837: 6827: 6820: 6811: 6807: 6798: 6794: 6781: 6777: 6483: 5999:nonsyllabic -ū 5929: 5888: 5887: 5878: 5874: 5861: 5846: 5841: 5837: 5683: 5678: 5590: 5508: 5500: 5492: 5126: 5083: 5082: 5070:Slavic, before 5068: 5049: 4871: 4866: 4766: 4675: 4670: 4662: 4654: 4649: 4236: 4213: 4006: 3996: 3397: 3384: 3355:> Kashubian 3295: 3266: 3260: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3231:fricative trill 2972: 2640: 2628: 2623: 2617: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2572:, long falling 2569: 2568:, short rising 2565: 2558: 2557:, short accent 2554: 2550: 2546: 2539: 2533: 2518: 2514:(*ь/ĭ or *ъ/ŭ). 2502: 2491: 2471: 2470:Inverted breve 2460: 2449: 2438: 2424: 2414: 2391: 2383: 2248: 2243: 2234: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2173:prosodic system 2168: 2153:(1–600 AD) 2097: 1991:Common Slavonic 1968: 1939: 1938: 1871:Marija Gimbutas 1859: 1849: 1848: 1840:Winter solstice 1830:Horse sacrifice 1801: 1794: 1780: 1773: 1766: 1752: 1745: 1738: 1731: 1724: 1677: 1662: 1649: 1635: 1628: 1614: 1605: 1592: 1585: 1578: 1569: 1560: 1539: 1508: 1500: 1499: 1442: 1429: 1404: 1397: 1390: 1383: 1376: 1338: 1331: 1324: 1315: 1297: 1284: 1271: 1242: 1236: 1221: 1213: 1212: 1186: 1163: 1150: 1138: 1119: 1061: 1038: 1000: 993: 987: 978: 971: 962: 960:Northern Europe 941: 937: 924: 911: 896: 889: 882: 875: 868: 861: 854: 847: 843:Steppe cultures 816: 809: 802: 794: 793: 784:Baltic homeland 758: 754: 750:Eurasian nomads 734: 730: 706: 698: 697: 668:Runic epigraphy 663:Latin epigraphy 618: 610: 609: 547:Proto-Anatolian 531: 486: 482:Thraco-Illyrian 467:Graeco-Phrygian 457:Graeco-Armenian 452:Graeco-Albanian 431: 409: 396: 387: 380: 373: 366: 359: 352: 345: 338: 305: 291: 284: 277: 263: 239: 232: 213: 198: 190: 188: 149: 135: 133: 86: 75: 69: 66: 56:Please help to 55: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9664: 9654: 9653: 9648: 9631: 9630: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9613: 9608: 9606:Van Wijk's law 9603: 9601:Ruki sound law 9598: 9596:Pedersen's law 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9542: 9540: 9534: 9533: 9531: 9530: 9523: 9516: 9509: 9504: 9503: 9502: 9491: 9489: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9477: 9472: 9465: 9460: 9453: 9446: 9441: 9439:Romano-Serbian 9436: 9431: 9426: 9419: 9412: 9404: 9398: 9396: 9390: 9389: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9382: 9381: 9380: 9370: 9365: 9364: 9363: 9356:Eastern Slovak 9352: 9350: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9340: 9335: 9334: 9333: 9328: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9297: 9296: 9286: 9280: 9278: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9245: 9243: 9234: 9230:Microlanguages 9226: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9218: 9217: 9216: 9206: 9200: 9198: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9187: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9166: 9165: 9164: 9159: 9149: 9148: 9147: 9146: 9145: 9133: 9132: 9131: 9124: 9117: 9112: 9101:East Lechitic 9098: 9096: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9086: 9085: 9084: 9083: 9082: 9075:Eastern Slovak 9072: 9060: 9059: 9058: 9056:White Croatian 9053: 9048: 9041: 9034: 9032:Biblical Czech 9023: 9021: 9012: 9006: 9005: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8998: 8993: 8992: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8964:Serbo-Croatian 8961: 8953: 8951: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8941: 8935: 8933: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8923: 8918: 8912: 8910: 8901: 8895: 8894: 8892: 8891: 8890: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8869: 8864: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8860: 8855: 8840: 8833: 8832: 8831: 8817: 8816: 8815: 8804: 8802: 8796: 8795: 8793: 8792: 8785: 8784: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8763: 8751: 8744: 8736: 8734: 8728: 8727: 8720: 8719: 8712: 8705: 8697: 8690: 8689: 8671:Toporov, V. N. 8668: 8639: 8601: 8592: 8580: 8571: 8566: 8558:Školska knjiga 8545: 8540: 8524: 8509: 8500: 8491: 8464:Boryś, Wiesław 8461: 8434: 8418:(in Serbian), 8406: 8405: 8401: 8400: 8395: 8383:Sussex, Roland 8379: 8374: 8354: 8345: 8336:(1): 125–148, 8322: 8317: 8299: 8279: 8274: 8260: 8259: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8248: 8239: 8227: 8222: 8198: 8193: 8172: 8165: 8160: 8144: 8113: 8101: 8078: 8064: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8041:United Nations 8028: 8026:, p. 213. 8016: 8012:Kortlandt 2011 8004: 8000:Kortlandt 1994 7992: 7976: 7964: 7938: 7926: 7924:, p. 192. 7914: 7902: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7811: 7798: 7797: 7788:Latin alphabet 7777: 7774: 7721: 7714: 7649: 7642: 7633: 7626: 7619: 7618: 7598: 7596: 7585: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7575: 7557:*ě̀sti, *ě̃stь 7539: 7536: 7533: 7529: 7528: 7503: 7488: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7465: 7457: 7454: 7451: 7447: 7446: 7443: 7435: 7432: 7428: 7427: 7420: 7412: 7409: 7405: 7404: 7397: 7389: 7386: 7382: 7381: 7370: 7362: 7359: 7355: 7354: 7343: 7332:*duti, *dujetь 7325:*myti, *myjetь 7314: 7309: 7306: 7302: 7301: 7294: 7293:"push, shove" 7286: 7283: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7272: 7261:*leťi, *lęžeti 7257: 7254: 7250: 7249: 7242: 7224:*žìti, *živetь 7217:*peťì, *pečetь 7193: 7188: 7185: 7181: 7180: 7177: 7174: 7171: 7168: 7138: 7135: 7129:uses a prefix 7114: 7113: 7106: 7102: 7095:lexical aspect 7089: 7086: 7070:'to eat', and 6978: 6975: 6970: 6967: 6950: 6947: 6943: 6942: 6933: 6920: 6919: 6916: 6907: 6898: 6897: 6869: 6844: 6835: 6818: 6805: 6792: 6774: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6766: 6763: 6760: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6745: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6727: 6724: 6718: 6717: 6714: 6711: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6699: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6675: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6610: 6607: 6604: 6601: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6457: 6453: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6315: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6087: 6082: 6078: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5988: 5982: 5976: 5970: 5964: 5958: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5928: 5921: 5905:nouns. The AP 5886: 5885: 5872: 5844: 5834: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5567: 5563: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5505: 5502: 5497: 5494: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5299: 5292: 5285: 5278: 5271: 5264: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5125: 5118: 5081: 5080: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4664: 4659: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4399: 4392: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4235: 4228: 4220:Verweij (1994) 4212: 4209: 4166: 4165: 4150: 4131: 4124: 4061: 4060: 4053: 4042: 4031: 4030: 4024: 3995: 3994:Accent classes 3992: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3893: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3831: 3830: 3827: 3819: 3816: 3809: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3718: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3653: 3652: 3642: 3632: 3619: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3540:+j (iotation) 3537: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3396: 3393: 3383: 3380: 3294: 3291: 3262:Main article: 3259: 3256: 3251: 3250: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2966: 2959: 2951:§ Grammar 2947: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2639: 2636: 2627: 2624: 2619:Main article: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2611: 2600: 2589: 2562: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2515: 2499: 2488: 2468: 2457: 2442:Serbo-Croatian 2437: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2418: 2411: 2408:Czech alphabet 2390:on consonants 2382: 2379: 2365: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2280: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2265: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2247: 2246:Vowel notation 2244: 2223: 2220: 2208: 2207: 2197: 2191: 2184: 2155: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2111:branch of the 2096: 2093: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2035:proto-language 2014:6th century AD 2002:proto-language 1985:; also called 1970: 1969: 1967: 1966: 1959: 1952: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1929: 1922: 1915: 1908: 1900: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1860: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1825:Fire sacrifice 1821: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1799: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1778: 1771: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1750: 1743: 1736: 1729: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1670: 1669: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1633: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1616:Zoroastrianism 1598: 1597: 1590: 1583: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1553: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1538: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1486: 1485: 1483:Medieval India 1474: 1473: 1468: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1437: 1436: 1424: 1423: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1402: 1395: 1388: 1381: 1365: 1360: 1358:Italic peoples 1355: 1350: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1336: 1329: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1292: 1291: 1279: 1278: 1266: 1265: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1229: 1228: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1194: 1193: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1158: 1157: 1145: 1144: 1137: 1136: 1134:Gandhara grave 1131: 1126: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 995: 994: 986: 985: 984: 983: 980:Middle Dnieper 976: 957: 956: 951: 946: 935:Eastern Europe 932: 931: 919: 918: 906: 905: 904: 903: 902: 901: 894: 880: 873: 866: 863:Dnieper–Donets 859: 852: 840: 838:Kurgan culture 835: 834: 833: 823: 811: 810: 803: 800: 799: 796: 795: 792: 791: 786: 781: 776: 774:Beech argument 771: 766: 760: 759: 753: 752: 747: 742: 736: 735: 729: 728: 723: 718: 713: 707: 704: 703: 700: 699: 696: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 619: 616: 615: 612: 611: 608: 607: 597: 583: 578: 564: 557:Proto-Germanic 554: 552:Proto-Armenian 549: 544: 542:Proto-Albanian 538: 537: 530: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 493: 492: 485: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 438: 437: 430: 429: 428: 427: 403: 402: 395: 394: 393: 392: 385: 378: 371: 364: 357: 350: 343: 331: 326: 320: 319: 313: 312: 311: 310: 298: 297: 296: 289: 282: 270: 269: 268: 256: 251: 246: 245: 244: 237: 225: 220: 219: 218: 205: 204: 197: 196: 189: 184: 183: 180: 179: 171: 170: 164: 163: 151: 150: 148: 147: 138: 136: 131: 128: 127: 124: 120: 119: 118:Eastern Europe 116: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 97: 96: 88: 87: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9663: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9643: 9641: 9627: 9623: 9618: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9591:Meillet's law 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9535: 9529: 9528: 9524: 9522: 9521: 9517: 9515: 9514: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9501: 9498: 9497: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9488: 9482: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9470: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9458: 9454: 9452: 9451: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9424: 9420: 9418: 9417: 9413: 9411: 9410: 9407:20th century 9405: 9403: 9400: 9399: 9397: 9395: 9391: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9362: 9359: 9358: 9357: 9354: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9345: 9339: 9336: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9326:Slavomolisano 9324: 9323: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9273: 9267: 9266:West Polesian 9264: 9262: 9259: 9255: 9252: 9251: 9250: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9238: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9210: 9209:Lower Sorbian 9207: 9205: 9204:Upper Sorbian 9202: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9193: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9170: 9169:West Lechitic 9167: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9154: 9153: 9150: 9144: 9143: 9139: 9138: 9137: 9134: 9130: 9129: 9128:Middle Polish 9125: 9123: 9122: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9106: 9103: 9102: 9100: 9099: 9097: 9095: 9091: 9081: 9078: 9077: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9070: 9066: 9065: 9064: 9061: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9046: 9042: 9040: 9039: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9028: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9007: 8997: 8994: 8990: 8989:Slavomolisano 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8966: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8959: 8958:Alpine Slavic 8955: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8946: 8940: 8937: 8936: 8934: 8932: 8928: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8909: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8896: 8888: 8887:Simple speech 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8874: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8850: 8849: 8846: 8845: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8829: 8825: 8824: 8823: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8813:Simple speech 8811: 8810: 8809: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8797: 8791: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8768: 8767: 8764: 8761: 8757: 8756: 8752: 8750: 8749: 8745: 8743: 8742: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8718: 8713: 8711: 8706: 8704: 8699: 8698: 8695: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8676: 8672: 8669: 8667:(In Russian). 8666: 8662: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8630: 8616: 8612: 8611: 8607:(1950–1958), 8606: 8602: 8598: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8572: 8569: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8546: 8543: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8522: 8519:(in Polish), 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8501: 8497: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8483: 8479: 8476: 8470: 8465: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8454: 8451: 8446: 8442: 8439: 8435: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8408: 8407: 8403: 8402: 8398: 8396:9780521223157 8392: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8377: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8346: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8326:Curta, Florin 8323: 8320: 8314: 8310: 8309: 8304: 8300: 8297: 8293: 8290:(1): 171–81, 8289: 8285: 8280: 8277: 8271: 8267: 8262: 8261: 8257: 8256: 8245: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8225: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8196: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8173: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8070:Derksen, Rick 8067: 8066: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8032: 8025: 8020: 8013: 8008: 8001: 7996: 7989: 7985: 7980: 7974:, p. 75. 7973: 7972:Schenker 2002 7968: 7955:on 2013-11-13 7954: 7950: 7949: 7942: 7936:, p. 82. 7935: 7934:Schenker 2002 7930: 7923: 7918: 7911: 7906: 7899: 7887: 7883: 7882: 7874: 7872: 7867: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7810: 7807: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7785: 7784: 7773: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7746: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7727: 7719: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7647: 7641: 7639: 7631: 7625: 7615: 7612:February 2013 7606: 7602: 7599:This section 7597: 7594: 7590: 7589: 7576: 7572: 7565: 7558: 7551: 7550:*dàti, *dãstь 7544: 7540: 7537: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7493: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7430: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7333: 7326: 7319: 7315: 7310: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7273: 7271:"stand (up)" 7269: 7263: 7262: 7258: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7232: 7225: 7218: 7212: 7205: 7198: 7194: 7189: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7175: 7172: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7143:stative verbs 7134: 7132: 7127: 7126:indeterminate 7123: 7118: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7068: 7063: 7062: 7057: 7056: 7051: 7050: 7044: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7021: 7017: 7007: 7006: 7000: 6998: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6984: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6955: 6946: 6934: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6917: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6839: 6832: 6825: 6823: 6815: 6809: 6802: 6796: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6775: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6720: 6719: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6697: 6694: 6691: 6688: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6668: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6657: 6654: 6651: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6639: 6636: 6633: 6630: 6627: 6624: 6621: 6616: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6564: 6563: 6559: 6556: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6512: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6498: 6495: 6492: 6489: 6486: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6463: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6408: 6403: 6402: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6356: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6299: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6247: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6195: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6179: 6176: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6162: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5926: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5893: 5882: 5876: 5869: 5866: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5839: 5835: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5789: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5530: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5506: 5503: 5498: 5495: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5344: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5150: 5144: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5123: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5047: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4995: 4994: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4665: 4660: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4535: 4534: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4486: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4435: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4233: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4208: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4147:Leskien's law 4144: 4140: 4139:Meillet's law 4136: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4080: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4021:Meillet's law 4019: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3965:Long ō-grade 3964: 3963: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3873:Long ē-grade 3872: 3871: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3835: 3828: 3825: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3421: 3410: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3392: 3390: 3379: 3377: 3372: 3366: 3359: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3316:bo-ga-tь-stvo 3310: 3304: 3300: 3290: 3287: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3255: 3240: 3232: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3200: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2975: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2794: 2788: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2657: 2654:Short vowels 2651: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2622: 2606:, unstressed 2601: 2590: 2583: 2563: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2524: 2516: 2513: 2508: 2500: 2497: 2496:short falling 2489: 2486: 2485:open syllable 2482: 2477: 2469: 2466: 2459:Grave accent 2458: 2455: 2448:Acute accent 2447: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2430: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2241: 2237: 2231: 2217: 2212: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2129:periodization 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2101: 2092: 2091:manuscripts. 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2048:Common Slavic 2045: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1999:reconstructed 1996: 1992: 1988: 1987:Common Slavic 1984: 1980: 1977:(abbreviated 1976: 1965: 1960: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1942: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1876:J. P. Mallory 1874: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1853: 1852: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1676: 1675: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1604: 1603: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1559: 1558: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1513:Reconstructed 1511: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1441: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1428: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1341: 1340:Insular Celts 1337: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1314: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1296: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1283: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1270: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1256:Indo-Iranians 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1185: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1162: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1149: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1118: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1060: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1037: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1002: 1001: 999: 998:Pontic Steppe 992: 989: 988: 981: 977: 974: 970: 969: 968: 965: 964: 963: 961: 955: 952: 950: 947: 944: 940: 939: 938: 936: 930: 927: 926: 925: 923: 917: 914: 913: 912: 910: 899: 895: 892: 888: 887: 885: 881: 878: 874: 871: 867: 864: 860: 857: 853: 850: 846: 845: 844: 841: 839: 836: 832: 831:Kurgan stelae 829: 828: 827: 824: 822: 819: 818: 817: 815: 814:Pontic Steppe 808: 805: 804: 798: 797: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 761: 756: 755: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 737: 732: 731: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 708: 702: 701: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 620: 614: 613: 605: 604:Proto-Iranian 601: 598: 595: 591: 587: 584: 582: 579: 576: 572: 568: 565: 562: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 539: 536: 533: 532: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 494: 491: 488: 487: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 447:Daco-Thracian 445: 443: 440: 439: 436: 433: 432: 426: 422: 418: 414: 411: 410: 408: 405: 404: 401: 400:Reconstructed 398: 397: 390: 386: 383: 379: 376: 372: 369: 365: 362: 358: 355: 351: 348: 344: 341: 337: 336: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 321: 318: 315: 314: 308: 304: 303: 302: 299: 294: 290: 287: 283: 280: 276: 275: 274: 271: 266: 262: 261: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 242: 238: 235: 231: 230: 229: 226: 224: 221: 216: 212: 211: 210: 207: 206: 203: 200: 199: 195: 192: 191: 187: 182: 181: 177: 173: 172: 169: 166: 165: 161: 157: 156: 146: 143: 142: 141: 137: 132:Reconstructed 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 110: 107: 103: 98: 93: 84: 81: 73: 70:February 2021 63: 59: 53: 52: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 9621: 9611:Winter's law 9571:Havlík's law 9525: 9518: 9511: 9467: 9455: 9448: 9423:Mednyj Aleut 9421: 9414: 9406: 9276:South Slavic 9233:and dialects 9140: 9126: 9119: 9067: 9043: 9038:Czechoslovak 9036: 9019:Czech-Slovak 8956: 8931:Transitional 8899:South Slavic 8835: 8826: 8819: 8787: 8755:Proto-Slavic 8754: 8753: 8746: 8739: 8686:Res Balticae 8685: 8653: 8619:, retrieved 8609: 8596: 8587: 8575: 8549: 8531: 8516: 8504: 8495: 8485: 8448: 8428:, retrieved 8419: 8415: 8386: 8365: 8349: 8333: 8329: 8307: 8287: 8283: 8265: 8243: 8234: 8213: 8184: 8168: 8151: 8124: 8120: 8108: 8096: 8092: 8073: 8049:. Retrieved 8040: 8031: 8024:Scatton 2002 8019: 8007: 7995: 7984:Derksen 2008 7979: 7967: 7957:, retrieved 7953:the original 7947: 7941: 7929: 7917: 7905: 7896: 7890:. Retrieved 7880: 7808: 7804:in English: 7801: 7799: 7794: 7781: 7779: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7747: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7725: 7723: 7717: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7691: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7651: 7645: 7637: 7635: 7629: 7622: 7609: 7605:adding to it 7600: 7543:*bỳti, *ȅstь 7506: 7472: 7468: 7423: 7400: 7377: 7373: 7350: 7346: 7297: 7155: 7150: 7146: 7140: 7130: 7125: 7121: 7119: 7115: 7091: 7081: 7077: 7076:'to have' (* 7045: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7019: 7015: 7001: 6986: 6982: 6980: 6972: 6956: 6952: 6944: 6921: 6901: 6838: 6830: 6813: 6808: 6800: 6795: 6787: 6783: 6778: 6052:wild animal 5933: 5924: 5916: 5913: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5880: 5875: 5864: 5838: 5828:zvě̄rę̀tьxъ 5742:zvě̄rę̀tьmъ 5518:zvě̄rę̀tьmь 5246:baby animal 5130: 5121: 5113: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5084: 5075: 4240: 4231: 4217: 4214: 4203: 4198: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4173: 4169: 4167: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4142: 4134: 4127: 4120: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4077: 4072: 4071:of feminine 4068: 4062: 4056: 4045: 4038: 4032: 4013: 4009: 4007: 3988: 3836: 3832: 3654: 3645: 3635: 3625: 3401: 3398: 3395:Alternations 3385: 3328: 3296: 3293:Phonotactics 3282: 3274:pitch accent 3271: 3267: 3258:Pitch accent 3252: 3198: 3174:*ľ (ʎ ~ lʲ) 3122:*š {*ś} (ʃ) 3100:{*dž} (d͡ʒ) 3018:*ň (ɲ ~ nʲ) 2973: 2948: 2929: 2925: 2721:Long vowels 2641: 2629: 2540: 2522: 2506: 2505:: Usually a 2495: 2480: 2476:long falling 2475: 2465:short rising 2464: 2453: 2439: 2429:nasalization 2395: 2368: 2249: 2233: 2227: 2209: 2199: 2193: 2186: 2161: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2133: 2106: 2095:Introduction 2077:Thessaloniki 2072: 2068: 2066: 2052: 2047: 2038: 2026: 2012:through the 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1975:Proto-Slavic 1974: 1973: 1931: 1924: 1917: 1910: 1903: 1897:Publications 1896: 1882: 1863: 1817: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1682:Paleo-Balkan 1672: 1671: 1659: 1658: 1600: 1599: 1555: 1554: 1542: 1512: 1495:Greater Iran 1488: 1487: 1476: 1475: 1439: 1438: 1426: 1425: 1368:Paleo-Balkan 1333:Celtiberians 1312: 1311: 1294: 1293: 1281: 1280: 1268: 1267: 1196: 1195: 1183: 1182: 1160: 1159: 1147: 1146: 1116: 1115: 1058: 1057: 1035: 1034: 997: 996: 959: 958: 934: 933: 921: 920: 908: 907: 849:Bug–Dniester 813: 812: 678:Gothic Bible 594:Proto-Baltic 590:Proto-Slavic 589: 575:Proto-Italic 571:Proto-Celtic 534: 489: 477:Italo-Celtic 472:Indo-Hittite 462:Graeco-Aryan 435:Hypothetical 434: 399: 334:Paleo-Balkan 316: 273:Indo-Iranian 228:Balto-Slavic 201: 95:Proto-Slavic 76: 67: 48: 18:Proto-Slavic 9586:Ivšić's law 9513:Army Slavic 9500:Interslavic 9485:Constructed 9348:West Slavic 9241:East Slavic 9010:West Slavic 8979:Montenegrin 8800:East Slavic 8605:Vasmer, Max 8578:(in Polish) 8467: [ 8231:Stang, C.S. 8177:"Bulgarian" 7851:Interslavic 7776:Sample text 7672:have acute 7656:have short 7173:Infinitive 7137:Conjugation 7122:determinate 7112:formations. 7064:'to give', 7052:'to know', 7016:root aorist 6768:porsę̃tьxъ 6664:porsę̃tьmъ 5110:Stang's law 4350:son-in-law 4050:Ivšić's law 3919:zero grade 3309:*bogatьstvo 2507:long rising 2454:long rising 2204:Kievan Rus' 2071:(sometimes 1775:Continental 1768:Anglo-Saxon 1471:Middle Ages 1421:Middle Ages 1276:Indo-Aryans 1269:Indo-Aryans 1076:Bell Beaker 1071:Corded ware 967:Corded ware 856:Sredny Stog 801:Archaeology 581:Proto-Greek 561:Proto-Norse 62:introducing 9640:Categories 9576:Hirt's law 9566:Dybo's law 9537:Historical 9450:Russenorsk 9429:Ponaschemu 9321:Shtokavian 9261:Podlachian 9162:Slovincian 9152:Pomeranian 9121:Old Polish 8921:Macedonian 8808:Belarusian 8621:2013-02-16 8430:2023-05-24 8258:In English 8063:References 8051:2022-01-08 7988:Stang 1957 7959:2013-11-06 7892:2016-11-03 7770:Hirt's law 7733:, long on 7704:, present 7264:"lie down" 6949:Adjectives 6399:pȏrsętьmь 6393:jь̏menьmь 6387:dъťerьjǫ́ 5963:short -jo 5868:Dybo's law 5825:plemènьxъ 5819:želъ̀vьxъ 5785:zvě̄rę̀tȳ 5776:želъ̀vьmī 5739:plemènьmъ 5733:želъ̀vьmъ 5699:zvě̄rę̀tъ 5652:zvě̄rę̀tā 5609:zvě̄rę̀tā 5561:zvě̄rę̀te 5515:plemènьmь 5509:želъ̀vljǭ 5469:zvě̄rę̀ti 5426:zvě̄rę̀te 5160:short -jo 5154:short -jo 5106:Dybo's law 5097:, such as 5072:Dybo's law 5034:sě̀menьxъ 5001:xlě̀bě̄xъ 4936:sě̀menьmъ 4682:sě̀menьmь 4065:diminutive 4027:Dybo's law 3343:Slovincian 3341:, extinct 3286:sound laws 3239:Old Polish 3233:, denoted 2970:Consonants 2644:IPA symbol 2481:e, o, ь, ъ 2373:, and the 2179:and other 2162:Pre-Slavic 2121:Lithuanian 2044:Slavicists 1995:unattested 1883:Institutes 1803:Lithuanian 1557:Indo-Aryan 1543:Historical 1477:Indo-Aryan 1434:Tocharians 1348:Cimmerians 1226:Bronze Age 1117:South Asia 991:Bronze Age 929:Afanasievo 733:Mainstream 497:Vocabulary 417:Sound laws 279:Indo-Aryan 45:references 9624:indicate 9539:phonology 9487:languages 9475:Trasianka 9301:Kajkavian 9289:Chakavian 9214:Schleifer 9157:Kashubian 8939:Torlakian 8916:Bulgarian 8872:Ukrainian 8837:Ruthenian 8422:: 18–39, 8141:166319427 7922:Lunt 2001 7910:Lunt 1987 7253:(ę)-e-tь 7207:"crumple" 7176:Examples 7058:'to be', 6831:tense yer 6816:footnote. 6765:kolẽsьxъ 6762:jьmẽnьxъ 6759:korẽnьxъ 6756:dъťẽrьxъ 6753:brъ̏vьxъ 6744:zvě̑rьxъ 6729:břuśě̃xъ 6707:korenьmì 6704:dъťerьmì 6661:kolẽsьmъ 6658:jьmẽnьmъ 6655:korẽnьmъ 6652:dъťẽrьmъ 6649:brъ̏vьmъ 6640:zvě̑rьmъ 6612:porsę̃tъ 6591:kostь̃jь 6588:zvěrь̃jь 6396:kȍlesьmь 6390:kȍrenьmь 6384:brъvьjǫ́ 6378:kostьjǫ́ 6375:zvě̑rьmь 6081:Singular 6064:daughter 6029:long -nt 6023:short -s 6017:short -n 6011:short -n 6005:short -r 5987:short -i 5975:long -jā 5969:short -ā 5957:long -jo 5945:short -o 5813:dvьrь̀xъ 5770:dvь̃rьmī 5727:dvьrь̀mъ 5682:dvьrь̀jь 5507:želъ̀vьjǫ 5251:Singular 5208:long -nt 5202:short -n 5196:short -n 5190:short -ū 5184:short -u 5178:short -i 5166:short -ā 5040:àgnętьxъ 5037:čùdesьxъ 5031:kàmenьxъ 5028:màterьxъ 5025:tỳkъvьxъ 5004:lě̀tě̄xъ 4982:kàmenьmī 4979:màterьmī 4976:tỳkъvьmī 4942:àgnętьmъ 4939:čùdesьmъ 4933:kàmenьmъ 4930:màterьmъ 4927:tỳkъvьmъ 4903:xlě̀bomъ 4688:àgnętьmь 4685:čùdesьmь 4679:kàmenьmь 4671:tỳkъvljǭ 4639:xlě̀bъmь 4379:Singular 4330:long -nt 4276:long -jā 4264:long -jo 4117:barytonic 4112:*ję̄zū́k- 3416:Coronals 3339:Kashubian 3216:branches. 3108:Fricative 3083:*č (t͡ʃ) 3080:*c (t͡s) 3069:Affricate 3041:*ť (tʲ ) 2905:*ol, *or 2900:*el, *er 2626:Phonology 2582:Chakavian 2580:. In the 2085:Macedonia 1993:) is the 1818:Practices 1637:Yarsanism 1447:Albanians 1427:East Asia 1414:Scythians 1406:Phrygians 1399:Paeonians 1392:Illyrians 1378:Thracians 1295:East Asia 1246:Armenians 1173:Hallstatt 1155:Chernoles 1096:Terramare 1086:Trzciniec 1053:Sintashta 1048:Andronovo 949:Cernavodă 922:East Asia 877:Khvalynsk 617:Philology 527:Particles 413:Phonology 354:Liburnian 329:Tocharian 324:Anatolian 293:Nuristani 186:Languages 134:ancestors 9520:Iazychie 9444:Runglish 9402:Balachka 9373:Silesian 9331:Bunjevac 9179:Polabian 9136:Silesian 9115:dialects 9110:Masurian 9094:Lechitic 9051:Moravian 8974:Croatian 8877:dialects 8848:dialects 8678:Archived 8661:Archived 8646:Archived 8629:citation 8615:archived 8586:(1950), 8530:(2008), 8484:" . In: 8478:Archived 8453:Archived 8447:" . In: 8441:Archived 8424:archived 8204:(2002), 8150:(2001), 8099:: 91–112 8084:(1994), 8072:(2008), 8045:Archived 7886:Archived 7815:See also 7535:-(s)-tь 7434:-ova-ti 7431:-uje-tь 7424:-eh₁-ye- 7408:-ěje-tь 7401:-eh₂-ye- 7385:-aje-tь 7170:Present 7027:- and *- 6750:sy̑nъxъ 6747:kȍstьxъ 6726:vozě̃xъ 6716:porsętý 6701:brъvьmì 6695:kostьmì 6692:zvěrьmì 6646:sy̑nъmъ 6643:kȍstьmъ 6625:břuxõmъ 6560:porsętà 6548:dъ̏ťeri 6508:porsętà 6496:dъ̏ťeri 6490:sy̑nove 6482:zvě̑rьjē 6451:pȏrsęte 6445:jь̏mene 6439:dъ̏ťere 6381:sy̑nъmь 6372:dušejǫ́ 6369:nogojǫ́ 6363:mǫ̑žьmь 6360:břȗxъmь 6347:pȏrsęti 6341:jь̏meni 6335:dъ̏ťeri 6329:sy̑novi 6295:pȏrsęte 6289:jь̏mene 6283:dъ̏ťere 6231:dъ̏ťerь 6061:eyebrow 5993:long -u 5981:long -i 5951:long -o 5822:elènьxъ 5816:volъ̀xъ 5810:pǭtь̀xъ 5782:plemènȳ 5779:elènьmī 5767:pǫ̃tьmī 5736:elènьmъ 5730:volъ̀mъ 5724:pǭtь̀mъ 5696:plemènъ 5690:želъ̀vъ 5677:pǭtь̀jь 5649:plemènā 5643:želъ̀vi 5606:plemènā 5600:želъ̀vi 5558:plemène 5552:želъ̀ve 5512:elènьmь 5504:volъ̀mь 5499:dvь̃rьjǫ 5496:pǭtь̀mь 5488:ložь̀mь 5485:nožь̀mь 5482:vīnъ̀mь 5479:bȳkъ̀mь 5466:plemèni 5460:želъ̀vi 5423:plemène 5417:želъ̀ve 5383:zvě̄rę̀ 5374:želъ̀vь 5172:long -i 5148:long -o 5142:long -o 5016:zę̀tьxъ 5007:plàčīxъ 4985:sě̀menȳ 4967:zę̀tьmī 4918:zę̀tьmъ 4909:plàčēmъ 4906:lě̀tomъ 4887:sě̀menъ 4865:zę̀tьjь 4834:sě̀menā 4785:sě̀menā 4731:sě̀mene 4674:màterьjǫ 4669:tỳkъvьjǫ 4658:zę̀tьmь 4645:plàčьmь 4642:lě̀tъmь 4623:sě̀meni 4574:sě̀mene 4371:miracle 4359:pumpkin 4324:long -s 4318:long -n 4312:long -n 4306:long -r 4300:long -ū 4294:long -u 4288:long -i 4282:long -i 4270:long -ā 4258:long -o 4252:long -o 4156:. In AP 3942:o-grade 3896:e-grade 3413:Labials 3347:Polabian 3157:*ř (rʲ) 3060:*ď (dʲ) 2632:phonemes 2595:, short 2396:iotation 2222:Notation 2181:register 1864:Scholars 1762:Germanic 1733:Scottish 1698:Thracian 1692:Illyrian 1686:Albanian 1674:European 1667:Armenian 1651:Ossetian 1645:Scythian 1630:Yazidism 1580:Buddhism 1571:Hinduism 1462:Norsemen 1372:Anatolia 1289:Iranians 1282:Iranians 1263:Iron Age 1238:Hittites 1191:Colchian 1184:Caucasus 1142:Iron Age 1111:Lusatian 1106:Urnfield 1030:Srubnaya 1025:Poltavka 1015:Catacomb 954:Cucuteni 909:Caucasus 726:Religion 711:Homeland 653:Behistun 633:Linear B 522:Numerals 517:Pronouns 442:Balkanic 389:Thracian 382:Phrygian 375:Paeonian 361:Messapic 347:Illyrian 259:Hellenic 254:Germanic 223:Armenian 215:Albanian 209:Albanoid 160:a series 158:Part of 9622:Italics 9507:Lydnevi 9463:Surzhyk 9196:Sorbian 9045:Knaanic 8996:Slovene 8984:Serbian 8969:Bosnian 8949:Western 8908:Eastern 8843:Russian 8732:History 8684:". In: 8652:". In: 7706:*meľètь 7574:"know" 7524:*sъpati 7518:*letěti 7512:*xoditi 7502:"hear" 7495:"think" 7442:"kiss" 7369:"send" 7358:-je-tь 7342:"give" 7313:-ja-ti 7308:-je-tь 7285:-nǫ-ti 7282:-ne-tь 7241:"call" 7200:"carry" 7159:Leskien 7073:*jьměti 7049:*věděti 7039:- or *- 7005:*věděti 6987:woid-ai 6788:kȍrijen 6784:dokořán 6741:dušàxъ 6738:nogàxъ 6735:poľĩxъ 6732:mǫžĩxъ 6713:kolesý 6710:jьmený 6698:synъmì 6689:dušàmi 6686:nogàmi 6637:dušàmъ 6634:nogàmъ 6631:poľẽmъ 6628:mǫžẽmъ 6622:vozõmъ 6609:kolẽsъ 6606:jьmẽnъ 6603:korẽnъ 6600:dъťẽrъ 6597:brъ̃vъ 6594:synõvъ 6557:kolesà 6554:jьmenà 6551:kȍreni 6545:brъ̏vi 6536:zvě̑ri 6524:mǫ̑žę̇ 6505:kolesà 6502:jьmenà 6499:kȍrene 6493:brъ̏vi 6484:zvě̑řē 6456:Plural 6448:kȍlese 6442:kȍrene 6436:brъ̏ve 6421:nodźě̀ 6366:pȍľьmь 6357:vȍzъmь 6344:kȍlesi 6338:kȍreni 6332:brъ̏vi 6323:zvě̑ri 6292:kȍlese 6286:kȍrene 6280:brъ̏ve 6268:dušę̇́ 6234:kȍrenь 6228:brъ̑vь 6219:zvě̑rь 6076:piglet 5807:ženàxъ 5804:lõžixъ 5801:nõžixъ 5798:vĩněxъ 5795:bỹcěxъ 5773:võlъmī 5764:ženàmī 5721:ženàmъ 5718:lõžemъ 5715:nõžemъ 5712:vīnòmъ 5709:bȳkòmъ 5687:volòvъ 5684:dvь̃ri 5625:nožę̇̀ 5597:volòve 5589:pǫ̃tьjē 5566:Plural 5546:dvь̃ri 5501:dvь̃řǫ 5457:volòvi 5411:dvь̃ri 5380:plemę̀ 5368:dvь̃rь 5338:zvě̄rę̀ 5237:turtle 5099:*osnòvā 5022:jìlъxъ 5019:nìtьxъ 5013:bùřāxъ 5010:rànaxъ 4991:àgnętȳ 4988:čùdesȳ 4973:jìlъmī 4970:nìtьmī 4964:bùřāmī 4961:rànamī 4952:xlě̀bȳ 4924:jìlъmъ 4921:nìtьmъ 4915:bùřāmъ 4912:rànamъ 4893:àgnętъ 4890:čùdesъ 4884:kàmenъ 4881:màterъ 4878:tỳkъvъ 4875:jìlovъ 4870:nìtьjь 4850:xlě̀bъ 4840:àgnętā 4837:čùdesā 4831:kàmeni 4828:màteri 4825:tỳkъvi 4807:plàčę̇ 4801:xlě̀by 4791:àgnętā 4788:čùdesā 4782:kàmene 4779:màteri 4776:tỳkъvi 4773:jìlove 4765:zę̀tьjē 4750:xlě̀bi 4742:Plural 4737:àgnęte 4734:čùdese 4728:kàmene 4725:màtere 4722:tỳkъve 4698:xlě̀bě 4676:màteřǭ 4666:jìlъmъ 4629:àgnęti 4626:čùdesi 4620:kàmeni 4617:màteri 4614:tỳkъvi 4611:jìlovi 4590:xlě̀bu 4580:àgnęte 4577:čùdese 4571:kàmene 4568:màtere 4565:tỳkъve 4541:xlě̀ba 4522:kàmenь 4519:màterь 4516:tỳkъvь 4492:xlě̀bъ 4362:mother 4353:thread 4338:summer 3815:change. 3662:Origin 3426:Normal 3419:Velars 3382:Grammar 3278:Slovene 3140:*ž (ʒ) 3026:Plosive 2996:Palatal 2991:Coronal 2958:change. 2871:Central 2804:Central 2734:Central 2667:Central 2615:History 2517:Macron 2293:ŭ or ъ 2278:ĭ or ь 2263:Slavic 2260:IE/B-S 2175:, e.g. 2125:Latvian 2119:, e.g. 2037:as the 2004:of all 1796:Latvian 1754:Cornish 1624:Kurdish 1610:Persian 1602:Iranian 1594:Sikhism 1587:Jainism 1550:Hittite 1489:Iranian 1385:Dacians 1178:Jastorf 1101:Tumulus 1081:Únětice 1010:Yamnaya 1005:Chariot 943:Usatovo 884:Yamnaya 721:Society 705:Origins 638:Rigveda 490:Grammar 317:Extinct 307:Romance 286:Iranian 58:improve 9434:Quelia 9316:Resian 9105:Polish 9063:Slovak 8760:Accent 8564: 8554:Zagreb 8538: 8393: 8372: 8315: 8272: 8220: 8191: 8158: 8139: 7754:*-ě̀ti 7702:*mèlti 7584:Accent 7567:"have" 7553:"give" 7487:-a-ti 7482:-i-tь 7456:-i-ti 7453:-i-tь 7411:-ě-ti 7388:-a-ti 7361:-a-ti 7335:"blow" 7328:"wash" 7321:"beat" 7246:ablaut 7234:"take" 7227:"live" 7220:"bake" 7187:-e-tь 7179:Notes 7167:Class 7110:ablaut 7088:Aspect 7011:*woyd- 6677:břuxý 6576:mǫ̃žь 6573:břũxъ 6542:sy̑ny 6539:kȍsti 6533:dȗšę̇ 6521:břuxà 6487:kȍsti 6479:dȗšę̇ 6470:mǫ̑ži 6467:břuxà 6430:kostí 6427:zvěrí 6415:mǫ̑ži 6412:břȗśě 6326:kȍsti 6317:nȍdźě 6311:mǫ̑žu 6308:břȗxu 6277:sy̑nu 6274:kostí 6271:zvěrí 6259:mǫ̑ža 6256:břȗxa 6243:pȏrsę 6237:jь̏mę 6225:sy̑nъ 6222:kȏstь 6207:mǫ̑žь 6204:břȗxo 6133:zvě̑rь 6073:wheel 6043:field 6037:belly 5865:before 5693:elènъ 5679:pǫ̃ti 5646:elèni 5637:dvьrì 5603:elène 5594:dvьrì 5591:pǫ̃ťē 5555:elène 5543:pǫ̃ti 5540:ženě̀ 5531:vīně̀ 5528:bȳcě̀ 5491:ženòjǫ 5463:elèni 5454:dvьrì 5448:ženě̀ 5420:elène 5408:pǫ̃ti 5377:elènь 5365:pǫ̃tь 5362:ženǫ̀ 5331:plemę̀ 5303:dvь̃rь 5243:tribe 5225:woman 5219:knife 4958:plàčī 4955:lě̀tȳ 4867:zę̀tī 4856:plàčь 4853:lě̀tъ 4816:zę̀ti 4813:bùřę̇ 4804:lě̀ta 4767:zę̀ťē 4762:bùřę̇ 4756:plàči 4753:lě̀ta 4713:zę̀tī 4704:plàči 4701:lě̀tě 4661:nìtьjǫ 4653:bùřējǫ 4648:rànojǫ 4605:zę̀ti 4596:plàču 4593:lě̀tu 4556:zę̀tī 4553:bùřę̇ 4547:plàča 4544:lě̀ta 4525:sě̀mę 4507:zę̀tь 4498:plàčь 4495:lě̀to 4389:xlě̀bъ 4365:stone 4347:storm 4344:wound 4335:bread 4133:In AP 4126:In AP 4014:mobile 3934:ьr, ъr 3931:ьl, ъl 3839:ablaut 2986:Labial 2686:*ъ/ŭ 2683:*ь/ĭ 2638:Vowels 2501:Tilde 2483:in an 2422:ogonek 2257:Vowel 1811:Slavic 1790:Baltic 1740:Breton 1720:Celtic 1704:Dacian 1660:Others 1440:Europe 1313:Europe 1307:Yuezhi 1161:Europe 1148:Steppe 1059:Europe 916:Maykop 870:Samara 826:Kurgan 643:Avesta 425:Ablaut 421:Accent 368:Mysian 340:Dacian 301:Italic 249:Celtic 241:Slavic 234:Baltic 202:Extant 115:Region 47:, but 9368:Goral 9306:Pomak 9254:Lemko 9027:Czech 8867:Rusyn 8521:Sofia 8471:] 8208:, in 8179:, in 8137:S2CID 8089:(PDF) 7862:Notes 7758:*-ìti 7750:*-àti 7739:*-ě̀- 7720:verbs 7683:*-ìti 7679:*-àti 7662:*-ě̀- 7648:verbs 7632:verbs 7560:"eat" 7485:-ě-ti 7480:-i-tь 7473:-eyé- 7469:-éye- 7396:"do" 7192:-ati 7067:*ěsti 7061:*dati 7055:*byti 6969:Verbs 6867:norm. 6683:poľí 6680:mǫží 6674:vozý 6585:dũšь 6582:nõgъ 6579:põľь 6570:võzъ 6530:nȍgy 6527:poľà 6518:vȍzy 6476:nȍgy 6473:poľà 6464:vȍzi 6433:synú 6424:dušì 6418:pȍľi 6409:vȍzě 6320:dȗšī 6314:pȍľu 6305:vȍzu 6265:nogý 6262:pȍľa 6253:vȍza 6240:kȍlo 6216:dȗšǫ 6213:nȍgǫ 6210:pȍľe 6201:vȏzъ 6189:pȏrsę 6175:jь̏mę 6161:dъ̏ťi 6147:sy̑nъ 6140:kȏstь 6105:mǫ̑žь 6098:břȗxo 6070:name 6067:root 6055:bone 6049:soul 6034:cart 6009:Masc. 5991:Masc. 5979:Masc. 5955:Masc. 5943:Masc. 5927:nouns 5761:lõži 5758:nõži 5755:vĩny 5752:bỹky 5674:žẽnъ 5671:lõžь 5668:nõžь 5665:vĩnъ 5662:bỹkъ 5640:volỳ 5634:pǭtì 5631:ženỳ 5628:lõža 5622:vīnà 5619:bȳkỳ 5586:ženỳ 5583:lõža 5580:nožì 5577:vīnà 5574:bȳcì 5549:võlu 5537:ložì 5534:nožì 5493:žẽnǫ 5451:pǭtì 5445:ložù 5442:nožù 5439:vīnù 5436:bȳkù 5414:volù 5405:ženỳ 5402:ložà 5399:nožà 5396:vīnà 5393:bȳkà 5371:võlъ 5359:ložè 5356:nõžь 5353:vīnò 5350:bỹkъ 5296:pǫ̃tь 5240:deer 5231:door 5216:wine 5213:bull 5194:Masc. 5182:Masc. 5170:Masc. 5152:Masc. 5140:Masc. 5124:nouns 4872:nìtī 4862:bùřь 4859:rànъ 4822:jìly 4819:nìti 4810:ràny 4770:nìti 4759:ràny 4719:jìlū 4716:nìtī 4710:bùřī 4707:ràně 4663:nìťǭ 4655:bùřǭ 4650:rànǭ 4608:nìti 4602:bùřī 4599:ràně 4562:jìlu 4559:nìtī 4550:ràny 4531:àgnę 4528:čùdo 4513:jìlъ 4510:nìtь 4504:bùřǫ 4501:rànǫ 4466:sě̀mę 4424:zę̀tь 4403:plàčь 4396:lě̀to 4374:lamb 4368:seed 4356:clay 4310:Masc. 4292:Masc. 4280:Masc. 4262:Masc. 4250:Masc. 4234:nouns 4211:Nouns 4179:*võľa 4010:fixed 3937:ę, ǫ 3798:ę̇, ь 3552:mj/mľ 3549:vj/vľ 3546:pj/pľ 3543:bj/bľ 3368:> 3363:* 3352:gordъ 3323:-stv- 3321:* 3314:* 3148:Trill 3008:Nasal 3001:Velar 2883:Close 2866:Front 2816:Close 2799:Front 2746:Close 2729:Front 2679:Close 2662:Front 2388:caron 2177:tonal 2083:) in 2081:Solun 1782:Norse 1747:Welsh 1726:Irish 1715:Roman 1710:Greek 1565:Vedic 1457:Slavs 1452:Balts 1326:Gauls 1320:Celts 1302:Wusun 1197:India 973:Baden 673:Ogham 648:Homer 535:Other 512:Nouns 507:Verbs 265:Greek 9184:Rani 9142:Lach 8635:link 8562:ISBN 8536:ISBN 8391:ISBN 8370:ISBN 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Proto-Slavic language

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