767:. The Secretary-General circulated the request, and there being no objection from any Member State, the Russian Federation took the Soviet Union's UN seat. On 31 January 1992, Russian Federation President Yeltsin personally took part in a Security Council meeting as representative of Russia, the first Security Council meeting in which Russia occupied the permanent Security Council seat originally granted to the Soviet Union by the UN Charter. All Soviet embassies became Russian embassies. Following the Soviet dissolution, Russia was internationally recognized as the USSR's legal successor on the international stage. To that end, Russia voluntarily accepted all Soviet foreign debt and claimed Soviet overseas properties as its own. Under the 1992
934:. The agreement was initially prevented by the insistence of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia that it was the exclusive legal and political continuation of Socialist Yugoslavia as well as the owner of all state property owned by the earlier socialist federal government, and that it was willing to renounce a part of it only as an act of goodwill. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia interpreted the breakup of Yugoslavia as a process of serial secessions and not as a complete dismemberment of the earlier state, an interpretation rejected by the other former Yugoslav republics. The
654:
rights and obligations of membership in the United
Nations. The territory which breaks off—Pakistan—will be a new State. It will not have the treaty rights and obligations of the old State and will not, of course, have membership in the United Nations. In International Law, the situation is analogous to the separation of the Irish Free State from Britain, and Belgium from the Netherlands. In these cases the portion which separated was considered a new State, and the remaining portion continued as an existing State with all the rights and duties which it had before.
697:
329:, periods of prolonged political division and dynastic transition saw the existence of more than one claimant to "China" at the same time. China was politically divided during several sustained periods historically, with two or more states simultaneously existing on territories associated with "China" and claiming to represent "China". Examples include the
754:
dominated the country; the USSR capital was in Russia; and
Russian became official language of the USSR in 1990. If there was to be a successor to the Soviet seat on the Security Council among the former Soviet republics, these factors made Russia seem a logical choice. In a letter dated 24 December
1148:
167:
treaties. Real treaties affect the territory itself, such as boundary agreements or the grant of transit rights, which can continue irrespective of the personality of the state. The new state must take over the country in the condition in which it finds it, as the parent state cannot give more than
950:
to develop an alternative key model which considered the economic power of republics and their contribution to the federal budget, which was accepted by all. The key determined participation of
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia with 36.52%, Croatia with 28.49%, Slovenia 16.39%, Bosnia and Herzegovina
653:
From the viewpoint of
International Law, the situation is one in which part of an existing State breaks off and becomes a new State. On this analysis there is no change in the international status of India; it continues as a State with all treaty rights and obligations, and consequently with all
821:
directly from their pre-1940 status. Many other states share this view, and as such, these states were not considered either predecessor or successor states of the Soviet Union. As a consequence, the Baltic states were able to simply re-establish diplomatic relations with countries, re-affirm
1002:
which conclusively confirmed that five sovereign equal successor states were formed upon the dissolution of the former SFR Yugoslavia. It entered into force on 2 June 2004, when the last successor state ratified it. The agreement was signed as an umbrella agreement which included annexes on
446:
of 1922. The new state took the view that when a new state comes into being after formerly being part of an older state, its acceptance of treaty relationships established by the older state is a matter for the new state to determine by express declaration, or by conduct in the case of each
80:
from
Pakistan. There was no challenge to Pakistan's claim to continue to exist and to retain its membership of the United Nations: it was a continuator and not a successor. Bangladesh eventually was recognized as a new state: it was a successor and had to apply for UN membership.
73:. A universal state succession occurs when one state is completely extinguished and its sovereignty is replaced by that of one or more successor states. A partial state succession occurs when the state continues to exist after it has lost control of a part of its territory.
128:, the difficult matter of succession to treaty rights and obligations arises. Succession may refer to the transfer of rights, obligations, or property from a previously well-established predecessor state to its successor state, and can include overseas assets such as
704:
The Summit of Alma-Ata that most Soviet countries attended (except the Baltic countries and
Georgia) issued a statement on 21 December 1991, supporting Russia's claim to be recognized as the successor state of the Soviet Union for the purposes of membership of the
1156:
892:
on 22 September, decided to refuse to allow the new federation to sit in the
General Assembly under the name of "Yugoslavia" on the theory that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had dissolved. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later renamed
879:
continued to hold the original
Yugoslavian UN seat—however, the United States refused to recognize it. The remaining territory of the federation was less than half of the population and territory of the former federation. In 1992 the
99:
There are cases where a state is completely extinguished or abolished without having any successor states. Cases like this occur when, for example, one state is annexed or conquered by another and ceases to exist even in nominal form
1750:
1003:
diplomatic and consular properties, financial assets and liabilities, archives, pensions, other rights, interests and liabilities as well as private properties and acquired rights. At the subsequent dissolution of the state union of
53:, which is distinct from a continuing state, also known as a continuator or historical heir, which despite changes to its borders retains the same legal personality and possess all its existing rights and obligations (such as a
793:
issued in 1991. After independence, Ukraine has continued to pursue claims against the
Russian Federation in foreign courts, seeking to recover its share of the foreign property that was formerly owned by the Soviet Union.
921:
1542:
1692:
357:
over the entirety of China, historical
Chinese dynasties that existed during periods of sustained political disunity often claimed exclusive Chinese politico-cultural orthodoxy at the expense of others.
177:
There are several recent examples where a succession of states, as described above, has not been entirely adhered to. This is mostly a list of the exceptions that have occurred since the creation of the
946:(a convention not in force which at the time was signed by only six states, including SRF Yugoslavia). This proposal was unacceptable to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia which therefore motivated the
759:
informed the Secretary-General that the membership of the USSR in the Security Council and all other United Nations organs was being continued by the Russian Federation with the support of the nine
2049:
1746:
365:, it was rare for one dynasty to end abruptly and transition smoothly to a new one, resulting in the existence of more than one entity claiming to be "China". For instance, during the
1103:
311:
1854:
785:(legally) being one of the founding members of the Soviet Union, has not recognized the exclusive Russian claims to succession of the Soviet Union and claimed such status for
1149:"The Term State Succession Under International Law Signifies The Transmission of The Rights and Obligations of One State to Another in Consequence of Territorial Sovereignty"
931:
241:
1349:
473:
was created, and that it started with a clean slate, and was bound only by such of the former international obligations affecting the territory as Israel might accept.
1767:
1064:
1059:
718:
291:
152:
In their application to the acquisition of independence, distinctions should be drawn between different cases though the line of demarcation is not always clear:
1684:
760:
1074:
771:, Russia also agreed to receive all nuclear weapons remaining in the territory of other former Soviet republics. Since then, the Russian Federation has
1069:
1049:
725:
of the United Nations. Russia accounted for more than 75% of the Soviet Union's economy, the majority of its population and 75% of its land mass; the
1618:
1322:
1054:
582:(1919–23), and even briefly co-existed as separate administrative units (whilst at war with one another): Turkey with its capital in Angora (now
534:
526:
295:
2018:
885:
205:
1113:
448:
1007:(one of the five successor states), the two countries agreed on Serbian sole succession of rights and obligations of their federation.
1920:
611:
45:
over a territory (and populace) that was previously under the sovereignty of another state. The theory has its roots in 19th-century
872:
857:
225:
401:, continued to rule parts of southern China until 1662. Multiple ephemeral regimes also existed during this period, including the
298:; this followed a trend of greater recognition for the PRC at the expense of the ROC. Although the resolution makes no mention of
1210:
909:
1433:
1297:
1247:
2012:
342:
1720:
1108:
818:
970:, the successor states concluded their agreement. In 2001, with the support of the international community, five countries (
967:
822:
pre-1940 treaties still in force, and resume membership in international organizations. A similar situation applies to the
1376:
1460:
1406:
926:
The first negotiations on succession issues of the former Socialist Yugoslavia began in 1992 within the framework of the
782:
714:
618:. There remains debate about whether the conflict was a war of independence, or a civil war that led to a regime change.
466:
952:
764:
303:
267:
217:
17:
1657:
1883:
1641:
1497:
1470:
1443:
1416:
1386:
1359:
1332:
1186:
565:
500:
263:
790:
1636:. Legal Aspects of International Organization Series. Vol. 38. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 158–64.
2042:
Draft Articles on Nationality of Natural Persons in relation to the Succession of States with commentaries (1999)
2030:
1878:. Legal Aspects of International Organization Series. Vol. 38. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 177–9.
889:
814:
722:
674:
664:
338:
125:
50:
1487:
1816:
1020:
987:
935:
868:
354:
245:
447:
individual treaty. In practice, however, the Irish regarded the commercial and administrative treaties of the
1584:
Dumberry, Patrick (2012). "Is Turkey the 'Continuing' State of the Ottoman Empire Under International Law?".
772:
622:
1118:
607:
390:
366:
842:. The remaining countries claimed to be successors to their respective member states of the Soviet Union.
306:. In addition to the Chinese mainland, the ROC also claims borderlands unclaimed by the PRC, most notably
947:
726:
615:
579:
460:
2093:
1554:
963:
646:
299:
249:
137:
105:
951:
with 13.20% and Macedonia with 5.20%. An agreement was also reached on gold and other reserves at the
529:
was formed in 1919, it claimed continuity directly from Korea's pre-1910 status. When the modern
2098:
1768:"From Russianisation to legalisation: Russia and the question of successor state to the Soviet Union"
599:
546:
426:
378:
302:, the ROC continues to be unrepresented within the United Nations but exercises sovereignty over the
133:
1619:
Letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations from the President of the Russian Federation
603:
2088:
1855:"Раздел СССР. РФ обсудит нулевой вариант долгов СССР, если Украина компенсирует $ 20 млрд долга"
1715:
1489:
The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: "My Service in the Army", by Dzengseo
350:
224:, but as of 25 August 2022, it does not have the Afghanistan UN seat, which is still held by the
34:
1970:
979:
686:
587:
553:
283:
221:
141:
2047:Öktem, Emre (September 2011). "Turkey: Successor or Continuing State of the Ottoman Empire?".
1873:
1631:
1966:
1004:
894:
851:
168:
it possesses. Such treaties can be described as "treaties creating purely local obligations."
2013:
European Journal of International Law – State Succession in Respect of Human Rights Treaties
136:, and museum artifacts; and participation in treaties in force at the date of succession or
1916:"The Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"
1283:
634:
488:
109:
1789:
8:
2035:, in: B. Ziemske u.a. (Hrsg.), Festschrift für Martin Kriele, München 1997. P. 1371–1391
1086:
944:
Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of State Property, Archives and Debt
482:
470:
431:
414:
377:(or Predynastic Qing) for a period before 1644. The predecessor of the Qing dynasty, the
271:
129:
1685:"United Nations Response Options to Russia's Aggression: Opportunities and Rabbit Holes"
27:
Process of transferring roles and responsibilities as states and their boundaries change
2066:
1945:
1937:
1601:
1566:
1097:
939:
735:
638:
571:
443:
1202:
897:) was admitted as a new member to the United Nations on 1 November 2000; in May 2006,
156:
Bilateral and multilateral treaties necessarily give rise to different considerations.
2070:
1949:
1879:
1794:
1637:
1605:
1570:
1493:
1466:
1439:
1412:
1382:
1355:
1328:
1229:
1182:
1091:
922:
Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
835:
542:
530:
278:
in 1945, although it continues to claim control of the mainland. At the start of the
213:
451:
previously applying to the territory of the Irish Free State as remaining in force.
2058:
1929:
1729:
1593:
1558:
881:
838:, which claimed continuity of the pre-1921 republics before being conquered by the
813:
is that their incorporation into the Soviet Union from 1940 to 1991 constituted an
747:
682:
435:
334:
326:
182:
in 1945. In previous historical periods, the exceptions would be too many to list.
1754:
1035:
983:
875:—against the objections of the newly independent republics. Representatives from
768:
743:
520:
382:
275:
191:
42:
2023:, in: Staat und Recht. Festschrift für Günther Winkler, Wien, 1997. P. 217–236.
104:, not even a "government in exile" is established). The most recent case is the
1402:
1024:
706:
690:
642:
575:
504:
439:
410:
362:
330:
307:
287:
259:
179:
89:
85:
2062:
2041:
1597:
1562:
1351:
Eastwards / Westwards: Which Direction for Gender Studies in the 21st Century?
696:
2082:
1233:
823:
798:
756:
678:
538:
398:
1661:
507:
seat was held by Democratic Kampuchea for many years. It is now held by the
1733:
670:
402:
394:
386:
374:
370:
113:
552:
South Korea resumed membership to international organizations such as the
549:
from 1910 to 1945 is internationally recognized as an illegal occupation.
1527:
1123:
1044:
346:
319:
201:
1941:
1915:
1829:
1513:
1128:
995:
956:
938:
recommended a division of assets and liabilities based on principle of
898:
864:
831:
406:
237:
77:
54:
860:
810:
742:; Russia played a major role in the creation of the Soviet Union and
739:
595:
76:
An example of a partial state succession is the case of the split of
46:
1933:
1790:"Ukraine is the legal successor of the Ukrainian People's Republic"
971:
876:
839:
730:
591:
508:
279:
93:
1248:"Vienna Convention of succession of States in respect of treaties"
1716:"Russia Takes Over the Soviet Union's Seat at the United Nations"
975:
955:, but the final conclusion was postponed by the beginning of the
827:
802:
786:
778:
578:
or a successor. The two entities fought on opposing sides in the
496:
492:
197:
140:. In an attempt to codify the rules of succession of states, the
84:
An example of a universal state succession is the dissolution of
1104:
Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties
312:
Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China
1772:Журнал Сибирского Федерального Университета. Гуманитарные Науки
1016:
991:
906:
902:
806:
710:
583:
212:
government of nearly all the country in the mid-1990s, but the
1875:
State Succession and Membership in International Organizations
1633:
State Succession and Membership in International Organizations
1543:"Turkey: Successor or Continuing State of the Ottoman Empire?"
1040:
817:. In 1991 when each Baltic state regained their independence
621:
The question of state succession is relevant to the issue of
286:
by few states; the ROC continued to represent "China" in the
255:
556:
and re-affirmed that pre-1910 treaties were still in force.
242:
Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan
1031:
547:
Korean Empire's incorporation into the Empire of Japan
1749:
Foreign & Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom.
353:
among others. Just as the PRC and the ROC formally claim
108:(East Germany), which was completely abolished after the
60:
801:
had existed. An important tenet of the modern states of
610:, established the modern republic as a nation-state (or
533:
was formed in 1948, it claimed that it was identical to
65:
A state succession can be characterized as either being
1298:"UN Security Council Stumbles on Taliban Travel Waiver"
905:
continued to hold the federation's seat. Additionally,
641:, it claimed that it was automatically a member of the
775:, and is widely viewed as the USSR's successor state.
294:. In 1971, the PRC replaced the ROC in the UN through
216:
was still recognised by many nations and retained the
915:
700:
The Russian SFSR within the Soviet Union in 1956–1991
1765:
1759:
982:, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia – today
856:After four of the six constituent republics of the
172:
537:and that the Provisional Government succeeded the
246:Exclusive mandate § Mainland China and Taiwan
1065:Predecessors of sovereign states in South America
1060:Predecessors of sovereign states in North America
789:as well, which was stated in Articles 7 and 8 of
773:assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations
541:. An important tenet of the modern state of
397:, whose regime is known in historiography as the
2080:
88:. Neither part claimed any continuity: both the
1658:"Member States of the United Nations - Russia*"
594:), but this type of scenario is also common in
535:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
527:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
2020:Der Zeitfaktor im Recht der Staatensukzession
570:There is some debate over whether the modern
144:entered into force on November 6, 1996.
1395:
1368:
1327:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 39.
1223:
649:, however, expressed the following opinion:
614:) by defeating the opposing elements in the
465:Israel took the view that, by virtue of its
2046:
1341:
1320:
1262:
1228:. London: Stevens & Sons. p. 267.
1179:The Creation of States in International Law
1114:Timeline of historical geopolitical changes
1075:Predecessors of sovereign states in Oceania
715:the Soviet Unions United Nations membership
449:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1462:Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture
1070:Predecessors of sovereign states in Europe
1050:Predecessors of sovereign states in Africa
1043:, the reduced state after the creation of
147:
112:. Modern Germany is a continuation of the
1961:
1959:
1921:The American Journal of International Law
1431:
381:, was established in 1616 and ruled over
292:permanent seat on the UN Security Council
119:
49:. A successor state often acquires a new
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1583:
1485:
1479:
1452:
1438:. Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 14.
1425:
1347:
1176:
1055:Predecessors of sovereign states in Asia
873:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
871:, stated it was the continuation of the
858:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
695:
559:
1682:
1458:
1314:
469:, a new international personality from
14:
2081:
1956:
1871:
1629:
1401:
1374:
910:declared independence in February 2008
420:
61:Partial and universal state succession
1913:
1892:
1721:European Journal of International Law
1695:from the original on 11 February 2023
1540:
1408:Politics in Taiwan: Voting for Reform
1109:State continuity of the Baltic states
476:
310:. Nevertheless, since 1991, with the
2032:Staatensukzession und Menschenrechte
1713:
1660:. the United Nations. Archived from
1586:Netherlands International Law Review
1321:Graff, David; Higham, Robin (2012).
1295:
1181:. Clarendon Press. pp. 667–72.
2075:- Published online on 5 August 2011
2050:Leiden Journal of International Law
1547:Leiden Journal of International Law
1354:. Cambridge Scholars. p. 127.
783:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
467:declaration of independence in 1948
385:whilst the Ming dynasty ruled over
124:Consequent upon the acquisition of
24:
1740:
1683:Johnson, Larry D. (1 March 2022).
953:Bank for International Settlements
928:Working Group on Succession Issues
916:The Agreement on Succession Issues
765:Commonwealth of Independent States
713:finally succeeded successfully to
318:accepted the jurisdiction it has (
25:
2110:
2006:
1973:; Government Communication Office
566:Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
258:(PRC) was established in 1949 in
1286:, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 267.
1213:from the original on 2017-08-07.
791:Law on the Succession of Ukraine
495:was militarily displaced by the
296:General Assembly Resolution 2758
262:and claimed succession from the
173:Exceptions to orderly succession
1989:
1865:
1847:
1830:"Про правонаступництво України"
1822:
1810:
1782:
1707:
1676:
1650:
1623:
1612:
1577:
1534:
1520:
1506:
968:overthrow of Slobodan Milošević
665:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
658:
343:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
339:Northern and Southern dynasties
126:international legal personality
51:international legal personality
1999:, 2. Auflage, Heidelberg 2000
1817:On Legal Succession of Ukraine
1798:(in Ukrainian). 22 August 2023
1778:(12). Cyberleninka: 1840–1855.
1289:
1240:
1217:
1195:
1170:
1141:
1021:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1000:Agreement on Succession Issues
988:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
936:Badinter Arbitration Committee
932:Peace Conference on Yugoslavia
869:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
586:) and the Ottoman Empire from
501:People's Republic of Kampuchea
206:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
185:
13:
1:
1766:Ojo Emmanuel Oladipo (2017).
1280:Commonwealth and Colonial Law
1226:Commonwealth and Colonial Law
1134:
845:
781:, the successor state of the
623:Armenian genocide reparations
574:is a continuing state to the
220:. In 2021, the Taliban again
1995:Burgenthal/Doehring/Kokott:
1432:Wilkinson, Endymion (2000).
1375:Hudson, Christopher (2014).
1252:United Nations Treaty Series
1155:. 2013-09-09. Archived from
1119:Peaceful transition of power
755:1991, the Russian President
7:
1324:A Military History of China
1203:"Kinds of State Succession"
1080:
1027:succession dropped in 2000)
1010:
948:International Monetary Fund
727:history of the Soviet Union
628:
616:Turkish War of Independence
580:Turkish War of Independence
138:international organizations
116:and not a successor state.
114:Federal Republic of Germany
96:were new successor states.
10:
2115:
1997:Grundzüge des Völkerrechts
1872:Bühler, Konrad G. (2001).
1630:Bühler, Konrad G. (2001).
1555:Cambridge University Press
1514:"Riss 통합검색 - 국내학술지논문 상세보기"
1296:Dawi, Akmal (2022-08-25).
966:followed next year by the
964:NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
919:
901:declared independence and
849:
677:, which together with its
662:
647:United Nations Secretariat
563:
518:
480:
458:
424:
270:was reduced to mainly the
256:People's Republic of China
250:Political status of Taiwan
235:
189:
106:German Democratic Republic
2063:10.1017/S0922156511000252
1598:10.1017/S0165070X12000162
1563:10.1017/S0922156511000252
1486:Di Cosmo, Nicola (2007).
1459:Perkins, Dorothy (2013).
1435:Chinese History: A Manual
1411:. Routledge. p. 60.
1381:. Routledge. p. 59.
1258:(33356): 3–188. Nov 1996.
1224:Roberts-Wray, K. (1966).
1153:The Lawyers & Jurists
1034:, successor state to the
1019:, successor state to the
734:began in Russia with the
600:Turkish National Movement
454:
427:Irish War of Independence
393:in 1644, remnants of the
226:National Resistance Front
134:foreign-exchange reserves
1714:Blum, Yehuda Z. (1992).
1492:. Routledge. p. 1.
1465:. Routledge. p. 1.
1348:Sarmento, Clara (2009).
1177:Crawford, James (2006).
1032:Islamic Republic of Iran
942:, referring to the 1983
514:
413:, and the Ming loyalist
391:fall of the Ming dynasty
274:, who took control from
231:
214:Afghan Northern Alliance
1914:Stahn, Carsten (2002).
1747:Country Profile: Russia
819:they claimed continuity
797:A special case for the
461:1947–1949 Palestine war
351:Chinese Soviet Republic
148:Classification of cases
35:international relations
1971:Government of Slovenia
1036:Imperial State of Iran
980:Bosnia and Herzegovina
863:in 1991 and 1992, the
750:, and political power
701:
687:United Nations members
656:
606:who defected from the
554:Universal Postal Union
373:existed alongside the
142:1978 Vienna Convention
120:Rights and obligations
1753:11 March 2008 at the
1005:Serbia and Montenegro
962:After the end of the
895:Serbia and Montenegro
852:Breakup of Yugoslavia
699:
651:
612:new government regime
560:Ottoman Empire/Turkey
399:Southern Ming dynasty
1734:10.1093/ejil/3.2.354
1541:Öktem, Emre (2011).
1284:Kenneth Roberts-Wray
719:permanent membership
489:Democratic Kampuchea
395:Ming imperial family
367:Ming–Qing transition
363:dynastic transitions
110:German reunification
31:Succession of states
1819:, Articles 7 and 8.
1664:on 30 December 2013
1087:Comparative history
509:Kingdom of Cambodia
483:Cambodian Civil War
471:Mandatory Palestine
438:, seceded from the
421:Republic of Ireland
415:Kingdom of Tungning
130:diplomatic missions
2029:Wilfried Fiedler:
2017:Wilfried Fiedler:
1378:The China Handbook
1098:Translatio imperii
1023:(earlier claim to
824:Caucasus countries
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1990:Bibliography
1975:. Retrieved
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1800:. Retrieved
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1697:. Retrieved
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1666:. Retrieved
1662:the original
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1172:
1161:. Retrieved
1157:the original
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685:as separate
671:Soviet Union
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632:
620:
608:Ottoman Army
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551:
545:is that the
524:
486:
464:
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387:China proper
375:Qing dynasty
371:Ming dynasty
360:
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282:the PRC was
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209:
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70:
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64:
38:
37:regarding a
30:
29:
2037:(in German)
2025:(in German)
2001:(in German)
1839:21 February
1668:28 December
1557:: 561–583.
1124:Odious debt
1045:South Sudan
738:in 1917 in
417:on Taiwan.
347:Warlord Era
320:Taiwan Area
304:Taiwan Area
202:Afghanistan
186:Afghanistan
2083:Categories
1307:2022-08-28
1163:2017-08-06
1135:References
1129:Rump state
996:Montenegro
986:— and the
957:Kosovo War
899:Montenegro
888:) and the
865:rump state
846:Yugoslavia
832:Azerbaijan
693:in 1945.
596:civil wars
497:Vietnamese
442:under the
284:recognized
238:Two Chinas
236:See also:
222:took power
159:There are
78:Bangladesh
55:rump state
2071:145773201
1977:8 January
1950:144987205
1802:22 August
1606:143692430
1571:145773201
1234:499240836
811:Lithuania
740:Petrograd
602:, led by
525:When the
345:periods,
268:territory
200:state in
67:universal
47:diplomacy
1751:Archived
1693:Archived
1405:(2002).
1211:Archived
1081:See also
1011:Examples
990:– today
972:Slovenia
877:Belgrade
840:Red Army
752:de facto
748:language
731:de facto
635:Pakistan
629:Pakistan
592:Istanbul
499:-backed
349:and the
316:de facto
280:Cold War
210:de facto
165:personal
94:Slovakia
1942:2693933
1699:8 April
976:Croatia
930:of the
861:seceded
836:Georgia
828:Armenia
803:Estonia
787:Ukraine
779:Ukraine
763:of the
721:on the
673:(USSR)
493:Pol Pot
491:led by
432:Ireland
361:During
218:UN seat
198:Taliban
71:partial
2069:
1948:
1940:
1882:
1640:
1604:
1569:
1496:
1469:
1442:
1415:
1385:
1358:
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1232:
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1017:Serbia
992:Serbia
940:equity
907:Kosovo
903:Serbia
807:Latvia
709:. The
645:. The
633:After
598:. The
584:Ankara
455:Israel
369:, the
300:Taiwan
248:, and
2067:S2CID
1946:S2CID
1938:JSTOR
1602:S2CID
1567:S2CID
1553:(3).
1041:Sudan
590:(now
515:Korea
487:When
276:Japan
232:China
204:(the
1979:2021
1880:ISBN
1841:2022
1804:2023
1701:2022
1670:2013
1638:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1467:ISBN
1440:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1383:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1256:1946
1230:OCLC
1183:ISBN
1030:The
994:and
834:and
809:and
681:and
669:The
637:was
405:and
403:Shun
254:The
196:The
161:real
102:i.e.
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