Proto-Balto-Slavic language

3685:

unconnected; Balto-Slavic mobility is not inherited from Proto-Indo-European, but formed entirely anew. PIE mobility was entirely lost in the early stages of Proto-Balto-Slavic, by eliminating the accentual distinction between "strong" and "weak" forms (accented further to the left and right, respectively), usually in favour of the weak forms, i.e. accent on the suffix syllable for proterokinetic stems. Hysterokinetic stems already effectively had fixed accent on the first syllable after the root, and retained this. Amphikinetic stems joined this pattern.

124: 11854: 11515: 9844: 7579: 5128: 9164:

is still no consensus among Balto-Slavists on the precise details of the development of Balto-Slavic accentual system. All modern research is based on the seminal study of Stang (1957), which basically instituted the field of comparative Balto-Slavic accentology. However, many laws and correspondences have been discovered and are now held to be true by the majority of researchers even if the exact details sometimes remain in dispute.

11568:

articulation and preserve only tonal distinctions although most have since lost even those, in their development from Proto-Slavic. The East Baltic languages preserve some traces of the original acute articulation, in the form of the so-called "broken tone", the is a long vowel with a glottal stop in the middle of it, typically denoted by a circumflex diacritic, not to be confused with the circumflex accent:

9902: 4636:"overlong" vowels. Kortlandt instead takes the position that the acute reflects laryngeals only; thus inherited long vowels do not trigger the acute. Regardless, the acute appears in all cases of vowel lengthening within Balto-Slavic. All long vowels that arose as part of word formations or sound changes within the Balto-Slavic period received the acute. This included the new alternations 10002:. Kortlandt up to 2006 supported the theory of Balto-Slavic losing PIE consonant-stem accentual mobility in nominals, and innovating everywhere else, but after 2006 maintains that the original PIE accentual mobility was preserved in Balto-Slavic in ā-stems (eh₂-stems), i-stems, u-stems and consonant-stems. 4873:, but since we have but a rudimentary understanding of Old Prussian pronunciation, this notation could also represent nasal vowels. In the other Baltic languages, no final nasals are retained. In Slavic, all word-final consonants are lost in one way or another so there is no direct evidence there either. 12637:

Though Prussian is undoubtedly closer to the East Baltic languages than to Slavic, the characteristic features of the Baltic languages seem to be either retentions or results of parallel development and cultural interaction. Thus I assume that Balto-Slavic split into three identifiable branches, each

9183:

To reconstruct the Balto-Slavic accent, the most important are those languages that have retained tonal oppositions: Lithuanian, Latvian, (probably) Old Prussian and the West South Slavic languages of Slovene and Serbo-Croatian. However, one should keep in mind that the prosodical systems of dialects

9167:

Early Balto-Slavic retained a simple accent in which only the placement of the accent was distinctive, but there were no pitch distinctions. The acute register was initially no more than an articulatory feature on certain syllables and could occur independently of accent placement. However, the acute

3684:

Both Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Balto-Slavic had systems of accentual mobility, in which the accent would be placed on different syllables in different inflections of the same word. The systems of the two languages are vastly different in detail, however. PIE mobility and Balto-Slavic mobility are

2938:

has reconstructed a relative chronology of 50 Balto-Slavic sound changes, referring only to phonology, not to accentuation, from Proto-Balto-Slavic down to the modern daughter languages. However, only the first 12 are Common Balto-Slavic and so relevant for this article (only Winter's law is a unique

2563:

from its parent language, but it was far less productive and had been significantly reworked. Vowel alternations were often leveled, but it is not always easy to determine how far this leveling had progressed by the time the Balto-Slavic dialects began to diverge, as the leveling progressed along the

9175:

On accented syllables, the acute came to be accompanied by a distinct pitch contour in late Proto-Balto-Slavic. Consequently, accented syllables of any type that could carry the acute register in Proto-Balto-Slavic (listed above) now differed in pitch contour as well as articulation; they had rising

9163:

was completely reworked in Balto-Slavic, with far-reaching consequences for accentual systems of the modern daughter languages. The development was conditioned by several delicate factors, such as the syllable length, presence of a laryngeal closing the syllable, and the position of PIE ictus. There

4825:

Though elegant, Kortlandt's theory also has some problems. The glottalic theory, which was proposed in the 1970s, is not generally accepted among linguists, and today only a small minority of linguists would consider it a reliable and self-supportive framework onto which to base modern Indo-European

4631:

The outcome of long vowels inherited directly from Proto-Indo-European, not lengthened by a laryngeal, is disputed. Traditional opinion holds that the acute is an automatic reflex of vowel length, and therefore all long vowels were automatically acuted, whether original or resulting from a following

4440:

According to the traditional school, laryngeals disappeared as independent phonemes. Some linguists of the Leiden school, in particular Derksen and Kortlandt, reconstruct a glottal or laryngeal consonant for Proto-Balto-Slavic, as a direct reflex of original laryngeals. The remainder of this section

4003:

Hirt's law caused the accent to retract to the previous syllable if the vowel in the preceding syllable was immediately followed by a laryngeal. It took place before the addition of epenthetic vowels before syllabic sonorants, so at the time of the change, syllabic sonorants still acted as a vocalic

3149:

PIE palatovelars could also depalatalize in Balto-Slavic. Several depalatalization rules for Balto-Slavic have been proposed. According to Matasović, the depalatalization of palatovelars occurred before sonorant followed by a back vowel: Ḱ > K/_RV. That would explain Centum reflexes such as these

2542:

No modern language retains the original Balto-Slavic distribution of the acute. In Lithuanian and Slavic, the acute distinction was lost on unaccented syllables and converted to an intonation distinction. This happened relatively late and not before some important accentual changes occurred, such as

11920:

Instead, the vowels remained separate, causing the number of distinct vowels to almost double. Thus, differences vowel quality reflected older length distinctions while new vowel length distinctions were conditioned by accent type and placement. Consequently, in the Slavic languages that retain it,

4278:

diphthongs have an expressive meaning, meaning (i) "fat", "dumb", "lazy", "clumsy", (ii) "crooked, bent", (iii) "crippled, decrepit", (iv) "dark", "dirty", or (v) they are of onomatopoeic origin. Such words could have been innovated at various times during the prehistory and have no relation to the

11925:

feature tied to the accentual system rather phonemes. In Czech, Slovak and Old Polish, the mobile accent was lost in favour of fixed stress, which rephonemicised the older accentual length distinctions. Thus, the languages have long vowels as distinct phonemes, but they do not reflect the original

10962:

In the Neoštokavian dialects of Serbo-Croatian, which are used as the basis for standard Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian, the so-called "Neoštokavian retraction" occurred: the accent was retracted from the ending onto the root syllable and became rising. Old Štokavian and Čakavian dialects preserved

9976:

The origin of the Balto-Slavic nominals of the mobile paradigm has not been completely determined, with several proposed theories of origin. According to Illič-Svityč, they originate as an analogical development from fixed-accent PIE oxytones. That theory has been criticized as leaving unclear why

7753:

The aspectual distinction between present and aorist was retained and still productive in Proto-Balto-Slavic. It was preserved into early Slavic but was gradually replaced with an innovated aspectual distinction, with a variety of forms. Modern Bulgarian retained the aorist, however, alongside the

3763:

neuters can be explained as remnants of suppletive patterns of PIE oxytone singulars and barytone collective plurals. As barytones, these collective plurals would have ended up with a lexical accent on the root, contrasting with a left-marginal accent in the singular forms. Eventually, the lexical

12070:

It was formerly thought that Balto-Slavic split into two branches, Baltic and Slavic, which both developed as a single common language for some time afterwards. More recently, scholarship suggests that Baltic was not a single branch of Balto-Slavic, with Old Prussian ("West Baltic") separate from

11916:

Several developments in Late Common Slavic affected vowel length. Syllables that were originally short could lengthen, and those originally long could shorten. However, the long vowels also acquired different quality from the short ones so lengthenings and shortenings did not cause them to merge.

3688:

The exact process by which the new Balto-Slavic type of mobility arose is still a hotly debated topic, although some details are clear. As a general rule, nouns that had the accent on the ending ("oxytones") became mobile, while those that had accent on the root ("barytones") retained their fixed

9969:

ending. As shown by Illič-Svityč, Balto-Slavic nominals of the fixed paradigm correspond to the PIE nominals with accent on the root (PIE barytones). The only exception were nominals with the accent on the ending (PIE oxytones) when it was shifted onto the root in Balto Slavic in accordance with

9968:

has led to a conclusion that Balto-Slavic nominals, with regard to accentuation, could be reduced to two paradigms: fixed and mobile. Nominals of the fixed paradigm had accent on one of the stem syllables, and in the nominals of the mobile paradigm, the accent alternated between the stem and the

9948:

Moreover, nominals that belong to mobile paradigms in Balto-Slavic belong to declension classes that always had fixed accent in PIE paradigms: ā-stems and o-stems. For a long time, the exact relationships between the accentuation of nominals in Balto-Slavic and PIE was one of the most mysterious

7826:

There is no available attempt of a full reconstruction of PBS verb system at the moment, but an idea could be traced if some PIE verbs are put together with their PSL and PB reflex. If this comparison is made by taking the PB verb system as foundation, verbs in PB can belong to four classes (*-o

5277:

are the only remaining Slavic languages that still make consistent use of the dual number. In most other Slavic languages, the dual number is not retained except for historically paired nouns (eyes, ears, shoulders), certain fixed expressions, and agreement of nouns when used with numbers; it is

7686:

In many Slavic languages, particularly South and West Slavic, the athematic ending was analogically extended to other verbs and even replaced the thematic ending completely in some languages (Slovene, Serbo-Croatian). In the Baltic languages, only the thematic ending was retained, as Lithuanian

5281:

Finally, Proto-Balto-Slavic nouns could also have one of three genders: masculine, feminine or neuter. Many originally neuter nouns in PIE had become masculine in Balto-Slavic so the group was somewhat reduced relative to the others. The modern Slavic languages largely continue the use of three

12617:

Schlözer, August Ludwig, Russische Annalen in ihrer Slavonischen GrundSprache verglichen, übersetzt, und erklärt, vol.2: Rußlands VorGeschichte. Entstehung des russischen Stats. Erste GrosfËURST rurik, bis zu dessen Tod im J.879. Allgemeiner Plan, die russischen Annalen Kritisch zu behandeln.

11933:

vowel (later usually lost). The short rising accent that developed from the old acute (and in some circumstances, the neoacute) was later lengthened again in a number of Slavic languages (such as Russian, Czech, Slovenian). The circumflex was shortened in some dialects as well (such as Polish,

11567:

In the later Balto-Slavic languages, the acute articulation itself was often lost, leaving only the pitch distinction on accented syllables as the reflex. There, "acute" is only a type of pitch accent, rather than a specific articulatory feature. The Slavic languages have no trace of the acute

7785:

nouns, remained in use into Balto-Slavic and acquired verbal noun and infinitive-like functions. They were not fully integrated into the verb system by Balto-Slavic times, however, and the individual Balto-Slavic languages diverge on the details. In Slavic and the Eastern Baltic languages, the

11839:

point to that conclusion. It is the only accented Old Prussian text preserved. Diphthongs that correspond to a reconstructable Balto-Slavic acute are generally long in the second part of the diphthong, and those corresponding to a Balto–Slavic circumflex are generally long in the first part.

10951:

In Lithuanian, the initial accent was preserved in all cases where the ending did not contain an acuted syllable. In the forms that had an acuted ending (nominative and instrumental singular, accusative plural), the accent shifted onto the ending, in accordance with the rule discovered by de

2538:

syllables lacking the acute. Within an inflectional paradigm, a long syllable could become short if the nucleus was immediately followed by an inflectional ending beginning with a vowel. This, in turn, resulted in the loss of the acute, as the acute was not permitted on short syllables. Such

2432:

Most Proto-Balto-Slavic words could be accented on any syllable, as in Proto-Indo-European. The placement of the accent was changed significantly relative to PIE, with much paradigmatic leveling of the mobile PIE accent, along with leftward and rightward shifts conditioned by the surrounding

11744:. In diphthongs, the acute accent is placed on the first letter of the diphthong while the tilde marking rising tone (the original circumflex) is placed on the second letter. In diphthongs with a sonorant as a second part, the same convention is used, but the acute accent is replaced with a 5019:. This causes a split in the o-stem paradigm, which is levelled in various ways later on. In Baltic, the nominals with original ending stress are transferred to the u-stem inflection. In Slavic, masculines of the two types are conflated and merge almost completely in most modern languages. 4730:

The plain and aspirated stops merged in Balto-Slavic, but Winter's law operated before this merger had taken place. Consequently, the distinction between those two series has been indirectly preserved in Proto-Balto-Slavic by long acuted vowels. Furthermore, Winter's law took place before

3735:

After these changes, analogical changes took place. The mobility pattern of prefixed verbs was extended to unprefixed verbs. The final accent of nouns with two syllables before the ending (resulting from Proto-VDL) was extended to nouns with one syllable before the ending, e.g. regular

4655:

Aside from acuteness, syllabic sonorants followed by laryngeals show the same outcome as syllabic sonorants in other environments. Balto-Slavic shares that characteristic with Germanic but no other Indo-European languages, which show clearly distinct reflexes in this case. Compare:

7750:, carried over into all three branches of Balto-Slavic and came to be used in all athematic root verbs in Baltic. In Old Church Slavonic, it completely ousted the older ending. In the other Slavic languages, the original ending generally survives except in the athematic verbs. 4007:

Hirt's law took place after the creation of new accentual mobility, and served to modify it. Where endings of mobile-accented words had multiple syllables, it could shift the accent from the final syllable onto the preceding one, thus creating the non-final accent of Slavic

2336:. These were inherited from Proto-Indo-European, and formed anew from PIE syllabic sonorants. Although not diphthongs in the traditional sense, they behaved as a single syllable nucleus in Proto-Balto-Slavic, and could bear the acute like long vowels and regular diphthongs. 9945:, which have retained the position of the original PIE accent almost unchanged. However, by comparing the Balto-Slavic evidence, it was discovered that the PIE rules on accent alternations, devised on the basis of Vedic and Greek, do not match those found in Balto-Slavic. 9352:): Usually long rising and/or BSl. acute. Neoacute in some Slavic reconstructions. The default accent when a language has only one phonemic prosodic feature (such as stress in Russian, length in Czech). Marks long falling in Lithuanian because this derives from BSl. acute. 3704:

The following sections lay out the explanations for mobility given by various linguists. The explanations are very different in nature, and sometimes also give different results for different cases. The "incorrect" outcomes are in turn explained by each in their own way.

12066:

described how his understanding of this relationship had changed over the years: whereas previously he had argued that the 'Latvian' or 'Old-Prussian' peoples spoke languages that belonged to the Slavic group, he had come to see them as an independent language family.

7754:

innovated system, producing a four-way contrast. The Indo-European perfect/stative was falling out of use in Proto-Balto-Slavic and was likely already reduced to relics by Proto-Balto-Slavic times. It survives in Slavic only in the irregular Old Church Slavonic form

11801:

The shortening operated according to Leskien's law after the Lithuanian metatony. In monosyllabic words, the acute became circumflexed. Metatonical retraction of the accent from the final syllable to the penultimate syllable also created a circumflex automatically.

10516:

Serbo-Croatian does not reflect the acute as a tonal distinction but shows short falling accent consistently for all words with post-Slavic initial accent regardless of tone. The short falling accent in the genitive plural has been lengthened due to the loss of a

3784:

Pedersen's law: The accent was retracted from medial syllables in stems that remained "mobile", i.e. in hysterokinetic and amphikinetic consonant stems, in which the accent sometimes fell on the suffix and sometimes on the ending. For example, accusative singular

9179:

Syllables with a single short vowel could not bear the acute register and so also had no tonal distinctions. When accented, they had the same pitch contour (though nondistinctive) as a circumflex-accented syllable. The syllables are said to have "short accent".

4538:

Other laryngeals were lost in Proto-Balto-Slavic, but in some cases, the syllable was acuted as a "leftover" of the former laryngeal. The following outcomes can be noted, with H standing for a laryngeal, V for a vowel, R for a sonorant and C for any consonant:

4758:

On the basis of relative chronology of sound changes, it has been ascertained that Winter's law acted rather late, after some other less prominent Balto-Slavic changes had occurred such as after the disappearance of laryngeals in prevocalic position. Compare:

2842:

in related words or even as alternative forms of the same word. The alternations often gave rise to different initial vowels in different languages. Several words retained the alternation into Proto-Slavic times as well, which became an alternation between

4842:

in Balto-Slavic. Final nasals are not directly preserved in most Balto-Slavic languages, however, making evidence mostly indirect. Lithuanian has vowel lengthening that reflects earlier nasal vowels, but they could conceivably come from either final

2485:. They reconstruct this consonantal segment not just after vowels, but also before them, as direct reflexes of PIE laryngeals. Such consonantal reflexes of laryngeals are not widely accepted, however. For consistency, Olander's glottalisation symbol 9985:, Balto-Slavic accentual mobility was inherited from PIE consonant and vowel-stems but not for o-stems, where they represent Balto-Slavic innovation. Vedic and Greek lost the accentual mobility in vowel stems, retaining it only in consonant stems. 3517:

There is no simple solution to such double reflexes of the Ruki law in Lithuanian and thus no simple answer to the question of whether Ruki law is a common Balto-Slavic isogloss or not. The most probable answer seems to be the assumption that PIE

9936:

Proto-Balto-Slavic, just like Proto-Indo-European, had a class of nominals with so called "mobile" accentuation in which accent alternated between the word stem and the ending. The classes of nominals are usually reconstructed on the basis of

5282:

grammatical genders, but modern Baltic languages have merged the neuter gender into the masculine. Lithuanian has no neuter-gender nouns, but in pronouns, participles and numerals, the neuter is retained. Latvian has no neuter gender at all.

11957:

Serbo-Croatian), the acute vs. circumflex distinction is continued as a length distinction (although in all languages, both long and short vowels have other sources as well). The length-from-tone distinction no longer exists in Russian.

9510:

Many nonprosodic marks are also found in various languages in combinations with certain letters. The various combinations of letter and diacritic should normally be viewed as single symbols (i.e. as equivalent to such simple symbols as

9989:

explained it as a result of accent retraction in the medially stressed syllables of consonant-stems exhibiting the hysterokinetic paradigm, with vocalic stems subsequently imitating the new accentual patterns by analogy. According to

9176:

or falling pitch (whether accented acute syllables had rising or falling pitch differed by dialect). The tonal accents that emerged from this process are called "acute accent" and "circumflex accent" in Balto-Slavic linguistics.

11912:

In Proto-Slavic, the acute was lost as an articulatory feature and retained only as a tonal distinction on accented syllables. The acute produced a rising tone and the circumflex a falling tone, as in Latvian and Old Prussian.

10537:

In the nouns with non-mobile initial accent, which did not have an acuted root syllable, both Lithuanian and Slavic had an independent accent shift occur, from the root to the ending. In Lithuanian, they are the nouns of the

4444:

Like in almost all Indo-European branches, laryngeals in the syllable onset were lost, as were all word-initial laryngeals. Laryngeals between consonants disappeared as well, but in the first syllable, they are reflected as

9400:): Usually short falling (mostly in Slavic). Derived from circumflex (= long falling) by converting the "acute" portion of the accent to a grave, much as a simple acute (= long rising) is shortened by conversion to a grave. 5278:

synchronically often analyzed as genitive singular because of the resemblance in forms. The Baltic languages also used to have a dual number system, but it has become practically obsolete in modern Latvian and Lithuanian.

3871:

The mobility law itself then states that the accent was deleted if it fell on the last mora of a word, and the word became inherently unaccented. Such words appeared with a default accent on the leftmost mora of the word.

2476:

after the nucleus of the syllable, while Jasanoff is more noncommittal and uses underlining. Some linguists go further, and interpret the acute as an actual consonantal segment, which Derksen indicates as a glottal stop

10497:", in which liquid diphthongs receive an epenthetic vowel after them. An acute-accented liquid diphthong yields accent on the epenthetic vowel; a circumflex-accented one results in accent on the first (original) vowel ( 4826:

research. Also, there is a number of Balto-Slavic lexemes with the acute that are provably not of PIE laryngeal origin, and some of them were a result of apophonical lengthenings occurring only in Balto-Slavic period.

3091:

There are a number of words in Balto-Slavic that show Centum reflexes instead, with palatovelars appearing as plain velars. A number can be explained by regular sound laws, but some laws have been obscured by numerous

4822:, which has two sources, the merger of PIE laryngeals and the dissolution of PIE pre-glottalized stop ("voiced stops" in traditional reconstruction) to glottal stop and voiced stop, according to the Winter's law. 11499:

In Slovene, several advancings and retractions of the accent have occurred so it no longer reflects the original position as neatly. All non-accented vowels were shortened, and all non-final accented vowels were

2005:

Proto-Indo-European voiced aspirated stops lost their aspiration in Proto-Balto-Slavic. Stops were no longer distinguished between fortis and aspirated but were voiceless and voiced. However, several new palatal

4135:) developed a prothetic vowel in front of them, converting them into "sonorant diphthongs". This change occurred after Hirt's law, which operated on original syllabic sonorants but not on sonorant diphthongs. 11001:

converted acute roots to circumflexed in mobile nominals, so that the split found in Lithuanian does not occur. All nominals with mobile accentuation in Balto-Slavic belong to one accent paradigm in Slavic,

3720:

Saussure-Pedersen's law: The accent was retracted one syllable to the left from a word-internal short open syllable. If the accent came onto an initial syllable, it received a special "left-marginal" accent

3731:

Proto-Vasilev-Dolobko's law (Proto-VDL): In phonological words of four or more syllables headed by a left-marginal accent, the final syllable acquired a lexical accent and the left-marginal accent was lost.

2590:

Pre-Proto-Slavic retained many such uses of lengthened grades in morphology. The length distinctions are reflected as vowel quality distinctions in Late Common Slavic (LCS) and the later Slavic languages:

12061:

Scholars raised questions regarding the possible relationship between Slavic and Baltic languages as early as the late 18th century. In 1802 the influential German scholar of Slavic languages and history

3347:

Most handbooks, on the basis of Lithuanian material, state that in Baltic Ruki law has been applied only partially. The most common claim is that the law applied unconditionally in Lithuanian only after

6248:

There is no available reconstruction of the whole adjectival system in PBS at the moment, but an idea can be traced if a PIE adjective is put together with its PBS and PB reflex. The adjective are PIE

2534:

Thus, any syllable was either long with acute, long without acute or short. Syllables without acute are sometimes collectively termed "circumflex", although this term is also used specifically for

9541:. In Standard Lithuanian, the nasalization is historical and the vowels are now simply reflected as long vowels, but some dialects still preserve nasalized vowels. Occasionally used to indicate 10528:

Slovene has a rising vowel, which reflects the original acute. All short accented vowels in non-final syllables were lengthened, which eliminated the length distinction in the genitive plural.

6233:). Czech and Polish have lost the indefinite forms except in a few limited uses, while Russian preserves the indefinite nominative forms as the so-called "short forms", used in some cases in 4723:

Winter's law caused lengthening of vowels if a plain voiced stop followed, and the new long vowels received the acute. According to some analyses, the change occurred only if the stop was in

3838:

which put the vowel in final position. However, because it was blocked by an obstruent-final first syllable, a split occurred in this class of nouns: the retracted stems eventually joined AP

3787: 12233:

Eugen, Hill (2012). "Hidden sound laws in the inflectional morphology of Proto-Indo-European". In Nielsen Whitehead, Benedicte; Olander, Thomas; Olsen, Birgit Anette; et al. (eds.).

10989:

If the root was not acuted, then, by the operation of de Saussure's law, the accent shifted onto all the acuted endings in the paradigm, and these nouns are accounted as belonging to the

9223:, considers Balto-Slavic accentuation (based on correspondences in the Germanic, Celtic, and Italic languages) more archaic than Greek-Vedic and therefore closer to Proto-Indo-European. 6214:"good". The distinction is no longer productive in most Slavic languages today, and most Slavic languages preserve a mixture of definite forms and indefinite forms in a single paradigm. 11929:

In all Slavic languages, the acute was shortened when it fell on a long vowel. A new rising accent (the "neoacute"), generally long, developed from retraction of the stress from a weak

3823:

Oxytonesis: The accent shifted from a medial syllable to the end of the word in paradigms with end-accented forms. This shifted the accent to the last syllable of multisyllabic endings.

9410:): Old acute in some Slavic reconstructions. (As opposed to a single acute for Slavic neoacute in reconstructions. Based on the fact that the old acute was shortened in Common Slavic.) 4234:

in 1965 inspected Slavic data in much detail, but in the end, he demonstrated only that the distribution of the dual reflexes in Slavic is not reducible to phonological conditioning.

5285:

An innovation within Balto-Slavic was the use of the genitive in place of the accusative for the direct object of a negative verb. That feature is still present in its descendants:

11596:

The short accent was preserved as such in both the Baltic and Slavic languages, but its lengthening could be triggered by certain conditions. For example, in Lithuanian, vowels

4612: 11572:. The broken tone is preserved in syllables in certain dialects of Latvian and Lithuanian. The broken tone can occur on unaccented syllables so it is not actually a tone but a 9390:). Derives from diverse sources: Lithuanian < BSl. circumflex, Latvian < BSl. acute, Serbo-Croatian dialects < long Common Slavic neoacute (from accentual retraction). 5030:

after a long vowel. This change occurred after the shortening, so that the vowel remained long and, if applicable, acuted. For example, the ā-stem instrumental singular ending

4186:). It has remained an unsolved problem to this day as to the exact phonological conditions that trigger which reflex. Regardless, analysis of their distribution has shown that 2598: 7845:, causative form of *leykʷ-, "to leave"), its descendant in PB *laikītei ("hold"; verb in *-ā- stem; see modern Lithuanian "laikyti") and PSL *buditi (3rd person singular *bud 7631:

The distinction between athematic and thematic verbs was preserved, but athematic verbs were gradually reduced in number. The primary first-person singular endings, athematic

9196:Štokavian are especially important for Balto-Slavic accentology, as they retain more archaic and complex tonal accentual system than the Neoštokavian dialect on which modern 4618: 3191: 7831:

PIE *bʰéroh₂ (3rd person *bʰereti, "to bear"), its descendant in PSL and an example of reconstructed PB verb, *rinktei ("gather, collect", verb in *-o- stem; see modern

3826:

Late Balto-Slavic retraction: In two-syllable words, the accent was retracted from a word-final vowel unless the first syllable ended in an obstruent (including laryngeals).

3210: 11672:

The most direct continuation of the acute is in Latvian, particularly in the three-tone central dialects. There, the acute register is directly continued as a broken tone (

3542:

completely regularly within Balto-Slavic proper, but the traces of the effect of RUKI law were erased by subsequent changes in Lithuanian such as the change of word-final

4632:

laryngeal. Absolutely word-final long vowels of PIE origin were not acuted, but remained distinct from long vowels resulting from laryngeals, a distinction also found in

2567:

The lengthened grade remained productive in word derivation and was used in many innovative formations that were not present in Proto-Indo-European. After the merger of

6286:

The most innovative case in PBS, PSL and PB is the instrumental case: from the declension of nouns in PIE, the masculine, feminine and neuter singular are respectively

7835:"rinkti"); by analogy, another example could be PIE *dʰégʷʰoh₂ (to burn) > PBS *degtéi, with a striking resemblance to PB *rinktei, and early PSL *gegti > *žeťi; 4198:

reflexes, 22 (10%) with both reflexes in the same language or branch or with one in Slavic and the other in Baltic, and the remaining 157 (73%) are attested only with

3808: 2433:

phonemes. There is still some disagreement among linguists on the exact position of the accent in each Proto-Balto-Slavic form, and the rules governing these changes.

9386:): Alternative notation for BSl. circumflex in reconstructions. Long rising in various modern languages (Lithuanian, Latvian, archaic Serbo-Croatian dialects such as 3689:

accent. Words with mobile accent had accent on the leftmost syllable of the stem in some forms, accent on the rightmost syllable of the ending in others (modified by

4916:

of the preposition was reinterpreted as belonging to the pronoun, which acted to preserve the nasal in its Balto-Slavic form, thus corroborating that it was indeed

11934:

Russian, Czech, Slovak). Direct continuation of the acute vs. circumflex difference as a tonal distinction occurs only in archaic Serbo–Croatian dialects (such as

4806:

The rules governing the emergence of the acute from voiced stops seem complicated when they are formulated within the framework of "classical" Proto-Indo-European

9231:

What follows is a short overview of the commonly used diacritical marks for Balto-Slavic (BSl.) accents and/or prosodic features, all based on the example letter

7647:

respectively. The thematic ending was occasionally extended by adding the athematic ending to it, apparently in Balto-Slavic times, resulting in a third ending:

6178:

A Balto-Slavic innovation to the inflection of adjectives was the creation of a distinct "definite" inflection of adjectives by affixing forms of the pronoun

4224:

in 1956 found no phonologically consistent distribution for the dual reflexes except in a single position: after PIE palatovelars Baltic and Slavic have only

4016:(locative plural). If the accent was shifted from the ending of a mobile-accent word onto the stem, the word was usually converted to a fixed-accent pattern: 3557:

appears in words that have a complete formational and morphological correspondence in Slavic (ruling out the possibility of accidental, parallel formations).

7838:

PIE *turHyóh₂ (3rd person *turHyéti, "to enclose/grab") and its descendant in PB *turētei ("to have", verb in *-i- stem; see modern Lithuanian "turėti");

3755:

The nom/acc/voc singular of oxytone neuter o-stems received a left-marginal accent through these changes, which was retained as a falling tone in Slavic AP

2889: 2834:, which is sometimes called "Rozwadowski's rule". The exact conditioning of this change is currently not well understood, but led to alternations between 4355:

was the regular result of the diphthongization of PIE syllabic sonorants. Doublets with expressive meaning are then explained as expressively motivated

3179: 11809:(Samogitian) dialects of Lithuanian, the usual reflex of Balto-Slavic acute in a stressed syllable is a broken tone like Latvian: Žemaitian (Kretinga) 13962: 3854: 3728:

retraction: The accent was also retracted from a final syllable containing a short vowel and ending in a nasal, optionally with another consonant.

2743:

The new type of apophonic length was especially used in Pre-Proto-Slavic in the formation of durative, iterative and imperfective verbs. Compare:

3553:

Generally, it can be ascertained that Lithuanian shows the effect of Ruki law only in old words inherited from Balto-Slavic period so Lithuanian

11825:

In Old Prussian, the acute was reflected probably as a rising tone and circumflex as a falling tone. The marks on long vowels and diphthongs in

1909: 11941:

In addition, the Proto-Slavic tonal distinction on liquid diphthongs is reflected fairly directly in Russian as a multisyllable accent shape (

3806:

Barytonesis: The retraction of the accent spread analogically to vocalic stems in the case forms where Pedersen's law applied. Thus, acc. sg.

10978:

Lithuanian distinguishes two accent paradigms of these nominals, depending on whether the root was acuted, as in the fixed paradigm, or not.

6241:

versus indefinite with no ending). Bulgarian and Macedonian have innovated completely new forms, affixing forms of the demonstrative pronoun

12584:

All examples given for Serbo-Croatian are based on the standard language, stylised Neoštokavian dialect; they are accented according to the

1873: 11871: 11732:

In Lithuanian, the distinction between acute and circumflex is not preserved in unstressed syllables. In Standard Lithuanian, based on the

11532: 9861: 7596: 5145: 2787: 2758: 11826: 9330:

In Croatian dialects, especially Čakavian and Posavian, the "neoacute" ("new acute", a new rising tone) is usually marked with tilde, as

4067:

However, in some cases, Hirt's law does not appear to have taken place where it would be expected, and the words remain mobile-accented:

2639: 1071: 5240:, had merged with the genitive case. Some of the inflectional endings for the genitive were replaced with those of the former ablative. 3296:

Among the Balto-Slavic languages, the evidence of Ruki law is recognizable only in Lithuanian and Slavic because in the other languages

2653: 13116: 12881: 9977:

PIE nominals with fixed accent on the ending would become mobile, as analogies usually lead to uniformity and regularity. According to

4624: 3830:

Step 4 caused retraction in the nom/acc/voc singular of oxytone neuter o-stems, where the ending had been replaced with the pronominal

11938:) and, to some extent, Slovenian (although the relationship between Slovenian and Proto-Slavic tones and accent position is complex). 3200: 2623: 2609: 13332: 12659:

I am not convinced that it is justified to reconstruct a Proto-Baltic stage. The term Proto-Baltic is used for convenience's sake.

3168: 3620: 3185: 6264:("good"), declined in the masculine, feminine and neuter gender. The superlative is formed differently, at least in PSL (prefix 6182:

to existing adjective forms. The inflection had a function resembling that of the definite article 'the' in English: Lithuanian

13957: 10097:

The simplest accentuation is that of nominals which were acuted on the root in Balto-Slavic. They remain accented on the root (

2492:

In Proto-Balto-Slavic, the acute was independent of accent position, and could appear on any "long" syllable, which included:

12708: 12570: 12558: 12286: 12264: 6237:

position. Serbo-Croatian and Slovene still distinguish the two types but only in the masculine nominative singular (definite

2698:

On the basis of the existing length alternations inherited from Proto-Indo-European, new alternations arose between the long

1880: 1852: 12728:: IWoBA VIII. Реферати VIII међународног скупа о балтословенској акцентoлогији (Славистички зборник. Нова серија, књига I.). 3886:

The Moscow accentological school considers the Proto-Balto-Slavic mobile accent paradigm to be a direct reflex of recessive

12527:, pp. 56–57 "Navedimo najvažnije baltoslavenske izoglose...Upotreba genitiva za izricanje objekta zanijekanog glagola" 4371:

reflex, when (pre-)Balto-Slavic no longer had syllabic sonorants and were then used side by side with the original reflex.

2496:

Syllables with long vowels. They could be original PIE long vowels or vowels that were lengthened by a following laryngeal.

731: 9376:

Lithuanian), a vowel with a glottal stop in the middle (derives from BSl. acute). Long falling in modern Slavic languages.

2544: 1837: 11604:

were lengthened when they initially bore short accent in open syllable, and rising tone emerged, marked with tilde sign

2979:: short vowels are lengthened when followed by a nonaspirated voiced stop (in some accounts, only in a closed syllable). 2551:. In Latvian, the acute is reflected as the glottalised "broken tone" in words that originally had mobile accentuation. 1992:

and accentology, which represent common innovations from Proto-Indo-European times and can be chronologically arranged.

13817: 9434:

There are multiple competing systems used for different languages and different periods. The most important are these:

3080:

reflexes of the three velar series: labiovelars merge into the plain velars while palatovelars develop into sibilants (

1902: 1859: 790: 17: 9235:. In each case, there is a crude characterization of the pronunciation in terms of High, Mid, and Low-tone sequences. 3881: 13835: 11893: 11554: 9883: 7618: 5167: 123: 14057: 9916: 3582: 1866: 630: 11680:"window". In originally-stressed syllables, the acute register is continued as a rising or lengthened intonation ( 7738:) for which the origin is not fully understood. According to Kortlandt, the ending is a combination of the ending 4814:

has proposed an alternative, more elegant and economic rule for the derivation of Balto-Slavic acute by using the

14052: 13190: 13133: 4880:

effects that were preserved in some Slavic pronouns. For example, Old Church Slavonic attests constructions like

141: 4194:

appearing only in special cases. In a sample of 215 Balto-Slavic lexical items, 36 (17%) are attested only with

1976:

Like most other proto-languages, it is not attested by any surviving texts but has been reconstructed using the

13109: 12874: 11875: 11536: 10101:

here is understood in the Proto-Balto-Slavic, not the PIE sense) throughout the paradigm in Baltic (Lithuanian

9865: 7600: 5149: 1722: 1497: 901: 12695:, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, vol. 239, Amsterdam–Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 45–76, 11057: 10148: 3115: 3671: 3560:

It appears that palatovelars yielded fricatives in Proto-Balto-Slavic before the effect of RUKI law, so that

3402: 1895: 1467: 736: 673: 474: 360: 12063: 7770:"to see"), which preserves an irregular first-person singular ending, presumed to originate in the perfect. 4518: 2452:

The modern interpretation, favoured by an increasing number of linguists, is that the acute was realised as

13952: 7344: 7157: 5903: 5627: 5351: 1942: 1155: 658: 469: 464: 459: 354: 11601: 11597: 10017:, etc.), resulting in three Common Slavic accentual paradigms (conventionally indicated using the letters 4810:, as there is no obvious connection between laryngeals and voiced stops, both of which trigger the acute. 3693:). A special case is formed, however, by oxytone neuter o-stems, which under some conditions appear as AP 3237:

Another view is that satemization occurred in Baltic and Slavic independently after Slavic had split off.

3173: 2166: 2010:) consonants had developed: *ś and *ź from earlier palatovelar plosives and *š from *s as a result of the 13947: 13575: 12814: 12681: 10955:

In Slavic, the accent shifted from a non-acute root onto the ending in all case forms in accordance with

10005:

The Balto-Slavic accentual system was further reworked during the Proto-Slavic and Common Slavic period (

9982: 9457:

Four-way Serbo-Croatian system, also used in Slovenian and often in Slavic reconstructions: long rising (

3059: 1472: 967: 668: 547: 514: 10975:

Nominals with mobile accent had in some cases an accented first syllable, in others an accented ending.

9168:

was the trigger for several sound changes that affected the placement of the accent. For example, under

3764:

accent appears to have "won out", perhaps in part due to the frequent use of the plural in these nouns.

13982: 13420: 12737: 10565:, but both became mobile in a later Common Slavic development so the reflexes of the Proto-Slavic noun 9160: 3071: 810: 768: 368: 5261:

The dual was retained into the early Slavic languages, but most modern Slavic languages have lost it.

2449:. The exact nature of the acute is not clear, and different linguists have different interpretations. 13739: 13102: 12867: 9807: 4792: 4213:

arose after PIE labiovelars. If true, it would be the only trace of PIE labiovelars in Balto-Slavic.

1934: 1512: 1477: 1150: 454: 12389:

Vaillant, André, "Grammaire comparée des langues slaves. Tome I, Phonétique", IAC, Lyon 1950, p. 171

3864:

Accented long vowels (whether inherited or from laryngeals) had two moras, with accent on the first.

14047: 13779: 11164: 9961: 9212:) are based. On the other hand, many dialects have completely lost tonal oppositions (such as some 6217:

Russian, Czech and Polish for example use the original definite nominative singular forms (Russian

3472: 1989: 1772: 1662: 1482: 1013: 845: 796: 692: 494: 449: 444: 364: 13840: 13757: 13685: 13476: 13433: 13149: 12400: 11864: 11525: 9854: 9420:): Vowel length, particularly in syllables without tone (such as unstressed syllables in Slavic). 7589: 5138: 2320:

Proto-Balto-Slavic also possessed "sonorant diphthongs", consisting of a short vowel followed by

1970: 1667: 1394: 504: 499: 489: 133: 10555: 4530: 13677: 13610: 13605: 13570: 13529: 13300: 12080: 9994:

the position of Balto-Slavic accent is determined by a formula from PIE tones according to the

6234: 1946: 1657: 1629: 1413: 1315: 1081: 927: 551: 389: 281: 220: 175: 115: 107: 46: 13007: 11733: 9651:

or diphthongized in various Slavic languages (respectively: Slovak/dialectal Russian; Polish/

2472:, under the term "broken tone". Olander indicates it with a superscript glottalisation symbol 13870: 13824: 13749: 13727: 13642: 13631: 13439: 13411: 13390: 13201: 13156: 13072: 12968: 12942: 12924: 12912: 12100: 12090: 9986: 9957: 7544: 7535: 7479: 7472: 7458: 7396: 7371: 7363: 7265: 7255: 7241: 5114:

Proto-Balto-Slavic retained many of the grammatical features present in Proto-Indo-European.

4909: 3077: 2146: 1804: 1633: 541: 537: 522: 518: 88: 6294:. The feminine shows the epithesis of /n/ which could lead to a nasalization in PS feminine 4363:

reflex, or as borrowings from substratum dialects (such as Germanic) that regularly had the

3119:) is likely a feminine derivation of a lost masculine noun that may have been borrowed from 13886: 13380: 13350: 13309: 13229: 13028: 11736:, the acute becomes a falling tone (so-called "Lithuanian metatony") and is marked with an 11573: 2720: 2560: 1750: 1715: 1028: 711: 663: 600: 570: 528: 508: 372: 226: 12844: 12722:Балто-славянская акцентная система и итоги индоевропейской акцентологической реконструкции 896: 8: 13987: 13896: 13695: 13662: 13563: 13553: 13522: 13322: 13209: 13172: 13161: 13012: 13002: 12989: 11907: 11590: 10014: 9403: 9393: 7832: 4788: 3887: 3637: 2465: 2445:. It is primarily a reflex of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals, as well as a result of 2091: 1958: 1023: 1018: 914: 838: 803: 726: 716: 575: 276: 271: 240: 75: 11692:"spring onion". The circumflex register is generally continued as a falling intonation ( 11653: 9915:

Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the

4221: 3454: 2441:

Some syllables in Proto-Balto-Slavic had an additional distinguishing feature, known as

13558: 13495: 13470: 13317: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13238: 13049: 12994: 12935: 12787: 12628: 11835: 11326: 11234: 11042: 10811: 10737: 10593: 10369: 10279: 10133: 9999: 9413: 7777:, but it did have several constructions that served as action nouns. Two of these, the 6334: 5244: 4853: 4811: 4217: 3773: 1977: 1729: 1680: 1614: 1598: 1223: 876: 615: 301: 206: 201: 13972: 12802: 4851:

and thus do not provide evidence either way. Old Prussian does show final ⟨n⟩ in e.g.

3378: 3105: 2178:

Proto-Balto-Slavic preserved much of the late Proto-Indo-European vowel system. Short

14007: 13997: 13858: 13774: 13712: 13615: 13597: 13580: 13537: 13511: 13457: 13452: 13375: 13340: 13259: 13182: 13021: 12977: 12949: 12704: 11659: 11459: 11301: 11209: 11062: 10930: 10792: 10718: 10472: 10331: 10260: 10153: 9438:

Three-way system of Proto-Slavic, Proto-Balto-Slavic, modern Lithuanian: acute tone (

9365: 9205: 9197: 9185: 5274: 5223: 3592: 2130: 2035: 2030: 1743: 1709: 1701: 1645: 1639: 1621: 1592: 1571: 1557: 1549: 1319: 1180: 1120: 1102: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1000: 995: 824: 687: 336: 329: 322: 308: 294: 254: 233: 170: 162: 13359: 11961:

Here is a table of basic accentual correspondences of the first syllable of a word:

10029:), corresponding to four Lithuanian accentual paradigms (indicated with the numbers 9949:

questions of Indo-European studies, and some parts of the puzzle are still missing.

4206: 13992: 13928: 13732: 13446: 13397: 13385: 13370: 13249: 13244: 13125: 12984: 12890: 12791: 12741: 12696: 12095: 12085: 11770: 11758: 11632: 11626: 11490: 10998: 10611: 10561: 10010: 9209: 9201: 7465: 7247: 5262: 5186: 4815: 4807: 4481: 3489: 2992:

Aspirated voiced stops lose their aspiration and merge with the plain voiced stops.

2469: 2025: 1966: 1954: 1950: 1737: 1687: 1504: 1310: 1198: 1138: 1115: 1058: 1053: 990: 977: 972: 962: 635: 248: 196: 188: 181: 11716:

with stress on a short final vowel, deleted in Latvian), including monosyllables:

11496:

In Neoštokavian, the final accent has been retracted and gained rising intonation.

9667:

Most diacritics on consonants indicate various sorts of palatal sounds such as an

3062:

is likely absent from Proto-Balto-Slavic (or present only in very small amounts).

14012: 13810: 13769: 13762: 13516: 13506: 13481: 13464: 13254: 13222: 13177: 13167: 12838: 11782: 11577: 11359: 11331: 11242: 11239: 11105: 11052: 11047: 10854: 10816: 10745: 10742: 10642: 10603: 10598: 10396: 10374: 10287: 10284: 10184: 10143: 10138: 9978: 9953: 9791:

indicate doubled rather than palatal(ized) consonants (vŕba=willow, hĺbka=depth).

9775: 9756: 9372:): BSl. circumflex in reconstructions. Broken tone in modern Baltic (Latvian and 5199: 5193: 5105:

did not exhibit lengthening in such conditions, as older literature often states.

4718: 4288: 4238: 4231: 3867:

Accented hiatal long vowels (i.e. V́HV) had two moras, with accent on the second.

3411: 3156: 2976: 2690: 2461: 2446: 2114: 2047: 2040: 1962: 1818: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1758: 1694: 1673: 1651: 1236: 1125: 1048: 957: 890: 831: 697: 429: 414: 404: 399: 315: 287: 9579:

vowels . The overdot is normally found in Lithuanian, the underdot in Slovenian.

6325:/a:/; by contrast, PB is more regular and conservative since it culminates into 3162: 14027: 14002: 13795: 13717: 13707: 13650: 13428: 13365: 13268: 13065: 11922: 11795: 10966:

Slovene also has retraction of the accent, which results in a long rising tone.

9938: 9720: 9702: 9589:), indicating nonsyllabic vowels (often, it is the second part of a diphthong). 9582: 5270: 4633: 3643: 3250: 2514:

Syllables with sonorant diphthongs, which consisted of short vowel followed by

2453: 2064: 2011: 1938: 1563: 1430: 1305: 863: 817: 785: 721: 212: 12956: 12675: 11070: 10158: 9623:(originally longer and lower; later, longer and higher in many dialects), but 7827:

stem, *-i stem, *-ā stem, athematic) plus the athematic class. The verbs are:

4818:

framework of Proto-Indo-European. He proposed that the acute is a reflex of a

4524: 3614: 3396: 14041: 13977: 13967: 13667: 13543: 13288: 13214: 12733: 12717: 11954: 11830: 11434: 11384: 11334: 11273: 11270: 11245: 11184: 11130: 11080: 10956: 10911: 10873: 10835: 10770: 10767: 10748: 10699: 10661: 10623: 10453: 10415: 10377: 10350: 10309: 10290: 10241: 10203: 10165: 10006: 9991: 9970: 9965: 9942: 9799: 9795: 9745: 9656: 9652: 9220: 9169: 5237: 5229: 5211: 5205: 4724: 3998: 3951: 3690: 3093: 2548: 1823: 1287: 1203: 920: 778: 640: 394: 12745: 12680:"Proto-Slavic language." (2014). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from 10616: 9172:, the accent tended to shift leftwards onto a syllable that bore the acute. 4467: 3429: 610: 13585: 12700: 12650: 11745: 11737: 11697: 9730: 9668: 9538: 9355: 9345: 9184:

in the aforementioned languages are sometimes very different from those of

6333:. The vocative in Slavic languages is now lost in all languages apart from 4819: 3777: 3713: 3120: 2998: 2935: 2007: 1442: 1280: 754: 625: 424: 419: 409: 93: 11806: 11676:) in originally unstressed syllables, marked with a circumflex diacritic: 9373: 4798: 3665: 2995:

Labiovelar stops lose their labialization and merge with the plain velars.

13914: 13901: 11409: 11298: 11155: 10892: 10789: 10680: 10494: 10434: 10328: 10222: 7746:, which he considers to be the original thematic ending. The new ending, 5217: 4888:

where the first word reflects the common Proto-Indo-European preposition

2250: 2238: 2228: 2218: 1418: 1404: 1368: 1076: 13655: 11027: 9189: 4190:

appears much more often, suggesting that it is the default reflex, with

3096:

developments. Others are argued to be borrowings from Centum languages.

3037:) is inserted before syllabic sonorants, creating new liquid diphthongs. 605: 13851: 13830: 13722: 12746:"A tonological hypothesis on the origin of paradigmatic accent systems" 12674:"Baltic languages." (2014). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from 11878: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 11539: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 9868: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 9592: 7774: 7715:

of the athematic ending, but it was extended with the thematic ending.

7603: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5152: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4205:

Several theories have been proposed, the most notable being the one by

3289:(whether original or from a following laryngeal), and the voiced velar 2296: 2243: 2233: 2223: 1381: 1295: 1173: 938: 12682:

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/480213/Proto-Slavic-language

2539:

alternations were found in consonant stem nouns and in primary verbs.

13876: 13702: 13690: 12236:

The Sound of Indo-European – Phonetics, Phonemics and Morphophonemics

11942: 11935: 10952:

Saussure. Later, that acuted syllable was shortened by Leskien's law.

9387: 9213: 5266: 2273: 1985: 1584: 1361: 1353: 1346: 1339: 1325: 1193: 12215: 11853: 11514: 9843: 9341:

Here is a reverse key to help decode the various diacritical marks:

7578: 5208:– possession, relation or association; direct object of negated verb 5127: 4952:

The following changes to vowels in Proto-Balto-Slavic can be noted:

4928:

had not taken place at an earlier stage, the phrase would have been

13921: 13845: 13803: 13094: 13080: 12859: 12725: 12234: 11705: 9648: 9568: 9560: 9193: 6310:

in the masculine and neuter, PSL re-elaborate the case suffix into

4004:

nucleus like the true vowels and could attract the accent as well.

2943: 2714:. This latter type of apophony was not productive in PIE. Compare: 1981: 1527: 1518: 1409: 1210: 1185: 1089: 580: 156: 12688: 9684: 3249:

was preserved in Balto-Slavic in most positions. According to the

13908: 13864: 12417:

A Prehistory of Slavic. The Historical Phonology of Common Slavic

9692: 9576: 9552: 9542: 9530: 5073:(with acute) when a stop followed. In Slavic, it is reflected as 1577: 1541: 1534: 1332: 952: 585: 12771:

Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics

11581: 11489:

The Proto-Slavic initial accent is preserved as a circumflex by

9901: 2973:

Laryngeals are lost between consonants in non-initial syllables.

2457: 12280:, pp. 86. For a more precise formulation of the rule, see 11486:

Lithuanian has preserved the best Balto-Slavic mobile paradigm.

9522: 9498:

Stress only, as in Russian, Ukrainian and Bulgarian: stressed (

6283:, which in turn becomes -ий and -y in modern Slavic languages. 4877: 1300: 1254: 773: 590: 4024:"smoke" > (by Hirt's law, then conversion to fixed accent) 12833:

BUBENIK, VIT. "Some issues in Balto-Slavic accentology". In:

11741: 11685: 9676: 9608: 9529:): With a rightward-curving hook unlike the leftward-curving 9423: 9379: 3958: 1399: 1273: 1267: 1249: 620: 595: 7718:

Balto-Slavic replaced the PIE second-person singular ending

12293: 11953:. In some other languages (most notably Czech and standard 6329:. In PBS noun declension, the feminine vocative is a short 4884:"with him", which can be traced back to Proto-Balto-Slavic 1791: 11740:, and the circumflex becomes a rising tone, marked with a 7810:

as infinitive endings, the latter of which comes from the

4047:"?" > (by Hirt's law, then conversion to fixed accent) 12780:

Toward a Reconstruction of the Balto-Slavic Verbal System

11930: 10518: 9659:; Czech). It now indicates in Polish and long in Czech. 9616: 4628:. In other cases, the outcome is a long non-acute vowel. 12506: 12458: 12117: 12115: 9973:; such nominals also have fixed accent in Balto-Slavic. 7663:, replacing the original ending in Slavic, reflected as 4393:

At first, syllabic sonorants develop a prothetic schwa:

4378:

reflex resulted in zero-grade of morphemes that had PIE

12655:

Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon

12606:

Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon

12530: 12494: 12338:

Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon

12305: 12139: 12127: 9810:. (Other such sibilants are indicated by digraphs like 9709:): They have a "hushing" pronunciation , as in English 9338:. Neoacutes represent a post–Proto-Slavic development. 3861:

Accented short vowels had one mora, which was accented.

3857:'s "mobility law" presupposes some conditions, namely: 2929: 12732: 12549: 12446: 12434: 12371: 12317: 10532: 10513:). Serbo-Croatian and Slovene show metathesis instead. 4267:

reflexes are productive in ablaut alternations, while

3716:

proposes three rules explaining the rise of mobility:

2802:

Certain pairs of words show a change of older initial

12821:(in German), Oslo–Bergen–Tromsö: Universitetsforlaget 12769:

Kim, Ronald (2018). "The phonology of Balto-Slavic".

12359: 12178: 12151: 12112: 11790:'the good' (definite adjective). That rule is called 9307:

Common Slavic: "short falling"/HL (short circumflex)

6208: 6192: 4249:

reflexes. Stang made several important observations:

3780:, four changes create the new Balto-Slavic mobility: 13087:

Question mark (?) indicates disputed classification.

11775: 11763: 11640: 11613: 6317:

Secondly, the vocative feminine in PSL changes into

4866: 4764: 4497: 4489: 4454: 4441:

thus only applies if one does not follow that idea.

4374:

According to Jānis Endzelīns and Reinhold Trautmann

3983: 3945: 3656: 3605: 3561: 3463: 3420: 3387: 3226: 3139: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 12482: 12470: 12422: 12419:. New York: Columbia University Press. Pages 86–91. 12405:(in French). Wrocław: Ossolineum. pp. 227–242. 11780:. Word-finally, the acute was regularly shortened: 9825:indicates a sound that was once a dark (velarized) 9619:, distinct in length and later quality from simple 9334:. Short neoacute ("short new rising") is marked as 7821: 6775:Development of adjectives in PBS (non-dual plural) 4960:. Thus, the ā-stem accusative singular, originally 4896:), and the second reflects the PIE pronominal stem 4876:However, there is indirect evidence in the form of 12843: 12239:. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 190 10092: 9998:developed by the Moscow school, which presupposes 9713:and are less palatal than the sounds indicated by 9631:, with palatalization of the preceding consonant ( 4389:Matasović, in 2008, proposed the following rules: 2766:("to tear (imperfective)") > Late Proto-Slavic 12590:Akademijin Rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika 9627:, in Czech, sometimes indicates instead a simple 9615:, in Slavic reconstructions, is a vowel known as 9216:varieties, the Zagreb spoken nonstandard idiom). 7703:). In Latvian, the first-person singular form of 4241:in 1966 Kuryłowicz's statistics proved only that 3963:(alignment of the accent curve) → Old Lithuanian 3842:in Slavic, while the unretracted stems joined AP 14039: 12638:of which followed its own course of development. 12056: 10982:If the root was acuted, it is said to belong to 9741:in Macedonian, Latvian and Czech, respectively); 6200: 6184: 5327: 5302: 3882:Proto-Indo-European accent § Valence theory 2169:before a voiced consonant in Proto-Balto-Slavic. 12819:Vergleichende Grammatik der baltischen Sprachen 11504: 7773:Proto-Indo-European did not originally have an 7141: 5340: 4980:. If the genitive plural ending was originally 4602:with a semivowel when the first vowel is close 3875: 2464:. This glottalisation is still found in modern 1949:are thought to have developed, composed of the 12839:https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1980.18.11-12.997 12807:Poredbenopovijesna gramatika hrvatskoga jezika 12285:harvp error: no target: CITEREFMatasović2005 ( 12263:harvp error: no target: CITEREFKortlandt1978 ( 7856:The athematic verb "to be" in PIE, PSL and PB. 7786:infinitive was formed from a case form of the 4146:appear as prothetic vowels, yielding reflexes 2755:"to tear (perfective)" > Late Proto-Slavic 13110: 12875: 12557:harvp error: no target: CITEREFNikolaev1989 ( 10553:"hand" etymologically corresponds to Russian 6290:, whose reflexed in PBS noun declensions are 5316: 5291: 1903: 12600: 12598: 11704:"arch, bow". It can occur on all syllables: 9319:, "neoacute"/L(M)H (old acute, old rising") 6341:Development of adjectives in PBS (singular) 5243:Proto-Balto-Slavic also distinguished three 4956:Long vowels are shortened before word-final 3138:), which in turn is a regular reflex of PIE 2456:, an interruption of voicing similar to the 12847:(1957). "The problem of Balto-Slav unity". 12676:http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic// 12588:, F. Broz and I. Iveković, Zagreb 1901 and 9794:In western West Slavic (Polish, Kashubian, 9487:Length only, as in Czech and Slovak: long ( 9188:. For example, some Croatian dialects like 4727:(the syllable ending with that consonant). 4435: 4115:The Proto-Indo-European syllabic sonorants 3933: 3924: 3907: 3898: 13117: 13103: 12882: 12868: 12398: 7639:, were kept distinct, giving Balto-Slavic 2661:These are similar examples in Lithuanian: 2651:"to form, create" > Late Proto-Slavic * 2564:same lines in all of them to some degree. 2559:Proto-Balto-Slavic retained the system of 1984:that Baltic and Slavic languages share in 1945:(PIE). From Proto-Balto-Slavic, the later 1910: 1896: 1874:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 12801: 12786: 12777: 12762:The Prehistory of the Balto-Slavic Accent 12689:"Slavic and the Indo-European migrations" 12627: 12618:(Göttingen: Dieterich, 1802), pp.xii-xiii 12595: 12569:harvp error: no target: CITEREFDybo2007 ( 12536: 12524: 12512: 12500: 12464: 12323: 12281: 12277: 12258: 12213: 12121: 11894:Learn how and when to remove this message 11555:Learn how and when to remove this message 9884:Learn how and when to remove this message 9571:vowel quality , distinguished from plain 7619:Learn how and when to remove this message 5236:The eighth Proto-Indo-European case, the 5180: 5168:Learn how and when to remove this message 4652:that were innovated within Balto-Slavic. 12759: 12686: 12553: 12452: 12377: 12311: 12299: 12184: 12157: 12071:Lithuanian and Latvian ("East Baltic"). 9362:): Usually short rising or simply short. 4253:Balto-Slavic grammatical morphemes have 3767: 3273:. It also included diphthongs ending in 12649: 12350: 12335: 12169: 9311:, "long falling"/HML (long circumflex) 2481:and Kortlandt as a laryngeal consonant 14: 14040: 13958:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony 12550:Dybo, Nikolayev & Starostin (1978) 12201: 12197: 10963:the original ending-stressed paradigm. 9315:, "acute"/LH (old acute, old rising") 8255:(any PSL verb derived from PIE *-yéti) 4908:). In Slavic, in accordance with the " 13098: 13083:occasionally classified as languages 12863: 12813: 12440: 12428: 12355:, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 155–156 12232: 11786:'good' (indefinite adjective) : 10050: 5185:Proto-Balto-Slavic made use of seven 4245:reflexes are much more frequent than 4110: 3697:in Slavic instead of the expected AP 3679: 3580:"right (i.e. opposite to left)" (OCS 2606:"fame, glory" > Late Proto-Slavic 1881:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary 1853:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 13124: 12889: 12792:"From Proto-Indo-European to Slavic" 12716: 12564: 12365: 12257:For an alternative formulation, see 11876:adding citations to reliable sources 11847: 11712:"on the heads" (compare: Lithuanian 11537:adding citations to reliable sources 11508: 9895: 9866:adding citations to reliable sources 9837: 8928: 7601:adding citations to reliable sources 7572: 5314:"I have not read the book": Slovene 5226:– tool, means by which, accompanying 5150:adding citations to reliable sources 5121: 2930:Development from Proto-Indo-European 2637:"substance" > Late Proto-Slavic * 12768: 12488: 12476: 12145: 12133: 10533:Fixed paradigm with non-acuted root 9833: 9727:, as in Polish and Serbo-Croatian); 9285:Serbo-Croatian: "short falling"/HL 9154: 5081:"to get used to" > Balto-Slavic 3076:Proto-Balto-Slavic generally shows 2795:"to choose" > Late Proto-Slavic 2499:Syllables with vocalic diphthongs ( 1957:sub-branches, and including modern 1838:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 24: 13071:Languages between parentheses are 12827: 12216:"Substratum Words in Balto-Slavic" 11926:Proto-Slavic length distinctions. 11620:"circle, wheel" > Balto-Slavic 10997:In Proto-Slavic, the operation of 10970: 9219:A minority view, originating from 7841:PIE *loykʷéyoh₂ (3rd person *loykʷ 6314:for reasons uknown at the moment. 6252:("bearded") and its reflex in PSL 5077:, with no nasal. For example: PIE 4287:+ sonorant combinations reflect a 1860:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language 25: 14069: 9239:Lithuanian: "falling"/HL (acute) 6275:The masculine singular, from PBS 4739:merged, as it lengthened earlier 4220:'s 1924 Balto-Slavic dictionary, 3324:instead, remaining distinct from 2784:"to pick" > Late Proto-Slavic 12837:18, no. 11-12 (1980): 997–1018. 12174:. Walter de Gruyter. p. xi. 11852: 11513: 9900: 9842: 9261:, "rising"/LH (or "lengthened") 8748:Development of the verb "to be" 7822:Derivation of PBS verbs from PIE 7577: 7529:(by analogy with other numerals) 5289:"I have read the book": Slovene 5257:plural (for three or more items) 5126: 4504:"salt") > Proto-Balto-Slavic 4351:Stang's analysis indicates that 4094:"alive" > Proto-Balto-Slavic 3834:, followed by loss of the final 3099:For example, Proto-Balto-Slavic 1867:Journal of Indo-European Studies 631:Bible translations into Armenian 122: 12960:(possibly separate West Baltic) 12693:Language Contacts in Prehistory 12643: 12621: 12611: 12578: 12542: 12518: 12409: 12392: 12383: 12353:Balto-Slavic accentual mobility 12344: 12329: 12271: 12251: 12172:Balto-Slavic accentual mobility 11863:needs additional citations for 11820: 11794:after the German neogrammarian 11524:needs additional citations for 10093:Fixed paradigm with acuted root 9853:needs additional citations for 9829:but is now usually pronounced . 9603:shape, rather than the rounded 8934:Pronouns (without dual number) 7711:, which preserves the original 7588:needs additional citations for 5137:needs additional citations for 5046:(compared to the o-stem ending 4857:"lake" < Proto-Balto-Slavic 4712: 4617: 4611: 4421:after velars and before nasals. 3807: 3786: 3458:"sack" < Proto-Balto-Slavic 3382:"dawn" < Proto-Balto-Slavic 3065: 2621:"word" > Late Proto-Slavic * 2554: 142:List of Indo-European languages 13818:Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin 13075:of the language on their left 12809:(in Croatian), Matica hrvatska 12724:(in Russian), vol. VIII, 12226: 12207: 12190: 12163: 9243:, "rising"/H(L)H (circumflex) 4623: 4461:"heron, stork" (Ancient Greek 4075:"son" > Proto-Balto-Slavic 3340:remains distinct (and becomes 2863:"lead" > Bulgarian (dial.) 2489:will be used in this article. 2018:Proto-Balto-Slavic consonants 13: 1: 12773:. Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter. 12667: 12057:Proto-Baltic and Proto-Slavic 11727: 9200:varieties of Serbo-Croatian ( 8903:PBS *sénti/*sánti > *sǫtь 7818:could come from either type. 7802:. Old Prussian, however, has 7526:*h₁newn̥nós > *h₁newntós? 6173: 5109: 4359:replacements of the original 4279:Balto-Slavic reflexes of PIE 4209:from 1950. According to him, 3992: 2000: 1468:Proto-Indo-European mythology 737:Paleolithic continuity theory 57: 13953:Slavic second palatalization 12778:Kortlandt, Frederik (1979), 12753:Estonian Papers in Phonetics 12402:L'apophonie en indo-europeée 11505:Later accentual developments 9913:about verb accent paradigms. 9774:in Czech specifically for a 9699:). They can indicate three: 8995:*só ("that") (> PB *tas) 8919:PBS *bū́ˀtei > PSL *byti 8791:PBS *ési (*ései?) > *esi 7758:"I know" (< Balto-Slavic 7142:Cardinal and ordinal numbers 6279:, culminates into PSL short 5341:Examples of noun declensions 4616:"blood" (gen. sg.) > PBS 4237:According to an analysis by 3876:Moscow accentological school 2545:Fortunatov–de Saussure's law 2165:surfaced as an allophone of 1995: 1156:Northern Black Polished Ware 355:Proto-Indo-European language 27:Reconstructed proto-language 7: 13948:Slavic first palatalization 12633:Baltica & Balto-Slavica 12074: 11576:distinction, much like the 10569:"soup" are listed instead. 10053:Acute register on the root 9226: 9095:*tóy (> PB *tai / *tei) 8992:*ís ("the aforementioned") 8456:Development to PB *-ā stem 8178:Development to PB *-i stem 7861:Development to PB *-o stem 5117: 4947: 4289:universal semantic category 4102:(AP 3), Late Common Slavic 4083:(AP 3), Late Common Slavic 4036:(AP 1), Late Common Slavic 3708: 3240: 3060:Pre-Indo-European substrate 1473:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 83:Lower-order reconstructions 10: 14074: 12687:Andersen, Henning (2003), 12592:, XXIII volumes, 1880–1976 12415:Shevelov, George Y. 1965. 12399:Kuryłowicz, Jerzy (1956). 12064:August Ludwig von Schlözer 11905: 11813:"age, century" = standard 11776: 11764: 11667: 11641: 11614: 9161:Proto-Indo-European accent 9116:*h₁óneh₂es (> PS *ony) 7814:noun instead. The shorter 4867: 4765: 4716: 4498: 4490: 4471:) > Proto-Balto-Slavic 4455: 3996: 3879: 3849: 3759:neuters. The anomalous AP 3657: 3606: 3562: 3464: 3421: 3415:"ear" < Pre-Lithuanian 3388: 3227: 3140: 3072:Centum and satem languages 3069: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2198:Proto-Balto-Slavic vowels 769:Domestication of the horse 14021: 13938: 13885: 13794: 13748: 13740:Slavic dialects of Greece 13676: 13641: 13630: 13596: 13494: 13419: 13410: 13349: 13331: 13308: 13299: 13200: 13132: 13059: 13038: 12967: 12922: 12897: 12586:Rječnik hrvatskoga jezika 12214:Matasović, Ranko (2013). 11843: 11325: 11233: 11041: 10810: 10736: 10592: 10368: 10278: 10132: 10065: 10052: 9808:voiced retroflex sibilant 9257:syllables): "falling"/HL 9192:and Posavian dialects of 8922:PBS *bū́ˀtei > *būtei 6302:, perhaps from a variant 6209: 6193: 4936:, which would have given 4829: 4598:sequence, the outcome is 2791:) vs. Early Proto-Slavic 2762:) vs. Early Proto-Slavic 2427: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2173: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2109: 2095: 2080: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 1478:Historical Vedic religion 755:Chalcolithic (Copper Age) 82: 66: 52: 42: 37: 32: 12764:. Leiden, Boston: Brill. 12351:Olander, Thomas (2009), 12170:Olander, Thomas (2009). 12106: 11921:vowel length is often a 11647:"ten" > Balto-Slavic 10103:first accentual paradigm 10086:a.p. 4/a.p. C 10083:a.p. 3/a.p. C 9962:Vladislav Illich-Svitych 9821:In western West Slavic, 9711:kitchen, mission, vision 9663:Examples in consonants: 9271:Slovenian: "falling"/HL 9142:*h₁óneh₂ (> PS *ona) 9016:*h₁óneh₂ (> PS *ona) 7568: 6321:from an expected reflex 4779:> Proto-Balto-Slavic 4664:> Proto-Balto-Slavic 4436:Laryngeals and the acute 4051:> Proto-Balto-Slavic 4028:> Proto-Balto-Slavic 3816:> Proto-Balto-Slavic 3799:> Proto-Balto-Slavic 3744:> Proto-Balto-Slavic 3651:< Proto-Balto-Slavic 3600:< Proto-Balto-Slavic 3257:when it was preceded by 3221:< Proto-Balto-Slavic 3204:< Proto-Balto-Slavic 3176:from Proto-Balto-Slavic 2780:> Early Proto-Slavic 2751:> Early Proto-Slavic 2669:"intellect, mind" (< 2647:> Early Proto-Slavic 2633:> Early Proto-Slavic 2617:> Early Proto-Slavic 2602:> Early Proto-Slavic 2575:, the resulting phoneme 2436: 1483:Ancient Iranian religion 846:Novotitarovskaya culture 693:Indo-European migrations 14058:Indo-European languages 13079:Asterisk (*) indicates 12608:. Leiden: Brill. p. 12. 11630:"neck", Serbo-Croatian 9647:originally indicated a 9442:) vs. circumflex tone ( 9121:*téh₂es (> PB *tās) 9090:*h₁ónoy (> PS *oni) 9042:*h₁ónod (> PS *ono) 7507:*oḱtowós > *oḱtmos? 7415:*tirtias > *tretias 5251:singular (for one item) 3967:(AP 1) or Proto-Slavic 3183:as opposed to Sanskrit 3166:and Late Proto-Slavic * 2934:Austrian Balto-Slavist 2643:vs. Proto-Balto-Slavic 2613:vs. Proto-Balto-Slavic 2579:could lengthen to both 984:Northern/Eastern Steppe 14053:Balto-Slavic languages 12760:Jasanoff, Jay (2017). 12701:10.1075/cilt.239.05and 12604:Derksen, Rick (2008). 12336:Derksen, Rick (2015), 12081:Balto-Slavic languages 11945:): *ôr (falling) > 10991:fourth accent paradigm 10540:second accent paradigm 10525:is a later innovation. 10045:) in a simple scheme: 9952:Research conducted by 9911:is missing information 9476:Two-way length: long ( 9118:*íh₂es (> PB *jās) 6201: 6190:, Old Church Slavonic 6185: 5328: 5317: 5303: 5292: 5181:Grammatical categories 4984:, it was shortened to 4892:"with" (compare Latin 4771:> Pre-Balto-Slavic 4676:), and Proto-Germanic 4496:(oblique case stem of 4274:many words containing 2897:"lake" > Bulgarian 1947:Balto-Slavic languages 1455:Religion and mythology 1414:Medieval Scandinavians 705:Alternative and fringe 47:Balto-Slavic languages 43:Reconstruction of 13871:Taimyr Pidgin Russian 12148:, pp. 1977–1978. 12136:, pp. 1975–1976. 12101:Proto-Baltic language 12091:Proto-Slavic language 10984:third accent paradigm 9958:Ferdinand de Saussure 9766:a palatalized trill ( 9301:, "posttonic length" 9289:, "long falling"/HML 8807:PBS *ésti > *estь 8775:PBS *ésmi > *esmь 6749:in noun declension?) 6288:*-oh₁, *-éh₂h₁, *-oh₁ 5214:– stationary location 4910:Law of Open Syllables 4059:, Late Common Slavic 3954:) Proto-Balto-Slavic 3903:→ Proto-Balto-Slavic 3768:Kortlandt and Derksen 3406:), with RUKI applied. 3344:before back vowels). 3308:all merge into plain 3126:"deer" (Middle Welsh 1805:Indo-European studies 1168:Peoples and societies 11949:, *ór (rising) > 11872:improve this article 11533:improve this article 9862:improve this article 9518:Examples on vowels: 9450:) vs. short accent ( 9297:, "long rising"/LMH 9293:, "short rising"/LH 9147:*téh₂ (> PB *tā) 9021:*séh₂ (> PB *tā) 7597:improve this article 7257:Proto-Western-Baltic 5254:dual (for two items) 5146:improve this article 5007:when stressed, e.g. 4775:> (Winter's law) 4696:), but Proto-Celtic 4411:in a final syllable. 3941:Proto-Indo-European 3894:Proto-Indo-European 3493:< Pre-Lithuanian 2875:"tin", Old Prussian 1980:. There are several 712:Anatolian hypothesis 664:Proto-Indo-Europeans 571:Hittite inscriptions 116:Indo-European topics 13897:Pan-Slavic language 13696:Burgenland Croatian 13576:Marcho-Magdeburgian 13173:Old Church Slavonic 12788:Kortlandt, Frederik 12629:Kortlandt, Frederik 12302:, pp. 122–130. 11908:Proto-Slavic accent 11756:: Lithuanian acute 11734:Aukštaitian dialect 11720:"to lay eggs" < 10559:and Serbo-Croatian 10542:and in Slavic, the 10075:a.p. 2/a.p. B 10072:a.p. 1/a.p. A 10000:lexical tone in PIE 9430:): Vowel shortness. 9404:double acute accent 9394:double grave accent 9047:*tód (> PB *ta) 8935: 8749: 8457: 8179: 7862: 7453:*weḱstós? *uḱstós? 7147: 6776: 6342: 6306:. While PB retains 5907: 5631: 5355: 4964:, was shortened to 4920:: If the change of 4783:> Common Slavic 4610:, reflected in PIE 4386:) in normal grade. 4382:(> Balto-Slavic 3971:(AP c), Lithuanian 3888:Proto-Indo-European 3772:In the proposal of 3198:Late Proto-Slavic * 3172:would have regular 2886:Proto-Balto-Slavic 2855:Proto-Balto-Slavic 2776:Proto-Balto-Slavic 2747:Proto-Balto-Slavic 2735:"remainder" versus 2629:Proto-Balto-Slavic 2595:Proto-Balto-Slavic 2199: 2019: 1943:Proto-Indo-European 968:Multi-cordoned ware 839:Mikhaylovka culture 727:Indigenous Aryanism 717:Armenian hypothesis 576:Hieroglyphic Luwian 76:Proto-Indo-European 13983:Illič-Svityč's law 13963:Monophthongization 13471:Camaldolese Slovak 13284:Canadian Ukrainian 13150:Up to Proto-Slavic 13143:Proto-Balto-Slavic 12906:Proto-Balto-Slavic 12845:Szemerényi, Oswald 11829:'s translation of 10521:. The addition of 10493:Russian exhibits " 9599:): With a pointed 9502:) vs. unstressed ( 9469:), short falling ( 9186:standard languages 8933: 8747: 8491:(< early PSL *- 8455: 8213:(< early PSL *- 8177: 7860: 7699:< Balto-Slavic 7695:(< East Baltic 7542:*dewin(t)as (> 7534:*newin(t)as (> 7146: 6774: 6743:from original PBS 6340: 5897: 5621: 5345: 5011:> Balto-Slavic 4812:Frederik Kortlandt 4508:> Old Prussian 4291:; compare English 4218:Reinhold Trautmann 4111:Syllabic sonorants 3680:Accentual mobility 3631:"axle, axis" (OCS 3627:Late Proto-Slavic 3576:Late Proto-Slavic 3568:appears simply as 3480:, matching Slavic 3470:(compare Sanskrit 3281:, the long vowels 3103:'cow' (Lithuanian 2197: 2017: 1978:comparative method 1923:Proto-Balto-Slavic 548:Proto-Indo-Iranian 534:Proto-Balto-Slavic 515:Proto-Italo-Celtic 61: 8th cen BCE 33:Proto-Balto-Slavic 18:Proto-Balto-Slavic 14035: 14034: 14028:extinct languages 13859:Solombala English 13790: 13789: 13713:Prekmurje Slovene 13626: 13625: 13406: 13405: 13260:Doukhobor Russian 13183:Glagolitic script 13092: 13091: 13066:extinct languages 12755:. Tallinn: 16–20. 12710:978-90-272-4751-3 12368:, pp. 18–86. 12054: 12053: 11969:Balto-Slavic and 11904: 11903: 11896: 11768:) vs. circumflex 11696:), marked with a 11684:), marked with a 11657:, Serbo-Croatian 11589:tone in Northern 11565: 11564: 11557: 11483: 11482: 11179:*gȏlvě → *golvě̀ 11004:accent paradigm C 10948: 10947: 10544:accent paradigm b 10490: 10489: 10107:accent paradigm a 10090: 10089: 9934: 9933: 9894: 9893: 9886: 9465:), long falling ( 9461:), short rising ( 9366:circumflex accent 9152: 9151: 8990:*h₁ónos ("that") 8939:Personal pronoun 8929:Personal pronouns 8926: 8925: 8745: 8744: 8453: 8452: 8175: 8174: 8131:(< early PSL * 7897:(< early PSL * 7790:noun: Lithuanian 7629: 7628: 7621: 7566: 7565: 7333: 7332: 7139: 7138: 6772: 6771: 6292:*-ōˀ, *-āˀn, *-ōˀ 6171: 6170: 5895: 5894: 5622:*bardā́ˀ (beard, 5619: 5618: 5220:– indirect object 5178: 5177: 5170: 5069:is lengthened to 4594:In the case of a 4592: 4591: 4257:reflexes, but no 4090:Pre-Balto-Slavic 4071:Pre-Balto-Slavic 4043:Pre-Balto-Slavic 4020:Pre-Balto-Slavic 4012:(infinitive) and 3748:based on regular 3590:, Serbo-Croatian 3312:. In Lithuanian, 3134:, Middle Cornish 2684:"goodness" (< 2425: 2424: 2318: 2317: 2162: 2161: 1920: 1919: 1181:Anatolian peoples 1151:Painted Grey Ware 1039:Nordic Bronze Age 688:Kurgan hypothesis 641:Old Irish glosses 606:Gaulish epigraphy 101: 100: 16:(Redirected from 14065: 13929:Slavonic-Serbian 13780:Cieszyn Silesian 13651:Carpathian Rusyn 13639: 13638: 13417: 13416: 13306: 13305: 13191:Modern languages 13126:Slavic languages 13119: 13112: 13105: 13096: 13095: 12891:Baltic languages 12884: 12877: 12870: 12861: 12860: 12856: 12822: 12815:Stang, Christian 12810: 12803:Matasović, Ranko 12798: 12796: 12783: 12774: 12765: 12756: 12750: 12742:Starostin, S. A. 12738:Nikolayev, S. L. 12729: 12713: 12662: 12661: 12647: 12641: 12640: 12625: 12619: 12615: 12609: 12602: 12593: 12582: 12576: 12574: 12567:, pp. 47–50 12562: 12546: 12540: 12537:Kortlandt (1979) 12534: 12528: 12525:Matasović (2008) 12522: 12516: 12513:Matasović (2008) 12510: 12504: 12501:Matasović (2008) 12498: 12492: 12486: 12480: 12474: 12468: 12465:Matasović (2008) 12462: 12456: 12450: 12444: 12443:, p. 79-80. 12438: 12432: 12426: 12420: 12413: 12407: 12406: 12396: 12390: 12387: 12381: 12375: 12369: 12363: 12357: 12356: 12348: 12342: 12341: 12333: 12327: 12324:Kortlandt (2002) 12321: 12315: 12309: 12303: 12297: 12291: 12290: 12282:Matasović (2005) 12278:Matasović (2008) 12275: 12269: 12268: 12261:, pp. 12–24 12259:Kortlandt (1978) 12255: 12249: 12248: 12246: 12244: 12230: 12224: 12223: 12211: 12205: 12194: 12188: 12182: 12176: 12175: 12167: 12161: 12155: 12149: 12143: 12137: 12131: 12125: 12122:Kortlandt (2002) 12119: 12096:Baltic languages 12086:Slavic languages 11964: 11963: 11899: 11892: 11888: 11885: 11879: 11856: 11848: 11779: 11778: 11774:'wolf' < PIE 11767: 11766: 11762:'full' < PIE 11748:if the vowel is 11651:> Lithuanian 11646: 11645: 11624:> Lithuanian 11619: 11618: 11603: 11599: 11560: 11553: 11549: 11546: 11540: 11517: 11509: 11009: 11008: 10572: 10571: 10549:Lithuanian noun 10112: 10111: 10048: 10047: 9929: 9926: 9920: 9904: 9896: 9889: 9882: 9878: 9875: 9869: 9846: 9838: 9834:Accent paradigms 9155:Accentual system 8936: 8932: 8759:PSL (athematic) 8756:PIE (athematic) 8750: 8746: 8458: 8454: 8180: 8176: 7863: 7859: 7849:< PIE *bʰowdʰ 7624: 7617: 7613: 7610: 7604: 7581: 7573: 7510:(by analogy with 7335: 7334: 7148: 7145: 6777: 6773: 6343: 6339: 6268:) and PB (infix 6212: 6211: 6204: 6196: 6195: 6188: 5908: 5896: 5632: 5620: 5356: 5344: 5335: 5323: 5318:nísem brál knjíg 5310: 5298: 5232:– direct address 5173: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5153: 5130: 5122: 5097:, Upper Sorbian 5085:> Lithuanian 5038:> Lithuanian 4944:in OCS instead. 4872: 4871: 4816:glottalic theory 4808:laryngeal theory 4770: 4769: 4627: 4542: 4541: 4503: 4502: 4495: 4494: 4479:(Serbo-Croatian 4460: 4459: 4222:Jerzy Kuryłowicz 4216:After surveying 4098:> Lithuanian 4079:> Lithuanian 4032:> Lithuanian 3987: 3962: 3949: 3937: 3928: 3911: 3902: 3662: 3661: 3611: 3610: 3567: 3566: 3505:< Pre-Slavic 3469: 3468: 3441:< Pre-Slavic 3426: 3425: 3393: 3392: 3372:occur. Compare: 3232: 3231: 3214:"mother-in-law". 3175: 3145: 3144: 3130:, Middle Breton 2939:common change): 2901:(dial.), Polish 2829: 2828: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2810: 2724:"battle" versus 2339: 2338: 2200: 2196: 2182:was merged into 2168: 2020: 2016: 1973:, among others. 1941:descending from 1912: 1905: 1898: 1753: 1746: 1732: 1725: 1718: 1704: 1697: 1690: 1683: 1676: 1601: 1587: 1580: 1566: 1544: 1537: 1530: 1521: 1356: 1349: 1342: 1335: 1328: 1311:Germanic peoples 1301:Hellenic peoples 1290: 1283: 1276: 1199:Mycenaean Greeks 1188: 1116:Thraco-Cimmerian 1014:Globular Amphora 991:Abashevo culture 930: 923: 893: 848: 841: 834: 827: 820: 813: 806: 799: 636:Tocharian script 339: 332: 325: 318: 311: 304: 297: 290: 257: 243: 236: 229: 215: 191: 184: 165: 126: 103: 102: 62: 59: 30: 29: 21: 14073: 14072: 14068: 14067: 14066: 14064: 14063: 14062: 14048:Proto-languages 14038: 14037: 14036: 14031: 14017: 13940: 13934: 13888: 13881: 13811:Bohemian Romani 13796:Mixed languages 13786: 13763:Pannonian Rusyn 13744: 13686:Banat Bulgarian 13672: 13634: 13622: 13592: 13490: 13482:Pannonian Rusyn 13402: 13345: 13327: 13295: 13255:Alaskan Russian 13230:Old Novgorodian 13223:Old East Slavic 13196: 13178:Cyrillic script 13168:Church Slavonic 13128: 13123: 13093: 13088: 13055: 13034: 12963: 12918: 12893: 12888: 12830: 12828:Further reading 12825: 12794: 12748: 12711: 12670: 12665: 12648: 12644: 12626: 12622: 12616: 12612: 12603: 12596: 12583: 12579: 12568: 12556: 12554:Nikolaev (1989) 12547: 12543: 12535: 12531: 12523: 12519: 12515:, pp. 109. 12511: 12507: 12499: 12495: 12491:, p. 1981. 12487: 12483: 12479:, p. 1982. 12475: 12471: 12463: 12459: 12453:Andersen (2003) 12451: 12447: 12439: 12435: 12427: 12423: 12414: 12410: 12397: 12393: 12388: 12384: 12378:Andersen (2003) 12376: 12372: 12364: 12360: 12349: 12345: 12334: 12330: 12322: 12318: 12312:Jasanoff (2017) 12310: 12306: 12300:Jasanoff (2017) 12298: 12294: 12284: 12276: 12272: 12262: 12256: 12252: 12242: 12240: 12231: 12227: 12212: 12208: 12195: 12191: 12185:Jasanoff (2017) 12183: 12179: 12168: 12164: 12158:Jasanoff (2017) 12156: 12152: 12144: 12140: 12132: 12128: 12120: 12113: 12109: 12077: 12059: 11983:Serbo-Croatian 11970: 11910: 11900: 11889: 11883: 11880: 11869: 11857: 11846: 11823: 11730: 11670: 11561: 11550: 11544: 11541: 11530: 11518: 11507: 11031:Serbo-Croatian 11030: 11024:Serbo-Croatian 11023: 10973: 10971:Mobile paradigm 10585:Serbo-Croatian 10535: 10125:Serbo-Croatian 10095: 9954:Christian Stang 9930: 9924: 9921: 9914: 9905: 9890: 9879: 9873: 9870: 9859: 9847: 9836: 9776:fricative trill 9757:palatal lateral 9721:alveolopalatals 9703:palatoalveolars 9689:č ď ľ ň ř š ť ž 9673:ć ǵ ḱ ĺ ń ŕ ś ź 9265:, "broken"/L'H 9229: 9157: 8931: 8762:PB (athematic) 8499:< earlier *- 8464:PIE (thematic) 8294:(< PIE *turH 8221:< earlier *- 8186:PIE (thematic) 7869:PIE (thematic) 7824: 7798:, Proto-Slavic 7625: 7614: 7608: 7605: 7594: 7582: 7571: 7395:*witaras (> 7370:*pírˀmas (> 7362:*pírˀwas (> 7144: 6739:? < variant 6537:(< earlier * 6223:-yj, -aja, -oje 6198:"the good" vs. 6176: 5346:*wilkás (wolf, 5343: 5202:– direct object 5183: 5174: 5163: 5157: 5154: 5143: 5131: 5120: 5112: 5034:was reduced to 4988:by this change. 4972:, Old Prussian 4950: 4832: 4721: 4715: 4684:, with regular 4438: 4239:Christian Stang 4232:George Shevelov 4113: 4001: 3995: 3912:→ Proto-Slavic 3884: 3878: 3852: 3776:, supported by 3770: 3711: 3682: 3522:was changed to 3427:(compare Latin 3394:(compare Latin 3243: 3074: 3068: 3055:word-initially. 2932: 2917:, Old Prussian 2739:"to stay, keep" 2677:"to understand" 2557: 2439: 2430: 2176: 2003: 1998: 1916: 1887: 1886: 1819:Marija Gimbutas 1807: 1797: 1796: 1788:Winter solstice 1778:Horse sacrifice 1749: 1742: 1728: 1721: 1714: 1700: 1693: 1686: 1679: 1672: 1625: 1610: 1597: 1583: 1576: 1562: 1553: 1540: 1533: 1526: 1517: 1508: 1487: 1456: 1448: 1447: 1390: 1377: 1352: 1345: 1338: 1331: 1324: 1286: 1279: 1272: 1263: 1245: 1232: 1219: 1190: 1184: 1169: 1161: 1160: 1134: 1111: 1098: 1086: 1067: 1009: 986: 948: 941: 935: 926: 919: 910: 908:Northern Europe 889: 885: 872: 859: 844: 837: 830: 823: 816: 809: 802: 795: 791:Steppe cultures 764: 757: 750: 742: 741: 732:Baltic homeland 706: 702: 698:Eurasian nomads 682: 678: 654: 646: 645: 616:Runic epigraphy 611:Latin epigraphy 566: 558: 557: 495:Proto-Anatolian 479: 434: 430:Thraco-Illyrian 415:Graeco-Phrygian 405:Graeco-Armenian 400:Graeco-Albanian 379: 357: 344: 335: 328: 321: 314: 307: 300: 293: 286: 253: 239: 232: 225: 211: 187: 180: 161: 146: 138: 136: 78: 71: 69: 60: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14071: 14061: 14060: 14055: 14050: 14033: 14032: 14022: 14019: 14018: 14016: 14015: 14010: 14008:Van Wijk's law 14005: 14003:Ruki sound law 14000: 13998:Pedersen's law 13995: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13975: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13944: 13942: 13936: 13935: 13933: 13932: 13925: 13918: 13911: 13906: 13905: 13904: 13893: 13891: 13883: 13882: 13880: 13879: 13874: 13867: 13862: 13855: 13848: 13843: 13841:Romano-Serbian 13838: 13833: 13828: 13821: 13814: 13806: 13800: 13798: 13792: 13791: 13788: 13787: 13785: 13784: 13783: 13782: 13772: 13767: 13766: 13765: 13758:Eastern Slovak 13754: 13752: 13746: 13745: 13743: 13742: 13737: 13736: 13735: 13730: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13699: 13698: 13688: 13682: 13680: 13674: 13673: 13671: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13659: 13658: 13647: 13645: 13636: 13632:Microlanguages 13628: 13627: 13624: 13623: 13621: 13620: 13619: 13618: 13608: 13602: 13600: 13594: 13593: 13591: 13590: 13589: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13568: 13567: 13566: 13561: 13551: 13550: 13549: 13548: 13547: 13535: 13534: 13533: 13526: 13519: 13514: 13503:East Lechitic 13500: 13498: 13492: 13491: 13489: 13488: 13487: 13486: 13485: 13484: 13477:Eastern Slovak 13474: 13462: 13461: 13460: 13458:White Croatian 13455: 13450: 13443: 13436: 13434:Biblical Czech 13425: 13423: 13414: 13408: 13407: 13404: 13403: 13401: 13400: 13395: 13394: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13366:Serbo-Croatian 13363: 13355: 13353: 13347: 13346: 13344: 13343: 13337: 13335: 13329: 13328: 13326: 13325: 13320: 13314: 13312: 13303: 13297: 13296: 13294: 13293: 13292: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13271: 13266: 13265: 13264: 13263: 13262: 13257: 13242: 13235: 13234: 13233: 13219: 13218: 13217: 13206: 13204: 13198: 13197: 13195: 13194: 13187: 13186: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13165: 13153: 13146: 13138: 13136: 13130: 13129: 13122: 13121: 13114: 13107: 13099: 13090: 13089: 13060: 13057: 13056: 13054: 13053: 13044: 13042: 13040:Dnieper Baltic 13036: 13035: 13033: 13032: 13025: 13018: 13017: 13016: 13010: 13000: 12999: 12998: 12992: 12982: 12973: 12971: 12965: 12964: 12962: 12961: 12953: 12946: 12939: 12930: 12928: 12920: 12919: 12917: 12916: 12909: 12901: 12899: 12895: 12894: 12887: 12886: 12879: 12872: 12864: 12858: 12857: 12841: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12823: 12811: 12799: 12784: 12782:, vol. 49 12775: 12766: 12757: 12730: 12718:Dybo, Vladimir 12714: 12709: 12684: 12678: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12663: 12657:, p. 20, 12642: 12620: 12610: 12594: 12577: 12541: 12529: 12517: 12505: 12493: 12481: 12469: 12467:, p. 111. 12457: 12445: 12433: 12421: 12408: 12391: 12382: 12370: 12358: 12343: 12328: 12316: 12314:, p. 161. 12304: 12292: 12270: 12250: 12225: 12206: 12189: 12177: 12162: 12150: 12138: 12126: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12104: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12076: 12073: 12058: 12055: 12052: 12051: 12048: 12045: 12042: 12039: 12036: 12033: 12030: 12027: 12023: 12022: 12019: 12016: 12013: 12010: 12007: 12004: 12001: 11998: 11994: 11993: 11990: 11987: 11984: 11981: 11978: 11975: 11972: 11967: 11923:suprasegmental 11906:Main article: 11902: 11901: 11860: 11858: 11851: 11845: 11842: 11822: 11819: 11796:August Leskien 11729: 11726: 11669: 11666: 11665: 11664: 11637: 11563: 11562: 11521: 11519: 11512: 11506: 11503: 11502: 11501: 11497: 11494: 11487: 11481: 11480: 11477: 11474: 11471: 11468: 11465: 11462: 11456: 11455: 11452: 11449: 11446: 11443: 11440: 11437: 11431: 11430: 11427: 11424: 11421: 11418: 11415: 11412: 11406: 11405: 11402: 11399: 11396: 11393: 11390: 11387: 11381: 11380: 11377: 11374: 11371: 11368: 11365: 11362: 11356: 11355: 11352: 11349: 11346: 11343: 11340: 11337: 11329: 11323: 11322: 11319: 11316: 11313: 11310: 11307: 11304: 11295: 11294: 11291: 11288: 11285: 11282: 11279: 11276: 11267: 11266: 11263: 11260: 11257: 11254: 11251: 11248: 11237: 11231: 11230: 11227: 11224: 11221: 11218: 11215: 11212: 11206: 11205: 11202: 11199: 11196: 11193: 11190: 11187: 11181: 11180: 11177: 11174: 11171: 11168: 11161: 11158: 11152: 11151: 11148: 11145: 11142: 11139: 11136: 11133: 11127: 11126: 11123: 11120: 11117: 11114: 11111: 11108: 11102: 11101: 11098: 11095: 11092: 11089: 11086: 11083: 11077: 11076: 11073: 11068: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11039: 11038: 11037:Common Slavic 11035: 11032: 11025: 11020: 11017: 11014: 11012: 10995: 10994: 10987: 10972: 10969: 10968: 10967: 10964: 10960: 10953: 10946: 10945: 10942: 10939: 10936: 10933: 10927: 10926: 10923: 10920: 10917: 10914: 10908: 10907: 10904: 10901: 10898: 10895: 10889: 10888: 10885: 10882: 10879: 10876: 10870: 10869: 10866: 10863: 10860: 10857: 10851: 10850: 10847: 10844: 10841: 10838: 10832: 10831: 10828: 10825: 10822: 10819: 10814: 10808: 10807: 10804: 10801: 10798: 10795: 10786: 10785: 10782: 10779: 10776: 10773: 10764: 10763: 10760: 10757: 10754: 10751: 10740: 10734: 10733: 10730: 10727: 10724: 10721: 10715: 10714: 10711: 10708: 10705: 10702: 10696: 10695: 10692: 10689: 10686: 10683: 10677: 10676: 10673: 10670: 10667: 10664: 10658: 10657: 10654: 10651: 10648: 10645: 10639: 10638: 10635: 10632: 10629: 10626: 10620: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10590: 10589: 10586: 10583: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10534: 10531: 10530: 10529: 10526: 10514: 10488: 10487: 10484: 10481: 10478: 10475: 10469: 10468: 10465: 10462: 10459: 10456: 10450: 10449: 10446: 10443: 10440: 10437: 10431: 10430: 10427: 10424: 10421: 10418: 10412: 10411: 10408: 10405: 10402: 10399: 10393: 10392: 10389: 10386: 10383: 10380: 10372: 10366: 10365: 10362: 10359: 10356: 10353: 10347: 10346: 10343: 10340: 10337: 10334: 10325: 10324: 10321: 10318: 10315: 10312: 10306: 10305: 10302: 10299: 10296: 10293: 10282: 10276: 10275: 10272: 10269: 10266: 10263: 10257: 10256: 10253: 10250: 10247: 10244: 10238: 10237: 10234: 10231: 10228: 10225: 10219: 10218: 10215: 10212: 10209: 10206: 10200: 10199: 10196: 10193: 10190: 10187: 10181: 10180: 10177: 10174: 10171: 10168: 10162: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10130: 10129: 10126: 10123: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10105:) and Slavic ( 10094: 10091: 10088: 10087: 10084: 10081: 10077: 10076: 10073: 10070: 10067: 10063: 10062: 10059: 10055: 10054: 10051: 9996:valence theory 9939:Vedic Sanskrit 9932: 9931: 9908: 9906: 9899: 9892: 9891: 9850: 9848: 9841: 9835: 9832: 9831: 9830: 9819: 9792: 9781: 9780: 9779: 9764: 9753: 9742: 9728: 9718: 9661: 9660: 9642: 9590: 9583:inverted breve 9580: 9550: 9508: 9507: 9496: 9485: 9474: 9455: 9432: 9431: 9421: 9411: 9401: 9391: 9377: 9363: 9353: 9328: 9327: 9305: 9283: 9275:, "rising"/LH 9269: 9251: 9228: 9225: 9156: 9153: 9150: 9149: 9140: 9131: 9124: 9123: 9114: 9105: 9098: 9097: 9088: 9079: 9072: 9071: 9068: 9065: 9061: 9060: 9057: 9054: 9050: 9049: 9040: 9031: 9024: 9023: 9014: 9005: 8998: 8997: 8988: 8979: 8972: 8971: 8968: 8965: 8961: 8960: 8957: 8954: 8950: 8949: 8946: 8943: 8930: 8927: 8924: 8923: 8920: 8917: 8914: 8908: 8907: 8904: 8901: 8898: 8892: 8891: 8888: 8885: 8882: 8876: 8875: 8872: 8869: 8866: 8860: 8859: 8856: 8853: 8850: 8844: 8843: 8840: 8837: 8834: 8828: 8827: 8824: 8821: 8818: 8812: 8811: 8808: 8805: 8802: 8796: 8795: 8792: 8789: 8786: 8780: 8779: 8776: 8773: 8770: 8764: 8763: 8760: 8757: 8754: 8743: 8742: 8736: 8726: 8723: 8717: 8716: 8710: 8705:/ẽː/ < PBS 8699: 8693: 8687: 8686: 8680: 8674: 8668: 8662: 8661: 8655: 8649: 8643: 8637: 8636: 8630: 8624: 8618: 8612: 8611: 8605: 8599: 8593: 8587: 8586: 8580: 8574: 8568: 8562: 8561: 8555: 8549: 8543: 8537: 8536: 8530: 8524: 8518: 8512: 8511: 8505: 8484: 8478: 8472: 8471: 8470:PB (*-ā stem) 8468: 8465: 8462: 8451: 8450: 8444: 8441: 8438: 8432: 8431: 8425: 8422: 8416: 8410: 8409: 8403: 8400: 8394: 8388: 8387: 8381: 8378: 8372: 8366: 8365: 8359: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8343: 8337: 8334: 8328: 8322: 8321: 8315: 8312: 8306: 8300: 8299: 8288: 8285: 8279: 8273: 8272: 8257: 8251: 8245: 8239: 8238: 8227: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8193: 8192:PB (*-i stem) 8190: 8187: 8184: 8173: 8172: 8166: 8156: 8153: 8147: 8146: 8140: 8125: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8106: 8100: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8081: 8074: 8068: 8062: 8061: 8055: 8049: 8043: 8037: 8036: 8030: 8023: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8003: 7996: 7990: 7984: 7983: 7977: 7970: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7942: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7911: 7905:< earlier * 7889: 7883: 7877: 7876: 7875:PB (*-o stem) 7873: 7870: 7867: 7858: 7857: 7854: 7839: 7836: 7823: 7820: 7627: 7626: 7585: 7583: 7576: 7570: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7560: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7532: 7524: 7518: 7517: 7514: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7495: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7457:*seśtas (> 7455: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7439: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7426: 7425:*kʷ(e)twr̥tós 7423: 7417: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7404: 7403: 7391: 7389:*(h₁)witoros 7385: 7379: 7378: 7360: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7347: 7342: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7307: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7294: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7238: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7225: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7212: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7199: 7196: 7190: 7189: 7186: 7183: 7177: 7176: 7173: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7160: 7155: 7143: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7122: 7108: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7073: 7059: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7024: 7010: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6975: 6961: 6947: 6941: 6940: 6926: 6912: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6877: 6863: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6828: 6814: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6770: 6769: 6751: 6716: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6666: 6637: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6594: 6580: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6545: 6527: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6492: 6478: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6443: 6429: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6394: 6380: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6298:< earlier * 6175: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6158: 6151: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6124: 6117: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6090: 6080: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6053: 6043: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6016: 6009: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5982: 5975: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5948: 5938: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5898:*jūˀga (yoke, 5893: 5892: 5882: 5875: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5848: 5841: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5814: 5804: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5777: 5767: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5740: 5733: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5706: 5699: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5672: 5662: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5617: 5616: 5606: 5599: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5572: 5565: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5538: 5528: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5501: 5491: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5464: 5457: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5430: 5423: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5396: 5386: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5312: 5293:sèm brál knjíg 5271:Serbo-Croatian 5269:(a dialect of 5259: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5234: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5134: 5132: 5125: 5119: 5116: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5064: 5055: 5026:is reduced to 5020: 4999:are raised to 4989: 4949: 4946: 4834:Word-finally, 4831: 4828: 4804: 4803: 4717:Main article: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4680:(< earlier 4634:Proto-Germanic 4590: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4557: 4554: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4536: 4535: 4486: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4432: 4422: 4412: 4402: 4349: 4348: 4272: 4262: 4207:André Vaillant 4112: 4109: 4108: 4107: 4088: 4065: 4064: 4041: 3997:Main article: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3939: 3920:Ancient Greek 3877: 3874: 3869: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3851: 3848: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3804: 3797:*dʰúgh₂-ter-m̥ 3788:*dʰugh₂-tér-m̥ 3769: 3766: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3722: 3710: 3707: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3647:), Lithuanian 3625: 3596:), Lithuanian 3515: 3514: 3485: 3450: 3407: 3352:, while after 3320:are merged to 3242: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3215: 3196: 3067: 3064: 3057: 3056: 3038: 3028: 3018: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2884: 2800: 2799: 2774: 2741: 2740: 2729: 2728:"to kill, hit" 2706:and the short 2696: 2695: 2678: 2659: 2658: 2627: 2556: 2553: 2532: 2531: 2512: 2497: 2454:glottalisation 2438: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2012:Ruki sound law 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1971:Serbo-Croatian 1939:proto-language 1918: 1917: 1915: 1914: 1907: 1900: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1877: 1870: 1863: 1856: 1848: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1808: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1773:Fire sacrifice 1769: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1747: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1726: 1719: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1698: 1691: 1684: 1677: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1618: 1617: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1581: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1564:Zoroastrianism 1546: 1545: 1538: 1531: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1501: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1434: 1433: 1431:Medieval India 1422: 1421: 1416: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1385: 1384: 1372: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1350: 1343: 1336: 1329: 1313: 1308: 1306:Italic peoples 1303: 1298: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1284: 1277: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1240: 1239: 1227: 1226: 1214: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1177: 1176: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1142: 1141: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1106: 1105: 1093: 1092: 1085: 1084: 1082:Gandhara grave 1079: 1074: 1062: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1004: 1003: 998: 993: 981: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 943: 942: 934: 933: 932: 931: 928:Middle Dnieper 924: 905: 904: 899: 894: 883:Eastern Europe 880: 879: 867: 866: 854: 853: 852: 851: 850: 849: 842: 828: 821: 814: 811:Dnieper–Donets 807: 800: 788: 786:Kurgan culture 783: 782: 781: 771: 759: 758: 751: 748: 747: 744: 743: 740: 739: 734: 729: 724: 722:Beech argument 719: 714: 708: 707: 701: 700: 695: 690: 684: 683: 677: 676: 671: 666: 661: 655: 652: 651: 648: 647: 644: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 567: 564: 563: 560: 559: 556: 555: 545: 531: 526: 512: 505:Proto-Germanic 502: 500:Proto-Armenian 497: 492: 490:Proto-Albanian 486: 485: 478: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 441: 440: 433: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 386: 385: 378: 377: 376: 375: 351: 350: 343: 342: 341: 340: 333: 326: 319: 312: 305: 298: 291: 279: 274: 268: 267: 261: 260: 259: 258: 246: 245: 244: 237: 230: 218: 217: 216: 204: 199: 194: 193: 192: 185: 173: 168: 167: 166: 153: 152: 145: 144: 137: 132: 131: 128: 127: 119: 118: 112: 111: 99: 98: 97: 96: 91: 84: 80: 79: 74: 72: 67: 64: 63: 54: 50: 49: 44: 40: 39: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14070: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14045: 14043: 14029: 14025: 14020: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13993:Meillet's law 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13945: 13943: 13937: 13931: 13930: 13926: 13924: 13923: 13919: 13917: 13916: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13903: 13900: 13899: 13898: 13895: 13894: 13892: 13890: 13884: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13872: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13860: 13856: 13854: 13853: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13826: 13822: 13820: 13819: 13815: 13813: 13812: 13809:20th century 13807: 13805: 13802: 13801: 13799: 13797: 13793: 13781: 13778: 13777: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13764: 13761: 13760: 13759: 13756: 13755: 13753: 13751: 13747: 13741: 13738: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13728:Slavomolisano 13726: 13725: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13697: 13694: 13693: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13683: 13681: 13679: 13675: 13669: 13668:West Polesian 13666: 13664: 13661: 13657: 13654: 13653: 13652: 13649: 13648: 13646: 13644: 13640: 13637: 13633: 13629: 13617: 13614: 13613: 13612: 13611:Lower Sorbian 13609: 13607: 13606:Upper Sorbian 13604: 13603: 13601: 13599: 13595: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13573: 13572: 13571:West Lechitic 13569: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13556: 13555: 13552: 13546: 13545: 13541: 13540: 13539: 13536: 13532: 13531: 13530:Middle Polish 13527: 13525: 13524: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13509: 13508: 13505: 13504: 13502: 13501: 13499: 13497: 13493: 13483: 13480: 13479: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13472: 13468: 13467: 13466: 13463: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13448: 13444: 13442: 13441: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13431: 13430: 13427: 13426: 13424: 13422: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13409: 13399: 13396: 13392: 13391:Slavomolisano 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13368: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13361: 13360:Alpine Slavic 13357: 13356: 13354: 13352: 13348: 13342: 13339: 13338: 13336: 13334: 13330: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13315: 13313: 13311: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13298: 13290: 13289:Simple speech 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13276: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13252: 13251: 13248: 13247: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13240: 13236: 13232: 13231: 13227: 13226: 13225: 13224: 13220: 13216: 13215:Simple speech 13213: 13212: 13211: 13208: 13207: 13205: 13203: 13199: 13193: 13192: 13188: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13170: 13169: 13166: 13163: 13159: 13158: 13154: 13152: 13151: 13147: 13145: 13144: 13140: 13139: 13137: 13135: 13131: 13127: 13120: 13115: 13113: 13108: 13106: 13101: 13100: 13097: 13086: 13082: 13078: 13074: 13070: 13067: 13063: 13058: 13052: 13051: 13046: 13045: 13043: 13041: 13037: 13031: 13030: 13026: 13024: 13023: 13019: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13005: 13004: 13001: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12987: 12986: 12983: 12980: 12979: 12975: 12974: 12972: 12970: 12966: 12959: 12958: 12954: 12952: 12951: 12947: 12945: 12944: 12940: 12938: 12937: 12932: 12931: 12929: 12927: 12926: 12921: 12915: 12914: 12910: 12908: 12907: 12903: 12902: 12900: 12898:Reconstructed 12896: 12892: 12885: 12880: 12878: 12873: 12871: 12866: 12865: 12862: 12854: 12850: 12846: 12842: 12840: 12836: 12832: 12831: 12820: 12816: 12812: 12808: 12804: 12800: 12793: 12789: 12785: 12781: 12776: 12772: 12767: 12763: 12758: 12754: 12747: 12743: 12739: 12735: 12731: 12727: 12723: 12719: 12715: 12712: 12706: 12702: 12698: 12694: 12690: 12685: 12683: 12679: 12677: 12673: 12672: 12660: 12656: 12652: 12651:Derksen, Rick 12646: 12639: 12635:, p. 5, 12634: 12630: 12624: 12614: 12607: 12601: 12599: 12591: 12587: 12581: 12572: 12566: 12560: 12555: 12551: 12545: 12539:, p. 58. 12538: 12533: 12526: 12521: 12514: 12509: 12503:, p. 83. 12502: 12497: 12490: 12485: 12478: 12473: 12466: 12461: 12455:, p. 62. 12454: 12449: 12442: 12437: 12431:, p. 79. 12430: 12425: 12418: 12412: 12404: 12403: 12395: 12386: 12380:, p. 60. 12379: 12374: 12367: 12362: 12354: 12347: 12339: 12332: 12325: 12320: 12313: 12308: 12301: 12296: 12288: 12283: 12279: 12274: 12266: 12260: 12254: 12238: 12237: 12229: 12221: 12217: 12210: 12203: 12199: 12196:Holzer ( 12193: 12187:, p. 59. 12186: 12181: 12173: 12166: 12160:, p. 71. 12159: 12154: 12147: 12142: 12135: 12130: 12123: 12118: 12116: 12111: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12078: 12072: 12068: 12065: 12049: 12046: 12043: 12040: 12037: 12034: 12031: 12028: 12025: 12024: 12020: 12017: 12014: 12011: 12008: 12005: 12002: 11999: 11996: 11995: 11991: 11988: 11985: 11982: 11979: 11977:Old Prussian 11976: 11973: 11971:Proto-Slavic 11968: 11966: 11965: 11962: 11959: 11956: 11955:Neoshtokavian 11952: 11948: 11944: 11939: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11924: 11918: 11914: 11909: 11898: 11895: 11887: 11877: 11873: 11867: 11866: 11861:This section 11859: 11855: 11850: 11849: 11841: 11838: 11837: 11832: 11831:Martin Luther 11828: 11818: 11816: 11812: 11808: 11803: 11799: 11797: 11793: 11792:Leskien's law 11789: 11785: 11784: 11773: 11772: 11761: 11760: 11755: 11751: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11735: 11725: 11723: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11707: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11683: 11679: 11675: 11662: 11661: 11656: 11655: 11650: 11644: 11638: 11635: 11634: 11629: 11628: 11623: 11617: 11611: 11610: 11609: 11607: 11594: 11592: 11588: 11584: 11583: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11559: 11556: 11548: 11538: 11534: 11528: 11527: 11522:This section 11520: 11516: 11511: 11510: 11498: 11495: 11492: 11491:Meillet's law 11488: 11485: 11484: 11478: 11475: 11472: 11469: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11457: 11453: 11450: 11447: 11444: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11432: 11428: 11425: 11422: 11419: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11407: 11403: 11400: 11397: 11394: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11382: 11378: 11375: 11372: 11369: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11357: 11353: 11350: 11347: 11344: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11324: 11320: 11317: 11314: 11311: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11297: 11296: 11292: 11289: 11286: 11283: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11269: 11268: 11264: 11261: 11258: 11255: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11232: 11228: 11225: 11222: 11219: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11207: 11203: 11200: 11197: 11194: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11182: 11178: 11175: 11172: 11169: 11166: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11153: 11149: 11146: 11143: 11140: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11128: 11124: 11121: 11118: 11115: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11103: 11099: 11096: 11093: 11090: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11078: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11033: 11029: 11026: 11021: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11011: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11000: 10999:Meillet's law 10992: 10988: 10985: 10981: 10980: 10979: 10976: 10965: 10961: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10949: 10943: 10940: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10928: 10924: 10921: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10909: 10905: 10902: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10890: 10886: 10883: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10871: 10867: 10864: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10852: 10848: 10845: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10833: 10829: 10826: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10802: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10788: 10787: 10783: 10780: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10766: 10765: 10761: 10758: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10735: 10731: 10728: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10716: 10712: 10709: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10697: 10693: 10690: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10678: 10674: 10671: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10659: 10655: 10652: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10640: 10636: 10633: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10621: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10591: 10587: 10584: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10574: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10564: 10563: 10558: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10545: 10541: 10527: 10524: 10520: 10515: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10491: 10485: 10482: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10470: 10466: 10463: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10451: 10447: 10444: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10432: 10428: 10425: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10413: 10409: 10406: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10394: 10390: 10387: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10360: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10348: 10344: 10341: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10327: 10326: 10322: 10319: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10307: 10303: 10300: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10277: 10273: 10270: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10258: 10254: 10251: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10239: 10235: 10232: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10216: 10213: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10201: 10197: 10194: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10182: 10178: 10175: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10163: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10124: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10114: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10085: 10082: 10079: 10078: 10074: 10071: 10068: 10066:fixed accent 10064: 10060: 10057: 10056: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10012: 10011:Meillet's law 10008: 10003: 10001: 9997: 9993: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9974: 9972: 9967: 9966:Vladimir Dybo 9963: 9959: 9955: 9950: 9946: 9944: 9943:Ancient Greek 9940: 9928: 9918: 9912: 9909:This section 9907: 9903: 9898: 9897: 9888: 9885: 9877: 9867: 9863: 9857: 9856: 9851:This section 9849: 9845: 9840: 9839: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9800:Lower Sorbian 9797: 9796:Upper Sorbian 9793: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9777: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9762: 9758: 9754: 9751: 9747: 9746:palatal nasal 9743: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9731:palatal stops 9729: 9726: 9722: 9719: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9665: 9664: 9658: 9657:Lower Sorbian 9654: 9653:Upper Sorbian 9650: 9646: 9643: 9640: 9637: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9607:shape of the 9606: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9591: 9588: 9584: 9581: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9551: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9505: 9501: 9497: 9494: 9491:) vs. short ( 9490: 9486: 9483: 9480:) vs. short ( 9479: 9475: 9472: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9437: 9436: 9435: 9429: 9425: 9422: 9419: 9415: 9412: 9409: 9405: 9402: 9399: 9395: 9392: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9378: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9364: 9361: 9357: 9354: 9351: 9347: 9344: 9343: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9333: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9224: 9222: 9221:Vladimir Dybo 9217: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9171: 9165: 9162: 9148: 9145: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9132: 9130: 9126: 9125: 9122: 9119: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9106: 9104: 9100: 9099: 9096: 9093: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9080: 9078: 9074: 9073: 9069: 9066: 9063: 9062: 9058: 9055: 9052: 9051: 9048: 9045: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9032: 9030: 9026: 9025: 9022: 9019: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9006: 9004: 9000: 8999: 8996: 8993: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8980: 8978: 8974: 8973: 8969: 8966: 8963: 8962: 8958: 8955: 8952: 8951: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8938: 8937: 8921: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8909: 8905: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8893: 8889: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8877: 8873: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8857: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8845: 8841: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8829: 8825: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8813: 8809: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8797: 8793: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8777: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8765: 8761: 8758: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8741: 8737: 8735: 8732:> PSL *bud 8731: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8718: 8715: 8711: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8698: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8688: 8685: 8681: 8679: 8675: 8673: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8663: 8660: 8656: 8654: 8650: 8648: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8638: 8635: 8631: 8629: 8625: 8623: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8613: 8610: 8606: 8604: 8600: 8598: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8585: 8581: 8579: 8575: 8573: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8563: 8560: 8556: 8554: 8550: 8548: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8535: 8531: 8529: 8525: 8523: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8513: 8510: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8489: 8485: 8483: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8469: 8466: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8449: 8445: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8430: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8411: 8408: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8386: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8364: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8342: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8320: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8274: 8270: 8267:< pre-BS * 8266: 8262: 8258: 8256: 8252: 8250: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8211: 8207: 8205: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8195: 8191: 8188: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8171: 8167: 8165: 8162:> PSL *bьr 8161: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8145: 8141: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8124: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8111: 8107: 8105: 8101: 8099: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8086: 8082: 8079: 8075: 8073: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8060: 8056: 8054: 8050: 8048: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8035: 8031: 8028: 8024: 8022: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8001: 7997: 7995: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7982: 7978: 7975: 7971: 7969: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7955: 7952:< pre-BS * 7951: 7947: 7943: 7940: 7936: 7934: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7894: 7890: 7888: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7874: 7871: 7868: 7865: 7864: 7855: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7830: 7829: 7828: 7819: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7716: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7635:and thematic 7634: 7623: 7620: 7612: 7602: 7598: 7592: 7591: 7586:This section 7584: 7580: 7575: 7574: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7546: 7539: 7538: 7533: 7531: 7530: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7515: 7513: 7512:*septm̥mós) 7511: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7481: 7476: 7475: 7471:*uśtas (> 7468: 7467: 7463:*seštas > 7462: 7461: 7456: 7454: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7367: 7366: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7337: 7336: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7267: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7251: 7250: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7149: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6779: 6778: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6715: 6711: 6708:, *bʰardʰéh₂t 6707: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6629:, *bʰardʰéh₂t 6628: 6625:, *bʰardʰéh₂t 6624: 6620: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6579: 6576:, *bʰardʰéh₂t 6575: 6572:, *bʰardʰéh₂t 6571: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6526: 6523:, *bʰardʰéh₂t 6522: 6519:, *bʰardʰéh₂t 6518: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6477: 6474:, *bʰardʰéh₂t 6473: 6470:, *bʰardʰéh₂t 6469: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6428: 6425:, *bʰardʰéh₂t 6424: 6421:, *bʰardʰéh₂t 6420: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6357: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6338: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6315: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6273: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6260:) and the PB 6259: 6255: 6251: 6250:*bʰardʰéh₂tos 6246: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6219:-ый, -ая, -ое 6215: 6213: 6205: 6203: 6197: 6189: 6187: 6181: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6156: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5980: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5738: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5325:, Lithuanian 5324: 5322: 5321: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5300:, Lithuanian 5299: 5297: 5296: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5241: 5239: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5172: 5169: 5161: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5135:This section 5133: 5129: 5124: 5123: 5115: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4968:: Lithuanian 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4935: 4933: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4912:", the final 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4726: 4725:syllable coda 4720: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4672:, Lithuanian 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4540: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4442: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4319:etc.; German 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4134: 4131:(abbreviated 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4069: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4055:> Latvian 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4000: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3883: 3873: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3793:*dʰugh₂-tr-és 3790: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3751: 3750:*golHwinomo̍s 3747: 3743: 3740:→ analogical 3739: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3706: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3616: 3609: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3565: 3558: 3556: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3501:while Slavic 3500: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3467: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3437:while Slavic 3436: 3432: 3431: 3424: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3398: 3391: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3375: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3328:. In Slavic, 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3230: 3224: 3220: 3217:Old Prussian 3216: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3181: 3171: 3170: 3165: 3164: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3095: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2805: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2744: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2722: 2717: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2434: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2214: 2202: 2201: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2186:, and former 2185: 2181: 2164: 2163: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2082: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2021: 2015: 2013: 2009: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1937:hypothetical 1936: 1935:reconstructed 1932: 1928: 1924: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1890: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1824:J. P. Mallory 1822: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1801: 1800: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1624: 1623: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1609: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1552: 1551: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1507: 1506: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1461:Reconstructed 1459: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1389: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1376: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1289: 1288:Insular Celts 1285: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1262: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1244: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1231: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1204:Indo-Iranians 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1133: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1110: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1097: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1066: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1008: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 988: 987: 985: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 950: 949: 947: 946:Pontic Steppe 940: 937: 936: 929: 925: 922: 918: 917: 916: 913: 912: 911: 909: 903: 900: 898: 895: 892: 888: 887: 886: 884: 878: 875: 874: 873: 871: 865: 862: 861: 860: 858: 847: 843: 840: 836: 835: 833: 829: 826: 822: 819: 815: 812: 808: 805: 801: 798: 794: 793: 792: 789: 787: 784: 780: 779:Kurgan stelae 777: 776: 775: 772: 770: 767: 766: 765: 763: 762:Pontic Steppe 756: 753: 752: 746: 745: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 709: 704: 703: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 685: 680: 679: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 656: 650: 649: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 568: 562: 561: 553: 552:Proto-Iranian 549: 546: 543: 539: 535: 532: 530: 527: 524: 520: 516: 513: 510: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 487: 484: 481: 480: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 442: 439: 436: 435: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 395:Daco-Thracian 393: 391: 388: 387: 384: 381: 380: 374: 370: 366: 362: 359: 358: 356: 353: 352: 349: 348:Reconstructed 346: 345: 338: 334: 331: 327: 324: 320: 317: 313: 310: 306: 303: 299: 296: 292: 289: 285: 284: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 269: 266: 263: 262: 256: 252: 251: 250: 247: 242: 238: 235: 231: 228: 224: 223: 222: 219: 214: 210: 209: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 190: 186: 183: 179: 178: 177: 174: 172: 169: 164: 160: 159: 158: 155: 154: 151: 148: 147: 143: 140: 139: 135: 130: 129: 125: 121: 120: 117: 114: 113: 109: 105: 104: 95: 92: 90: 87: 86: 85: 81: 77: 73: 68:Reconstructed 65: 56:2nd m. BCE – 55: 51: 48: 45: 41: 36: 31: 19: 14023: 14013:Winter's law 13973:Havlík's law 13927: 13920: 13913: 13869: 13857: 13850: 13825:Mednyj Aleut 13823: 13816: 13808: 13678:South Slavic 13635:and dialects 13542: 13528: 13521: 13469: 13445: 13440:Czechoslovak 13438: 13421:Czech-Slovak 13358: 13333:Transitional 13301:South Slavic 13237: 13228: 13221: 13189: 13157:Proto-Slavic 13155: 13148: 13142: 13141: 13084: 13076: 13068: 13061: 13047: 13039: 13027: 13020: 12976: 12955: 12948: 12943:Old Prussian 12941: 12933: 12923: 12913:Proto-Baltic 12911: 12905: 12904: 12852: 12848: 12834: 12818: 12806: 12779: 12770: 12761: 12752: 12721: 12692: 12658: 12654: 12645: 12636: 12632: 12623: 12613: 12605: 12589: 12585: 12580: 12544: 12532: 12520: 12508: 12496: 12484: 12472: 12460: 12448: 12441:Stang (1966) 12436: 12429:Stang (1966) 12424: 12416: 12411: 12401: 12394: 12385: 12373: 12361: 12352: 12346: 12340:, p. 16 12337: 12331: 12326:, p. 4. 12319: 12307: 12295: 12273: 12253: 12241:. Retrieved 12235: 12228: 12219: 12209: 12192: 12180: 12171: 12165: 12153: 12141: 12129: 12124:, p. 3. 12069: 12060: 11960: 11950: 11946: 11940: 11928: 11919: 11915: 11911: 11890: 11881: 11870:Please help 11865:verification 11862: 11834: 11824: 11821:Old Prussian 11814: 11810: 11804: 11800: 11791: 11787: 11781: 11769: 11757: 11753: 11749: 11746:grave accent 11738:acute accent 11731: 11721: 11717: 11713: 11709: 11701: 11698:grave accent 11693: 11689: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11671: 11658: 11652: 11648: 11642: 11631: 11625: 11621: 11615: 11605: 11595: 11586: 11580: 11569: 11566: 11551: 11542: 11531:Please help 11526:verification 11523: 11229:(*golvojǫ̀) 11022:Neoštokavian 11003: 10996: 10990: 10983: 10977: 10974: 10566: 10560: 10554: 10550: 10548: 10543: 10539: 10536: 10522: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10106: 10102: 10098: 10096: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10030: 10026: 10022: 10018: 10004: 9995: 9975: 9951: 9947: 9935: 9922: 9910: 9880: 9871: 9860:Please help 9855:verification 9852: 9826: 9822: 9815: 9811: 9806:indicates a 9803: 9788: 9784: 9771: 9767: 9760: 9749: 9738: 9734: 9724: 9714: 9710: 9706: 9696: 9688: 9680: 9672: 9669:acute accent 9662: 9644: 9638: 9635: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9620: 9612: 9604: 9600: 9596: 9586: 9572: 9564: 9556: 9546: 9539:nasalization 9534: 9526: 9517: 9512: 9509: 9503: 9499: 9492: 9488: 9481: 9477: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9433: 9427: 9417: 9407: 9397: 9383: 9369: 9359: 9356:grave accent 9349: 9346:acute accent 9340: 9335: 9331: 9329: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9280: 9279:, "short"/H 9276: 9272: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9253:Latvian (on 9248: 9247:, "short"/H 9244: 9240: 9232: 9230: 9218: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9166: 9158: 9146: 9143: 9137: 9134: 9128: 9120: 9117: 9111: 9108: 9102: 9094: 9091: 9085: 9082: 9076: 9046: 9043: 9037: 9034: 9028: 9020: 9017: 9011: 9008: 9002: 8994: 8991: 8985: 8982: 8976: 8941:(nom. case) 8940: 8912:(Infinitive) 8911: 8895: 8879: 8863: 8847: 8831: 8815: 8799: 8783: 8767: 8739: 8733: 8729: 8721:(Infinitive) 8720: 8713: 8706: 8702: 8696: 8690: 8683: 8677: 8671: 8665: 8658: 8652: 8646: 8640: 8633: 8627: 8621: 8615: 8608: 8602: 8596: 8590: 8583: 8577: 8571: 8565: 8558: 8552: 8546: 8540: 8533: 8527: 8521: 8515: 8508: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8481: 8475: 8447: 8436:(Infinitive) 8435: 8428: 8419: 8413: 8406: 8397: 8391: 8384: 8375: 8369: 8362: 8353: 8347: 8340: 8331: 8325: 8318: 8309: 8303: 8295: 8291: 8282: 8276: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8254: 8248: 8242: 8234: 8230: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8203: 8197: 8169: 8163: 8159: 8151:(Infinitive) 8150: 8143: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8122: 8116: 8109: 8103: 8097: 8091: 8084: 8077: 8071: 8065: 8058: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8033: 8026: 8020: 8014: 8006: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7980: 7973: 7967: 7961: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7938: 7932: 7926: 7918: 7914: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7896: 7892: 7886: 7880: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7825: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7782: 7778: 7772: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7752: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7717: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7691:and Latvian 7688: 7685: 7680: 7679:, Bulgarian 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7630: 7615: 7606: 7595:Please help 7590:verification 7587: 7554: 7543: 7541: 7536: 7528: 7527: 7521: 7509: 7508: 7502: 7489: 7478: 7477:*uštas > 7473: 7470: 7464: 7459: 7452: 7446: 7433: 7420: 7407: 7397: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7372: 7369: 7364: 7354: 7339: 7321: 7312: 7310: 7301: 7288: 7275: 7264: 7262: 7256: 7253: 7248: 7246:*sešes > 7242: 7240:*séš? (> 7232: 7219: 7206: 7193: 7180: 7167: 7152: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7104:, bʰardʰéh₂t 7101: 7100:, bʰardʰéh₂t 7097: 7091: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7056: 7055:, bʰardʰéh₂t 7052: 7051:, bʰardʰéh₂t 7048: 7042: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7007: 7006:, bʰardʰéh₂t 7003: 7002:, bʰardʰéh₂t 6999: 6993: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6958: 6957:, bʰardʰéh₂t 6954: 6953:, bʰardʰéh₂t 6950: 6944: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6909: 6908:, bʰardʰéh₂t 6905: 6904:, bʰardʰéh₂t 6901: 6895: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6860: 6859:, bʰardʰéh₂t 6856: 6855:, bʰardʰéh₂t 6852: 6846: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6811: 6810:, bʰardʰéh₂t 6807: 6806:, bʰardʰéh₂t 6803: 6797: 6781: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6746: 6745: 6740: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6699: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6563: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6510: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6377: 6376:, bʰardʰéh₂t 6373: 6372:, bʰardʰéh₂t 6369: 6363: 6347: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6316: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6285: 6280: 6276: 6274: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6247: 6242: 6238: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6216: 6207: 6199: 6191: 6183: 6179: 6177: 6165: 6161: 6157:< ? 6154: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6131: 6127: 6123:< ? 6120: 6114: 6110: 6104: 6097: 6093: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6073: 6067: 6060: 6056: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6023: 6019: 6015:< ? 6012: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5989: 5985: 5981:< ? 5978: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5899: 5889: 5888:< *bʰardʰ 5885: 5881:< ? 5878: 5872: 5871:< *bʰardʰ 5868: 5862: 5855: 5854:< *bʰardʰ 5851: 5847:< ? 5844: 5838: 5837:< *bʰardʰ 5834: 5828: 5821: 5820:< *bʰardʰ 5817: 5811: 5810:< *bʰardʰ 5807: 5801: 5800:< *bʰardʰ 5797: 5791: 5784: 5783:< *bʰardʰ 5780: 5774: 5773:< *bʰardʰ 5770: 5764: 5763:< *bʰardʰ 5760: 5754: 5747: 5746:< *bʰardʰ 5743: 5739:< ? 5736: 5730: 5729:< *bʰardʰ 5726: 5720: 5713: 5712:< *bʰardʰ 5709: 5705:< ? 5702: 5696: 5695:< *bʰardʰ 5692: 5686: 5679: 5678:< *bʰardʰ 5675: 5669: 5668:< *bʰardʰ 5665: 5659: 5658:< *bʰardʰ 5655: 5649: 5623: 5613: 5609: 5605:< ? 5602: 5596: 5592: 5586: 5579: 5575: 5571:< ? 5568: 5562: 5558: 5552: 5545: 5541: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5521: 5515: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5494: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5471: 5467: 5463:< ? 5460: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5437: 5433: 5429:< ? 5426: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5379: 5373: 5347: 5330: 5326: 5319: 5315: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5280: 5260: 5242: 5235: 5224:Instrumental 5184: 5164: 5155: 5144:Please help 5139:verification 5136: 5113: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5050:> Slavic 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5016: 5015:> Slavic 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4939: 4937: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4868: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4833: 4824: 4820:glottal stop 4805: 4797: 4791: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4722: 4719:Winter's law 4713:Winter's law 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4622:> Slavic 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4593: 4537: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4491: 4480: 4476: 4475:> Slavic 4472: 4466: 4462: 4456: 4446: 4443: 4439: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4394: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4350: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4225: 4215: 4210: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4114: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3946: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3870: 3853: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3829: 3817: 3813: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3771: 3760: 3756: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3725: 3712: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3683: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3332:merges with 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3253:, it became 3246: 3244: 3236: 3228: 3222: 3218: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3190: 3184: 3177: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3148: 3141: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3121:Proto-Celtic 3114: 3110: 3104: 3100: 3098: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3066:Satemization 3058: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3020: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2999:Satemization 2986: 2982: 2977:Winter's law 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2936:Georg Holzer 2933: 2922: 2921:, Latgalian 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2887: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2803: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2767: 2764:*arz-dīrātei 2763: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2566: 2558: 2555:Alternations 2541: 2535: 2533: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2451: 2447:Winter's law 2442: 2440: 2431: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2177: 2008:postalveolar 2004: 1975: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1921: 1879: 1872: 1865: 1858: 1851: 1845:Publications 1844: 1830: 1811: 1765: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1630:Paleo-Balkan 1620: 1619: 1607: 1606: 1548: 1547: 1503: 1502: 1490: 1460: 1443:Greater Iran 1436: 1435: 1424: 1423: 1387: 1386: 1374: 1373: 1316:Paleo-Balkan 1281:Celtiberians 1260: 1259: 1242: 1241: 1229: 1228: 1216: 1215: 1144: 1143: 1131: 1130: 1108: 1107: 1095: 1094: 1064: 1063: 1006: 1005: 983: 982: 945: 944: 907: 906: 882: 881: 869: 868: 856: 855: 797:Bug–Dniester 761: 760: 626:Gothic Bible 542:Proto-Baltic 538:Proto-Slavic 533: 523:Proto-Italic 519:Proto-Celtic 482: 437: 425:Italo-Celtic 420:Indo-Hittite 410:Graeco-Aryan 383:Hypothetical 382: 347: 282:Paleo-Balkan 264: 221:Indo-Iranian 176:Balto-Slavic 149: 94:Proto-Slavic 89:Proto-Baltic 13988:Ivšić's law 13915:Army Slavic 13902:Interslavic 13887:Constructed 13750:West Slavic 13643:East Slavic 13412:West Slavic 13381:Montenegrin 13202:East Slavic 13029:Semigallian 13008:Aukštaitian 12969:East Baltic 12925:West Baltic 12835:Linguistics 12734:Dybo, V. A. 12565:Dybo (2007) 12366:Dybo (2014) 12026:circumflex 11974:Lithuanian 11884:August 2014 11836:Enchiridion 11608:. Compare: 11545:August 2014 11500:lengthened. 11016:Lithuanian 10579:Lithuanian 10495:polnoglasie 10119:Lithuanian 10015:Ivšić's law 9987:De Saussure 9874:August 2014 9783:In Slovak, 9737:and voiced 9733:(voiceless 9587:e̯ i̯ o̯ u̯ 9575:indicating 9545:quality in 9513:a, b, c ... 8800:He, she, it 8728:* PBS *báud 8541:He, she, it 8495:< PBS *- 8277:He, she, it 8233:(< PBS * 8217:< PBS *- 8135:< PBS *- 7962:He, she, it 7948:(< PBS * 7917:(< PBS * 7707:"to be" is 7609:August 2014 7494:*septm̥mós 7438:*penkʷetós 7428:*ketwirtas 7412:*trit(y)ós 7387:*h₂énteros 7263:*šéš (> 7254:*uš? (> 7211:*kʷetwóres 7096:*bʰardʰéh₂t 7047:*bʰardʰéh₂t 6998:*bʰardʰéh₂t 6949:*bʰardʰéh₂t 6900:*bʰardʰéh₂t 6851:*bʰardʰéh₂t 6802:*bʰardʰéh₂t 6704:*bʰardʰéh₂t 6617:*bʰardʰéh₂t 6568:*bʰardʰéh₂t 6515:*bʰardʰéh₂t 6466:*bʰardʰéh₂t 6417:*bʰardʰéh₂t 6368:*bʰardʰéh₂t 6348:(singular) 6258:*bardā́ˀtas 5630:*bʰardʰéh₂ 5612:< *wĺ̥kʷ 5595:< *wĺ̥kʷ 5578:< *wĺ̥kʷ 5561:< *wĺ̥kʷ 5544:< *wĺ̥kʷ 5534:< *wĺ̥kʷ 5524:< *wĺ̥kʷ 5507:< *wĺ̥kʷ 5497:< *wĺ̥kʷ 5487:< *wĺ̥kʷ 5470:< *wĺ̥kʷ 5453:< *wĺ̥kʷ 5419:< *wĺ̥kʷ 5402:< *wĺ̥kʷ 5392:< *wĺ̥kʷ 5382:< *wĺ̥kʷ 5158:August 2014 5022:Word-final 4991:Word-final 4457:*h₁rh̥₃déh₂ 4449:. Compare: 3890:platforms: 3714:J. Jasanoff 3669:, Sanskrit 3618:, Sanskrit 3572:. Compare: 3487:Lithuanian 3476:) reflects 3452:Lithuanian 3433:) reflects 3409:Lithuanian 3400:, Sanskrit 3376:Lithuanian 3154:Lithuanian 3033:(sometimes 2909:Lithuanian 2899:ézero, ézer 2731:Lithuanian 2718:Lithuanian 2680:Lithuanian 2665:Lithuanian 2190:had become 2147:Approximant 1723:Continental 1716:Anglo-Saxon 1419:Middle Ages 1369:Middle Ages 1224:Indo-Aryans 1217:Indo-Aryans 1024:Bell Beaker 1019:Corded ware 915:Corded ware 804:Sredny Stog 749:Archaeology 529:Proto-Greek 509:Proto-Norse 14042:Categories 13978:Hirt's law 13968:Dybo's law 13939:Historical 13852:Russenorsk 13831:Ponaschemu 13723:Shtokavian 13663:Podlachian 13564:Slovincian 13554:Pomeranian 13523:Old Polish 13323:Macedonian 13210:Belarusian 13013:Samogitian 13003:Lithuanian 12990:Kursenieki 12668:References 12489:Kim (2018) 12477:Kim (2018) 12243:11 October 12220:Filologija 12146:Kim (2018) 12134:Kim (2018) 11986:Slovenian 11728:Lithuanian 11591:Vietnamese 11479:*golva̋mi 11454:*golva̋xъ 11429:*golva̋mъ 10957:Dybo's law 10710:júsi/juhi 10691:júsi/juhi 10007:Dybo's law 9971:Hirt's law 9925:April 2014 9170:Hirt's law 9064:You (all) 8848:They (two) 8616:They (two) 8348:They (two) 8263:(< PB * 8041:They (two) 7901:< PBS * 7833:Lithuanian 7794:, Latvian 7775:infinitive 7734:/si:/, PB 7730:(> PSL 7675:), Polish 7562:*deśimtás 7559:*deḱm̥tós 7451:*sweḱstós 7359:*pr̥h₃wós 7214:*ketū́res 6761:(< PBS 6730:?), bordat 6712:, *bʰardʰé 6256:(< PBS 6231:-ý, -á, -é 6227:-y, -a, -e 6225:), Polish 6174:Adjectives 5737:ā́(ˀ)mā(ˀ) 5436:<*wĺ̥kʷ 5333:neskaičiau 5200:Accusative 5194:Nominative 5110:Morphology 5089:, Latvian 4886:*śun eimiš 4796:, Slovene 4708:normally). 4692:; English 4528:, Russian 4431:otherwise. 3999:Hirt's law 3993:Hirt's law 3952:Hirt's law 3880:See also: 3742:*suHnumo̍s 3691:Hirt's law 3586:, Russian 3390:*h₂éwsreh₂ 3229:*bʰolǵʰnom 3208:< PIE * 3189:< PIE * 3160:, Latvian 3113:, Russian 3094:analogical 3070:See also: 2913:; Russian 2871:, Russian 2806:(from PIE 2768:*orzdirati 2645:*twárīˀtei 2549:Dybo's law 2466:Samogitian 2211:Diphthong 2001:Consonants 1990:morphology 1982:isoglosses 1959:Lithuanian 1831:Institutes 1751:Lithuanian 1505:Indo-Aryan 1491:Historical 1425:Indo-Aryan 1382:Tocharians 1296:Cimmerians 1174:Bronze Age 1065:South Asia 939:Bronze Age 877:Afanasievo 681:Mainstream 445:Vocabulary 365:Sound laws 227:Indo-Aryan 14026:indicate 13941:phonology 13889:languages 13877:Trasianka 13703:Kajkavian 13691:Chakavian 13616:Schleifer 13559:Kashubian 13341:Torlakian 13318:Bulgarian 13274:Ukrainian 13239:Ruthenian 13073:varieties 13064:indicate 13050:Galindian 12995:Latgalian 12936:Galindian 12855:: 97–123. 11943:pleophony 11936:Chakavian 11827:Abel Will 11807:Žemaitian 11616:*kʷékʷlo- 11467:golovámi 11464:galvomìs 11321:*golvàma 10935:rañkomis 10480:vorónami 10477:várnomis 9917:talk page 9537:): Vowel 9388:Chakavian 9374:Žemaitian 9214:Kajkavian 9194:Slavonian 8900:*h₁sénti 8880:You (all) 8666:You (all) 8392:You (all) 8092:You (all) 7762:< PIE 7667:(Russian 7540:newīnts) 7497:*septmas 7441:*penktas 7401:*vъtorъ) 7393:*ántaras 7376:*pirmas) 7306:*h₁néwn̥ 7289:Eight (8) 7276:Seven (7) 7194:Three (3) 7172:*h₁óynos 7151:Cardinal 6782:(plural) 6689:< PIE 6685:< PBS 6660:< PIE 6656:< PBS 6541:), bordat 6335:Ukrainian 6245:instead. 6235:predicate 6164:< *yug 6147:< *yug 6130:< *yug 6113:< *yug 6096:< *yug 6086:< *yug 6076:< *yug 6059:< *yug 6049:< *yug 6039:< *yug 6022:< *yug 6005:< *yug 5988:< *yug 5971:< *yug 5954:< *yug 5944:< *yug 5934:< *yug 5914:Singular 5886:ā́(ˀ)mīˀs 5638:Singular 5362:Singular 5354:*wĺ̥kʷos 5267:Chakavian 5196:– subject 5042:, Slavic 4976:, Slavic 4904:, German 4865:< PIE 4662:*pl̥h₁nós 4522:, Polish 4512:, Slavic 4053:*grī́ˀwāˀ 3801:*dúkterin 3774:Kortlandt 3746:*sūˀnumás 3738:su᷅Hnumos 3655:< PIE 3608:*déḱsinos 3604:< PIE 3509:reflects 3497:reflects 3462:< PIE 3445:reflects 3419:< PIE 3386:< PIE 3233:"saddle". 3225:< PIE 3142:*ḱr̥h₂wos 2867:, Polish 2778:*bírāˀtei 2772:razdirati 2770:> OCS 2749:*dírāˀtei 2649:*twarītei 2460:found in 2092:Fricative 1996:Phonology 1986:phonology 1766:Practices 1585:Yarsanism 1395:Albanians 1375:East Asia 1362:Scythians 1354:Phrygians 1347:Paeonians 1340:Illyrians 1326:Thracians 1243:East Asia 1194:Armenians 1121:Hallstatt 1103:Chernoles 1044:Terramare 1034:Trzciniec 1001:Sintashta 996:Andronovo 897:Cernavodă 870:East Asia 825:Khvalynsk 565:Philology 475:Particles 361:Phonology 302:Liburnian 277:Tocharian 272:Anatolian 241:Nuristani 134:Languages 38:PBS, PBSl 13922:Iazychie 13846:Runglish 13804:Balachka 13775:Silesian 13733:Bunjevac 13581:Polabian 13538:Silesian 13517:dialects 13512:Masurian 13496:Lechitic 13453:Moravian 13376:Croatian 13279:dialects 13250:dialects 13081:dialects 13022:Selonian 12978:Curonian 12957:Skalvian 12950:Sudovian 12849:Kratylos 12817:(1966), 12805:(2008), 12790:(2002). 12744:(1978). 12726:Novi Sad 12720:(2014), 12653:(2008), 12631:(2009), 12075:See also 11992:Russian 11980:Latvian 11765:*plh₁nos 11706:locative 11574:register 11476:glavȃmi 11473:glāvȁmi 11470:glávama 11445:glávama 11442:golováx 11439:galvosè 11420:glávama 11417:golovám 11414:galvóms 11318:glaváma 11217:golovój 11204:*golvě̀ 11189:galvojè 11167:gólově) 11163:golové ( 11034:Slovene 11028:Čakavian 11019:Russian 10916:rañkose 10897:rañkoms 10704:rañkoje 10588:Slovene 10582:Russian 10486:vránami 10483:vrȁnama 10464:vrȁnama 10461:vorónax 10458:várnose 10445:vrȁnama 10442:vorónam 10439:várnoms 10345:vránama 10268:vorónoj 10246:várnoje 10128:Slovene 10122:Russian 9691:) or an 9649:high-mid 9569:High-mid 9561:underdot 9227:Notation 9206:Croatian 9198:standard 9190:Čakavian 9070:*yū́(s) 8868:*h₁smós 8852:*h₁stés 8836:*h₁stés 8820:*h₁swós 8804:*h₁ésti 8772:*h₁ésmi 8707:*-e/ēnti 8158:PBS *bír 7548:devętъ) 7516:*aśtmas 7368:*pьrvъ) 7338:Ordinal 7329:*déśimt 7326:*déḱm̥t 7322:Ten (10) 7315:*dewin) 7302:Nine (9) 7283:*septín 7280:*septḿ̥ 7269:*šȅstь) 7224:*pénkʷe 7220:Five (5) 7207:Four (4) 7201:*tríjes 7198:*tréyes 7175:*aiˀnas 7118:, bordat 7114:, bordat 7069:, bordat 7065:, bordat 7020:, bordat 7016:, bordat 6971:, bordat 6967:, bordat 6918:, bordat 6873:, bordat 6869:, bordat 6824:, bordat 6820:, bordat 6722:, bordat 6647:, bordat 6643:, bordat 6590:, bordat 6586:, bordat 6533:, bordat 6488:, bordat 6484:, bordat 6439:, bordat 6435:, bordat 6390:, bordat 6386:, bordat 6254:*bordatъ 6229:, Czech 5879:ā́(ˀ)māˀ 5812:éh₂h₁(e) 5775:éh₂h₁(e) 5744:ā́(ˀ)mas 5670:éh₂h₁(e) 5308:skaičiau 5238:ablative 5230:Vocative 5212:Locative 5206:Genitive 5118:Nominals 5083:*ūˀnktei 4869:*eǵʰerom 4785:*(j)azъ́ 4668:(Slavic 4666:*pílˀnas 4613:*kruh₂és 4564:V̄, VRV 4465:, Latin 4261:reflexes 4228:reflex. 4202:reflex. 4049:*gríHwaH 4045:*griHwáH 4030:*dū́ˀmas 3975:(AP 3); 3929:, Vedic 3916:(AP c), 3818:*sū́ˀnun 3726:*-V̆N(C) 3721:contour. 3709:Jasanoff 3659:*h₂éḱsis 3635:, Russ. 3602:*deśinas 3449:instead. 3423:*h₂éwsis 3251:Ruki law 3241:Ruki law 3211:sweḱrúh₂ 3206:*swekrūˀ 3195:"stone". 3101:*kárˀwāˀ 2944:Ruki law 2905:Latvian 2903:jezioro, 2793:*bīrātei 2782:*birātei 2753:*dirātei 1812:Scholars 1710:Germanic 1681:Scottish 1646:Thracian 1640:Illyrian 1634:Albanian 1622:European 1615:Armenian 1599:Ossetian 1593:Scythian 1578:Yazidism 1528:Buddhism 1519:Hinduism 1410:Norsemen 1320:Anatolia 1237:Iranians 1230:Iranians 1211:Iron Age 1186:Hittites 1139:Colchian 1132:Caucasus 1090:Iron Age 1059:Lusatian 1054:Urnfield 978:Srubnaya 973:Poltavka 963:Catacomb 902:Cucuteni 857:Caucasus 674:Religion 659:Homeland 601:Behistun 581:Linear B 470:Numerals 465:Pronouns 390:Balkanic 337:Thracian 330:Phrygian 323:Paeonian 309:Messapic 295:Illyrian 207:Hellenic 202:Germanic 171:Armenian 163:Albanian 157:Albanoid 108:a series 106:Part of 70:ancestor 14024:Italics 13909:Lydnevi 13865:Surzhyk 13598:Sorbian 13447:Knaanic 13398:Slovene 13386:Serbian 13371:Bosnian 13351:Western 13310:Eastern 13245:Russian 13134:History 13062:Italics 12985:Latvian 12041:V̑, V́ 12012:V̏, V̀ 11811:ộmž́iọs 11805:In the 11777:wĺ̥kʷos 11771:vil̃kas 11714:galvosè 11710:gal̂vâs 11708:plural 11694:krītošā 11682:stieptā 11668:Latvian 11649:*déśimt 11643:*déḱm̥t 11622:*kákla- 11585:or the 11451:glavȁh 11448:glāvȁh 11426:glavȁm 11423:glāván 11404:*gólvъ 11389:galvų̃ 11379:*gȏlvy 11376:glavẹ̑ 11367:gólovy 11364:gálvas 11354:*gȏlvy 11351:glavẹ̑ 11342:gólovy 11339:gálvos 11293:*golvù 11265:*gȏlvě 11262:glavẹ́ 11226:glavọ́ 11223:glāvún 11220:glávōm 11192:golové 11160:gálvai 11150:*golvỳ 11147:glavẹ́ 11138:golový 11135:galvõs 11125:*gȏlvǫ 11122:glavọ̑ 11113:gólovu 11100:*golvo 11075:*golvà 10944:júhami 10941:júhama 10922:júhama 10903:júhama 10859:rankàs 10840:rañkos 10821:rañkos 10806:júhama 10685:rañkai 10666:rañkos 10467:vránah 10448:vránam 10401:várnas 10385:voróny 10382:várnos 10364:vránah 10271:vrȁnōm 10249:voróne 10230:voróne 10227:várnai 10211:voróny 10208:várnos 10192:vorónu 9979:Meillet 9770:, also 9725:ć đ ś ź 9693:overbar 9681:ģ ķ ļ ņ 9645:ô, ó, ů 9585:below ( 9577:low-mid 9553:overdot 9543:low-mid 9531:cedilla 9210:Serbian 9202:Bosnian 9107:*anās? 8884:*h₁sté 8832:You two 8826:*esu̯ā 8788:*h₁ési 8753:Person 8591:You two 8461:Person 8326:You two 8183:Person 8015:You two 7866:Person 7766:, from 7760:*waidai 7490:Seventh 7340:number 7313:variant 7309:*néwin 7293:*oḱtṓw 7237:*swéḱs 7233:Six (6) 7227:*pénki 7185:*dwóh₁ 7181:Two (2) 7168:One (1) 7153:number 7110:*bordat 7061:*bordat 7012:*bordat 6963:*bordat 6914:*bordat 6865:*bordat 6857:eh₂oHom 6816:*bordat 6765:?), lab 6741:*-ojāˀn 6726:(< * 6718:*bordat 6639:*bordat 6582:*bordat 6529:*bordat 6480:*bordat 6431:*bordat 6382:*bordat 6304:*-ojāˀn 6186:geràsis 5920:Plural 5906:*yugóm 5902:) < 5852:ā́(ˀ)su 5714:éh₂oHom 5644:Plural 5626:) < 5368:Plural 5350:) < 5275:Sorbian 5273:), and 5263:Slovene 5245:numbers 5095:vyknǫti 5009:*eǵh₂óm 4900:(Latin 4882:sъ nimь 4863:*áźeran 4859:*éźeran 4854:assaran 4838:became 4777:*ēˀźHom 4767:*eǵh₂óm 4700:(where 4698:*ɸlānos 4682:*fulnaz 4678:*fullaz 4619:*kruves 4580:VRˀ(C) 4577:VRH(C) 4556:V̄ˀ(C) 4500:*seh₂ls 4492:*sh̥₂l- 4463:erōdiós 4283:. Such 4271:are not 4096:*gīˀwás 4092:*giHwós 4077:*sūˀnús 4073:*suHnús 4026:*dúHmos 4022:*duHmós 3956:*sū́nus 3943:*suHnús 3855:Olander 3850:Olander 3814:*súHnum 3809:*suHnúm 3795:) > 3778:Derksen 3663:(Latin 3641:, SCr. 3621:dákṣiṇa 3612:(Latin 3598:dẽšinas 3507:*teišus 3495:*teisus 3466:*moysós 3460:*maišás 3384:*aušrāˀ 3364:, both 3223:*balgna 3219:balgnan 3124:*karwos 2919:assaran 2797:*birati 2671:*prātas 2654:tvoriti 2631:*twāris 2615:*ślawas 2599:ślṓˀwāˀ 2470:Latvian 2131:Lateral 2065:Plosive 2036:Palatal 2031:Coronal 1967:Russian 1933:) is a 1744:Latvian 1702:Cornish 1572:Kurdish 1558:Persian 1550:Iranian 1542:Sikhism 1535:Jainism 1498:Hittite 1437:Iranian 1333:Dacians 1126:Jastorf 1049:Tumulus 1029:Únětice 958:Yamnaya 953:Chariot 891:Usatovo 832:Yamnaya 669:Society 653:Origins 586:Rigveda 438:Grammar 265:Extinct 255:Romance 234:Iranian 13836:Quelia 13718:Resian 13507:Polish 13465:Slovak 13162:Accent 12707: 11997:acute 11989:Czech 11844:Slavic 11815:ámžius 11788:geróji 11759:pìlnas 11674:lauztā 11654:dẽšimt 11627:kãklas 11578:Danish 11395:glávā 11392:golóv 11373:glȃve 11370:glȃve 11348:glȃve 11345:glȃve 11214:gálva 11201:glávi 11198:glāvȉ 11195:glȃvi 11176:glávi 11173:glāvȉ 11170:glȃvi 11144:glāvé 11141:gláve 11119:glȃvu 11116:glȃvu 11110:gálvą 11094:glȃvo 11091:glávo 11085:gálva 11067:glāvȁ 11058:golová 10938:uxámi 10925:júhah 10906:júham 10878:rañkų 10729:júhōm 10723:rankà 10647:rañką 10628:rañka 10426:vrȃnā 10423:vorón 10420:várnų 10410:vráne 10407:vrȁne 10404:vorón 10391:vráne 10388:vrȁne 10304:vráni 10274:vráno 10265:várna 10255:vráni 10252:vrȁni 10236:vráni 10233:vrȁni 10217:vráne 10214:vrȁnē 10198:vráno 10195:vrȁnu 10189:várną 10176:vrȁno 10170:várna 10149:voróna 9523:ogonek 9414:macron 9133:*onāˀ 9092:*éyes 9081:*anai 9067:*jūˀs 9033:*ana? 9007:*anāˀ 8981:*anas 8970:*túh₂ 8959:*éǵh₂ 8916:- - - 8906:*esti 8890:*estē 8887:*este 8874:*esmē 8871:*esmъ 8858:*esti 8855:*este 8842:*estā 8839:*esta 8823:*esvě 8816:We two 8810:*esti 8794:*esēi 8778:*esmi 8725:- - - 8697:éyonti 8695:*loykʷ 8670:*loykʷ 8647:éyomos 8645:*loykʷ 8622:éyetes 8620:*loykʷ 8597:éyetes 8595:*loykʷ 8572:éyowos 8570:*loykʷ 8566:We two 8545:*loykʷ 8520:*loykʷ 8480:*loykʷ 8440:- - - 8304:We two 8155:- - - 8005:*renka 7988:We two 7768:*weyd- 7764:*wóyde 7724:*-seHi 7649:*-ōˀmi 7537:Pruss. 7483:usts) 7480:Pruss. 7469:seši) 7421:Fourth 7383:Second 7311:(> 7296:*aśtṓ 7252:seši) 7188:*duwō 7102:eh₂mis 7092:Instr. 6955:eh₂m̥s 6922:bordat 6906:eh₂mos 6714:h₂toh₁ 6700:Instr. 6262:*labas 6194:добрꙑи 6139:Instr. 6088:óy(h₁) 6051:óy(h₁) 6013:amā(ˀ) 5946:óy(h₁) 5890:éh₂mis 5863:Instr. 5845:ā́u(ˀ) 5785:éh₂m̥s 5781:ā(ˀ)ns 5748:éh₂mos 5703:ā́u(ˀ) 5693:ā́(ˀ)s 5587:Instr. 5569:ā́u(ˀ) 5461:ámā(ˀ) 5427:ā́u(ˀ) 5218:Dative 5099:wuknyć 5093:, OCS 5087:jùnkti 5079:*Hunk- 5013:*ēˀźun 4948:Vowels 4878:sandhi 4830:Nasals 4781:*ēˀźun 4773:*eźHom 4674:pìlnas 4670:*pьlnъ 4625:*krъve 4553:VH(C) 4506:*salis 4473:*radāˀ 4347:, etc. 4345:stumpf 4329:dunkel 4309:clumsy 4301:bungle 4166:) and 4106:(AP c) 4087:(AP c) 4085:*sy̑nъ 4063:(AP a) 4061:*grìva 4040:(AP a) 4034:dū́mas 3979:Vedic 3969:*sy̑nъ 3896:*médʰu 3724:Final 3615:dexter 3588:désnyj 3578:*desnъ 3526:after 3490:teisùs 3455:maĩšas 3417:*ausis 3397:aurōra 3201:svekry 3192:h₂éḱmō 3163:akmens 3150:ones: 3116:koróva 3109:, OCS 2954:after 2911:ẽžeras 2907:ezers, 2895:*áźera 2861:*alawa 2857:*elawa 2845:*(j)e- 2815:*(H)o- 2809:*(H)a- 2788:bьrati 2759:dьrati 2721:mū̃šis 2694:"good" 2688:) vs. 2686:*gēris 2682:gė̃ris 2675:pràsti 2673:) vs. 2667:prõtas 2635:*twāri 2619:*slawa 2604:*slāwā 2561:ablaut 2462:Danish 2428:Accent 2205:Short 2174:Vowels 2026:Labial 1963:Polish 1955:Slavic 1951:Baltic 1759:Slavic 1738:Baltic 1688:Breton 1668:Celtic 1652:Dacian 1608:Others 1388:Europe 1261:Europe 1255:Yuezhi 1109:Europe 1096:Steppe 1007:Europe 864:Maykop 818:Samara 774:Kurgan 591:Avesta 373:Ablaut 369:Accent 316:Mysian 288:Dacian 249:Italic 197:Celtic 189:Slavic 182:Baltic 150:Extant 13770:Goral 13708:Pomak 13656:Lemko 13429:Czech 13269:Rusyn 13048:East 12934:West 12795:(PDF) 12749:(PDF) 12222:(60). 12107:Notes 12050:V́RV 12035:V̄V̆ 12021:VRV́ 12006:V̆V̄ 11742:tilde 11722:*dêtì 11702:lùoks 11690:luõks 11686:tilde 11678:luôgs 11660:dȅset 11401:gláv 11398:gláv 11165:OESl. 11071:gláva 11063:gláva 11053:galvà 10919:uxáx 10900:uxám 10884:júhā 10868:júhe 10865:júhe 10849:júhe 10846:jȗhe 10830:júhe 10827:júhe 10762:júhi 10732:júho 10726:uxój 10713:júhi 10694:júhi 10675:júho 10672:júhē 10656:júho 10653:júhu 10634:jȗho 10604:rankà 10567:*juxá 10551:rankà 10511:-óro- 10509:> 10503:-oró- 10501:> 10499:-árˀ- 10429:vrán 10323:vrán 10159:vrána 10154:vrȁna 10144:várna 9983:Stang 9763:); or 9761:ĺ ļ ľ 9750:ń ņ ň 9739:ǵ/ģ/ď 9735:ḱ/ķ/ť 9715:ć ś ź 9707:č š ž 9685:haček 9683:), a 9677:comma 9675:), a 9609:breve 9593:háček 9424:breve 9380:tilde 9144:*íh₂ 9127:They 9112:*tās 9109:*jās 9101:They 9086:*tai 9083:*eis 9075:They 9059:*wéy 9056:*mes 9018:*íh₂ 9012:*tāˀ 8986:*tas 8967:*tūˀ 8738:*laik 8730:īˀtei 8712:*laik 8682:*laik 8672:éyete 8657:*laik 8632:*laik 8607:*laik 8582:*laik 8557:*laik 8547:éyeti 8532:*laik 8522:éyesi 8507:*laik 8501:jōˀmi 8482:éyoh₂ 8420:yónti 8418:*turH 8396:*turH 8376:yómos 8374:*turH 8354:yétes 8352:*turH 8332:yétes 8330:*turH 8310:yówos 8308:*turH 8281:*turH 8269:-seHi 8247:*turH 8223:jōˀmi 8202:*turH 8168:*rink 8160:āˀtei 8142:*renk 8121:*bʰér 8108:*renk 8096:*bʰér 8083:*renk 8070:*bʰér 8057:*renk 8045:*bʰér 8032:*renk 8029:/a:/ 8019:*bʰér 8009:/wā/ 8002:/æ:/ 7992:*bʰér 7979:*renk 7966:*bʰér 7954:-seHi 7944:*renk 7941:/i:/ 7931:*bʰér 7913:*renk 7907:-ōˀmi 7895:/õː/ 7885:*bʰér 7851:éyeti 7843:éyeti 7808:-twei 7748:*-sei 7744:*-eHi 7742:with 7728:*-sei 7726:> 7722:with 7697:*-uoˀ 7659:> 7657:*-ōˀn 7655:> 7653:*-ōˀm 7651:> 7637:*-oh₂ 7569:Verbs 7555:Tenth 7522:Ninth 7503:Eight 7447:Sixth 7434:Fifth 7408:Third 7355:First 7260:*us) 7132:, lab 7128:, lab 7083:, lab 7079:, lab 7053:eh₂su 7034:, lab 7030:, lab 7004:eh₂es 6985:, lab 6981:, lab 6936:, lab 6932:, lab 6887:, lab 6883:, lab 6838:, lab 6834:, lab 6808:eh₂es 6780:Case 6757:, lab 6747:*-āˀn 6737:*-oją 6710:eh₂h₁ 6676:, lab 6672:, lab 6604:, lab 6600:, lab 6555:, lab 6551:, lab 6502:, lab 6498:, lab 6472:eh₂ey 6455:as(a) 6453:, lab 6449:, lab 6447:as(a) 6404:, lab 6400:, lab 6346:Case 6312:*-omь 6296:*-ojǫ 6270:*-mi- 6266:*naj- 6210:добръ 6202:gẽras 6160:*jūˀg 6153:*jūˀg 6143:*jūˀg 6126:*jūˀg 6121:āu(ˀ) 6119:*jūˀg 6109:*jūˀg 6092:*jūˀg 6082:*jūˀg 6072:*jūˀg 6055:*jūˀg 6045:*jūˀg 6035:*jūˀg 6018:*jūˀg 6011:*jūˀg 6001:*jūˀg 5984:*jūˀg 5979:āu(ˀ) 5977:*jūˀg 5967:*jūˀg 5950:*jūˀg 5940:*jūˀg 5930:*jūˀg 5917:Dual 5911:Case 5884:*bard 5877:*bard 5873:éh₂h₁ 5867:*bárd 5856:éh₂su 5850:*bard 5843:*bard 5833:*bard 5822:éh₂es 5816:*bárd 5806:*bárd 5796:*bárd 5779:*bárd 5769:*bárd 5761:ā(ˀ)n 5759:*bárd 5742:*bard 5735:*bard 5731:éh₂ey 5725:*bárd 5708:*bard 5701:*bard 5691:*bard 5680:éh₂es 5674:*bárd 5664:*bárd 5654:*bard 5641:Dual 5635:Case 5608:*wilk 5601:*wilk 5591:*wílk 5574:*wilk 5567:*wilk 5557:*wílk 5542:ái(ˀ) 5540:*wilk 5530:*wílk 5520:*wílk 5503:*wílk 5493:*wílk 5483:*wílk 5466:*wilk 5459:*wilk 5449:*wílk 5432:*wilk 5425:*wilk 5415:*wílk 5400:ái(ˀ) 5398:*wilk 5388:*wílk 5378:*wilk 5365:Dual 5359:Case 5187:cases 5060:> 5052:*-omь 5048:*-ami 5032:*-āmi 4962:*-āˀm 4934:eimiš 4787:> 4704:> 4688:> 4585:VRHV 4516:(OCS 4514:*solь 4477:*roda 4468:ardea 4427:> 4417:> 4407:> 4397:> 4367:> 4341:stumm 4337:plump 4333:krumm 4325:dumpf 4317:dumpy 4305:bulky 4293:plump 4138:Both 4104:*žȋvъ 4100:gývas 4081:sūnùs 4057:grĩva 4038:*dỳmъ 4014:*-àxъ 4010:*-ìti 3981:sūnúṣ 3973:sūnùs 3965:súnus 3960:sd-sd 3931:mádhu 3922:méthu 3914:*mȅdъ 3905:*mȅdu 3812:> 3672:ákṣas 3653:*aśís 3593:dèsnī 3583:desnъ 3503:*tixъ 3482:*měxъ 3443:*auš- 3430:auris 3412:ausìs 3379:aušrà 3157:akmuõ 3136:carow 3111:krava 3106:kárvė 3078:Satem 3047:> 3023:> 3009:> 2985:> 2950:> 2923:azars 2915:ózero 2890:éźera 2881:alwis 2877:elwas 2873:ólovo 2865:élavo 2830:) to 2827:*h₃e- 2821:*h₂e- 2737:lìkti 2733:lỹkis 2726:mùšti 2691:gẽras 2640:tvarь 2624:slovo 2610:slava 2443:acute 2437:Acute 2251:Close 2239:Front 2229:Front 2219:Front 2208:Long 2115:Trill 2104:ś, š 2048:Nasal 2041:Velar 1730:Norse 1695:Welsh 1674:Irish 1663:Roman 1658:Greek 1513:Vedic 1405:Slavs 1400:Balts 1274:Gauls 1268:Celts 1250:Wusun 1145:India 921:Baden 621:Ogham 596:Homer 483:Other 460:Nouns 455:Verbs 213:Greek 13586:Rani 13544:Lach 12705:ISBN 12571:help 12559:help 12548:cf. 12287:help 12265:help 12245:2015 12202:2007 12198:2001 11783:gerà 11639:PIE 11633:kȍlo 11612:PIE 11600:and 11582:stød 10887:júh 10862:uxí 10824:uxí 10707:uxé 10688:uxé 10669:uxí 10650:uxú 10617:júha 10612:júha 10608:uxá 10562:rúka 10556:ruká 10507:-ar- 10099:root 10069:yes 10058:yes 9992:Dybo 9981:and 9964:and 9941:and 9798:and 9787:and 9547:e, o 9208:and 9159:The 9138:*tā 9135:*īˀ 9129:(n.) 9103:(f.) 9077:(m.) 9044:*íd 9038:*ta 9035:*i? 9029:(n.) 9009:*īˀ 9003:(f.) 9001:She 8983:*is 8977:(m.) 8964:You 8956:*ēź 8948:PIE 8945:PBS 8896:They 8740:ītei 8701:*bud 8691:They 8676:*bud 8651:*bud 8626:*bud 8601:*bud 8584:āu̯ā 8576:*bud 8551:*bud 8526:*bud 8486:*buď 8467:PSL 8448:ētei 8446:*tur 8427:*tur 8414:They 8405:*tur 8398:yéte 8383:*tur 8339:*tur 8319:iu̯ā 8317:*tur 8296:yéti 8290:*tur 8283:yéti 8265:-sei 8259:*tur 8249:yési 8235:-jōˀ 8229:*tur 8204:yóh₂ 8189:PSL 8137:anti 8133:-ątь 8127:*ber 8123:onti 8117:They 8102:*ber 8080:/u/ 8076:*ber 8072:omos 8051:*ber 8047:etes 8025:*ber 8021:etes 7998:*ber 7994:owos 7976:/i/ 7972:*ber 7950:-sei 7937:*ber 7891:*ber 7872:PSL 7812:-tus 7806:and 7800:*-ti 7788:-tis 7783:-tus 7781:and 7779:-tis 7756:vědě 7740:*-si 7736:*-ēi 7732:*-si 7720:*-si 7713:*-m- 7709:esmu 7701:*-ōˀ 7661:*-an 7645:*-ōˀ 7643:and 7641:*-mi 7633:*-mi 7466:Ltv. 7349:PBS 7249:Ltv. 7162:PBS 7130:āmīs 7124:*lab 7085:eisu 7077:eisu 7075:*lab 7057:oysu 7049:oysu 7043:Loc. 7026:*lab 6994:Voc. 6977:*lab 6945:Acc. 6938:amas 6934:āmas 6930:amas 6928:*lab 6920:ama, 6910:omos 6902:omos 6896:Dat. 6879:*lab 6861:oHom 6853:oHom 6847:Gen. 6830:*lab 6798:Nom. 6789:PSL 6786:PIE 6763:-āˀn 6753:*lab 6728:-oją 6691:*-ey 6687:*-ei 6683:*-ei 6668:*lab 6662:*-oy 6658:*-ai 6627:eh₂i 6613:Loc. 6596:*lab 6564:Voc. 6547:*lab 6511:Acc. 6494:*lab 6462:Dat. 6445:*lab 6427:osyo 6423:eh₂s 6419:osyo 6413:Gen. 6396:*lab 6364:Nom. 6355:PSL 6352:PIE 6308:*-ōˀ 6300:-oją 6277:*-as 6180:*ja- 6155:amāˀ 6132:óysu 6128:aišu 6105:Loc. 6068:Voc. 6031:Acc. 6024:ómos 6020:amas 5997:Dat. 5990:óHom 5973:ósyo 5963:Gen. 5926:Nom. 5839:éh₂i 5835:ā́iˀ 5829:Loc. 5792:Voc. 5755:Acc. 5721:Dat. 5697:éh₂s 5687:Gen. 5650:Nom. 5603:ámāˀ 5580:oysu 5576:áišu 5553:Loc. 5516:Voc. 5505:ōˀns 5479:Acc. 5472:omos 5468:ámas 5445:Dat. 5438:oHom 5421:osyo 5411:Gen. 5374:Nom. 5329:knỹg 5304:knỹg 5091:jûkt 5071:*ūˀn 5036:*-ān 5024:*-mi 5017:*ãzъ 5005:*-un 5003:and 5001:*-us 4997:*-on 4995:and 4993:*-os 4986:*-on 4982:*-ōm 4966:*-an 4938:*sъ 4898:*ey- 4890:*ḱom 4763:PIE 4751:to * 4747:and 4735:and 4694:full 4660:PIE 4644:and 4588:VRV 4561:VHV 4548:PBS 4545:PIE 4531:solʹ 4519:solь 4488:PIE 4482:róda 4453:PIE 4321:dumm 4313:glum 4297:dumb 4142:and 4127:and 3985:r-sd 3947:r-sd 3832:*-od 3666:axis 3649:ašis 3629:*osь 3473:meṣá 3439:*uxo 3403:uṣás 3368:and 3360:and 3336:but 3316:and 3304:and 3285:and 3245:PIE 3186:áśmā 3180:akmō 3169:kamy 3132:karo 3128:carw 3084:and 3025:*awV 3021:*ewV 2869:ołów 2847:and 2838:and 2583:and 2571:and 2547:and 2536:long 2468:and 2458:stød 2297:Open 2244:Back 2234:Back 2224:Back 2192:*jau 2101:(z) 1969:and 1953:and 1931:PBSl 1792:Yule 1783:Sati 1072:BMAC 450:Root 12697:doi 12047:V̆ 12044:V̑ 12038:V̀ 12029:V̑ 12018:V̄ 12015:V̏ 12003:V́ 12000:V́ 11951:oró 11947:óro 11931:yer 11874:by 11833:'s 11752:or 11718:dêt 11602:/e/ 11598:/a/ 11587:ngã 11535:by 10881:úx 10519:yer 10109:). 10080:no 10061:no 9864:by 9802:), 9617:yat 9573:e o 9567:): 9565:ẹ ọ 9559:), 9557:ė ȯ 9515:). 9446:or 9323:or 9255:all 9053:We 9027:It 8975:He 8784:You 8734:iti 8703:ętь 8684:ātē 8678:ite 8659:āmē 8653:imъ 8628:ite 8609:ātā 8603:ita 8578:ivě 8553:itь 8528:iši 8516:You 8503:?) 8497:jan 8407:itē 8385:imē 8361:*tu 8341:itā 8243:You 8237:?) 8231:i̯ō 8225:?) 8219:jan 8170:tei 8164:ati 8139:?) 8129:ǫtь 8110:atē 8104:ete 8098:ete 8085:amē 8078:emъ 8053:ete 8034:atā 8027:eta 8007:u̯ā 8000:evě 7974:etь 7968:eti 7939:eši 7933:esi 7927:You 7919:-ōˀ 7903:-an 7887:oh₂ 7847:itь 7792:-ti 7705:būt 7683:). 7665:*-ǫ 7599:by 7345:PIE 7158:PIE 7134:ais 7126:ais 7120:oma 7116:ama 7112:oma 7106:ōys 7098:ōys 7081:āsu 7008:eh₂ 7000:oes 6983:āns 6979:ōns 6959:eh₂ 6951:oms 6924:oma 6916:oma 6812:eh₂ 6804:oes 6792:PB 6732:omь 6724:ojǫ 6720:omь 6706:oh₁ 6654:*-ě 6574:eh₂ 6476:oey 6468:oey 6374:eh₂ 6358:PB 6331:*-a 6327:*-ā 6323:*-a 6319:*-o 6281:*-ъ 6272:). 6243:*t- 6166:ṓys 6162:ōis 6149:óh₁ 6098:éh₂ 6061:éh₂ 6007:óey 5956:éh₂ 5904:PIE 5869:āˀn 5808:āiˀ 5802:éh₂ 5771:āiˀ 5765:ā́m 5666:āiˀ 5660:éh₂ 5656:ā́ˀ 5628:PIE 5614:ōys 5610:ṓis 5597:oh₁ 5546:oes 5536:oh₁ 5509:oms 5499:oh₁ 5455:oey 5404:oes 5394:oh₁ 5352:PIE 5148:by 5103:*in 5067:*un 5044:*-ǫ 5028:*-n 4978:*-ǫ 4974:-an 4958:*-n 4942:imь 4930:*śu 4926:*-n 4924:to 4922:*-m 4894:cum 4847:or 4799:jaz 4793:azъ 4789:OCS 4745:*ōˀ 4743:to 4702:*l̥ 4690:*ul 4686:*l̥ 4606:or 4600:VRV 4596:VHV 4572:VR 4569:VR 4525:sól 4510:sal 4399:*əR 4395:*R̥ 4376:*uR 4369:*uR 4365:*R̥ 4361:*iR 4357:*uR 4353:*iR 4281:*R̥ 4276:*uR 4269:*uR 4265:*iR 4259:*uR 4255:*iR 4247:*uR 4243:*iR 4226:*iR 4200:*iR 4196:*uR 4184:*uR 4180:*ul 4176:*ur 4172:*un 4168:*um 4164:*iR 4160:*il 4156:*ir 4152:*in 4148:*im 4133:*R̥ 4129:*n̥ 4125:*m̥ 4121:*r̥ 4117:*l̥ 3977:cf. 3950:→ ( 3935:r-r 3926:r-r 3918:cf. 3909:r-r 3900:r-r 3836:*-d 3791:(~ 3638:os’ 3633:osь 3564:*ḱs 3548:*-s 3546:to 3544:*-š 3277:or 3269:or 3174:/k/ 3088:). 3045:*wr 3041:*wl 2966:or 2849:*o- 2840:*a- 2836:*e- 2832:*e- 2804:*a- 2526:or 2509:*au 2505:*ai 2501:*ei 2421:ur 2418:un 2415:um 2412:ul 2409:u- 2404:ir 2401:in 2398:im 2395:il 2392:i- 2387:er 2384:en 2381:em 2378:el 2375:e- 2370:ar 2367:an 2364:am 2361:al 2358:a- 2353:-r 2350:-n 2347:-m 2344:-l 2332:or 2314:au 2274:Mid 2188:*eu 2167:/s/ 1929:or 1927:PBS 1077:Yaz 53:Era 14044:: 12851:. 12751:. 12740:; 12736:; 12703:, 12691:, 12597:^ 12563:, 12552:, 12218:. 12200:, 12114:^ 12032:Ṽ 12009:Ṽ 11817:. 11798:. 11724:. 11700:: 11688:: 11593:. 11327:pl 11315:— 11312:— 11309:— 11306:— 11290:— 11287:— 11284:— 11281:— 11278:— 11259:— 11256:— 11253:— 11250:— 11235:du 11097:— 11088:— 11043:sg 11006:. 10843:— 10812:pl 10803:— 10800:— 10797:— 10784:— 10781:— 10778:— 10775:— 10759:— 10756:— 10753:— 10738:du 10637:— 10631:— 10594:sg 10546:. 10523:-ā 10505:, 10370:pl 10361:— 10358:— 10355:— 10342:— 10339:— 10336:— 10320:— 10317:— 10314:— 10301:— 10298:— 10295:— 10280:du 10179:— 10173:— 10134:sg 10041:, 10037:, 10033:, 10025:, 10021:, 10013:, 10009:, 9960:, 9956:, 9818:.) 9816:sz 9814:, 9812:cz 9778:). 9755:a 9752:); 9744:a 9641:). 9639:ně 9636:tě 9633:dě 9611:: 9506:). 9495:). 9484:). 9473:). 9454:). 9408:a̋ 9317:a̋ 9204:, 8953:I 8864:We 8709:? 8641:We 8534:āi 8509:āu 8493:ją 8443:? 8424:? 8402:? 8380:? 8370:We 8363:ri 8358:? 8336:? 8314:? 8298:) 8287:? 8271:) 8261:ēi 8253:? 8215:ją 8210:jǫ 8208:*- 8066:We 7956:) 7946:ēi 7921:) 7909:) 7899:-ą 7853:). 7816:-t 7804:-t 7796:-t 7693:-u 7689:-ù 7681:-a 7677:-ę 7673:-u 7669:-у 7545:PS 7474:PB 7460:PB 7398:PS 7373:PB 7365:PS 7266:PS 7243:PB 7032:ās 7028:ai 6889:ōn 6885:ōn 6881:ōn 6836:ās 6832:ai 6759:ān 6693:) 6678:ei 6674:āi 6670:ei 6664:) 6635:ey 6631:oy 6623:ey 6619:oy 6606:an 6598:as 6578:om 6557:an 6549:an 6539:-ą 6525:om 6521:ām 6517:om 6504:ōi 6500:āi 6496:ōi 6451:ās 6406:an 6398:as 6378:om 6370:os 6337:. 6239:-i 6206:, 6145:ōˀ 6115:óy 6111:ai 6094:āˀ 6084:ai 6078:óm 6057:āˀ 6047:ai 6041:óm 6003:ōi 5986:ōn 5952:āˀ 5942:ai 5936:óm 5900:n. 5818:ās 5727:āi 5710:ṓn 5676:ās 5624:f. 5593:ōˀ 5563:oy 5559:ai 5532:ōˀ 5495:ōˀ 5489:om 5485:an 5451:ōi 5434:ṓn 5390:ōˀ 5384:os 5380:ás 5348:m. 5331:os 5265:, 5247:: 5189:: 5101:. 5075:*y 5062:*a 5058:*o 5054:). 5040:-à 4970:-ą 4918:-n 4914:-n 4906:er 4902:is 4849:-m 4845:-n 4840:*n 4836:*m 4755:. 4753:āˀ 4749:*a 4741:*o 4737:*a 4733:*o 4706:al 4650:*ī 4648:~ 4646:*i 4642:*ū 4640:~ 4638:*u 4608:*u 4604:*i 4534:). 4485:). 4447:*a 4429:*i 4425:*ə 4419:*u 4415:*ə 4409:*i 4405:*ə 4384:*a 4380:*o 4343:, 4339:, 4335:, 4331:, 4327:, 4323:, 4315:, 4311:, 4307:, 4303:, 4299:, 4295:, 4211:*u 4192:*u 4188:*i 4178:, 4174:, 4170:, 4158:, 4154:, 4150:, 4144:*u 4140:*i 4123:, 4119:, 3846:. 3752:. 3701:. 3644:ȏs 3570:*ś 3550:. 3540:*i 3538:, 3536:*k 3534:, 3532:*u 3530:, 3528:*r 3524:*š 3520:*s 3511:*š 3499:*s 3478:*š 3447:*š 3435:*s 3370:*š 3366:*s 3362:*i 3358:*k 3356:, 3354:*u 3350:*r 3342:*x 3338:*š 3330:*ś 3326:*s 3322:*š 3318:*ś 3314:*š 3310:*s 3306:*s 3302:*ś 3300:, 3298:*š 3293:. 3291:*g 3287:*ī 3283:*ū 3279:*i 3275:*u 3271:*i 3267:*k 3265:, 3263:*u 3261:, 3259:*r 3255:*š 3247:*s 3146:. 3086:*ź 3082:*ś 3053:*r 3051:, 3049:*l 3043:, 3035:*u 3031:*i 3015:*ź 3013:, 3011:*ś 3007:*ǵ 3005:, 3003:*ḱ 3001:: 2987:*a 2983:*o 2968:*i 2964:*k 2962:, 2960:*u 2958:, 2956:*r 2952:*š 2948:*s 2946:: 2879:~ 2851:: 2824:, 2818:, 2812:, 2712:*u 2710:, 2708:*i 2704:*ū 2702:, 2700:*ī 2587:. 2585:*ō 2581:*ā 2577:*a 2573:*a 2569:*o 2528:*r 2524:*n 2522:, 2520:*m 2518:, 2516:*l 2511:). 2507:, 2503:, 2334:*r 2330:*n 2328:, 2326:*m 2324:, 2322:*l 2311:ai 2308:ā 2303:a 2289:ei 2286:ō 2264:ū 2258:u 2194:. 2184:*a 2180:*o 2156:j 2151:w 2137:l 2121:r 2107:ź 2098:s 2086:g 2083:k 2078:d 2075:t 2072:b 2069:p 2055:n 2052:m 2014:. 1988:, 1965:, 1961:, 1189:) 540:· 521:· 371:, 367:, 363:: 110:on 58:c. 14030:. 13164:) 13160:( 13118:e 13111:t 13104:v 13085:· 13077:· 13069:· 13015:* 12997:* 12981:? 12883:e 12876:t 12869:v 12853:2 12797:. 12699:: 12575:. 12573:) 12561:) 12289:) 12267:) 12247:. 12204:) 11897:) 11891:( 11886:) 11882:( 11868:. 11754:u 11750:i 11663:. 11636:. 11606:ã 11570:â 11558:) 11552:( 11547:) 11543:( 11529:. 11493:. 11460:I 11435:L 11410:D 11385:G 11360:A 11335:V 11332:N 11302:I 11299:D 11274:L 11271:G 11246:V 11243:A 11240:N 11210:I 11185:L 11156:D 11131:G 11106:A 11081:V 11048:N 10993:. 10986:. 10959:. 10931:I 10912:L 10893:D 10874:G 10855:A 10836:V 10817:N 10793:I 10790:D 10771:L 10768:G 10749:V 10746:A 10743:N 10719:I 10700:L 10681:D 10662:G 10643:A 10624:V 10599:N 10473:I 10454:L 10435:D 10416:G 10397:A 10378:V 10375:N 10351:L 10332:I 10329:D 10310:G 10291:V 10288:A 10285:N 10261:I 10242:L 10223:D 10204:G 10185:A 10166:V 10139:N 10043:4 10039:3 10035:2 10031:1 10027:C 10023:B 10019:A 9927:) 9923:( 9919:. 9887:) 9881:( 9876:) 9872:( 9858:. 9827:l 9823:ł 9804:ż 9789:ŕ 9785:ĺ 9772:ř 9768:ŕ 9759:( 9748:( 9723:( 9717:; 9705:( 9697:đ 9695:( 9687:( 9679:( 9671:( 9655:/ 9629:e 9625:ě 9621:e 9613:ě 9605:u 9601:v 9597:ě 9595:( 9563:( 9555:( 9549:. 9535:ç 9533:( 9527:ą 9525:( 9504:a 9500:á 9493:a 9489:á 9482:ă 9478:ā 9471:ȁ 9467:â 9463:à 9459:á 9452:à 9448:ã 9444:â 9440:á 9428:ă 9426:( 9418:ā 9416:( 9406:( 9398:ȁ 9396:( 9384:ã 9382:( 9370:â 9368:( 9360:à 9358:( 9350:á 9348:( 9336:à 9332:ã 9325:ã 9321:á 9313:ȃ 9309:ȁ 9303:ā 9299:á 9295:à 9291:ȃ 9287:ȁ 9281:ȁ 9277:á 9273:ȃ 9267:â 9263:ã 9259:à 9249:à 9245:ã 9241:á 9233:a 8768:I 8714:ā 8634:ā 8559:ā 8488:ǫ 8476:I 8429:i 8292:i 8198:I 8144:a 8059:a 7981:a 7915:ō 7893:ǫ 7881:I 7671:( 7622:) 7616:( 7611:) 7607:( 7593:. 7071:u 7067:u 7063:u 7036:ā 7022:ě 7018:ě 7014:a 6987:ā 6973:ě 6969:ě 6965:a 6875:u 6871:u 6867:u 6840:ā 6826:ě 6822:ě 6818:a 6767:ō 6755:ō 6735:( 6681:( 6652:( 6649:ě 6645:ě 6641:ě 6633:/ 6621:/ 6602:ā 6592:o 6588:o 6584:e 6570:e 6553:ā 6543:o 6535:ǫ 6531:ъ 6490:u 6486:ě 6482:u 6441:a 6437:y 6433:a 6402:ā 6392:o 6388:a 6384:ъ 6221:( 6074:a 6037:a 5969:ā 5932:a 5798:a 5526:e 5522:e 5417:ā 5320:e 5306:ą 5295:o 5171:) 5165:( 5160:) 5156:( 5142:. 4940:m 4932:m 4861:/ 4802:. 4401:. 4285:u 4182:( 4162:( 3988:. 3938:. 3844:b 3840:c 3820:. 3803:. 3761:b 3757:c 3736:* 3699:c 3695:b 3675:) 3624:) 3555:š 3513:. 3484:. 3334:s 3178:* 3027:. 3017:. 2989:. 2970:. 2925:. 2893:/ 2888:* 2883:. 2859:/ 2786:* 2757:* 2657:) 2608:* 2597:* 2530:. 2487:ˀ 2483:H 2479:ʔ 2474:ˀ 2283:ē 2278:e 2261:ī 2255:i 2006:( 1925:( 1911:e 1904:t 1897:v 1790:/ 1654:) 1649:· 1643:· 1637:· 1632:( 1412:/ 1318:/ 1183:( 554:) 550:( 544:) 536:( 525:) 517:( 511:) 507:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Proto-Balto-Slavic language

Index