East Germany - Knowledge

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distance toward the state. Around 1956 this began to develop into a more neutral stance accommodating conditional loyalty. The government was no longer regarded as illegitimate; instead, the church leaders started viewing the authorities as installed by God and, therefore, deserving of obedience by Christians. But on matters where the state demanded something which the churches felt was not in accordance with the will of God, the churches reserved their right to say no. There were both structural and intentional causes behind this development. Structural causes included the hardening of Cold War tensions in Europe in the mid-1950s, which made it clear that the East German state was not temporary. The loss of church members also made it clear to the leaders of the church that they had to come into some kind of dialogue with the state. The intentions behind the change of attitude varied from a traditional liberal Lutheran acceptance of secular power to a positive attitude toward socialist ideas.

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pressure from line-loyal teachers to join the organization. By the end of 1949, around one million young people had joined it, which corresponded to almost a third of the young people. Only in Berlin, where other youth organizations were also admitted due to the four-power status, the proportion of FDJ members in youth was limited to just under 5 percent in 1949. In 1985, the organization had about 2.3 million members, corresponding to about 80 percent of all GDR youths between the ages of 14 and 25. Most young people tacitly ended their FDJ membership after completing their apprenticeship or studies when they entered the workforce. However, during the period of military service in the NVA, those responsible (political officer, FDJ secretary) attached great importance to reviving FDJ membership. The degree of organisation was much higher in urban areas than in rural areas.

3113: 5066: 4554: 4540: 4523: 8721: 5664: 4766: 9488: 3778:, distributed thousands of brochures inviting GDR citizens to a picnic near the border at Sopron (near Hungary's border with Austria). The local Sopron organizers knew nothing of possible GDR refugees, but envisaged a local party with Austrian and Hungarian participation. But with the mass exodus at the Pan-European Picnic, the subsequent hesitant behavior of the Socialist Unity Party of East Germany and the non-intervention of the Soviet Union broke the dams. Thus the barrier of the Eastern Bloc was broken. Tens of thousands of East Germans, alerted by the media, made their way to Hungary, which was no longer ready to keep its borders completely closed or force its border troops to open fire on escapees. The GDR leadership in East Berlin did not dare to completely lock down their own country's borders. 4070: 3186: 3707: 3465: 3310: 2291:(SPD). The two former parties were notorious rivals when they were active before the Nazis consolidated all power and criminalized them, and official East German and Soviet histories portrayed this merger as a voluntary pooling of efforts by the socialist parties and symbolic of the new friendship of German socialists after defeating their common enemy; however, there is much evidence that the merger was more troubled than commonly portrayed, and that the Soviet occupation authorities applied great pressure on the SPD's eastern branch to merge with the KPD, and the communists, who held a majority, had virtually total control over policy. The SED remained the ruling party for the entire duration of the East German state. It had close ties with the Soviets, which maintained 6327:

consumer, it led to the substitution of GDR money with time, barter, and hard currencies. The socialist economy became steadily more dependent on financial infusions from hard-currency loans from West Germany. East Germans, meanwhile, came to see their soft currency as worthless relative to the Deutsche Mark (DM). Economic issues would also persist in East Germany after the reunification of the west and the east. According to the federal office of political education (23 June 2009) 'In 1991 alone, 153 billion Deutschmarks had to be transferred to eastern Germany to secure incomes, support businesses and improve infrastructure... by 1999 the total had amounted to 1.634 trillion Marks net... The sums were so large that public debt in Germany more than doubled.'

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pronounced by the Federal Republic of Germany but on the contrary repeatedly explicitly rejected. If the conduct of the Federal Republic of Germany towards the German Democratic Republic is assessed in the light of its détente policy, in particular, the conclusion of the Treaty as de facto recognition, then it can only be understood as de facto recognition of a special kind. The special feature of this Treaty is that while it is a bilateral Treaty between two States, to which the rules of international law apply and which like any other international treaty possesses validity, it is between two States that are parts of a still existing, albeit incapable of action as not being reorganized, comprehensive State of the Whole of Germany with a single body politic.

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informers who would spy on people more directly and report to their Stasi handlers. These collaborators were hired in all walks of life and had access to nearly every organisation in the country. At the end of the GDR in 1990 there were approximately 109,000 still active informants at every grade. Repressive measures carried out by the Stasi can be roughly divided into two main chronological groupings: pre and post 1971, when Honecker came to power. According to the historian Nessim Ghouas, "There was a change in how the Stasi operated under Honecker in 1971. The more brutal aspects of repression seen in the Stalinist era (torture, executions, and physical repression descending from the GDR's earlier days) was changed with a more selective use of power."

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realised. A person could be targeted by the Stasi for expressing politically, culturally, or religiously incorrect views; for performing hostile acts; or for being a member of a group which was considered sufficiently counter-productive to the socialist state to warrant intervention. As such, writers, artists, youth sub-cultures, and members of the church were often targeted. If after preliminary research the Stasi found an individual warranted action against them then they would open an 'operational case' in regard to them. There were two desirable outcomes for each case: that the person was either arrested, tried, and imprisoned for an ostensibly justified reason, or if this could not be achieved that they were debilitated through the application of

4568: 8323: 4734: 8520: 4434: 4420: 4448: 4822: 4686: 6543: 3261: 4778: 4635: 9224: 4662: 4877: 4477: 7999: 4718: 4674: 4939: 10068: 4623: 4750: 154: 4794: 977: 4810: 10152: 5293: 4054: 3904:'s declaration of accession to the Federal Republic had initiated the process of reunification, the act of reunification itself (with its many specific terms, conditions and qualifications, some of which involved amendments to the West German Basic Law) was achieved constitutionally by the subsequent Unification Treaty of 31 August 1990 – that is, through a binding agreement between the former Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic, now recognising each other as separate sovereign states in international law. The treaty was then voted into effect prior to the agreed date for Unification by both the Volkskammer and the 6643:, which made the home of millions of Germans part of Poland and the Soviet Union. This was in contrast from Poland, which increased during that time; from 24 million in 1950 (a little more than East Germany) to 38 million (more than twice of East Germany's population). This was primarily a result of emigration – about one quarter of East Germans left the country before the Berlin Wall was completed in 1961, and after that time, East Germany had very low birth rates, except for a recovery in the 1980s when the birth rate in East Germany was considerably higher than in West Germany. 6206: 4204: 9506:-accredited laboratories for many years. The development and implementation of a state-supported sports doping program helped East Germany, with its small population, to become a world leader in sport during the 1970s and 1980s, winning a large number of Olympic and world gold medals and records. Another factor for success was the furtherance system for young people in the GDR. Sports teachers at school were encouraged to look for certain talents in children of ages 6 to 10. For older pupils it was possible to attend grammar schools with a focus on sports (for example sailing, football and swimming). 5244: 138: 1090: 4976: 4647: 213: 5095: 4608: 4924: 3298:. This was formalized in 1974 when the reunification clause was removed from the revised East German constitution. West Germany, in contrast, maintained that it was the only legitimate government of Germany. From 1949 to the early 1970s, West Germany maintained that East Germany was an illegally constituted state. It argued that the GDR was a Soviet puppet-state, and frequently referred to it as the "Soviet occupation zone". West Germany's allies shared this position until 1973. East Germany was recognized primarily by socialist countries and by the 4954: 1059: 17935: 4706: 17759: 4837: 4491: 2434: 8975:. Texts had to be submitted and shows approved in advance; performances were watched. No one was exempt from this, not even famous artists with connections to the highest circles of the SED government. Under this pressure, strategies were developed to bring critical texts to the audience despite censorship. For example, Heinz Quermann always deliberately built an extreme gag into his entertainment programme so that the censors would have something to cut and the other gags would be less critically scrutinised. 4909: 5115:

three stripes for Friendship Council Chairmen, two stripes for Group Council Chairmen and Friendship Council members, one stripe for all other Group Council members. In some cases, symbols for special functions were also sewn on at this point, for example a red cross for a boy paramedic. Dark blue trousers or skirts were worn and a dark blue cap served as a headgear with the pioneer emblem as a cockade. At the beginning of the 1970s, a windbreaker/blouson and a dark red leisure blouse were added.

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popular) on the subject was produced. This activity subsided in the late 1960s amid perceptions that it had started to become counterproductive. Official and scholarly attention to atheism renewed beginning in 1973, though this time with more emphasis on scholarship and on the training of cadres than on propaganda. Throughout, the attention paid to atheism in East Germany was never intended to jeopardise the cooperation that was desired from those East Germans who were religious.

2552: 3633:, notes, "this phenomenon was completely hidden. For the state-SED (the East German communist party), it was impossible to admit the existence of neo-Nazis, since the foundation of the GDR was to be an anti-fascist state. The Stasi kept an eye on them, but they were considered to be outsiders or thick-skinned bullies. These young people grew up hearing double talk. At school, it was forbidden to talk about the Third Reich and, at home, their grandparents told them how, thanks to 5338: 4463: 223: 19311: 17822: 5218: 5380: 9190: 2481: 17879: 5330: 5062:" ("For peace and socialism be ready – always ready"). This was usually shortened to "Be ready – always ready". This was recited at the raising of the flag. One person said the first part, "Be ready!": this was usually the pioneer leader, the teacher or the head of the local pioneer group. The pioneers all answered "Always ready", stiffening their right hand and placing it against their forehead with the thumb closest and their little finger facing skywards. 1422: 2430:. Disagreements over the policies to be followed in the occupied zones quickly led to a breakdown in cooperation between the four powers, and the Soviets administered their zone without regard to the policies implemented in the other zones. The Soviets withdrew from the ACC in 1948; subsequently, as the other three zones were increasingly unified and granted self-government, the Soviet administration instituted a separate socialist government in its zone. 1508: 8694:. Compared to the music of the FRG, the freedom of art was less restricted by private-sector guidelines, but by guidelines from the state and the SED. Nevertheless, many musicians strove to explore the existing boundaries. Despite the state's support for music education, there were politically motivated conflicts with the state, especially among rock, blues and folk musicians and songwriters, as well as composers of so-called serious music. 3446: 8602: 8629: 5837: 4337: 3957: 6198: 19299: 10202: 3013: 1002: 5890: 19323: 9053: 5086:

membership quota of up to 98 percent of the students (in the later years of the GDR) shows, the six- or ten-year-olds (or their parents) had to become active on their own in order not to become members. Nevertheless, there were also children who did not become members. Rarely, students were not admitted because of poor academic performance or bad behavior "as a punishment" or excluded from further membership.

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Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin was regarded as a violation of the constitution and public order and prevented by police measures (cf. the Declaration of the Interior Ministers of the Federation and the Länder, October 1959). It was not until 1969 that the Federal Government decreed "that the police should no longer intervene anywhere against the use of the flag and coat of arms of the GDR."

3027: 6250:(state) enterprises earned 97% of the net national income. To ensure stable prices for goods and services, the state paid 80% of basic supply costs. The estimated 1984 per capita income was $ 9,800 ($ 22,600 in 2015 dollars) (this is based on an unreal official exchange rate). In 1976, the average annual growth of the GDP was 5 percent. This made the East German economy the richest in all of the 10044: 6170:

around etc. These acts frequently led to unemployment, social isolation, and poor mental health. Many people had various forms of mental or nervous breakdown. Similarly to physical imprisonment, Zersetzung methods had the effect of paralysing a person's ability to operate but with the advantage of the source being unknown or at least unprovable. There is ongoing debate as to whether weaponised

3573: 2319:, issued a proposal to reunify Germany with a policy of neutrality, with no conditions on economic policies and with guarantees for "the rights of man and basic freedoms, including freedom of speech, press, religious persuasion, political conviction, and assembly" and free activity of democratic parties and organizations. The West demurred; reunification was not then a priority for the 9961: 3681:, nevertheless, recalls the fact that anti-fascist commemoration in the GDR had "a hagiographic and indoctrination character". As in the case of the memory of the protagonists of the German labour movement and the victims of the camps, it was "staged, censored, ordered" and, during the 40 years of the regime, was an instrument of legitimisation, repression and maintenance of power. 52: 4219: 6153:

forms of social and cultural organisation; that espoused an official, all-encompassing, utopian (or, depending on one's point of view, dystopian) ideology; and that used physical and mental terror and repression to achieve its goals, mobilise the masses, and silence opposition- all of which was made possible by the buildup of a vast state security service.

3840: 3629:. However, in 1961, the share of former NSDAP members among the senior Interior Ministry administration staff was less than 10% in the GDR, compared to 67% in the FRG. While in West Germany, a work of memory on the resurgence of Nazism was carried out, this was not the case in the East. Indeed, as Axel Dossmann, professor of history at the 8424:(BEK), where he negotiated with the government while at the same time working within the institutions of this Protestant body. He won the regional elections for the Brandenburg state assembly at the head of the SPD list in 1990. Stolpe remained in the Brandenburg government until he joined the federal government in 2002. 6166:(in German, "decomposition") methods. In the Honecker era, Zersetzung became the primary method of Stasi repression, due in large part to an ambition to avoid political fallout from wrongful arrest. Historian Mike Dennis says "Between 1985–1988, the Stasi conducted about 4,500 to 5,000 OVs (operational cases) per year." 5256:'s emphasis of the 'accelerated construction of socialism' at the 4th Parliament and a radicalisation of SED policy in July 1952. In turn, a more severe anti-religious agenda, whose aim was to obstruct the Church youths' work, grew within the FDJ, ultimately reaching a high point in mid-April 1953 when the FDJ newspaper 5749:. According to Herf, "the Middle East was one of the crucial battlefields of the global Cold War between the Soviet Union and the West; it was also a region in which East Germany played a salient role in the Soviet bloc's antagonism toward Israel." While East Germany saw itself as an "anti-fascist state", it regarded 5122:

blue scarf was common in the GDR. It was not until 1973, on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the organization, that the red scarf was introduced for the Thälmann pioneers, while the young pioneers remained with the blue scarf. The change of color of the scarf was solemnly designed in the pioneer organization.

10454:). This was not a new departure as 'dirty tricks' had been widely used in the 1950s and 1960s. The distinctive feature was the primacy of operational decomposition over other methods of repression in a system to which historians have attached labels such as post-totalitarianism and modern dictatorship.'cite book 3796:. The Leipzig demonstrations became a weekly occurrence, with a turnout of 10,000 people at the first demonstration on 2 October, peaking at an estimated 300,000 by the end of the month. The protests were surpassed in East Berlin, where half a million demonstrators turned out against the regime on 4 November. 11794:, p. 350 Following a Soviet order in February 1948, the German Economic Commission became a nascent state structure for all intents and purposes, with competence far beyond the economy proper; it gained the power to issue orders and directives to all German organs within the Soviet Occupation Zone. 8681:

East Germany's culture was strongly influenced by communist thought and was marked by an attempt to define itself in opposition to the west, particularly West Germany and the United States. Critics of the East German state have claimed that the state's commitment to Communism was a hollow and cynical

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After 1945, the Church did fairly well in integrating Catholic exiles from lands to the east (which mostly became part of Poland) and in adjusting its institutional structures to meet the needs of a church within an officially atheist society. This meant an increasingly hierarchical church structure,

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of the East German Lutheran churches gradually changed its relations with the state from hostility to cooperation. From the founding of the GDR in 1949, the Socialist Unity Party sought to weaken the influence of the church on the rising generation. The church adopted an attitude of confrontation and

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The more direct forms of repression such as arrest and torture could mean significant international condemnation for the GDR. However, the Stasi still needed to paralyse and disrupt what it considered to be 'hostile-negative' forces (internal domestic enemies) if the socialist goal was to be properly

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Even those who are most critical of the concept admit that the regime possessed most, if not all, of the objective traits associated with the term, i.e., rule by a single party or elite that dominated the state machinery; that centrally directed and controlled the economy; mass communication, and all

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The epaulettes of the blue shirt, in contrast to epaulettes on military uniforms, did not serve to make visible rank or unit membership, but were used at most to put a beret through. Official functions in the FDJ, for example FDJ secretary of a school or apprentice class, had no rank badges and could

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The blue shirt (also: FDJ shirt or FDJ blouse) was since 1948 the official organizational clothing of the GDR youth organization Freie Deutsche Jugend (FDJ). On official occasions, FDJ members had to wear their blue shirts. The FDJ shirt – an FDJ blouse for girls – was a

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The flag of the German Democratic Republic consisted of three horizontal stripes in the traditional German-democratic colors black-red-gold with the national coat of arms of the GDR in the middle, consisting of hammer and compass, surrounded by a wreath of corn as a symbol of the alliance of workers,

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On 9 November 1989, a few sections of the Berlin Wall were opened, resulting in thousands of East Germans crossing freely into West Berlin and West Germany for the first time in nearly 30 years. Krenz resigned a month later, and the SED opened negotiations with the leaders of the incipient Democratic

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Today, 20 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, 57 percent, or an absolute majority, of eastern Germans defend the former East Germany.' The GDR had more good sides than bad sides. There were some problems, but life was good there,' say 49 percent of those polled. Eight percent of eastern Germans

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For the people who stayed in East Germany, a majority of them (57%) defend the GDR, with 49% of those polled saying that "The GDR had more good sides than bad sides. There were some problems, but life was good there", while 8% oppose all criticism of East Germany and say that "Life there was happier

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Cinemas in the GDR also showed foreign films. Czechoslovak and Polish productions were more common, but certain western movies were shown, though the numbers of these were limited because it cost foreign exchange to buy the licences. Further, films representing or glorifying what the state viewed as

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than the SED realised. In 1976, Wolf Biermann was allowed to tour in the West and this was immediately taken as an opportunity to denaturalise him and refuse him permission to return. Numerous artists protested against this and were forced to leave the country – some after serving prison sentences –

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received little official attention. In the mid-1950s, as the Cold War heated up, atheism became a topic of major interest for the state, in both domestic and foreign contexts. University chairs and departments devoted to the study of scientific atheism were founded and much literature (scholarly and

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From the 1970s onwards, official patches and pins were issued for certain events, which could be worn on the FDJ shirt. There was no fixed wearing style. The orders and decorations that ordinary FDJ members received until the end of their membership at the age of 19 to 24 – usually the badge of good

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The FDJ clothing was the blue FDJ shirt ("blue shirt") – for girls the blue FDJ blouse – with the FDJ emblem of the rising sun on the left sleeve. The greeting of the FDJers was "friendship". Until the end of the GDR, the income-dependent membership fee was between 0.30

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was never a taboo in the GDR. The Nazis' crimes were the subject of extensive film, theatre and literary productions. In 1991, 16% of the population in West Germany and 6% in East Germany had antisemitic prejudices. In 1994, 40% of West Germans and 22% of East Germans felt that too much emphasis was

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the German Democratic Republic is in the international-law sense a State and as such a subject of international law. This finding is independent of recognition in international law of the German Democratic Republic by the Federal Republic of Germany. Such recognition has not only never been formally

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over Germany as a whole and established normal relations between the two Germanies. Both countries were admitted into the United Nations on 18 September 1973. This also increased the number of countries recognizing East Germany to 55, including the US, UK and France, though these three still refused

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The SED will refrain from talks with the churches, since it must be seen as an 'atheistic party against the Church'. Thus, negotiations must be led by the State, which is understood to be non-partisan, namely by the state Secretary for Church Affairs. But decisions on Church policies are to be made

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In der Sozialpolitik hielten sich die Kontinuitäten und die Brüche mit der deutschen Tradition etwa die Waage. Seit Mitte der sechziger Jahre, vor allem aber in der Ära Honecker, in der die 'Einheit von Wirtschafts- und Sozialpolitik' zum Leitprinzip erhoben wurde, wurde die Sozialpolitik die wohl

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was a response, that most of the bands were therefore simply banned, the others were strictly controlled. For example, Thomas Natschinski's band had to change its English name "Team 4" to the German name "Thomas Natschinski and his group". Other bands were not so conformist. Renft in particular was

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in nature, but this assertion has been challenged by studies that have found that the East German leadership was genuinely committed to the advance of scientific knowledge, economic development, and social progress. However, Pence and Betts argue, the majority of East Germans over time increasingly

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The first standard of the president had the shape of a rectangular flag in the colors black-red-gold with the inscription "President" in yellow in the red stripe, as well as "D.D.R." (contrary to the official abbreviation with dots) in the stripe below in black letters. The flag was surrounded by a

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was established in the Buchenwald camp memorial site, with the creation of a museum in 1958, and the annual celebration of the Buchenwald oath taken on 19 April 1945 by the prisoners who pledged to fight for peace and freedom. In the 1990s, the 'state anti-fascism' of the GDR gave way to the 'state

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With a generational change in the episcopacy taking place in the early 1980s, the state hoped for better relations with the new bishops, but the new bishops instead began holding unauthorised mass meetings, promoting international ties in discussions with theologians abroad, and hosting ecumenical

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Zersetzung methods varied and were tailored depending on the individual being targeted. They are known to have included sending offensive mail to a person's house, the spreading of malicious rumours, banning them from traveling, sabotaging their career, breaking into their house and moving objects

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The state security service (SSD) was commonly known as the Stasi, and it was fundamental to the socialist leadership's attempts to reach their historical goal. It was an open secret in the GDR that the Stasi read people's mail and tapped phone calls. They also employed a vast network of unofficial

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From 1988 there was an extended clothing range, consisting of a Nicki in the colors white, light yellow, turquoise or pink (with an imprint of the symbol of the pioneer organization), long and short trousers with a snap belt and, for the colder months, a lined windbreaker in red for girls and gray

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From the 1960s, the requirement of trousers/skirt was dispensed with in many places, and the dress code was also relaxed with regard to the cap. For pioneer afternoons or other activities, often only the triangular scarf was worn. In contrast to the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc countries, a

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At the request of the DSU, the first freely elected People's Chamber of the GDR decided on 31 May 1990 that the GDR state coat of arms should be removed within a week in and on public buildings. Nevertheless, until the official end of the republic, it continued to be used in a variety of ways, for

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The massive demonstration in East Berlin on 4 November coincided with Czechoslovakia formally opening its border to West Germany. With the West more accessible than ever before, 30,000 East Germans made the crossing via Czechoslovakia in the first two days alone. To try to stem the outward flow of

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Almost all East German highways, railroads, sewage systems and public buildings were in a state of disrepair at the time of reunification, as little was done to maintain infrastructure in the GDR's last decades. Unified German public spending has had to pour more than $ 2 trillion into the former

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and their music. In the beginning, this music was still tolerated and supported by the GDR leadership, especially with the help of the FDJ. The high point of this era was 1965, when GDR bands not only got radio and television appearances, but were even allowed to make recordings. However, the SED

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There is general consensus among academics that the GDR fulfilled most of the criteria to be considered a totalitarian state. There is, however, ongoing debate as to whether the more positive aspects of the regime can sufficiently dilute the harsher aspects so as to make the totalitarian tag seem

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Upon request, the young people were admitted to the FDJ from the age of 14. Membership was voluntary according to the statutes, but non-members had to fear considerable disadvantages in admission to secondary schools as well as in the choice of studies and careers and were also exposed to strong

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The pioneer clothing consisted of white blouses and shirts that could be purchased in sporting goods stores. On the left sleeve there was a patch with the embroidered emblem of the pioneer organization and, if necessary, a rank badge with stripes in the color of the scarf. These rank badges were

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On the other hand, the new regime made relatively few changes in the historically independent domains of the sciences, the engineering professions, the Protestant churches, and in many bourgeois lifestyles. Social policy, says Ritter, became a critical legitimization tool in the last decades and

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claimed that the Protestant population in East Germany had the most admirable Church in Protestantism, because the communists there had not been able to win a spiritual victory over them. By 1989, membership in the Christian churches had dropped significantly. Protestants constituted 25% of the

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By law of 26 September 1955, the state coat of arms with hammer, compass and wreath of corn was determined, as the state flag continues black-red-gold. By law of 1 October 1959, the coat of arms was inserted into the state flag. Until the end of the 1960s, the public display of this flag in the

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The smaller Catholic Church in eastern Germany had a fully functioning episcopal hierarchy in full accord with the Vatican. During the early postwar years, tensions were high. The Catholic Church as a whole (and particularly the bishops) resisted both the East German state and Marxist–Leninist

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about the rise of the extreme right in the everyday life of the inhabitants of the former GDR, in particular the terrorist group NSU, with the German journalist Odile Benyahia-Kouider explaining that "it is no coincidence that the neo-Nazi party NPD has experienced a renaissance via the East".

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The government used money and prices as political devices, providing highly subsidised prices for a wide range of basic goods and services, in what was known as "the second pay packet". At the production level, artificial prices made for a system of semi-barter and resource hoarding. For the

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Membership in the Young Pioneers and the Thälmann Pioneers was formally voluntary. On the other hand, it was taken for granted by the state and thus by the school as well as by many parents. In practice, the initiative for the admission of all students in a class came from the school. As the

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on the one hand, and German traditions filtered through the interwar experiences of German communists on the other. Throughout its existence GDR consistently grappled with the influence of the more prosperous West, against which East Germans continually measured their own nation. The notable

3770:. In particular, it tested whether Moscow would give the Soviet troops stationed in Hungary the command to intervene. Extensive advertising for the planned picnic was made by the Paneuropean Union through posters and flyers among the GDR holidaymakers in Hungary. The Austrian branch of the 3236:

owed to the Soviets impoverished the Soviet Zone of Occupation and severely weakened the East German economy. In the 1945–46 period the Soviets confiscated and transported to the USSR approximately 33% of the industrial plant and by the early 1950s had extracted some US$ 10 billion in

5765:, and the GDR recognized the state prior to reunification. After becoming a member of the UN, East Germany "made excellent use of the UN to wage political warfare against Israel an enthusiastic, high-profile, and vigorous member" of the anti-Israeli majority of the General Assembly. 5807:

and East Germany. By the 1950s, East Germany had become Iceland's fifth largest trading partner. East German influence in Iceland significantly declined in the 1970s and 1980s following a schism between the Socialist Unity Party of Germany and the Icelandic Socialist Party over the

3734:, and then make the illegal crossing from Hungary to Austria and to West Germany beyond. By July, 25,000 East Germans had crossed into Hungary; most of them did not attempt the risky crossing into Austria but remained instead in Hungary or claimed asylum in West German embassies in 10032:, some of the original residents of the GDR "still feel they don't belong or that they're strangers in unified Germany" as life in the GDR was "just more manageable". He warns German society should watch out in case Ostalgie results in a distortion and romanticization of the past. 3408:

legitimate representative of a dormant "Germany as whole". The two Germanies each relinquished any claim to represent the other internationally; which they acknowledged as necessarily implying a mutual recognition of each other as both capable of representing their own populations

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As West Germany was reorganized and gained independence from its occupiers (1945–1949), the GDR was established in East Germany in October 1949. The emergence of the two sovereign states solidified the 1945 division of Germany. On 10 March 1952, (in what would become known as the

6083:(combat groups of the working class) numbered around 400,000 for much of their existence, and were organised around factories. The KdA was the political-military instrument of the SED; it was essentially a "party Army". All KdA directives and decisions were made by the ZK's 3749:

on 19 August 1989 then set in motion a chain reaction leading to the end of the GDR and disintegration of the Eastern Bloc. It was the largest mass escape from East Germany since the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961. The idea of opening the border at a ceremony came from

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The flags of the People's Navy for combat ships and boats bore the coat of arms with olive branch wreath on red, for auxiliary ships and boats on blue flag cloth with a narrow and centrally arranged black-red-gold band. As Gösch, the state flag was used in a reduced form.

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The text Resurrected from Ruins of the National Anthem of the GDR is by Johannes R. Becher, the melody by Hanns Eisler. From the beginning of the 1970s to the end of 1989, however, the text of the anthem was no longer sung due to the passage "Deutschland einig Vaterland".

5107:. At first this was blue, but from 1973, the Thälmann pioneers wore a red necktie like the pioneers in the Soviet Union, while the Young Pioneers kept the blue one. Pioneers wore their uniforms at political events and state holidays such as the workers' demonstrations on 9920:

Conceptualizing the GDR as a dictatorship has become widely accepted, while the meaning of the concept dictatorship varies. Massive evidence has been collected that proves the repressive, undemocratic, illiberal, nonpluralistic character of the GDR regime and its ruling

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long-sleeved shirt of blue color with a folding collar, epaulettes and chest pockets. On the left sleeve was the FDJ symbol of the rising sun sewn up. Until the 1970s, the blue shirts were only made of cotton, later there was a cheaper variant made of polyester mixture.

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The East German economy began poorly because of the devastation caused by the Second World War, the loss of so many young soldiers, the disruption of business and transportation, the allied bombing campaigns that decimated cities, and reparations owed to the USSR. The

10190:. However, the enforcement of atheism existed only for the first few years. After that, the state allowed churches to have a relatively high level of autonomy. Atheism is embraced by Germans of all ages, though irreligion is particularly common among younger Germans. 5235:

Freie Deutsche Jugend, organization was meant for young people, both male and female, between the ages of 14 and 25 and comprised about 75% of the young population of former East Germany. In 1981–1982, this meant 2.3 million members. After being a member of the

14165: 9043:

In the 1980s, censorship seemed to loosen up. Lyrics about the longing for freedom (including Albatros by Karat) became possible. But it was only in the course of the peaceful revolution that songs by Veronika Fischer were heard on the radio again in October 1989.

4553: 3395:

as a sovereign state under international law; but it fully acknowledged that, within the structures of international law, the GDR was an independent sovereign state. By distinction, West Germany then viewed itself as being within its own boundaries, not only the

5102:

The pioneers' uniform consisted of white shirts and blouses bought by their parents, along with blue trousers or skirts until the 1970s and on special occasions. But often the only thing worn was the most important sign of the future socialist – the triangular

10690:"Business America. (27 February 1989). German Democratic Republic: long history of sustained economic growth continues; 1989 may be an advantageous year to consider this market – Business Outlook Abroad: Current Reports from the Foreign Service" 9983:

wrote, "East Germans resent the wealth possessed by West Germans; West Germans see the East Germans as lazy opportunists who want something for nothing. East Germans find 'Wessis' arrogant and pushy, West Germans think the 'Ossis' are lazy good-for-nothings."

4765: 8476: 2490:

East Germany regarded East Berlin as its capital, and the Soviet Union and the rest of the Eastern Bloc diplomatically recognized East Berlin as the capital. However, the Western Allies disputed this recognition, considering the entire city of Berlin to be

13936: 8378: 4539: 14644:

Brown, Timothy S. "'Keeping it Real' in a Different 'Hood: (African-) Americanization and Hip-hop in Germany." In The Vinyl Ain't Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture, ed. by Dipannita Basu and Sidney J. Lemelle, pp. 137–150.

3544:

anti-communism' of the FRG. From then on, the dominant interpretation of GDR history, based on the concept of totalitarianism, led to the equivalence of communism and Nazism. Historian Anne-Kathleen Tillack-Graf shows, with the help of the newspaper

5904:

The government of East Germany had control over a large number of military and paramilitary organisations through various ministries. Chief among these was the Ministry of National Defence. Because of East Germany's proximity to the West during the

4522: 1486:, and on dividing Berlin, the German capital, among the Allied powers as well. Initially, this meant the formation of three zones of occupation, i.e., American, British, and Soviet. Later, a French zone was carved out of the US and British zones. 5251:

The FDJ increasingly developed into an instrument of communist rule and became a member of the 'democratic bloc' in 1950. However, the FDJ's focus of 'happy youth life', which had characterised the 1940s, was increasingly marginalised following

16400: 16346: 10755:, 2005, p. 314. ("However the collapse of the Soviet empire, associated with the disintegration of the Soviet satellite regimes in East-Central Europe, including the German Democratic Republic, brought about a dramatic change of agenda.") 10391:(FRG) was a term used by East Germans, or by West Germans who held a pro-East-German view. Colloquially, West Germans called West Germany simply Germany (reflecting West Germany's claim to represent the whole of Germany), or alternatively the 1091: 4085:

There were four periods in East German political history. These included: 1949–1961, which saw the building of socialism; 1961–1970 after the Berlin Wall closed off escape was a period of stability and consolidation; 1971–1985 was termed the

3830:, to schedule free elections and begin the process of democratization. As part of this process, the SED eliminated the clause in the East German constitution guaranteeing the Communists leadership of the state. The change was approved in the 9031:

Es war einmal ein Luftballon (Once Upon a Time There Was a Balloon) was put on the Index because of the line, "They know no borders, the balloons of the world". It was not until 1987 that Udo Jürgens was allowed to perform again in the GDR.

6182:

considers that there are between 300,000 and 500,000 victims of direct physical torture, Zersetzung, and gross human rights violations due to the Stasi. Victims of historical Zersetzung can now draw a special pension from the German state.

8898:, young East Germans were able to develop a hip hop culture of their own. East Germans accepted hip hop as more than just a music form. The entire street culture surrounding rap entered the region and became an outlet for oppressed youth. 4398:

peasants and intelligentsia. First drafts of Fritz Behrendt's coat of arms contained only a hammer and wreath of corn, as an expression of the workers' and peasants' state. The final version was mainly based on the work of Heinz Behling.

8936:, was rendered as a museum about him, featuring more than three hundred instruments, which, in 1980, received some 70,000 visitors. In Leipzig, the Bach archive contains his compositions and correspondence and recordings of his music. 1454:

transformations instituted by the communist regime were particularly evident in the abolition of capitalism, the overhaul of industrial and agricultural sectors, the militarization of society, and the political orientation of both the

5728:

It was estimated that altogether, 2,000–4,000 DDR military and security experts were dispatched to Africa. In addition, representatives from African and Arab countries and liberation movements underwent military training in the GDR.

4821: 3911:

The great economic and socio-political inequalities between the former Germanies required government subsidies for the full integration of the German Democratic Republic into the Federal Republic of Germany. Because of the resulting

9970:

Many East Germans initially regarded the dissolution of the GDR positively, but this reaction partly turned sour. West Germans often acted as if they had "won" and East Germans had "lost" in unification, leading many East Germans

3886:

that had been abolished in the 1952 redistricting were restored. On 3 October 1990, the five states officially joined the Federal Republic of Germany, while East and West Berlin united as a third city-state (in the same manner as

3383:

to recognize East Berlin as the capital, and insisted on a specific provision in the UN resolution accepting the two Germanies into the UN to that effect. Following the Ostpolitik, the West German view was that East Germany was a

8854:

West German television and radio could be received in many parts of the East. The Western influence led to the formation of more "underground" groups with a decisively western-oriented sound. A few of these bands – the so-called

10468: 9170:

had high status in the GDR, which allowed it to be very proactive. This often brought it into confrontation with the state. Benno Besson once said, "In contrast to artists in the west, they took us seriously, we had a bearing."

4125:

The Potsdam Agreement committed the Soviets to support a democratic form of government in Germany, though the Soviets' understanding of democracy was radically different from that of the West. As in other Soviet-bloc countries,

6013:, and transferred to the Ministry of National Defense, as part of the National People's Army. In 1973, it was separated from the NVA, but it remained under the same ministry. At its peak, it numbered approximately 47,000 men. 1433:, later forming these occupied territories into two independent countries. Light grey: territories annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union; dark grey: West Germany (formed from the US, UK and French occupation zones, including 8457: 6067:, which was mainly involved with facilities security and plain clothes events security. They were the only public-facing wing of the Stasi. The Stasi numbered around 90,000 men, the Guards Regiment around 11,000–12,000 men. 3916:

in the former East Germany, the causes of the failure of this integration continue to be debated. Some western commentators claim that the depressed eastern economy is a natural aftereffect of a demonstrably inefficient

17651: 3637:, we had the first motorways." On 17 October 1987, thirty or so skinheads violently threw themselves into a crowd of 2,000 people at a rock concert in the Zionskirche without the police intervening. In 1990, the writer 5032:. In the 1960s and 1970s, nearly all schoolchildren between ages 6 and 14 were organised into Young Pioneer or Thälmann Pioneer groups, with the organisations having "nearly two million children" collectively by 1975. 3213:, rioted against a 10% production-quota increase. Initially a labour protest, the action soon included the general populace, and on 17 June similar protests occurred throughout the GDR, with more than a million people 1319:(GDR). Both terms were used in East Germany, with increasing usage of the abbreviated form, especially since East Germany considered West Germans and West Berliners to be foreigners following the promulgation of its 3804:, led local negotiations with the government and held town meetings in the concert hall. The demonstrations eventually led Erich Honecker to resign in October; he was replaced by a slightly more moderate communist, 1285:, which replaced the Potsdam Agreement on the status and borders of a future, reunited Germany. The GDR ceased to exist when its five states ("Länder") joined the Federal Republic of Germany under Article 23 of the 4597:

The ships and boats of the Border Brigade Coast on the Baltic Sea and the boats of the border troops of the GDR on the Elbe and Oder carried a green bar on the Liekjust like the service flag of the border troops.

13987: 11355:

Die Geschichte der DDR ist im wesentlichen zwischen zwei Polen einzubetten. Den einen Pol bildet die Sowjetisierung Den anderen Pol bildeten deutsche Traditionen, vor allem die Vorstellungen der kommunistischen

13933: 14779: 1060: 8563:

conferences. The new bishops became less politically oriented and more involved in pastoral care and attention to spiritual concerns. The government responded by limiting international contacts for bishops.

1030:(GDR) adopted in 1949 was identical to that of West Germany (FRG). In 1959, the government of this country issued a new version of the flag bearing the national emblem, serving to distinguish East from West. 16215: 15600: 8302:

When it first came to power, the Communist party asserted the compatibility of Christianity and Marxism–Leninism and sought Christian participation in the building of socialism. At first, the promotion of

11358:[The history of the GDR is essentially embedded between two poles. Sovietization formed one pole German traditions formed the other pole, above all the ideas of the communist workers' movement.] 10424:

For example, the economist Jörg Roesler – see: Jörg Roesler: Ein Anderes Deutschland war möglich. Alternative Programme für das wirtschaftliche Zusammengehen beider deutscher Staaten, in:

8687:

regarded the state's ideals to be hollow, though there was also a substantial number of East Germans who regarded their culture as having a healthier, more authentic mentality than that of West Germany.

6222:

dismantled and transported to Russia the infrastructure and industrial plants of the Soviet Zone of Occupation. By the early 1950s, the reparations were paid in agricultural and industrial products; and

5771:, due to its wealth of unexploited natural resources, was sought out as an ally of East Germany, with Iraq being the first Arab country to recognise East Germany on 10 May 1969, paving the way for other 2514:(24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949). The Soviet army initiated the blockade by halting all Allied rail, road, and water traffic to and from West Berlin. The Allies countered the Soviets with the 2499:. According to Margarete Feinstein, East Berlin's status as the capital was largely unrecognized by the West and by most Third World countries. In practice, the ACC's authority was rendered moot by the 16410: 16356: 9036:, for example, had similar problems. Despite all his efforts (such as his song Sonderzug nach Pankow (Special Train to Pankow)), he was only allowed to perform once before the fall of the Wall, at the 6530:

for the purpose of relaying and receiving communications from Soviet satellites and to serve as a participant in the international telecommunications organization established by the Soviet government,

3785:

announced that his country would no longer restrict movement from Hungary into Austria. Within two days, 22,000 East Germans crossed into Austria; tens of thousands more did so in the following weeks.

10429:, No. II/2010, pp. 34–46. Historian Ulrich Busch argued that the currency union came too early; see Ulrich Busch: Die Währungsunion am 1. Juli 1990: Wirtschaftspolitische Fehlleistung mit Folgen, in: 8822:

held a similar international festival for schlager musicians from 1971 until shortly before reunification. There was a national schlager contest hosted yearly in Magdeburg from 1966 to 1971 as well.

6635:

The East German population declined by three million people throughout its forty-one year history, from 19 million in 1948 to 16 million in 1990; of the 1948 population, some four million

6174:, such as X-ray transmitters, were used in combination with the psychological warfare methods of Zersetzung. About 135,000 children were educated in special residential homes; the worst of them was 9509:

Sports clubs were highly subsidized, especially sports in which it was possible to get international fame. For example, the major leagues for ice hockey and basketball just included 2 teams each.

17644: 2048: 8559:, a Catholic charity organisation. By 1950, therefore, there existed a Catholic subsociety that was well adjusted to prevailing specific conditions and capable of maintaining Catholic identity. 4777: 4717: 16043:

flatly oppose all criticism of their former home and agree with the statement: 'The GDR had, for the most part, good sides. Life there was happier and better than in reunified Germany today."'

13822: 9405:, an expatriate who lived in East Germany, also starred in several films. These films were part of the phenomenon of Europe producing alternative films about the colonization of the Americas. 6091:. They received their training from the Volkspolizei and the Ministry of the Interior. Membership was voluntary, but SED members were required to join as part of their membership obligation. 3908:

by the constitutionally required two-thirds majorities, effecting on the one hand the extinction of the GDR, and on the other the agreed amendments to the Basic Law of the Federal Republic.

19056: 1746: 6492:

By the mid-1980s, East Germany possessed a well-developed communications system. There were approximately 3.6 million telephones in usage (21.8 for every 100 inhabitants), and 16,476

4749: 12174:

Erinnerungspolitik der DDR. Dargestellt an der Berichterstattung der Tageszeitung 'Neues Deutschland' über die Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätten Buchenwald, Ravensbrück und Sachsenhausen

10508:

This quote has no cross-referencing to ground its authenticity. For a detailed overview of the issues of Brecht's legacy after his death within the Berliner Ensemble, see David Barnett,

17637: 2280: 16023: 12373:

Lahodynsky, Otmar (9 August 2014). "Paneuropäisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe für den Mauerfall" [Pan-European picnic: the Dress Rehearsal for the Fall of the Berlin Wall].

15708: 15575: 4685: 13961: 6519:

were assigned to all major towns and cities, they were only used for switching international calls. Instead, each location had its own list of dialing codes with shorter codes for

6457:. They numbered more than 100,000 by 1989. Many, such as future politician Zeca Schall (who emigrated from Angola in 1988 as a contract worker) stayed in Germany after the Wende. 5757:(PLO) in its armed struggle against Israel. In 1974, the GDR government recognized the PLO as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people". The PLO declared the 5636:

in 1961 but retained special legal status until 1968, when the residents approved the new (draft) constitution. Despite the city as a whole being legally under the control of the

5118:

However, the pioneer clothing was only worn completely on special occasions, such as flag appeals, commemoration days or festive school events, but it was usually not prescribed.

4733: 4433: 4938: 1281:

was held in the country, and international negotiations between the four former Allied countries and the two German states commenced. The negotiations led to the signing of the

11456: 10430: 10426: 4419: 17857: 8740:

were some of the most popular mainstream bands in East Germany. Like most mainstream acts, they were members of the SED, appeared in state-run popular youth magazines such as

4567: 4122:(SPD) in the Soviet-controlled zone. However, the SED quickly transformed into a full-fledged Communist party as the more independent-minded Social Democrats were pushed out. 3306:(1955), West Germany did not establish (formal) diplomatic ties with any country – except the Soviets – that recognized East German sovereignty. 14414: 3391:

state organisation of parts of Germany outside the Federal Republic. The Federal Republic continued to maintain that it could not within its own structures recognize the GDR

17954: 16186: 15763: 12449: 2469:, the First Deputy Prime Minister of the USSR, pursued German reunification, but he was removed from power that same year before he could act on the matter. His successor, 8555:

whereas in the area of religious education, press, and youth organisations, a system of temporary staff was developed, one that took into account the special situation of

4809: 4634: 3515:

of 1524–1525 and the role played by the heroes of the class struggle during Prussia's industrialization. Other notable figures and reformers from Prussian history such as

2312: 13983: 9987:

In addition, many East German women found the West more appealing, and left the region never to return, leaving behind an underclass of poorly educated and jobless men.

5699: 5367: 4447: 11009: 5268:

FDJ gangs were sent to church meetings to heckle those inside and school tribunals interrogated or expelled students who refused to join the FDJ for religious reasons.

13778:

Oppression and Scarcity: The History and Institutional Structure of the Marxist-Leninist Government of East Germany and Some Perspectives on Life in a Socialist System

12178:

GDR politics of remembrance. Shown in the report of the daily newspaper 'Neues Deutschland' on the national memorial sites in Buchenwald, Ravensbrück and Sachsenhausen

10549: 5725:

The first military agreement was signed in 1973 with the People's Republic of the Congo. In 1979 friendship treaties were signed with Angola, Mozambique and Ethiopia.

14769: 10895: 1373:

and not to the area within the boundaries of the Federal Republic of Germany. However, this use was not always consistent and West Berliners frequently used the term

14283: 14264:

Martin Onnasch, "Konflikt und Kompromiss: Die Haltung der evangelischen Kirchen zu den gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen in der DDR am Anfang der fünfziger Jahre," ,

13286: 8804: 5687:), the GDR provided experts for military hardware maintenance and personnel training, and oversaw creation of secret security agencies based on its own Stasi model. 4876: 4310: 1811: 360: 16211: 12353: 14623: 8451: 6179: 4661: 2038: 15804: 15592: 12082: 10599: 9182:

is the last major building erected by the GDR, making it an exceptional architectural testimony to how Germany overcame its former division. Here, Berlin's great

6426:

Loyalty to the SED was a primary criterion for getting a good job – professionalism was secondary to political criteria in personnel recruitment and development.

1175:. This paved the way for East Germany's reunification with the West. Unlike the government of West Germany, the SED did not see its state as the successor to the 18688: 16432: 16270: 10718: 4622: 2343: 16248: 6546:

A woman and her husband, both medical students, and their triplets in East Germany in 1984. The GDR had state policies to encourage births among educated women.

1356:, a district in the East of Berlin.). Over time, however, the abbreviation "DDR" was also increasingly used colloquially by West Germans and West German media. 19393: 18693: 16056: 13696: 9994:

As of 2014, the vast majority of residents in the former GDR prefer to live in a unified Germany. However, a feeling of nostalgia persists among some, termed "

5354:

knowledge – were usually not worn. As a rule, only full-time FDJ members on the way to the nomenklatura at an older age achieved awards, which were also worn.

3867: 2368:

past, imprisoning many former Nazis and preventing them from holding government positions. The SED set a primary goal of ridding East Germany of all traces of

2043: 1862: 1282: 1255: 702: 15683: 13103: 11454:

On the discussion about Social Democrats joining the SED see Steffen Kachel, Entscheidung für die SED 1946 – ein Verrat an sozialdemokratischen Idealen?, in:

9564:, which the East won 1–0; but West Germany, the host, went on to win the World Cup. East Germany had a revolutionary technology for two-stroke engines called 6127:(people's sanitation service), both established in 1964, two years after the introduction of conscription, in response to political pressure by the national 4590:

The flags of the military units of the GDR bore the national coat of arms with a wreath of two olive branches on a red background in the black-red-gold flag.

3279:

replaced him. While the Ulbricht government had experimented with liberal reforms, the Honecker government reversed them. The new government introduced a new

18322: 18103: 16997: 9401:

chief when he visited the United States in the 1990s, and the television crew accompanying him showed the tribe one of his movies. American actor and singer

8462: 4705: 3895:). On 1 July, a currency union preceded the political union: the "Ostmark" was abolished, and the Western German "Deutsche Mark" became the common currency. 2118: 15732: 15342: 5350:

not be read on the FDJ shirt. However, the members of the FDJ order groups officially wore the FDJ shirt together with a red armband during their missions.

12724:

Wegner, Gregory (February 1996). "In the Shadow of the Third Reich: The 'Jugendstunde' and the Legitimation of Anti-Fascist Heroes for East German Youth".

9904:-scale meltdown in 1976. All East German nuclear power plants had to be shut down after reunification, because they did not meet Western safety standards. 4836: 4793: 3625:

Although officially built in opposition to the 'fascist world' in West Germany, in 1954, 32% of public administration employees were former members of the

3058: 14739: 13633: 10737: 8991:

realised that it could not control this movement, which was basically rebellious and oriented towards the West, and steer it in a direction it liked. The

5803:

During the Cold War, especially during its early years, the East German government attempted to build closer diplomatic relations and trade links between

4953: 19398: 11300:"Each spring, millions of workmen from all parts of western Russia arrived in eastern Germany, which, in political language, is called East Elbia." from 10488: 9305: 4192: 1916: 1847: 936: 13912: 9024:, for example, did not return from a performance in West Berlin in 1981, whereupon her songs were no longer allowed to be played by GDR radio stations. 8418:

became a lawyer for the Brandenburg Protestant Church in 1959 before taking up a position at church headquarters in Berlin. In 1969 he helped found the

6523:

and longer codes for long-distance calls. After unification, the existing network was largely replaced, and area codes and dialing became standardised.

17850: 16324: 14654: 11479: 1269:

In 1989 numerous social, economic, and political forces in the GDR and abroad, one of the most notable being peaceful protests starting in the city of

13667: 5953:

period was introduced in 1962. It was regarded by NATO officers as the best military in the Warsaw Pact. The NVA consisted of the following branches:

16378: 13818: 9549: 3718:

In May 1989, following widespread public anger over the faking of results of local government elections, many GDR citizens applied for exit visas or

9293:, where the local teams shot and produced films. The East German industry became known worldwide for its productions, especially children's movies ( 9143:

In the 1970s, a parallel theatre scene sprung up, creating theatre "outside of Berlin" in which artists played at provincial theatres. For example,

3294:

of NATO. However, from the 1960s onward, East Germany began recognizing itself as a separate country from West Germany and shared the legacy of the

19046: 16335: 14190:

de Silva, Brendan (2000). "The Protestant Church and the East German State: an organisational perspective". In Cooke, Paul; Grix, Jonathan (eds.).

12275: 8782: 5675:

After receiving wider international diplomatic recognition in 1972–73, the GDR began active cooperation with Third World socialist governments and

3591: 10749:

Towards a Global Community of Historians: the International Historical Congresses and the International Committee of Historical Sciences 1898–2000

10035:

In 2023, a poll found that 40% of Germans living in the former East Germany identify as East Germans rather than German, which 52% identified as.

19239: 19154: 16980: 16742: 9148: 8708: 5984: 4800: 2937: 2102: 15997: 14985: 12460: 10867: 10084:

party (which has roots in the SED) continues to have a stronghold and occasionally wins a plurality in the East, such as in the German State of

8996:

repeatedly banned from performing and later also the blues rock band Freygang, whose members went into hiding and then played under pseudonyms.

4236:" as a condition of their existence. However, the parties did have representation in the Volkskammer and received some posts in the government. 18882: 14815: 10689: 9572:

defected to Japan, taking the technology secret with him over to Suzuki. After the defection, East German motorcycle racing effectively ended.

4771:

Emblem of Air Force of the National People's Army of the German Democratic Republic before 1959 (until 1956 the People's Police Air of the GDR)

2262: 655: 14478: 10920: 10476: 17843: 15508: 15010: 14438: 12004: 10574: 10048: 9941: 8119: 5053: 2473:, rejected reunification as equivalent to returning East Germany for annexation to the West; hence reunification was off the table until the 1286: 14533: 3822:

of the GDR resigned. This left only one avenue open for Krenz and the SED: completely abolishing travel restrictions between East and West.

18931: 18495: 17946: 16114: 14121: 10230: 10178:. Eastern Germany is perhaps the least religious region in the world. An explanation for this, popular in other regions, is the aggressive 10072: 8793: 8749: 8383: 8317: 5957: 3222: 1584: 15700: 15565: 14047: 14017: 4673: 1323:

in 1968. West Germans, the western media and statesmen initially avoided the official name and its abbreviation, instead using terms like

153: 19144: 18824: 17974: 17969: 17964: 17959: 14371: 13953: 12958: 9422:

Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, several films depicting life in the GDR have been critically acclaimed. Some of the most notable were

5972: 5946: 4264: 3102: 2339: 1852: 1676: 15964: 15918: 15875: 15191: 14281:

Bowers, Stephen R. (Spring 1982). "Private Institutions in Service to the State: The German Democratic Republic's Church in Socialism".

11396: 11339: 11233: 11107: 5065: 19353: 16778: 11279: 11055: 10788: 10480: 10140: 10136: 8468: 4476: 3669:

of its responsibility for the genocide of the Jews and fabricated the myth of a diplomatic corps that "did not know". On the contrary,

17: 3730:

on 2 May 1989. Although formally the Hungarian frontier was still closed, many East Germans took the opportunity to enter Hungary via

3483:

From the beginning, the newly formed GDR tried to establish its own separate identity. Because of the imperial and military legacy of

19076: 18811: 18351: 18156: 17888: 17591: 10816: 8868: 8010:'s city center in September 1986, at the time East Germany's largest coastal and port city, and the sixth largest city in the country 5546: 4144: 3848: 3516: 3112: 2510:

The deepening Cold War conflict between the Western Powers and the Soviet Union over the unresolved status of West Berlin led to the

1629: 15362: 14593: 14093: 13443:

Glaeser, Andreas (2003). "Power/Knowledge Failure: Epistemic Practices and Ideologies of the Secret Police in Former East Germany".

4607: 19214: 19179: 19128: 18913: 18194: 18098: 17923: 17669: 17660: 14406: 13261:. Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division. pp. 169–170. 11737:... claims of East Berlin as the capital of the GDR, ... East Berlin was not recognized by the West and most Third World countries. 11019: 10492: 9376: 9078:. Alternatively, other influences tried to establish a "working-class theatre", played for the working class by the working class. 8939:

Governmental support of classical music maintained some 168 publicly funded concert, opera, chamber, and radio orchestras, such as

8844: 5363: 3504: 3237:

reparations in agricultural and industrial products. The poverty of East Germany, induced or deepened by reparations, provoked the

3051: 1752: 16178: 12280: 8720: 4892: 4490: 19348: 18561: 16470: 11822: 11087: 10835: 6100: 5679:. While the USSR was in control of the overall strategy and Cuban armed forces were involved in the actual combat (mostly in the 5663: 4306: 4160: 3164:), an omnibus alliance of every party and mass organisation in East Germany. The NF was established to stand for election to the 2610: 17408: 17180: 13309: 11549: 6003:

in West Germany. It was controlled by the Ministry of the Interior. Following the remilitarisation of East Germany in 1956, the

5542:, the remainder of which were annexed by Poland, remained in the GDR and were attached to Mecklenburg and Saxony, respectively. 19202: 18836: 18729: 18566: 18298: 18050: 17988: 13871: 12430: 11425: 9487: 5715: 3882:

on 23 August 1990, the German Democratic Republic declared its accession to the Federal Republic of Germany. The five original

3290:

for all of Germany, a claim supported by most of the Communist bloc. It claimed that West Germany was an illegally-constituted

3245:("desertion from the republic") to West Germany, further weakening the GDR's economy. Western economic opportunities induced a 3210: 3151:(German Democratic Republic – GDR), based on a socialist political constitution establishing its control of the 1963: 1544: 17310: 16945: 16148: 15621: 14563: 5237: 4989: 4959: 4944: 4860: 19174: 18377: 18264: 17364: 16509: 15958: 15912: 15869: 15318: 15279: 15185: 14968: 14939: 14907: 14878: 14849: 14753: 14718: 14365: 14317: 14201: 14103: 13790: 13072: 12999: 12700: 12189: 12117: 11951: 11273: 11227: 10782: 10653: 10521: 10484: 10015: 9429: 6487: 4462: 4323:). The Left Party continues to be a political force in many parts of Germany, albeit drastically less powerful than the SED. 4276:

Important non-parliamentary mass organisations in East German society included the German Gymnastics and Sports Association (

4164: 4148: 4069: 3789: 2991: 2922: 2855: 1171:, before being democratized and liberalized in 1989 as a result of the pressure against communist governments brought by the 1105: 995: 622: 568: 16129: 14615: 14323: 14207: 13896:

In the period between the Second World War and 1961, a total of 3.8 million people emigrated from East to West Germany.

13796: 11504: 10557: 5702:

in Guinea Bissau and Cape Verde. In the 1970s official cooperation was established with other socialist states, such as the

3758:, then Hungarian Prime Minister, who promoted the idea. The patrons of the picnic, Habsburg and Hungarian Minister of State 3706: 3142:

assumed administrative authority in the Soviet occupation zone, thus becoming the predecessor of an East German government.

2461:

from Central Europe, which the three Western Allies (the United States, France, the United Kingdom) rejected. Soviet leader

2402:

effective until the restoration of German sovereignty. In eastern Germany, the Soviet Occupation Zone (SBZ –

19051: 19026: 18573: 18236: 13848: 12412:

Lahodynsky, Otmar (13 June 2019). "Eiserner Vorhang: Picknick an der Grenze" [Iron curtain: Picnic at the Border].

10120: 8585: 8514: 8284:

population, Catholics 5%. The share of people who considered themselves non-religious rose from 5% in 1950 to 70% in 1989.

5500: 4299: 4021: 3863: 2354: 1980: 1797: 1681: 1574: 1539: 1180: 15815: 13276: 8575: 19378: 19373: 17993: 10124: 9557: 9553: 9492: 8580: 4923: 4176: 3993: 3487:, the SED repudiated continuity between Prussia and the GDR. The SED destroyed a number of symbolic relics of the former 3464: 3309: 3044: 2818: 2586: 1599: 1579: 1320: 475: 18831: 18125: 17835: 17554: 15411: 11723:

State Symbols: The Quest for Legitimacy in the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, 1949–1959

8948: 6504:; in 1991, several months after reunification, East German telephone exchanges were incorporated into country code +49. 3185: 2082: 1445:

Explaining the internal impact of the GDR government from the perspective of German history in the long term, historian

1136:. Although the GDR had to pay substantial war reparations to the Soviets, its economy became the most successful in the 259: 19219: 18908: 18846: 18357: 18113: 17629: 17585: 17490: 16951: 14841: 13577: 12310: 12074: 11810:

government of the Soviet zone. Its chairman was Heinrich Rau (SED), and four of his six deputies were also SED members.

10588: 10220: 10105: 9368: 8781:, which was very popular in the west, also gained a foothold early on in East Germany, and numerous musicians, such as 8265: 6466: 6446: 4827: 4646: 4260: 4119: 3937:, and the speed with which the entire process was implemented did not leave room for East German enterprises to adapt. 3082: 2957: 2751: 2606: 2288: 2255: 2000: 1871: 1706: 1624: 1554: 1549: 1534: 17120: 10616: 8322: 5271: 137: 19194: 19021: 19001: 18926: 18841: 18806: 18764: 18362: 16865: 16830: 16792: 16752: 16715: 16689: 16661: 16618: 16576: 16535: 16483: 15661: 14463: 13755: 13606: 13398: 13369: 13232: 12952: 12660: 12536: 12394: 11917: 11888: 11761: 11730: 11697: 11655: 11617: 11153: 10965: 10267: 8668: 6064: 5876: 5821: 5791:

during the early years of Assad's regime and, as it did in Iraq, used its influence to minimise tensions between the

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continued to maintain forces in the territory of the former East Germany until 1994), with the purpose of countering

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to the southeast, and West Germany to the southwest and west. Internally, the GDR also bordered the Soviet sector of

1156: 931: 88: 16240: 13335: 13099: 8798: 4366: 4000: 3561: 1478:, i.e., the United States (US), the United Kingdom (UK), and the Soviet Union (USSR), agreed on dividing a defeated 19388: 19081: 18892: 18488: 18347: 18228: 18164: 17893: 15671: 10263: 10187: 9439: 8570: 4899: 4883: 4196: 4180: 4111: 3557: 3226: 3092: 2601: 2331: 2276: 2024: 1792: 1645: 1559: 1164: 15740: 15470: 10442:'In the age of detente, the Stasi's main method of combating subversive activity was 'operational decomposition' ( 8519: 5775:

states to later do the same. East Germany attempted to play a decisive role in mediating the conflict between the

2652: 2394:

conferences of 1945, the Allies established their joint military occupation and administration of Germany via the

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to handle the government's contact with churches and with religious groups; the SED remained officially atheist.

6078: 5520: 5039:, but organised in such a way as to teach schoolchildren aged 6 – 14 socialist ideology and prepare them for the 4208: 3722:

contrary to GDR laws. The impetus for this exodus of East Germans was the removal of the electrified fence along

2763: 2628: 2219: 1926: 1880: 1666: 1604: 1589: 1203: 159: 11578: 9245:

was the official radio broadcasting organisation from 1952 until unification. The organization was based in the

4908: 3507:

was removed from East Berlin. Instead, the SED focused on the progressive heritage of German history, including

19108: 19006: 18958: 18791: 18719: 18179: 17934: 17908: 16891: 15148: 13641: 13548: 13514: 13485: 13427: 12865: 11689: 9897: 9037: 8650: 6450: 6434: 5858: 5680: 5535: 5276: 4561:(The standard was maintained until 7 September 1960, when Wilhelm Pieck died and the presidency was abolished.) 4362: 3978: 3723: 3500: 3367: 2632: 2591: 2372:. It is estimated that between 180,000 and 250,000 people were sentenced to imprisonment on political grounds. 2144: 1701: 1686: 1635: 1143:

Before its establishment, the country's territory was administered and occupied by Soviet forces following the

430: 18801: 15092: 15070: 10080:

The divide between the East and the West can be seen in contemporary German elections. The left-wing populist

7998: 6542: 4007: 3661:

The historian Sonia Combe observes that until the 1990s, the majority of West German historians described the

19358: 19118: 19016: 18796: 18440: 18189: 17918: 17548: 15428:

Enns, Anthony (1 December 2007). "The politics of Ostalgie: post-socialist nostalgia in recent German film".

10472: 10469:

Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia#Evangelical Church in Berlin-Brandenburg

10387:), on the other hand, was never accepted in West Germany since it was considered a political statement. Thus 9686: 9223: 8646: 8264:, although some people remained loyal to Christian communities. In 1957, the state authorities established a 6483: 6442: 5854: 5719: 5508: 5010: 4574: 4358: 4131: 3974: 3553: 3155: 2248: 2234: 1968: 1722: 1640: 1518: 943: 70: 17341: 11471: 9452:(Go for Zucker) by Dani Levi. Each film is heavily infused with cultural nuances unique to life in the GDR. 3260: 19162: 18861: 18851: 18620: 18425: 18289: 18279: 18118: 17475: 17445: 17135: 15861: 15044: 13015:

Herf, Jeffrey (2014). "'At War with Israel': East Germany's Key Role in Soviet Policy in the Middle East".

11901: 11564:

Gomez Gutiérrez, J.J. & Bruschi, V. (2003). "Socialist Unity Party of Germany". In N. Schlager (Ed.),

10464: 10059: 9952: 9336: 9259:

or DDR-FS, was the state television broadcaster from 1952. Reception of Western broadcasts was widespread.

8362: 8346: 8304: 8115: 6274: 5202: 5129:

Suitable pioneers were trained as paramedics; after their training, they wore the badge "Young Paramedic".

4099: 3801: 3670: 3425: 2624: 2229: 2184: 2139: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1133: 921: 582: 183: 15217: 14503: 8905:, and in supporting composers to write new works in that tradition. Notable East German composers include 4090:

Era, and saw closer ties with West Germany; and 1985–1990 saw the decline and extinction of East Germany.

3539:

The communist regime of the GDR based its legitimacy on the struggle of anti-fascist militants. A form of

2323:

of West Germany, and the NATO powers declined the proposal, asserting that Germany should be able to join

19207: 19113: 18887: 18481: 18410: 18184: 17913: 17529: 17025: 16568: 16493: 15833:

Blum, Martin (Winter 2000). "Remaking the East German Past: 'Ostalgie,' Identity, and Material Culture".

15771: 14710: 13569: 13017: 10645: 10067: 9792: 9700: 8956: 8952: 8358: 6430: 5676: 5504: 4074: 3989: 2644: 2596: 2581: 2576: 2531: 1716: 1207: 1199: 62: 19259: 15544: 14896:

Brecht, Turkish Theater, and Turkish-German Literature: Reception, Adaptation, and Innovation After 1960

6429:

Beginning in 1963 with a series of secret international agreements, East Germany recruited workers from

6131:

Protestant Church upon the GDR's government. In the 1970s, East German leaders acknowledged that former

5317:) was one of the largest music events in East Germany, held between 1970 and 1990. It was hosted by the 4547:(The emblem of the GDR was changed on 28 May 1953 and already resembled the final coat of arms of 1955.) 19289: 18973: 18856: 18655: 18043: 17758: 17148: 17103: 17090: 17074: 16707: 16527: 15835: 15786: 14675: 14176: 13782: 13179: 13131: 12991: 12633: 12041: 10673: 10513: 10215: 10183: 10132: 10128: 9317: 9204: 9121: 9070: 8972: 8809: 8691: 6231:, an important natural port, were given to Poland by the decision of Stalin and in accordance with the 5711: 5006: 4115: 3520: 3129: 3072: 2823: 2793: 2566: 2284: 2199: 2010: 1727: 913: 16758: 13744:"Planning Ahead and Falling Behind: The East German Economy in Comparison with West Germany 1936–2002" 13474:

The Conditions, Means and Methods of the MfS in the GDR: An Analysis of the Post and Telephone Control

13416:

The Conditions, Means and Methods of the MfS in the GDR: An Analysis of the Post and Telephone Control

9371:

in these films often took the role of displaced people who fight for their rights, in contrast to the

8551:

ideology. The state allowed the bishops to lodge protests, which they did on issues such as abortion.

6035:

in 1956, the Ministry of the Interior maintained its own public order barracked reserve, known as the

5668: 3781:

The next major turning point in the exodus came on 10 September 1989, when Hungarian Foreign Minister

37:

This article is about the country that existed from 1949 to 1990. For the modern east of Germany, see

19363: 19224: 19096: 16064: 15987: 15904: 15764:"30 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Germany recalls the economic gulf between East and West" 14240: 13445: 12503: 11528: 10029: 9893:

East Germany, to make up for the region's neglect and malaise and bring it up to a minimal standard.

6239: 6038: 6022: 5922: 5894: 5296:

Pioneer choir "August Bebel" Zwickau of the pioneer house "Wilhelm Pieck" in Zwickau (Schwanenschloß)

4784: 4740: 4724: 4614: 4528: 3922: 2640: 2636: 2571: 2112: 1455: 1144: 17505: 17463:

Argues the history of East Germany is taught in 21st-century German schools, but not its literature.

15360:

Cook, Roger F. (28 June 2007). "Good Bye, Lenin!: Free-Market Nostalgia for Socialist Consumerism".

14805: 10697: 8775:

label. All were required to open live performances and albums with the East German national anthem.

5292: 4830:

coat of arms of the fighting groups of the working class, without oak leaves (between 1953 and 1990)

4533:(The emblem was already introduced on 12 January 1950, the standard was adopted on 29 January 1951.) 19167: 19091: 18724: 18625: 15940: 15298:

The Women's Film, Konrad Wolf, and Defa After the "Biermann Affair": Solo Sunny (Konrad Wolf, 1980)

14475: 14119:

Fulbrook, Mary (January 1957). "The Limits Of Totalitarianism: God, State and Society in the GDR".

11305: 10723: 9980: 9526: 9327: 6312: 5936: 5787:. The East German government also attempted to foster close relations with the Ba'athist regime of 5379: 4652: 4347: 4241: 3946: 3371: 3280: 3178:. However, after 1950, political power in East Germany was held by the First Secretary of the SED, 2648: 2458: 1084: 1053: 348: 16087: 15809: 15018: 14666:"From Krauts with Attitudes to Turks with Attitudes: Some Aspects of Hip-Hop History in Germany". 14435: 12014: 11566:

St. James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide: Major Events in Labor History and Their Impact.

10448:) which was the central element in what Hubertus Knabe has called a system of 'quiet repression' ( 9544:

The East and the West also competed via sport. GDR athletes dominated several Olympic sports; the

9027:

West German productions were also subject to censorship in East Germany. For example, the song by

4513:

stripe of yellow color. An original of the standard is in the German Historical Museum in Berlin.

4053: 3174:), the East German parliament. The first and only president of the German Democratic Republic was 19031: 18536: 18405: 18331: 18135: 17515: 17511: 17426: 17292: 16909: 16822: 16730: 15439: 14525: 12816: 12652: 10840: 10553: 10342: 10089: 10088:

where it remains one of the major parties. The region also sees disproportionate support for the

9375:

of the time, where they were often either not mentioned at all or are portrayed as the villains.

8639: 8618: 6627: 6508: 6192: 5847: 5145: 5001:, was a youth organisation of schoolchildren aged 6 to 14 in East Germany. They were named after 4351: 3967: 3528: 3512: 3363: 3359: 2915: 2616: 2474: 2381: 2194: 1483: 1449:(2002) has argued that the East German state was defined by two dominant forces – 1410: 1274: 1125: 982: 836: 804: 688: 197: 18284: 13126: 10499:(East Region, for EKiBB-East Ambit, Görlitz, Greifswald and KPS, and since 1970 for Anhalt too). 10162:

All of the new states have populations where 90-95% of people do not have a migrant background.

8918: 8609:

About 600,000 children and youth were subordinate to East German residential child care system.

3225:

to aid the police in ending the riot; some fifty people were killed and 10,000 were jailed (see

1921: 19249: 19244: 19184: 18635: 18578: 18524: 18519: 18372: 17793: 17713: 17002: 14039: 14009: 12246: 12181: 10364:

for East Germany, it was not entered to the root before the country was reunited with the west.

10225: 10109: 9477: 9389: 9379:

were often cast as Native Americans because of the small number of Native Americans in Europe.

8533: 8339: 6493: 6205: 6171: 6135:

and sanitation service soldiers were at a disadvantage when they rejoined the civilian sphere.

6110: 5792: 5637: 5519:, their post-war territorial demarcations approximating the pre-war German demarcations of the 5435: 4289: 3874:, which led to agreement on the conditions for German unification. By a two-thirds vote in the 3871: 3622:

in the GDR, particularly during the celebrations of the liberation of the concentration camps.

2781: 2675: 2496: 2411: 2395: 2053: 1953: 1475: 1184: 798: 18274: 17443:

Steding, Elizabeth Priester (2014). "Losing Literature: The Reduction of the GDR to History".

15240: 15171: 15122: 14347: 13064: 12942: 12465: 11217: 10642:

The Workers' and Peasants' State: Communism and Society in East Germany Under Ulbricht 1945–71

10151: 9484:, a sports doctor, described as the architect of East Germany's state-sponsored drug program. 4203: 1933: 19368: 19343: 18759: 18630: 18455: 18367: 18326: 18140: 18036: 17767: 17728: 17207: 16883: 15944: 15898: 15855: 15653: 15371: 13743: 13598: 13566:

Political Epistemics: The Secret Police, the Opposition, and the End of East German Socialism

12726: 12584: 12060: 11380: 11323: 11259: 11101: 10925: 10772: 10175: 10171: 9722: 9465: 9289: 9251: 9175: 8929: 8297: 8123: 6497: 5776: 5456: 4975: 4309:" (PDS) which continued for a decade after reunification before merging with the West German 4127: 3883: 3540: 3476: 3468: 3348: 2978: 2620: 2224: 2209: 2087: 1842: 1823: 1242:

was a significant problem as many emigrants were well-educated young people; such emigration

608: 38: 17878: 16798: 12857: 11045: 10742: 9548:

club of the security agencies won more than 200 Olympic medals. Of special interest was the

5933:(NVA) was the largest military organisation in East Germany. It was formed in 1956 from the 5243: 5240:, which was for schoolchildren ages 6 to 14, East German youths would usually join the FDJ. 5094: 507: 19278: 19011: 18921: 18744: 18672: 18640: 18590: 18585: 18303: 17242:

The East German Leadership and the Division of Germany: Patriotism and Propaganda 1945–1953

16991: 16024:"Homesick for a Dictatorship: Majority of Eastern Germans Feel Life Better under Communism" 10235: 9510: 9409:

capitalist ideology were not bought. Comedies enjoyed great popularity, such as the Danish

8768: 8401: 8054: 6677: 6636: 6132: 6010: 5602: 5531: 5029: 4314: 3859: 3844: 3701: 3524: 3488: 3437:

Travel between the GDR and Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary became visa-free from 1972.

2973: 2801: 2788: 2680: 2454: 2154: 2149: 2129: 1895: 1430: 1243: 1160: 1109: 1027: 715: 462: 143: 31: 19254: 14838:

The Triumph of the Ordinary: Depictions of Daily Life in the East German Cinema, 1949–1989

13535:

Dennis, Mike (2003). "Tackling the enemy- quiet repression and preventive decomposition".

13501:

Dennis, Mike (2003). "Tackling the Enemy: Quiet Repression and Preventive Decomposition".

4014: 8: 19315: 19041: 18749: 18600: 18553: 18541: 18420: 18399: 18393: 17865: 17826: 17162: 16650:

The Other Germany: Perceptions and Influences in British-East German Relations, 1945–1990

16475: 15271: 15268:

Stasi-Zensur-Machtdiskurse: Publikationsgeschichten und Materialien zu Jurek Beckers Werk

14899: 14745: 14585: 14357: 12078: 10733: 10100:. This is in stark distinction from the West where the more centrist parties such as the 9561: 9434: 9208: 9040:

on the occasion of the event "Rock für den Frieden" (Rock for Peace) on 25 October 1983.

8992: 8986:

At the beginning of the 1960s, the youth of the GDR were also under the influence of the

8940: 8914: 6242:

of the German Democratic Republic was like that of the USSR. In 1950, the GDR joined the

5989:

The border troops of the Eastern sector were originally organised as a police force, the

5945:), when East Germany joined the Warsaw Pact. From its creation, it was controlled by the 3913: 3746: 3697: 3496: 3375: 3250: 3171: 2492: 2438: 2399: 2189: 1247: 1172: 674: 523: 17659: 17423:

The East German Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation of the GDR

17319:(1976). "Historians of the German Democratic Republic on Antisemitism and Persecution". 16933:

Funke, Mark (2021). "Hall of Mirrors: The Antiquarian Book Trade in Communist Germany".

14861:

Harkin, Patrick (2011). "Brecht on 17 June: Establishing the Facts". In Bradley, Laura;

13174: 12209: 12154: 8814:

gained national fame. From 1962 to 1976, an international schlager festival was held in

4232:

The member parties were almost completely subservient to the SED and had to accept its "

1990: 19036: 18615: 18605: 18430: 18313: 17406:(April 2002). "Die DDR in der Deutschen Gesichte" [The GDR in German History]. 17391: 17224: 17178:(April 2002). "Die DDR in der Deutschen Gesichte" [The GDR in German History]. 17038: 16964: 16935: 16858:

Stasi State or Socialist Paradise? The German Democratic Republic and What Became of It

16784: 16501: 16329: 15649: 15637: 15570: 15536: 15475: 15391: 15302: 14810: 14679: 14659: 14146: 14138: 13984:"Zusammenfassende Übersichten – Eheschließungen, Geborene und Gestorbene 1946 bis 2015" 13281: 13272: 13196: 13148: 13034: 12751: 12649:

Repainting the Little Red Schoolhouse: A History of Eastern German education, 1945–1995

12520: 12109: 11641: 11603: 11469: 11198: 11077: 10081: 9901: 9522: 9355: 9094: 6512: 5758: 4863:, which was for schoolchildren ages 6 to 14, East German youths would usually join the 3755: 3630: 3303: 3218: 2768: 2728: 2700: 2540: 2391: 2179: 1885: 1832: 1426: 1416: 1277:

and the establishment of a government committed to liberalization. The following year,

637: 353: 212: 17376:"Central European History since 1989: Historiographical Trends and Post-Wende 'Turns'" 14266:

Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte / Halbjahresschrift für Theologie und Geschichtswisseschaft,

11819: 9814: 9481: 3587: 3283:

which defined the German Democratic Republic as a "republic of workers and peasants".

19383: 18943: 18709: 18610: 18415: 17512:

Scenes from Behind the Wall: Images of East Germany 1989/90" Exhibit Collection C0235

17403: 17395: 17360: 17252: 17175: 17111: 17008: 16887: 16861: 16826: 16788: 16748: 16711: 16696: 16685: 16657: 16614: 16593: 16572: 16531: 16505: 16479: 16033: 15954: 15908: 15865: 15791: 15657: 15528: 15451: 15395: 15383: 15314: 15275: 15181: 14964: 14935: 14903: 14874: 14845: 14749: 14741:

Virtual Walls?: Political Unification and Cultural Difference in Contemporary Germany

14714: 14687: 14459: 14361: 14313: 14197: 14150: 14099: 13786: 13751: 13694:

Boroch, Wilfried (1996). "Social policy as an institutional transformation problem".

13602: 13573: 13544: 13540: 13510: 13506: 13481: 13423: 13394: 13365: 13228: 13200: 13175:"Targeting the Periphery: The Role of Iceland in East German Foreign Policy, 1949–89" 13152: 13068: 13057: 12995: 12948: 12861: 12787: 12743: 12706: 12696: 12666: 12656: 12532: 12414: 12375: 12185: 12113: 11947: 11913: 11884: 11876: 11757: 11726: 11703: 11693: 11679: 11661: 11651: 11623: 11613: 11546: 11376: 11319: 11269: 11223: 11202: 11190: 11170: 11149: 10981: 10961: 10778: 10649: 10517: 9565: 9448: 9383:

was well known in these roles, often playing the righteous, kindhearted and charming

9200: 9090: 9075: 9009: 8856: 8787: 8540: 8536: 8260:

Religion became contested ground in the GDR, with the governing communists promoting

6270: 6232: 5998: 5768: 5496: 5318: 5230: 5021: 4930: 4915: 4864: 4246: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3751: 3662: 3547: 3379: 3287: 2733: 2656: 2470: 2446: 2107: 2033: 1890: 1446: 1152: 542: 298: 19189: 17270: 17246: 15540: 13880: 13255:

Solsten, Eric; et al. (Library of Congress. Federal Research Division) (1996).

13038: 11433: 10403:(Federal Republic or Federal Territory, respectively), referring to the country and 9832:. Originally a Protestant feast day, it was demoted as an official holiday in 1967. 9762:

Thursday after the 5th Sunday after Easter. Was not an official holiday after 1967.

9416: 9331:(Five Cartridges), about resistance against fascism, became internationally famous. 5002: 4130:

were allowed. Nevertheless, every political party in the GDR was forced to join the

3508: 3344:("Eastern Policy") of "Change Through Rapprochement" of the pragmatic government of 19327: 18734: 18093: 17723: 17698: 17544: 17454: 17436:

Remembering and Rethinking the GDR: Multiple Perspectives and Plural Authenticities

17383: 17328: 17082: 17066: 17060: 16985: 16340: 15950: 15617: 15593:"Olympics; Coaches Concede That Steroids Fueled East Germany's Success in Swimming" 15520: 15443: 15430: 15375: 15306: 14923: 14555: 14166:"Dialogue as a Strategy of Struggle: Religious Politics in East Germany, 1957–1968" 14130: 13663: 13477: 13454: 13419: 13188: 13140: 13026: 12735: 12454: 12132: 11983: 11856: 11182: 11014: 9499: 9241: 9227: 9021: 6640: 6049:, equipped as motorised infantry, and they numbered between 12,000 and 15,000 men. 5913:. Defining what was a military force and what was not is a matter of some dispute. 5812:, along with free market economic reforms implemented by Iceland during the 1960s. 5590: 5449: 5414: 5275:

East Berlin: XII Parliament of the FDJ during the opening in the Great Hall of the

5073:

Both Pioneer groups would often have massive parades, honoring and celebrating the

3934: 3930: 3839: 3650: 3492: 3418: 3330: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2327:

and that such a negotiation with the Soviet Union would be seen as a capitulation.

1900: 1471: 1450: 1297:

on 3 October 1990. Several of the GDR's leaders, notably its last communist leader

1129: 862: 17522:

Geschichte des ostdeutschen Designs – history of east German design

12318: 9137: 8839:, the Golden Voice from Prague, was beloved in both German states. Hungarian band 8725: 6526:

In 1976 East Germany inaugurated the operation of a ground-based radio station at

18776: 18308: 18269: 18130: 17743: 17575:

Mauerkarte – Detailed interactive map of the border between East and West Germany

17533: 17496: 16840: 16814: 16774: 16738: 16675: 16629: 15415: 15177: 14960: 14482: 14442: 14303: 14191: 13940: 13776: 13222: 12988:

Undeclared Wars with Israel: East Germany and the West German Far Left, 1967–1989

12927: 12908: 12009: 11937: 11826: 11553: 11520: 11508: 11501: 11219:

The Sanctity of Rural Life: Nobility, Protestantism, and Nazism in Weimar Prussia

10025: 9744: 9534: 9518: 9424: 9372: 9129: 9110: 9106: 8902: 8901:

The government of the GDR was invested in both promoting the tradition of German

8826: 8818:, garnering participants from between 18 and 22 countries each year. The city of 8732:

A special feature of GDR culture is the broad spectrum of German rock bands. The

8703: 8556: 8544: 8480: 8434: 8394: 8276: 8229: 8163: 8036: 5780: 5614: 5477: 5310: 5253: 3918: 3317:, Chairman of the State Council of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) 3272: 3233: 3190: 3179: 3106: 2865: 2511: 2433: 2346: 2092: 1995: 1370: 1168: 1121: 1117: 1041: 395: 118: 17332: 16130:"What's 'wrong' with east Germany? Look to its long neglect by the wealthy west" 13844: 12881: 10768: 10729: 9913: 9232: 6527: 5640:, and diplomatic objections of the Allied governments, the GDR administered the 5221:

Freie Deutsche Jugend (FDJ) was founded on 7 March 1946 under the leadership of

5137:

The Pioneer songs were sung at any opportunity, including the following titles:

3762:, who did not attend the event, saw the planned event as an opportunity to test 1346:

The centre of political power in East Berlin was – in the West – referred to as

19303: 19149: 18714: 18450: 18445: 17738: 17733: 17718: 17688: 17683: 17564: 17485: 17356: 17046: 16681: 16153: 16092: 15819: 15677: 15642: 15524: 15509:"Anabolic steroids in sport: biochemical, clinical and analytical perspectives" 14735: 14309: 13458: 13390: 13361: 13052: 12854:

Staatssozialismus und gesellschaftliche Differenzierung: eine empirische Studie

12692: 12495: 12358: 12106:

Touring Beyond the Nation: A Transnational Approach to European Tourism History

11881:

The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949.

11847: 11012:[Krenz, Schabowski and Kleiber had nothing more to say to each other]. 10986: 10752: 10207: 10053: 10020: 9946: 9514: 9300: 9295: 9065: 9057: 9033: 8778: 8415: 5897: 5788: 5762: 5574: 5470: 5463: 5442: 5400: 5393: 5222: 5025: 4233: 4062: 3812:

the population, the SED proposed a law loosening travel restrictions. When the

3731: 3719: 3711: 3414: 3318: 3314: 3276: 3264: 3240: 3214: 3121: 3031: 3017: 2758: 2515: 2466: 2465:, a Communist proponent of reunification, died in early March 1953. Similarly, 2361: 2360:

The government of East Germany denounced West German failures in accomplishing

2350: 2204: 2015: 1223: 1101: 659: 495: 407: 383: 306: 302: 17569: 17387: 17116:

The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949

17012: 16845:

The Two Red Flags: European Social Democracy & Soviet Communism Since 1945

16524:

Creating German Communism, 1890–1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State

15408: 14770:"Interview With Conductor Kurt Masur: 'The Spirit of 1989 Has Been Exhausted'" 13144: 11860: 11186: 9380: 9028: 6300:. East Germans with friends or relatives in the West (or with any access to a 4815:

The national ensign of the GDR Volkspolizei-Bereitschaften (from 1962 to 1990)

4711:

Emblem of the Ministry of State Security (MfS) (Stasi) of the GDR (until 1990)

3253:, and on the night of 12 August 1961, East German soldiers began erecting the 2441:(purple); the Soviet zone, East Germany (red) surrounded West Berlin (yellow). 19337: 19229: 18983: 18739: 18650: 18529: 18460: 18294: 17803: 17693: 17558: 17348: 16917: 16901: 16875: 16671: 16645: 16597: 16560: 16519: 16037: 15455: 15387: 15310: 15245:

Filmernst | Das Kompetenzzentrum für Film – Schule – Kino im Land Brandenburg

14801: 14691: 14683: 13353: 12808: 12747: 12710: 12684: 11933: 11909: 11749: 11525:

The German Question: The Stalin Note of 1952 and the Problem of Reunification

11194: 10949: 10637: 10179: 9748: 9714:(approx. 'International Day of the Struggle and Celebration of the Workers') 9664: 9642: 9443: 9322: 9156: 9082: 9000: 8862: 8772: 8754: 8523: 8472: 8438: 8293: 8261: 6454: 6301: 6224: 6145: 5809: 5539: 5407: 5186:"Wenn Mutti früh zur Arbeit geht" – "When Mother Goes to Work in the Morning" 5164: 4078: 4058: 3926: 3326: 3175: 3117: 2845: 2504: 2462: 2423: 2335: 2316: 2214: 2077: 2005: 1958: 1742: 1219: 1188: 896: 449: 379: 274: 261: 17458: 15447: 12791: 12670: 11987: 11707: 11665: 11627: 10159:

There are more migrants in former West Germany than in former East Germany.

9212: 9193: 9133: 8447:

Federation of the Free Protestant Churches in the German Democratic Republic

6500:(East German Post Office). East Germany was assigned telephone country code 6292:

Until the 1960s, East Germans endured shortages of basic foodstuffs such as

5495:(though legally it was not fully part of the GDR's territory), and the five 5174:"Die Heimat hat sich schön gemacht" – "Our Homeland Has Smartened Itself Up" 4134:, a broad coalition of parties and mass political organisations, including: 2437:

West Germany (blue) comprised the Western Allies' zones, excluding disputed

19234: 19123: 18645: 18071: 18059: 18007: 17950: 17708: 17608: 17316: 17305: 17030: 16405: 15992: 15532: 15296: 15173:

Representing East Germany Since Unification: From Colonization to Nostalgia

14870: 14862: 14236: 14219: 13761: 13672: 13668:"'I've been shafted twice': Stasi victims and their quest for compensation" 12983: 12830: 12271: 11974:

Krisch, Henry (December 1979). "Soviet-GDR Relations in the Honecker Era".

11939:

Contemporary Germany: Essays and Texts on Politics, Economics & Society

11255: 11103:

Facts about Germany: The Federal Republic of Germany, 1959 – Germany (West)

10872: 10620: 9829: 9569: 9411: 9384: 9341: 9144: 9117: 9102: 9086: 9013: 8944: 8922: 8906: 8840: 8764: 8737: 8529: 8429: 8280: 6531: 6213:

automobile was a profitable product made in the German Democratic Republic.

6116: 6106: 6030: 5950: 5942: 5742: 5738: 5428: 5337: 5049: 3767: 3759: 3678: 3642: 3634: 3351: 3345: 3295: 3291: 3152: 3139: 2950: 2885: 2875: 2836: 2723: 1497: 1479: 1398: 1366: 1239: 1176: 1148: 1137: 1113: 641: 17353:

Becoming East Germans: Socialist Structures and Sensibilities After Hitler

16947:

Germany's Cold War: The Global Campaign to Isolate East Germany, 1949–1969

16297: 15379: 9936: 9081:

After Brecht's death, conflicts began to arise between his family (around

6315:

could afford Western products and export-quality East German products via

2551: 18963: 18948: 18595: 18223: 18012: 17788: 17776: 17748: 17703: 17678: 17539: 17232: 17020: 16922:

Becoming East German: Socialist Structures and Sensibilities after Hitler

16437: 16275: 16028: 14774: 13387:

Becoming East German: Socialist Structures and Sensibilities After Hitler

13358:

Becoming East German: Socialist Structures and Sensibilities After Hitler

13030: 12924:

Youth Politics in East Germany: The Free German Youth Movement, 1946–1968

12905:

Youth Politics in East Germany: The Free German Youth Movement, 1946–1968

12780:

Antifascism & the Historical Identity of East German Youth, 1961–1989

12528: 12140: 11754:

Becoming East German: Socialist Structures and Sensibilities after Hitler

11683: 11645: 11607: 11082: 10853: 9770: 9620: 9538: 9473: 9461: 9351: 9312: 9189: 9152: 9098: 8987: 8976: 8910: 8888: 8848: 8760: 8683: 8373: 8365:(Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland, EKD) at the Conference of Eisenach ( 8272: 8018: 6251: 6128: 5964: 5910: 5772: 5707: 5492: 5484: 5421: 5386: 5104: 4843: 4756: 4212: 4114:, SED). It was created in 1946 through the Soviet-directed merger of the 3877: 3827: 3638: 3322: 3254: 3246: 3206: 3200: 2738: 2450: 2415: 2308: 2134: 2124: 1774: 1733: 1711: 1438: 1434: 1294: 1290: 1251: 1231: 1211: 595: 534: 253: 222: 17257:

Constructing Socialism: Technology and Change in East Germany, 1945–1990

15857:

That Was the Wild East: Film Culture, Unification, and the 'New' Germany

11647:

Russian Commands and German Resistance: The Soviet Occupation, 1945–1949

11609:

Russian Commands and German Resistance: The Soviet Occupation, 1945–1949

11583:

Political prisoners in the German Democratic Republic | Communist Crimes

9533:

had successes in European competition. Many East German players such as

5329: 5217: 5183:"Lied der jungen Naturforscher" – "Song of the Young Nature Researchers" 4691:

Flag of the Ministry of State Security (Stasi), East Germany, until 1990

2507:, and the Soviet sector of Berlin became fully integrated into the GDR. 1437:); red: East Germany (formed from the Soviet occupation zone, including 1421: 18473: 17302:

The GDR Remembered: Representations of the East German State since 1989

17043:

Dictatorship as Experience: Towards a Socio-Cultural History of the GDR

16607:

Red Prometheus: Engineering and Dictatorship in East Germany, 1945–1990

15343:"Films And The Fall Of The Berlin Wall: A Cinematic History, Post-1989" 14142: 12755: 12435: 11685:

Constructing Socialism: Technology and Change in East Germany 1945–1990

9999: 9862: 9568:, allowing them to win motorcycle races with little competition. Racer 9530: 9394: 9346: 9282: 9017: 8960: 8894: 8886:

culture reached the ears of the East German youth. With videos such as

8873: 8836: 8653: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 8498: 8494: 8408: 8331: 8214: 8148: 8003: 6520: 6516: 6307: 6282: 6247: 6163: 5941:(Barracked People's Police), the military units of the regular police ( 5861: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3981: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3805: 3797: 3782: 3646: 3626: 3424:

This assessment of the Basic Treaty was confirmed in a decision of the

3339: 2808: 2480: 2320: 2097: 1975: 1390: 1385:(eastern Germany) was used to describe all the territories east of the 1353: 1298: 1259: 1195: 1179:(1871–1945) and abolished the goal of unification in the constitution ( 419: 294: 17266:

The Currency of Socialism: Money and Political Culture in East Germany

16587: 13717:

The Currency of Socialism: Money and Political Culture in East Germany

13192: 9964:

A booth selling East German and communist-themed memorabilia in Berlin

8437:

there was a number of smaller Protestant bodies, including Protestant

1246:

the state economically. In response, the GDR government fortified its

18504: 18213: 18076: 17867: 17808: 17217:

The Plans That Failed: An Economic History of East Germany, 1945–1989

17131: 16848: 16637: 16610: 16465: 16302: 14931: 14353: 13256: 12689:

Power and Society in the GDR, 1961–1979: The 'Normalisation of Rule'?

12339:

Miklós Németh in Interview, Austrian TV – ORF "Report", 25 June 2019.

12157:[In Buchenwald, the anti-fascists have lost the memory war]. 12038:

The Imperfect Union; Constitutional Structures for German Unification

11943: 11265: 10957: 10821: 10297:

As First Secretary until 1976, and from then on as General Secretary.

10288:

As General Secretary until 1953, and from then on as First Secretary.

10097: 10085: 9840: 9545: 9402: 9004: 8879: 8490: 8477:

Federation of the Reformed Churches in the German Democratic Republic

8354: 8042: 6507:

An unusual feature of the telephone network was that, in most cases,

6471: 6320: 6316: 6086: 5598: 5512: 5074: 3905: 3819: 3693: 3666: 3449: 3445: 3413:

in participating in international bodies and agreements, such as the

3355: 3299: 2427: 1985: 1787: 1394: 17375: 17157: 14276: 14274: 14134: 12739: 12278:[The GDR as a Bone of Contention in Research and Politics]. 11872: 11870: 10811: 10670:

The Imperfect Union: Constitutional Structures of German Unification

9239:

Television and radio in East Germany were state-run industries; the

8825:

Bands and singers from other socialist countries were popular, e.g.

8628: 8326:

A 1980 meeting between representatives of the BEK and Erich Honecker

5836: 4336: 4298:), an organisation for the elderly. Another society of note was the 3956: 1369:) was a term almost always in reference to the geographic region of 18665: 17521: 16925: 16653: 16351: 15946:

The Transparent State: Architecture and Politics in Postwar Germany

15144: 14239:. Christianity and the Encounter of the World Religions (New York: 13127:"'Tough negotiations'. The two Germanys in Syria and Iraq, 1963–74" 12581:

The Constitutional Jursiprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany

12463:[Pan-European picnic – With the picnic basket to freedom]. 12057:

The Constitutional Jursiprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany

11050: 10361: 9995: 9931: 9186:

tradition lives on, today bringing viewers state-of-the-art shows.

8933: 8379:

Federation of Protestant Churches in the German Democratic Republic

8350: 8335: 8078: 6262: 6228: 6219: 5909:(1945–92), its military forces were among the most advanced of the 5906: 5578: 5036: 4087: 3739: 3654: 3453: 2500: 2159: 1857: 1301:, were later prosecuted for offenses committed during the GDR era. 1263: 554: 16704:

The East German Economy, 1945–2010: Falling Behind Or Catching Up?

15096: 15066: 14986:"Benno Besson, 83, Director of Plays and Brecht Disciple, Is Dead" 13621: 11714: 8601: 8039:(314,437) (Chemnitz until 1953, reverted to original name in 1990) 5262:

reported on details of the 'criminal' activities of the 'illegal'

3271:

In 1971, Ulbricht was removed from leadership after Soviet leader

18978: 18259: 18218: 18017: 17621: 14271: 12461:"Paneuropäisches Picknick – Mit dem Picknickkorb in die Freiheit" 11867: 10101: 9167: 9052: 8883: 8819: 8815: 8502: 8090: 8084: 8066: 8048: 8030: 8024: 8007: 6278: 6266: 6243: 6210: 6197: 6009:

was transformed into a military force in 1961, modeled after the

5889: 5804: 5695: 5610: 5606: 5594: 5586: 5570: 5108: 3892: 3862:, a coalition headed by the East German branch of West Germany's 3793: 3727: 3484: 2903: 2705: 1837: 1781: 1738: 1270: 338: 327: 17100:

Love in the Time of Communism: Intimacy and Sexuality in the GDR

14254:

The Limits Of Totalitarianism: God, State and Society in the GDR

12155:"À Buchenwald, les antifascistes ont perdu la guerre mémorielle" 11010:"Krenz, Schabowski und Kleiber hatten sich nichts mehr zu sagen" 9003:

were banned from performing because they had different ideas of

5028:. It was founded on 13 December 1948 and broke apart in 1989 on 3870:

Talks) were held involving the two German states and the former

3745:

The opening of a border gate between Austria and Hungary at the

3531:(1755–1813) were upheld by the SED as examples and role models. 18754: 18546: 18028: 17798: 17480: 16880:

The People's State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker

16627: 15701:"Drug Testing; East German Steroids' Toll: 'They Killed Heidi'" 15040: 14495: 13595:

The People's State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker

13530: 13528: 13526: 13224:

Comrades in Arms: Military Masculinities in East German Culture

13059:

The Road to Jerusalem: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict

10093: 9541:

became integral parts of the reunified national football team.

9469: 9363: 9179: 9160: 8733: 8343: 8102: 8060: 6319:. Consumer goods also were available, by post, from the Danish 6297: 6258: 6175: 5750: 5746: 5618: 5617:(Chemnitz until 1953 and again from 1990) from Saxony; and (x) 5516: 5168: 4979:

Pionierorganisation Ernst Thälmann, founded on 13 December 1948

4640:

Service flag for auxiliary ships and boats of the People's Navy

3888: 3735: 2419: 2369: 2330:

In 1949 the Soviets turned control of East Germany over to the

2296: 1348: 1227: 236: 19322: 17204:

Security Empire: The Secret Police in Communist Eastern Europe

15213: 11845:

Baras, Victor (1975). "Beria's Fall and Ulbricht's Survival".

9275:, which was subdivided in different local groups, for example 9068:, who brought back many artists out of exile and reopened the 8372:

In 1969, the regional Protestant churches in East Germany and

5690:

Already in the 1960s, contacts were established with Angola's

3378:(December 1972), which relinquished any separate claims to an 2503:, East Berlin's status as occupied territory largely became a 18968: 18938: 16149:"Why is everyone in Germany talking about Thuringia and AfD?" 15900:

Fallen Elites: The Military Other in Post-Unification Germany

12433:[Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world]. 12431:"DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln" 11470:

Stiftung Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.

9916:

in 2010 summarized the consensus of most recent scholarship:

9398: 9183: 6293: 6286: 6058: 5753:

as a "fascist state" and East Germany strongly supported the

5658: 4218: 3313:

Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)

3302:, along with some "scattered sympathizers". According to the 3091: – SPD) in the Soviet zone merged to form the 1650: 17574: 17570:

Map – Europe 1949: NATO and the Two Germanys (omniatlas.com)

17195:

The Making of the GDR 1945–53: From Antifascism to Stalinism

16727:

Within Walls: Private Life in the German Democratic Republic

14407:"The Secret of East German Censorship – Who's Watching Who?" 14349:

Routledge Companion to Central and Eastern Europe since 1919

13732:, James Hawes (2018), federal office of political education 13523: 11936:; Leaman, Jeremy; Parkes, Stuart; Tolkiehn, Barbara (2014). 11932: 11779:

City Under Siege: The Berlin Blockade and Airlift, 1948–1949

11457:

Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung

10431:

Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung

10427:

Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung

10092:, a right-wing populist party, particularly in the state of 5732: 4667:

Service flag for ships and boats of the Border Brigade Coast

4628:

Service flag for combat ships and boats of the People's Navy

2313:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

1352:(the seat of command of the Soviet forces in Germany was in 1218:

capital. It also bordered the three sectors occupied by the

1116:

on 3 October 1990. Until 1989, it was generally viewed as a

18953: 18877: 18819: 17128:

Socialist Modern: East German Everyday Culture and Politics

14394:

Socialist modern: East German everyday culture and politics

14196:. German Monitor. Amsterdam: Rodopi B.V. pp. 104–105. 13873:

The Power of Freedom: Central and Eastern Europe After 1945

11146:

Worlds of Work: Building an International Sociology of Work

10043: 9960: 9268: 8096: 8072: 6501: 6438: 5691: 5684: 5626: 5622: 5569:, named after their district centres, were as follows: (i) 5368:

List of leaders of administrative divisions of East Germany

5180:"Kleine weiße Friedenstaube" – "Little White Dove of Peace" 5160:"Jetzt bin ich Junger Pionier" – "Now I Am a Young Pioneer" 4284: 2365: 2324: 2300: 1696: 1661: 1524: 1386: 17661:

Administrative divisions of the German Democratic Republic

17206:. Yale-Hoover Series on Authoritarian Regimes. New Haven: 16179:"Die Rechten ziehen in den Osten, Ausländer in den Westen" 15566:"Political Pressure Dismantles East German Sports Machine" 14458:. 2. Auflage. Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, Berlin 2000, 13634:"After the fall: The hidden trauma behind the Berlin Wall" 13336:"Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police" 12356:[The Berlin Wall began to crumble in Burgenland]. 9495:

lining up before a match against Australia on 15 June 1974

9476:, and winter sports. The success is largely attributed to 16632:; Collier, Erwin L.; Rueschemeyer, Marilyn, eds. (1989). 15816:"East German nuclear plant demolition proves challenging" 15767: 14869:. Edinburgh German Yearbook. Vol. 5. Rochester, NY: 13879:. Centre for European Studies. p. 58. Archived from 10774:

Civil Society & Dictatorship in Modern German History

10357: 10155:

Proportion of Germans without a migrant background (2016)

10135:. In Mecklenburg-Vorpommern the NPD was represented from 9503: 9124:

successfully toured Europe and Asia including Japan with

5745:

argues that East Germany was waging an undeclared war on

4057:

SED logotype: the Communist–Social Democrat handshake of

3221:, on 18 June 1953 the government of the GDR enlisted the 948: 17145:

Conflict and Stability in the German Democratic Republic

16780:

The Stasi: East German Intelligence and Security Service

16347:"Why Eastern Germany is the Most Godless Place On Earth" 14305:

The East German State and the Catholic Church, 1945–1989

13821:[I love Thuringia, I love Germany] (in German). 13622:

The East German penal system in Torgau from 1950 to 1990

9513:

was the most popular sport. Club football teams such as

6180:

International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims

5949:. It was an all-volunteer force until an eighteen-month 5192:"Hab'n Se nicht noch Altpapier" – "Got Any Waste Paper?" 4727:

of the German Democratic Republic (from 1956 until 1990)

1462:

mixed socialist and traditional elements about equally.

233:

Location of the East Germany (dark green)

16173: 16171: 11579:"Political prisoners in the German Democratic Republic" 11474:[LeMO Chapter: Forced Association to the SED]. 10473:

Evangelical Church of the Görlitz Ecclesiastical Region

10409:(Federal citizen) for its citizens, with the adjective 9361:

The film industry was remarkable for its production of

5141:"Wir tragen die Blaue Fahne" – "We Carry the Blue Flag" 4239:

The Volkskammer also included representatives from the

16939:. Vol. 70, no. 4 (Winter). pp. 603–617. 16565:

Politics and Popular Opinion in East Germany 1945–1965

15214:"DEFA – Stiftung – Home" 15118: 15067:"Das BE – ein Theater für Zeitgenossen" 14466:, Eintrag zum Internationalen Schlagerfestival Dresden 13100:"The GDR and the PLO: East Germany's Palestine Policy" 12803: 12801: 11543:

Otto Grotewohl (1894–1964): Eine politische Biographie

10471:(EKiBB, East Ambit, for East Berlin and Brandenburg), 9446:

for bestberg Film in a Foreign Language) in 2006, and

9267:

The prolific cinema of East Germany was headed by the

5059:

Für Frieden und Sozialismus seid bereit – Immer bereit

4983: 4305:

After the fall of Socialism, the SED was renamed the "

3866:, which advocated speedy reunification. Negotiations ( 2518:(1948–49) of food, fuel, and supplies to West Berlin. 19287: 17866:

Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their

16702:

Berghoff, Hartmut; Balbier, Uta Andrea, eds. (2013).

16057:"Rewriting ideal history: The Ostalgie expression in 13310:"The Stasi files: Germany's 600-million-piece puzzle" 12354:"Die Berliner Mauer begann im Burgenland zu bröckeln" 9085:) and other artists about Brecht's legacy, including 8999:

Even convinced socialists like the singer-songwriter

8458:

Federation of the Free Protestant Churches in Germany

6070: 5111:, as well as at school festivals and pioneer events. 3217:

in some 700 cities and towns. Fearing anti-communist

3161:

Nationale Front der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik

2119:

De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania

1379:

to denote the Federal Republic. Before World War II,

1315:(German Democratic Republic), usually abbreviated to 17486:

AHF – Nationale Volksarmee : NVA

16906:

Anatomy of a Dictatorship: Inside the GDR, 1949–1989

16168: 11308:. Viereck's, Volume 8. Fatherland Corporation, 1918. 11043: 10896:"Eugene Register-Guard – Google News Archive Search" 10197: 8771:. Most of these artists recorded on the state-owned 6063:

The Ministry of State Security (Stasi) included the

5198:"Laßt Euch grüßen, Pioniere" – "Greetings, Pioneers" 4585: 2295:

until the dissolution of the Soviet regime in 1991 (

17229:

Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall

17056:

The Rise and Fall of the German Democratic Republic

16241:"Ausländeranteil in Deutschland nach Bundesländern" 16235: 16233: 15672:"Sports Doping Statistics Reach Plateau in Germany" 15644:

Faust's Gold: Inside the East German doping machine

14707:

Theatre for the People: The Story of the Volksbühne

12813:

Anatomy of a Dictatorship: Inside the GDR 1949–1989

12798: 12560: 12525:

Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall

12347: 12345: 10489:

Evangelical Church of the Church Province of Saxony

9710:

Internationaler Kampf- und Feiertag der Werktätigen

8690:GDR culture and politics were limited by the harsh 8404:, the BEK churches again merged with the EKD ones. 6105:Every man was required to serve eighteen months of 4759:

with the Order of Karl Marx (between 1956 and 1990)

4104:The ruling political party in East Germany was the 3684: 3582:

may be too technical for most readers to understand

3354:, established normal diplomatic relations with the 2349:assumed most executive authority. Socialist leader 16401:"Eastern Germany: the most godless place on Earth" 16146: 15785: 15641: 13750:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 66. 13227:. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books. p. 8. 13056: 9460:East Germany was very successful in the sports of 8427:Apart from the Protestant state churches (German: 8342:onwards. In 1948, freed from the influence of the 5069:Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation Parade in 1953 3475:) in 1982. Built in 1972, it was once part of the 1429:, the Allies jointly occupied Germany west of the 17565:East German anthem with English and German lyrics 17481:DDR Museum Berlin – Culture of GDR 16974:The Role of the Masses in the Collapse of the GDR 16433:"Only the Old embrace God in former East-Germany" 16379:"East Germany the 'most atheistic' of any region" 16271:"Only the Old Embrace God in Former East Germany" 14957:Brecht and Political Theatre: The Mother on Stage 14498:[ROTE GITARREN – The official homepage]. 13909:"Germany Population – Historical Background" 12630:1989: The Struggle to Create Post-Cold War Europe 8966: 8279:. In 1961, the renowned philosophical theologian 6496:stations. Both of these networks were run by the 6337:Growth in GDP per capita in East and West Germany 6138: 3534: 19335: 17555:Stamps Catalog of the German Democratic Republic 16855: 16773: 16677:Friendly Enemies: Britain and the GDR, 1949–1990 16230: 16147:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche (6 February 2020). 14867:Brecht and the GDR: Politics, Culture, Posterity 14578: 12388: 12386: 12342: 12276:"Die DDR als Zankapfel in Forschung und Politik" 12245: 12226: 9064:East German theatre was originally dominated by 8361:from most parts of Germany came together as the 5491:Until 1952, East Germany comprised the capital, 5208:"Friede auf unserer Erde" – "Peace on Our Earth" 3921:. But many East German critics contend that the 3641:received a death threat for writing an essay on 3156:National Front of the German Democratic Republic 65:for awkward phrasing and excessive passive voice 17433: 17087:Germany Divided: From the Wall to Reunification 16701: 14518: 11143: 10947: 9575: 9132:. In the 1960s, he became the Intendant of the 5985:Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic 5157:"Der Volkspolizist" – " The People's Policeman" 4854: 3766:'s reaction to an opening of the border on the 3387:government within a single German nation and a 2342:and held the office until his death, while the 1214:, which was also administered as the country's 17434:Saunders, Anna; Pinfold, Debbie, eds. (2012). 17342:"The Banalities of East German Historiography" 14548: 14488: 11820:East Berlin 17 June 1953: Stones Against Tanks 11413:wichtigste Legitimationsgrundlage des Staates. 11048:[National Front in the Eastern Zone]. 10632: 10630: 10170:As of 2009, more Germans are non-believers in 9230:with character from the stop-animation series 5177:"Auf zum Sozialismus" – "Onwards to Socialism" 4163:, DBD). The party merged with the West German 3665:in June 1944 as an "invasion", exonerated the 3209:according to the GDR's officially promulgated 3197:On 16 June 1953, workers constructing the new 1333:(Soviet Occupation Zone; often abbreviated to 1183:). The SED-ruled GDR was often described as a 19394:States and territories disestablished in 1990 18489: 18044: 17851: 17645: 17300:Hodgin, Nick; Pearce, Caroline, eds. (2011). 17289:Women's Writing and Historiography in the GDR 17037: 16670: 16644: 16212:"Ausländische Bevölkerung nach Ländern – bpb" 15988:"Educated women leave east German men behind" 14794: 13172: 12611: 12609: 12515: 12513: 12383: 11502:Anna M. Cienciala "History 557 Lecture Notes" 11222:. Oxford University Press. pp. 187–188. 10921:"Files: 350 dies trying to flee East Germany" 10684: 10682: 10028:, a historian and political scientist at the 9991:and better than in reunified Germany today". 8120:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc 5815: 5054:Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization 4787:of the German Democratic Republic (1959–1990) 3052: 2256: 17299: 17278: 16916: 15675: 15409:2006 Academy Award for "The Lives of Others" 15241:"Filmdatenbank | Das Schulgespenst | Inhalt" 14806:"Brecht Would Not Applaud His Theater Today" 14122:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 13819:"Ich liebe Thüringen, ich liebe Deutschland" 13277:"East German Military: Warsaw Pact's Finest" 12831:"Free German Youth 1949–1990 (East Germany)" 12171: 11830: 11748: 11144:Cornfield, Daniel B.; Hodson, Randy (2002). 11131:The Language of Human Rights in West Germany 10449: 10443: 10410: 10404: 10398: 10392: 10378: 10340: 10325: 10231:Economic history of the German reunification 10073:2024 European Parliament election in Germany 10009: 10003: 9868: 9846: 9820: 9798: 9776: 9754: 9728: 9708: 9693: 9670: 9648: 9626: 9604: 9502:were the most detected doping substances in 8979:of Silly founded the term "green elephant" ( 8860: 8830: 8489:. There were also other Protestants such as 8484: 8419: 6305: 6122: 6114: 6084: 6076: 6044: 6036: 6028: 6016: 6004: 5996: 5990: 5962: 5934: 5928: 5564: 5550: 5263: 5257: 5057: 5040: 4318: 4293: 4277: 4268: 4250: 4223: 4186: 4170: 4154: 4138: 4105: 3899: 3875: 3831: 3813: 3545: 3337: 3238: 3198: 3165: 3159: 3146: 3133: 3096: 3086: 3076: 2920: 2806: 2449:on common German policies, the USSR via the 1393:), as reflected in the works of sociologist 1380: 1374: 1360: 1338: 1328: 1310: 1074: 894: 884: 876: 868: 540: 521: 195: 175: 110: 15506: 14698: 12947:. Princeton University Press. p. 184. 10636: 10627: 9303:fairy tales and modern productions such as 5947:Ministry of National Defence (East Germany) 5357: 5098:Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation uniform 4842:Logo of the Warsaw Treaty Organization or " 4573:Standard of the chairman of the Council of 4365:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4140:Christlich-Demokratische Union Deutschlands 3818:rejected it on 5 November, the Cabinet and 3081: – KPD) and the part of the 2398:(ACC), a four-power (US, UK, USSR, France) 19399:States and territories established in 1949 18496: 18482: 18051: 18037: 17858: 17844: 17652: 17638: 17125: 17053: 16371: 16206: 16204: 15787:"'76 E. German Nuclear Incident Described" 15468: 15294: 12940: 12606: 12550: 12548: 12510: 12478: 12476: 12411: 12372: 12293: 12291: 12075:"Texas Law: Foreign Law Translations 1973" 11545:" H-German, H-Net Reviews. November 2010. 11519: 11371: 11369: 11367: 11365: 11215: 11175:Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie 10679: 10481:Evangelical Lutheran Church of Mecklenburg 9887: 9736:The translation means "Day of Liberation" 6094: 5659:Support of Third World socialist countries 4147:, CDU), which merged with the West German 4107:Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands 3940: 3836:on 1 December 1989 by a vote of 420 to 0. 3145:On 7 October 1949 the SED established the 3098:Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands 3059: 3045: 2263: 2249: 221: 211: 30:"GDR" redirects here. For other uses, see 17592:Soviet Military Administration in Germany 17506:East German Propaganda, Calvin University 17192: 17163:Perspecta: The Yale Architectural Journal 16498:The German Democratic Republic Since 1945 16214:. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. 15939: 15733:"1974 FIFA World Cup Germany, Germany FR" 14733: 14496:"ROTE GITARREN – Die Offizielle Homepage" 13662: 12921: 12902: 12210:"Antisémite, l'Allemagne de l'Est ?" 11725:. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 78. 11720: 11472:"LeMO Kapitel: Zwangsvereinigung zur SED" 11039: 11037: 10817:Perspecta: The Yale Architectural Journal 10038: 9468:, swimming, gymnastics, track and field, 8669:Learn how and when to remove this message 8421:Bund der Evangelischen Kirchen in der DDR 8391:Bund der Evangelischen Kirchen in der DDR 8330:East Germany, historically, was majority 8318:Bund der Evangelischen Kirchen in der DDR 5958:Land Forces of the National People's Army 5916: 5877:Learn how and when to remove this message 5733:East Germany and the Middle East conflict 5547:East German Administrative Reform of 1952 4970: 4385:Learn how and when to remove this message 4188:Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands 4172:Liberal-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands 4041:Learn how and when to remove this message 3849:Christian Democratic Union (East Germany) 3610:Learn how and when to remove this message 3594:, without removing the technical details. 2485:West and East Berlin with the Berlin Wall 2275:The ruling communist party, known as the 177:Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt Euch! 89:Learn how and when to remove this message 18503: 18195:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 17097: 17026:Beyond the Wall: East Germany, 1949–1990 16900: 16874: 16856:De La Motte, Bruni; Green, John (2015). 16559: 16492: 16425: 16318: 16298:"East Germany world's most godless area" 16021: 15985: 15896: 15853: 14983: 14922: 14762: 14301: 14189: 14118: 13774: 13592: 13384: 13352: 12978: 12976: 12926:. Oxford Historical Monographs. Oxford: 12907:. Oxford Historical Monographs. Oxford: 12807: 12683: 12005:"East Germany: The Price of Recognition" 11803: 11640: 11602: 11541:Roth, Gary. "Review of Hoffmann, Dierk: 11018:(in German). 31 May 2008. Archived from 10552:[Population level] (in German). 10493:Evangelical Lutheran Church in Thuringia 10150: 10066: 10042: 9959: 9935: 9678:Was not an official holiday after 1967. 9486: 9222: 9188: 9051: 8719: 8707: 8600: 8518: 8321: 7997: 6541: 6204: 6196: 5973:Air Forces of the National People's Army 5888: 5662: 5632:East Berlin was made the country's 15th 5364:Administrative divisions of East Germany 5336: 5328: 5291: 5270: 5242: 5216: 5195:"Pioniere voran!" – "Onwards, Pioneers!" 5093: 5064: 4974: 4507: 4265:Democratic Women's Federation of Germany 4217: 4202: 4068: 4052: 3838: 3705: 3505:equestrian statue of Frederick the Great 3463: 3444: 3308: 3259: 3184: 3111: 2479: 2432: 1420: 1085:[ˈdɔʏtʃədemoˈkʁaːtɪʃəʁepuˈbliːk] 740:108,875 km (42,037 sq mi) 216: 17514:, Special Collections Research Center, 17442: 17239: 17223: 17214: 17110: 17081: 17065: 16958: 16634:East Germany in Comparative Perspective 16604: 16471:Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 16201: 15507:Kicman, A.T.; Gower, D.B. (July 2003). 14954: 14268:1990, Vol. 3 Issue 1, pp. 152–165. 14087: 14085: 14040:"Dresden, Germany Population 1950–2019" 14010:"Leipzig, Germany Population 1950–2019" 13741: 13563: 13442: 13307: 13271: 13254: 13124: 13051: 12778:Plum, Catherine J. (11 February 2005). 12773: 12771: 12769: 12767: 12765: 12627: 12597: 12578: 12545: 12519: 12494: 12473: 12288: 12054: 11999: 11997: 11906:Berlin Wall: A World Divided, 1961–1989 11776: 11362: 11254: 10763: 10761: 10014:"nostalgia"). This was depicted in the 9218: 8376:broke away from the EKD and formed the 6330: 6101:Conscientious objection in East Germany 5534:). The western parts of two provinces, 5511:(named Province of Saxony until 1946), 5048:The program was designed to follow the 5035:The pioneer group was loosely based on 4947:Emblem (13 December 1948 – August 1990) 4156:Demokratische Bauernpartei Deutschlands 3088:Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands 14: 19336: 18299:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 17402: 17286: 17263: 17251: 17174: 17126:Pence, Katherine; Betts, Paul (2008). 16839: 16813: 16737: 16393: 16067:Centre for International Film Research 16017: 16015: 15618:"East German Dope Still Leaves Tracks" 15616:Kirschbaum, Erik (15 September 2000). 15363:Seminar: A Journal of Germanic Studies 15163: 15095:. Deutsches-theater.de. Archived from 14860: 14818:from the original on 14 September 2016 14704: 14280: 14091: 14083: 14081: 14079: 14077: 14075: 14073: 14071: 14069: 14067: 14065: 14050:from the original on 28 September 2019 14020:from the original on 28 September 2019 13986:. DESTATIS – Statistisches Bundesamt. 13714: 13693: 13534: 13500: 13471: 13413: 13173:Ingimundarson, V. (6 September 2010). 13125:Trentin, Massimiliano (17 July 2008). 12851: 12723: 12646: 12392: 12212:[Anti-Semite, East Germany?]. 12180:] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: 12103: 11973: 11900: 11678: 11375: 11318: 11168: 11128: 11034: 10569: 10567: 8271:In 1950, 85% of the GDR citizens were 6564: 6201:Map of the East German economy, 8/1990 6144:excessive. According to the historian 3109:infrastructure and industrial plants. 2375: 18477: 18265:1949 East German State Railway strike 18237:World Federation of Democratic Youth 18032: 17839: 17633: 17315: 17201: 17019: 16932: 16724: 16518: 16127: 16000:from the original on 17 November 2018 15761: 15603:from the original on 20 November 2018 15591:Janofsky, Michael (3 December 1991). 15578:from the original on 20 November 2018 15402: 15340: 15265: 15169: 14893: 14800: 14436:Bericht auf wdr4.de vom 22. Juli 2007 14417:from the original on 16 December 2017 13265: 13220: 12973: 12615: 12428: 12351: 12281:Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 12270: 12266: 12264: 12207: 12203: 12201: 12152: 12085:from the original on 20 December 2016 12035: 11844: 11791: 11402:from the original on 16 November 2019 11381:"Die DDR in der deutschen Geschichte" 11345:from the original on 16 November 2019 11324:"Die DDR in der deutschen Geschichte" 11282:from the original on 23 December 2019 11110:from the original on 21 December 2019 11090:from the original on 3 February 2016. 11058:from the original on 11 November 2013 10836:"Three Top Commies Flee East Germany" 10767: 10605:from the original on 2 February 2014. 10485:Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Saxony 8843:performed in both German states, and 6488:Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc 6477: 6027:After the NVA was separated from the 5708:People's Democratic Republic of Yemen 4962:Flag (13 December 1948 – August 1990) 4455:(26 September 1955 to 2 October 1990) 4195:, NDPD), merged with the West German 4179:, LDPD), merged with the West German 4145:Christian Democratic Union of Germany 3790:demonstrated against the ruling party 3592:make it understandable to non-experts 1489: 1304: 1083: 1052: 27:Country in Central Europe (1949–1990) 18136:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan 17420: 17409:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 17181:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 17142: 16971: 16943: 16464: 16085: 15832: 15564:Tagilabue, John (12 February 1991). 15427: 15359: 14782:from the original on 19 October 2017 14596:from the original on 19 October 2017 14566:from the original on 19 October 2017 14536:from the original on 19 October 2017 14506:from the original on 19 October 2017 14345: 13915:from the original on 1 November 2009 13869: 13825:from the original on 1 February 2017 13014: 12982: 12961:from the original on 1 December 2019 12882:"The Rules of the Thälmann Pioneers" 12777: 12762: 12566: 12554: 12482: 12397:[And then the Gate Opened]. 12297: 12235:] (in French). pp. 166–167. 12172:Tillack-Graf, Anne-Kathleen (2012). 11994: 11806:, p. 38 The DWK had become the 11389:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 11383:[The GDR in German history] 11332:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 11326:[The GDR in German history] 11236:from the original on 1 December 2019 10758: 10241: 10121:National Democratic Party of Germany 8651:adding citations to reliable sources 8622: 8596: 8515:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin 8266:State Secretariat for Church Affairs 6109:. For the medically unqualified and 5859:adding citations to reliable sources 5830: 5647: 5644:of Berlin as part of its territory. 5321:and featured international artists. 5212: 4363:adding citations to reliable sources 4330: 4300:Society for German-Soviet Friendship 4193:National Democratic Party of Germany 4161:Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany 4132:National Front of Democratic Germany 3979:adding citations to reliable sources 3950: 3674:placed on the genocide of the Jews. 3566: 2279:(SED), formed on 21 April 1946 from 1798:World Federation of Democratic Youth 1238:part of the FRG). Emigration to the 1194:Geographically the GDR bordered the 1124:"workers' and peasants' state". The 45: 16054: 16012: 15711:from the original on 1 October 2018 15686:from the original on 1 October 2018 15497:Hartgens and Kuipers (2004), p. 515 14984:Rockwell, John (25 February 2006). 14399: 14193:East Germany: Continuity and Change 14062: 13990:from the original on 11 August 2018 13964:from the original on 11 August 2018 13851:from the original on 11 August 2010 13333: 11721:Feinstein, Margarete Myers (2001). 10564: 10339:Population statistics according to 9907: 9415:or movies with the French comedian 8728:(center) giving autographs in 1980. 8393:, BEK), in 1970 also joined by the 6646: 6178:penal institution (till 1975). The 5341:Members with the uniform of the FDJ 5154:"Pioniermarsch" – "Pioneers' March" 5016:The group was a subdivision of the 4990:Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation 4984:Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation 4960:Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation 4945:Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation 4559:Standard of the president 1955–1960 4439:Provisional coat of arms of the GDR 4425:Provisional coat of arms of the GDR 4177:Liberal Democratic Party of Germany 3286:Initially, East Germany claimed an 2445:Seven years after the Allies' 1945 24: 18358:Sovietization of the Baltic states 17586:Allied Occupation Zones in Germany 17382:. Vol. 48. pp. 238–248. 16952:University of North Carolina Press 16546: 15921:from the original on 27 April 2016 15762:Beard, Stephen (4 November 2019). 15469:Helmstaedt, Karin (19 July 2000). 15220:from the original on 26 April 2008 15194:from the original on 26 March 2015 15151:from the original on 23 March 2010 15125:from the original on 23 March 2010 14928:Daring to Play: A Brecht Companion 14842:University of North Carolina Press 14626:from the original on 12 April 2017 14374:from the original on 27 April 2016 13958:DESTATIS – Statistisches Bundesamt 13845:"East Germany: country population" 13308:Goehler, Laura (7 November 2014). 13289:from the original on 1 August 2018 12261: 12198: 11942:(in German). London and New York: 11044:Berlin Korrespondent (June 1949). 10809: 10791:from the original on 20 March 2015 10510:A History of the Berliner Ensemble 9255:(DFF), from 1972 to 1990 known as 9020:. Other artists left voluntarily. 8851:toured East Germany in the 1970s. 8566:List of apostolic administrators: 6559: 6467:Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany) 6071:Combat groups of the working class 5783:and supported the creation of the 4828:Combat Groups of the Working Class 4498:(1 October 1959 to 3 October 1990) 4470:(7 October 1949 to 1 October 1959) 4441:(28 May 1953 to 26 September 1955) 4261:Free German Trade Union Federation 4120:Social Democratic Party of Germany 3564:were politically instrumentalised 3479:and is Leipzig's tallest building. 3249:. In response, the GDR closed the 3211:Sixteen Principles of Urban Design 3083:Social Democratic Party of Germany 3078:Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands 2289:Social Democratic Party of Germany 1872:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 25: 19410: 19354:1990 disestablishments in Germany 18229:World Federation of Trade Unions 17536: (archived 28 September 2007) 17469: 16251:from the original on 12 July 2018 16088:"Ostalgia: Romanticizing the GDR" 16086:Dick, Wolfgang (3 October 2013). 15699:Longman, Jere (26 January 2004). 15341:Scott, Sheena (5 November 2019). 15238: 15047:from the original on 4 March 2018 14095:The Statesman's Year-Book 1990–91 12393:Greven, Ludwig (19 August 2014). 11482:from the original on 14 June 2012 11173:[A text in its context]. 10954:Democratization in Eastern Europe 10268:Soviet occupation zone of Germany 10146: 9560:, a first-round match during the 9116:In the 1950s, the Swiss director 6460: 6257:Notable East German exports were 6065:Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment 6039:Volkspolizei-Bereitschaften (VPB) 5822:Group of Soviet Forces in Germany 5798: 5755:Palestine Liberation Organization 5654:Foreign relations of East Germany 5309:The Festival of Political Songs ( 5151:"Thälmann-Lied" – "Thälmann Song" 4679:Service flag of the border troops 4586:War and service flags and symbols 3714:in East Berlin on 4 November 1989 3495:manor-houses were torn down, the 2386:Soviet occupation zone of Germany 1147:abolishing German sovereignty in 19321: 19309: 19297: 18446:January 1991 events in Lithuania 18104:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 18058: 17933: 17877: 17820: 17757: 17545:RFE/RL East German Subject Files 17476:Border Museum at Schifflersgrund 17321:The Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 16920:; Port, Andrew I., eds. (2013). 16674:; LaPorte, Norman, eds. (2010). 16648:; LaPorte, Norman, eds. (2005). 16290: 16263: 16189:from the original on 9 June 2023 16140: 16121: 16107: 16079: 16048: 15979: 15933: 15890: 15878:from the original on 21 May 2016 15847: 15826: 15798: 15778: 15755: 15725: 15624:from the original on 3 June 2008 15551: 15500: 15491: 15462: 15421: 15353: 15334: 15288: 15259: 15232: 15206: 15137: 15111: 15085: 15073:from the original on 30 May 2010 15059: 15033: 15003: 14977: 14948: 14916: 14887: 14854: 14830: 14727: 14648: 14638: 14616:"Biografija: Muzičar Dado Topić" 14608: 14469: 14448: 14429: 14386: 14339: 14326:from the original on 3 June 2016 14295: 14258: 14246: 14230: 14210:from the original on 3 June 2016 14183: 14163: 14157: 14112: 14032: 14002: 13976: 13946: 13927: 13901: 13863: 13837: 13811: 13799:from the original on 16 May 2016 13768: 13748:High Growth of an Underachiever? 13735: 13723: 13708: 13687: 13656: 13626: 13615: 13586: 13557: 13494: 13465: 13436: 13407: 13378: 13346: 13327: 13301: 13248: 13214: 13166: 13118: 13092: 13081: 13045: 13008: 12934: 12915: 12896: 12874: 12429:Roser, Thomas (17 August 2014). 12227:Benyahia-Kouider, Odile (2013). 12137:Red Flag: A History of Communism 12013:. 1 January 1973. Archived from 11883:Harvard University Press, 1995. 11612:. New York: P. Lang. p. 5. 11046:"Nationale Front in der Ostzone" 10502: 10477:Evangelical Church in Greifswald 10457: 10436: 10200: 10188:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 9440:Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck 9334:Films about daily life, such as 8971:All productions were subject to 8748:. Other popular rock bands were 8627: 8433:) united in the EKD/BEK and the 8311: 8287: 6335: 5978: 5835: 5378: 5372: 4952: 4937: 4922: 4907: 4900:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 4891: 4884:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 4875: 4835: 4820: 4808: 4792: 4776: 4764: 4748: 4732: 4716: 4704: 4684: 4672: 4660: 4645: 4633: 4621: 4606: 4566: 4552: 4538: 4521: 4489: 4475: 4461: 4446: 4432: 4427:(12 January 1950 to 28 May 1953) 4418: 4335: 4326: 4112:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 3955: 3847:coalition, which was led by the 3649:in the GDR. SPDA Vice President 3571: 3552:, how the national memorials of 3503:was built in its place, and the 3296:united German state of 1871–1945 3227:Uprising of 1953 in East Germany 3093:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 3025: 3011: 2550: 2277:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 1793:World Federation of Trade Unions 1506: 1258:were killed by border guards or 1187:; historians described it as an 1165:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 1000: 975: 152: 136: 50: 18170:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 16218:from the original on 7 May 2019 16022:Bonstein, Julia (3 July 2009). 15967:from the original on 7 May 2016 15513:Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 15015:www.berlinstory-andtravels.info 13730:The shortest history of Germany 13106:from the original on 5 May 2018 12845: 12823: 12784:University of Wisconsin-Madison 12717: 12677: 12640: 12632:(2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: 12621: 12591: 12572: 12488: 12443: 12422: 12405: 12366: 12352:Szabo, Hilde (16 August 1999). 12333: 12303: 12257:] (in French). p. 179. 12239: 12220: 12165: 12146: 12126: 12097: 12067: 12048: 12029: 11967: 11926: 11894: 11838: 11813: 11797: 11785: 11770: 11742: 11672: 11634: 11596: 11571: 11558: 11535: 11513: 11494: 11463: 11448: 11418: 11311: 11294: 11248: 11209: 11162: 11137: 11122: 11094: 11086:. 21 October 1968. p. 65. 11070: 11002: 10982:"Repeal the racist asylum laws" 10974: 10941: 10913: 10888: 10860: 10844:. 23 January 1953. pp. 1–2 10828: 10803: 10712: 10662: 10609: 10589:"Human Development Report 1990" 10581: 10542: 10497:Evangelical Church of the Union 10418: 10367: 10350: 9199:Important theatres include the 8963:was their prominent conductor. 8638:needs additional citations for 8539:, Joseph Ratzinger (the future 8367:Kirchenversammlung von Eisenach 8338:) from the early stages of the 7993: 6537: 6079:Kampfgruppen der Arbeiterklasse 5969: – People's Navy 5846:needs additional citations for 5761:on 15 November 1988 during the 5671:during his visit to East Berlin 5503:(in 1947 renamed Mecklenburg), 5315:Festival des politischen Liedes 5283: 5247:FDJ Organisation Parade in 1969 5189:"Gute Freunde" – "Good Friends" 4739:Emblem of the Ground Forces of 4545:Presidential standard 1953–1955 4128:non-communist political parties 4093: 3966:needs additional citations for 3856:its last election in March 1990 3440: 3148:Deutsche Demokratische Republik 2819:German revolutions of 1848–1849 2293:military forces in East Germany 1312:Deutsche Demokratische Republik 1163:. The GDR was dominated by the 1076:Deutsche Demokratische Republik 865:(1949–1990), officially named: 112:Deutsche Demokratische Republik 19349:1949 establishments in Germany 19002:Azerbaijan People's Government 17561: (archived 2 January 2013) 17158:"The Wall You Will Never Know" 16961:The German Democratic Republic 16777:; Popplewell, Richard (1996). 16589:The German Democratic Republic 15986:Connolly, Kate (31 May 2007). 15295:Heiduschke, Sebastian (2013). 15239:LISUM, Filmernst-Kinobüro im. 14705:Davies, Cecil William (1977). 14445:, retrieved 30 September 2014. 11690:Johns Hopkins University Press 10812:"The Wall You Will Never Know" 10463:The Eastern churches were the 10360:was reserved as corresponding 10333: 10318: 10309: 10300: 10291: 10282: 10273: 10270:, before the GDR's foundation. 10256: 10247: 10221:History of Germany (1945–1990) 9898:Greifswald Nuclear Power Plant 9337:Die Legende von Paul und Paula 8967:Censorship in the music sector 8508: 8400:. In June 1991, following the 8199:Religion in East Germany, 1989 8133:Religion in East Germany, 1950 6656:Average population (thousand) 6139:Totalitarianism and repression 5898:changing-of-the-guard ceremony 5704:People's Republic of the Congo 4065:, establishing the SED in 1946 3653:, for his part, complained in 3535:Remembrance of the Third Reich 3404:government, but also the sole 3368:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 13: 1: 18451:January 1991 events in Latvia 18441:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 18190:Socialist Republic of Romania 18165:People's Republic of Bulgaria 18157:People's Republic of Albania 18126:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 17549:Blinken Open Society Archives 17540:Pictures of the GDR 1949–1973 17530:East Berlin, past and present 17499: (archived 8 April 2010) 17446:German Politics & Society 16819:The GDR: Moscow's German Ally 16128:Hoyer, Katja (7 March 2024). 16055:Hou, Yushi (2 October 2017). 14485:, retrieved 23 December 2010. 14173:Contemporary European History 13954:"Population by area in 1,000" 12944:Moscow's Third World Strategy 12941:Rubinstein, Alvin Z. (1990). 12208:Combe, Sonia (January 2021). 10530: 10433:, No. II/2010, pp. 5–24. 10165: 10123:(NPD) was represented in the 8483:also had its presence as the 6671:Crude death rate (per 1,000) 6668:Crude birth rate (per 1,000) 6484:Telecommunications in Germany 6265:brand; automobiles under the 6254:until reunification in 1990. 6043:. These units were, like the 5677:national liberation movements 5585:(state) of Mecklenburg; (iv) 5080: 5011:Buchenwald concentration camp 4803:used for vehicles (1949–1990) 4307:Party of Democratic Socialism 4279:Deutscher Turn- und Sportbund 4222:Poster with the inscription " 3135:Deutsche Wirtschaftskomission 2406:) comprised the five states ( 2235:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 1159:, bounded on the east by the 319: 18436:Collapse of the Soviet Union 18426:Fall of communism in Albania 17136:University of Michigan Press 16944:Gray, William Glenn (2003). 16747:. Longman, PearsonEd.co.uk. 16381:. Dialog International. 2012 16115:"33 Jahre Wiedervereinigung" 15862:University of Michigan Press 14476:Informationen zu Chris Doerk 14225:exclusively 'in the party' . 13715:Zatlin, Jonathan R. (2007). 12628:Sarotte, Mary Elise (2014). 11777:Haydock, Michael D. (2000). 11216:Baranowski, Shelley (1995). 11171:"Ein Text in seinem Kontext" 10577:. World Inequality Database. 10535: 10465:Evangelical Church of Anhalt 10377:(FRG) for West Germany, the 10373:The use of the abbreviation 9815:Day of Repentance and Prayer 9784:50 days after Easter Sunday 9756:Vatertag/Christi Himmelfahrt 9576:Official and public holidays 8591: 8363:Protestant Church in Germany 8116:Christianity in East Germany 6121:(construction units) or the 5324: 5203:May There Always Be Sunshine 4859:After being a member of the 4855:Political and social emblems 4100:Constitution of East Germany 3802:Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra 3792:, especially in the city of 3426:Federal Constitutional Court 3358:states. This policy saw the 2521: 2230:Fall of communism in Albania 2185:Polish Round Table Agreement 2140:Cuban intervention in Angola 878:Mark der Deutschen Notenbank 184:Workers of the world, unite! 7: 19042:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad 18411:End of communism in Hungary 18180:Hungarian People's Republic 17622:Federal Republic of Germany 17609:Federal Republic of Germany 17264:Zatlin, Jonathan R (2007). 17054:Kupferberg, Feiwel (2002). 16605:Dolores, Augustine (2007). 16569:Manchester University Press 14963:. pp. 108–12, 129–31. 14711:Manchester University Press 13775:Sperlich, Peter W. (2006). 13570:University of Chicago Press 13537:The Stasi: Myth and Reality 13503:The Stasi: Myth and Reality 13088:Israel's struggle in the UN 13018:Journal of Cold War Studies 12579:Kommers, Donald P. (2012). 12450:Frank, Michael (journalist) 12395:"Und dann ging das Tor auf" 12311:"The Berlin Wall (1961–89)" 12153:Combe, Sonia (April 2020). 12104:Zuelow, Eric G. E. (2011). 12055:Kommers, Donald P. (2012), 11302:The Stronghold of Junkerdom 10646:Manchester University Press 10640:; Osmond, Jonathan (2002). 10619:(in German). Archived from 10385:Federal Republic of Germany 10193: 9925: 9554:Federal Republic of Germany 8957:Staatsoper Unter den Linden 8953:Berliner Sinfonie Orchester 8859:("the other bands") – were 8407:Between 1956 and 1971, the 8109: 6674:Natural change (per 1,000) 6639:from the lands east of the 6515:was not possible. Although 6419: 6416: 6406: 6403: 6395: 6392: 6384: 6381: 6373: 6370: 6362: 6359: 6107:compulsory military service 5826: 5681:People's Republic of Angola 5056:. The pioneers' slogan was 5005:, the former leader of the 4225:Berlin – Hauptstadt der DDR 4075:United Nations headquarters 3774:, which was then headed by 3267:, head of state (1971–1989) 1618:Allied and satellite states 1359:When used by West Germans, 1065:), officially known as the 996:Federal Republic of Germany 10: 19415: 19379:Former socialist republics 19374:Former countries in Europe 18175:German Democratic Republic 17601:German Democratic Republic 17351:; Port, Andrew I. (eds.). 17193:Pritchard, Gareth (2000). 17156:Preuss, Evelyn I. (2005). 17149:Cambridge University Press 17104:Cambridge University Press 17091:Princeton University Press 17075:Cambridge University Press 16993:GDR: An Historical Outline 16708:Cambridge University Press 16551: 16528:Princeton University Press 16457: 15836:Journal of Popular Culture 15525:10.1258/000456303766476977 15471:"East German Doping Trial" 14676:Cambridge University Press 14177:Cambridge University Press 13783:Greenwood Publishing Group 13459:10.3167/015597703782353023 13340:The New York Times Archive 12992:Cambridge University Press 12634:Princeton University Press 12598:Conradt, David P. (2008). 12504:W. W. Norton & Company 12042:Princeton University Press 11752:; Port, Andrew I. (2013). 10674:Princeton University Press 10514:Cambridge University Press 10380:Bundesrepublik Deutschland 10216:Leadership of East Germany 10184:German Democratic Republic 9975:) to resent West Germans ( 9929: 9687:International Workers' Day 9558:German Democratic Republic 9390:Die Söhne der großen Bärin 9367:, or Western-like movies. 9071:Theater am Schiffbauerdamm 9047: 8701: 8697: 8616: 8612: 8512: 8315: 8291: 8113: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6655: 6481: 6227:, with its coal mines and 6190: 6186: 6098: 6056: 6020: 5982: 5920: 5819: 5816:Soviet military occupation 5795:and the Ba'athist regime. 5785:National Progressive Front 5720:People's Republic of Benin 5712:Somali Democratic Republic 5651: 5361: 5304: 5301:and 5.00 marks per month. 5228: 5201:"Immer lebe die Sonne" – " 5148:" – "Our Little Trumpeter" 5089: 5077:success of their nations. 5009:, who was executed at the 5007:Communist Party of Germany 4987: 4116:Communist Party of Germany 4097: 3944: 3864:Christian Democratic Union 3691: 3521:Karl August von Hardenberg 3130:German Economic Commission 3073:Communist Party of Germany 2824:North German Confederation 2794:Confederation of the Rhine 2404:Sowjetische Besatzungszone 2379: 2364:and renounced ties to the 2285:Communist Party of Germany 1465: 1414: 1408: 1404: 1330:Sowjetische Besatzungszone 1120:and described itself as a 1067:German Democratic Republic 107:German Democratic Republic 36: 29: 18:German Democratic Republic 19276: 19137: 19069: 18994: 18901: 18870: 18784: 18773: 18702: 18681: 18512: 18386: 18363:Information dissemination 18340: 18290:1956 Hungarian Revolution 18280:1953 East German uprising 18248: 18206: 18149: 18086: 18066: 18003: 17984: 17942: 17931: 17884: 17875: 17817: 17766: 17755: 17668: 17618: 17598: 17582: 17388:10.1017/S0008938915000588 17333:10.1093/leobaeck/21.1.173 17279:Historiography and memory 16592:. Dresden: Zeit im Bild. 16526:. Princeton, New Jersey: 16065:University of Southampton 15941:Barnstone, Deborah Ascher 15905:Stanford University Press 15897:Bickford, Andrew (2011). 15854:Naughton, Leonie (2002). 15676: 15147:. Volksbuehne-berlin.de. 15093:"Deutsches Theater: Home" 14678:: 225–265. October 1998. 14241:Columbia University Press 13564:Glaeser, Andreas (2011). 13145:10.1080/14682740802222155 12469:(in German). 17 May 2010. 11861:10.1080/09668137508411013 11529:Columbia University Press 11430:spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk 11187:10.1007/s11614-006-0033-6 11148:. Springer. p. 223. 10030:Free University of Berlin 9882: 9493:East German football team 9438:(The Lives of Others) by 9397:). He became an honorary 9262: 8829:from Poland known as the 8398:Herrnhuter Brüdergemeinde 8251: 8243: 8238: 8228: 8223: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8185: 8177: 8172: 8162: 8157: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 7984: 6625: 6577:— 6240:centrally planned economy 6023:Volkspolizei-Bereitschaft 6017:Volkspolizei-Bereitschaft 5605:from Saxony-Anhalt; (ix) 5371: 3138:–DWK) under its chairman 3103:elections of October 1946 2453:(10 March 1952) proposed 2155:1984 Los Angeles Olympics 1474:during World War II, the 1024: 1016: 954: 942: 930: 920: 908: 855: 835: 825: 815: 797: 793:149/km (385.9/sq mi) 787: 783: 773: 763: 753: 749: 744: 734: 729: 725: 712: 699: 684: 671: 652: 633: 618: 605: 592: 579: 564: 560: 550: 531: 517: 513: 501: 491:• 1949–1964 (first) 489: 485: 473: 469: 455: 445:• 1949–1960 (first) 443: 439: 429: 425: 413: 401: 389: 373: 369: 359: 347: 326: 313: 290: 246: 208: 196: 190: 176: 170: 132: 127: 105: 18348:Emigration and defection 18185:Polish People's Republic 17380:Central European History 17374:Port, Andrew I. (2015). 17340:Port, Andrew I. (2013). 17143:Port, Andrew I. (2007). 17098:McLellan, Josie (2011). 17071:East Germany and Détente 16823:George Allen & Unwin 15311:10.1057/9781137322326_14 15069:. Berliner-ensemble.de. 14302:Schaefer, Bernd (2010). 13258:Germany: A country study 12922:McDougall, Alan (2004). 12903:McDougall, Alan (2004). 12036:Quint, Peter E. (1991), 11835:. Retrieved 16 May 2007. 11306:George Sylvester Viereck 11169:Pollak, Michael (2005). 10937:– via Google News. 10884:– via Google News. 9981:Deborah Ascher Barnstone 9527:1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig 9455: 9321:(Jacob the Liar), about 8949:Sächsische Staatskapelle 8605:East German schoolsystem 8486:Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine 8443:Evangelische Freikirchen 8305:Marxist–Leninist atheism 6313:foreign currency account 6277:brands; hunting rifles, 6052: 6046:Kasernierte Volkspolizei 5937:Kasernierte Volkspolizei 5737:East Germany pursued an 5559:disestablished the five 5358:Administrative districts 5132: 4755:The coat of arms of the 3947:Politics of East Germany 3929:, the artificially high 3788:Many other GDR citizens 3336:In the early 1970s, the 3325:and Austrian chancellor 3281:East German Constitution 3223:Soviet Occupation Forces 2459:superpower disengagement 2338:(1876–1960), who became 1976:Czechoslovakia 1976–1990 1279:a free and fair election 1108:on 7 October 1949 until 1054:[ˈɔstˌdɔʏtʃlant] 320:Religion in East Germany 19389:Soviet satellite states 19052:North Korea (1947–1948) 19047:North Korea (1946–1947) 18406:Fall of the Berlin Wall 18332:1981 protests in Kosovo 18270:Rebellion of Cazin 1950 17827:East Germany portal 17516:George Mason University 17459:10.3167/gps.2014.320403 17427:Oxford University Press 17293:Oxford University Press 17215:Steiner, André (2010). 17121:excerpt and text search 16972:Grix, Jonathan (2000). 16959:Grieder, Peter (2012). 16924:. New York and Oxford: 16910:Oxford University Press 16860:. Artery Publications. 16731:Oxford University Press 15440:Oxford University Press 15414:10 October 2011 at the 15041:"Friedrichstadt-Palast" 14955:Bradley, Laura (2006). 14441:27 January 2016 at the 14284:East European Quarterly 13911:. Country-studies.com. 13593:Fulbrook, Mary (2008). 13472:Ghouas, Nessim (2004). 13414:Ghouas, Nessim (2004). 13385:Fulbrook, Mary (2015). 12817:Oxford University Press 12653:Oxford University Press 12247:Benyahia-Kouider, Odile 12184:. pp. 2–3, 88–91. 11988:10.1163/187633079X00150 11825:23 January 2011 at the 11552:17 October 2012 at the 10841:Sarasota Herald-Tribune 10554:Statistisches Bundesamt 10343:Statistisches Bundesamt 10266:was established in the 10090:Alternative for Germany 9888:Decrepit infrastructure 9863:Second Day of Christmas 9480:under the direction of 9373:North American westerns 9299:, film versions of the 8805:Hartmut Schulze-Gerlach 8619:Culture of East Germany 8528:(left to right) Bishop 6509:direct distance dialing 6323:, and Genex companies. 6193:Economy of East Germany 6172:directed energy devices 6111:conscientious objectors 6095:Conscientious objection 5669:José Eduardo dos Santos 5597:from Brandenburg; (vi) 5146:Unser kleiner Trompeter 4453:Coat of arms of the GDR 3941:Government and politics 3529:Gerhard von Scharnhorst 3517:Karl Freiherr vom Stein 3116:GDR leaders: President 2475:fall of the Berlin wall 2382:Allied-occupied Germany 2303:bases in West Germany. 2220:End of the Soviet Union 2195:Fall of the Berlin Wall 1755: (until 1948) 1730: (until 1977) 1719: (until 1989) 1653: (until 1961) 1632: (until 1961) 1411:History of East Germany 1397:and political theorist 1283:Final Settlement treaty 1275:fall of the Berlin Wall 689:Fall of the Berlin Wall 291:Official languages 198:Auferstanden aus Ruinen 18774:Current and historical 17794:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 17287:Bridge, Helen (2002). 17240:Spilker, Dirk (2006). 16409:. 2012. Archived from 16355:. 2012. Archived from 14894:Gezen, Ela E. (2018). 13939:13 August 2009 at the 13742:Sleifer, Jaap (2006). 13640:. IRCT. Archived from 13543:Limited. p. 114. 13509:Limited. p. 112. 12647:Rodden, John. (2002). 11831: 10696:. 1989. Archived from 10617:"Top-Level-Domain .DD" 10450: 10444: 10411: 10405: 10399: 10393: 10379: 10341: 10326: 10226:Inner German relations 10156: 10125:Saxon State Parliament 10075: 10062: 10039:Electoral consequences 10010: 10004: 9965: 9955: 9923: 9869: 9847: 9841:First Day of Christmas 9821: 9799: 9777: 9755: 9729: 9709: 9706:The official name was 9694: 9671: 9649: 9627: 9605: 9496: 9236: 9196: 9061: 8861: 8831: 8729: 8717: 8606: 8547: 8485: 8442: 8428: 8420: 8390: 8340:Protestant Reformation 8327: 8011: 6547: 6306: 6214: 6202: 6155: 6123: 6115: 6085: 6077: 6045: 6037: 6029: 6005: 5997: 5991: 5963: 5935: 5929: 5923:National People's Army 5917:National People's Army 5901: 5895:National People's Army 5793:Syrian Communist Party 5672: 5638:Allied Control Council 5565: 5551: 5501:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 5342: 5334: 5314: 5297: 5280: 5277:Palace of the Republic 5264: 5258: 5248: 5226: 5099: 5070: 5058: 5041: 4980: 4971:Young Pioneer programs 4785:National People's Army 4783:Emblem of aircraft of 4741:National People's Army 4725:National People's Army 4615:National People's Army 4406:example on documents. 4319: 4294: 4278: 4269: 4251: 4229: 4224: 4215: 4187: 4171: 4155: 4139: 4106: 4082: 4066: 3900: 3876: 3851: 3832: 3814: 3715: 3688:(German reunification) 3546: 3501:Palace of the Republic 3480: 3461: 3435: 3370:(September 1971), the 3338: 3333: 3275:supported his ouster; 3268: 3239: 3199: 3194: 3166: 3160: 3147: 3134: 3125: 3101:), which then won the 3097: 3095:(SED – 3087: 3077: 2921: 2807: 2676:Linear Pottery culture 2497:Allied Control Council 2487: 2442: 2412:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 2396:Allied Control Council 1909:Protests and uprisings 1442: 1381: 1375: 1361: 1339: 1329: 1311: 1309:The official name was 1230:known collectively as 1208:Allied-occupied Berlin 1185:Soviet satellite state 1126:economy of the country 1075: 1045: 895: 885: 877: 869: 623:Socialist constitution 541: 522: 111: 18456:Breakup of Yugoslavia 17208:Yale University Press 17041:; Duffy, Eve (1999). 16884:Yale University Press 15448:10.1093/screen/hjm049 15380:10.1353/smr.2007.0027 15372:German Studies Canada 15270:(in German). Berlin: 15266:Müller, Beate (200). 15011:"Berlin East germany" 14481:28 April 2016 at the 14396:. p. 37 for Maaz, 58. 14346:Webb, Adrian (2008). 13599:Yale University Press 13063:. Macmillan. p. 12852:Jurich, Dirk (2006). 12727:German Studies Review 12585:Duke University Press 12214:Le Monde diplomatique 12159:Le Monde diplomatique 12061:Duke University Press 11650:. New York: P. Lang. 11261:Political Romanticism 10926:The Victoria Advocate 10868:"5 Flee East Germany" 10719:Karl Dietrich Erdmann 10451:lautlose Unterdrukung 10306:As General Secretary. 10154: 10070: 10060:2017 federal election 10046: 9963: 9953:2017 federal election 9951:for Die Linke in the 9939: 9918: 9870:2. Weihnachtsfeiertag 9848:1. Weihnachtsfeiertag 9723:Victory in Europe Day 9490: 9435:Das Leben der Anderen 9358:, were very popular. 9252:Deutscher Fernsehfunk 9247:Funkhaus Nalepastraße 9226: 9192: 9176:Friedrichstadt-Palast 9055: 9008:including members of 8983:) for such passages. 8930:Johann Sebastian Bach 8723: 8711: 8604: 8522: 8325: 8298:Irreligion in Germany 8292:Further information: 8124:Irreligion in Germany 8001: 6551:Historical population 6545: 6498:Deutsche Post der DDR 6482:Further information: 6246:trade bloc. In 1985, 6208: 6200: 6150: 6133:construction soldiers 6006:Deutsche Grenzpolizei 5992:Deutsche Grenzpolizei 5892: 5777:Iraqi Communist Party 5666: 5340: 5332: 5295: 5274: 5246: 5229:Further information: 5220: 5097: 5068: 5042:Freie Deutsche Jugend 5018:Freie Deutsche Jugend 4988:Further information: 4978: 4508:Presidential standard 4252:Freie Deutsche Jugend 4221: 4206: 4098:Further information: 4072: 4056: 3842: 3754:, who proposed it to 3709: 3467: 3448: 3430: 3366:(December 1970), the 3312: 3263: 3189:SED First Secretary, 3188: 3115: 3105:. The SED government 3071:On 21 April 1946 the 2602:Territorial evolution 2483: 2436: 2380:Further information: 2344:SED general secretary 2225:Post-Soviet conflicts 2210:Breakup of Yugoslavia 2113:Albanian–Soviet split 1824:Anti-Soviet partisans 1767:Related organizations 1424: 1415:Further information: 1254:in 1961. Many people 569:Original constitution 39:New states of Germany 19359:Communism in Germany 19279:History of socialism 18304:1970 Polish protests 18285:1956 Poznań protests 18150:Soviet-allied states 17605:(concurrent with the 17421:Ross, Corey (2002). 16725:Betts, Paul (2013). 15682:. 26 February 2003. 15216:. Defa-stiftung.de. 15170:Cooke, Paul (2005). 14900:Boydell & Brewer 14746:Boydell & Brewer 14358:Taylor & Francis 13697:Transition Economies 13572:. pp. 492–494. 13031:10.1162/JCWS_a_00450 12439:(in German). Vienna. 11507:20 June 2010 at the 11106:. 1959. p. 20. 10777:. UPNE. p. 37. 10676:, 2012, pp. 125–126. 10560:on 13 November 2013. 10445:operative Zersetzung 10279:Jointly as Chairmen. 10253:Partially recognised 10236:Scotland-GDR Society 9219:Television and radio 8919:Rudolf Wagner-Régeny 8647:improve this article 8469:Free Lutheran Church 8402:German reunification 6678:Total fertility rate 6331:Consumption and jobs 6304:) and the necessary 6259:photographic cameras 6011:Soviet Border Troops 5930:Nationale Volksarmee 5855:improve this article 5532:provinces of Prussia 5030:German reunification 4613:Service flag of the 4359:improve this section 4267:, with seats in the 4199:after reunification. 4183:after reunification. 4167:after reunification. 4151:after reunification. 3975:improve this article 3860:Alliance for Germany 3845:Alliance for Germany 3702:German reunification 3525:Wilhelm von Humboldt 3513:German Peasants' War 3497:Berliner Stadtschloß 3489:Prussian aristocracy 3477:Karl-Marx-University 3374:(May 1972), and the 2938:Expulsion of Germans 2904:Contemporary Germany 2802:German Confederation 2455:German reunification 2340:President of the GDR 2205:Barricades in Latvia 2150:1980 Moscow Olympics 2130:Cuban Missile Crisis 1425:On the basis of the 1343:or "so-called GDR". 1250:and later built the 1157:Soviet-occupied zone 1100:), was a country in 1028:Flag of East Germany 463:Sabine Bergmann-Pohl 204:("Risen from Ruins") 32:GDR (disambiguation) 19215:Estonia (1918–1919) 19109:Hungary (1949–1989) 18421:Romanian revolution 18394:Revolutions of 1989 18275:1953 Plzeň uprising 17225:Sarotte, Mary Elise 17039:Jarausch, Konrad H. 16998:Verlag Zeit im Bild 16761:on 22 February 2012 16744:The Fall of the GDR 16628:Baylis, Thomas A.; 16245:www.laenderdaten.de 15805:Grotelüschen, Frank 15638:Ungerleider, Steven 15305:. pp. 115–21. 15274:. pp. 129–30. 15272:Max Niemeyer Verlag 15145:"Volksbühne Berlin" 15021:on 22 December 2017 14934:. pp. 101–07. 14804:(11 January 1976). 14778:. 12 October 2010. 14456:Rocklexikon der DDR 14092:Paxton, J. (2016). 14044:www.macrotrends.net 14014:www.macrotrends.net 13886:on 11 November 2013 13870:Laar, Mart (2010). 13666:(6 November 2019). 13644:on 9 September 2021 13275:(8 November 1988). 13273:Trainor, Bernard E. 13221:Smith, Tom (2020). 12687:, ed. (July 2013). 12521:Sarotte, Mary Elise 12466:Süddeutsche Zeitung 12079:University of Texas 12017:on 18 December 2011 11976:East Central Europe 11642:Peterson, Edward N. 11604:Peterson, Edward N. 10948:Pridham, Geoffrey; 10734:Wolfgang J. Mommsen 10623:on 4 November 2015. 10550:"Bevölkerungsstand" 10330:on 8 December 1958. 9900:narrowly avoided a 9562:1974 FIFA World Cup 9550:only football match 9328:Fünf Patronenhülsen 9209:Maxim Gorki Theater 9136:often working with 9038:Palast der Republik 8993:Leipzig Beat Revolt 8941:Gewandhausorchester 8915:Ernst Hermann Meyer 8473:Old Lutheran Church 8014:(1988 populations) 6552: 6513:long-distance calls 6339: 4290:People's Solidarity 4263:. There was also a 4209:Palast der Republik 3914:deindustrialization 3800:, conductor of the 3747:Pan-European Picnic 3698:Peaceful Revolution 3362:(August 1970), the 3251:inner German border 3120:and Prime Minister 2752:Early Modern period 2739:Eastward settlement 2400:military government 2376:Zones of occupation 2353:(1894–1964) became 2190:Revolutions of 1989 1321:second constitution 1248:inner German border 1173:Revolutions of 1989 675:Peaceful Revolution 503:• 1990 (last) 457:• 1990 (last) 271: / 19180:Byelorussia (1919) 18431:Singing Revolution 18314:June 1976 protests 18099:Soviet occupations 17404:Ritter, Gerhard A. 17253:Stokes, Raymond G. 17202:Pucci, M. (2020). 17176:Ritter, Gerhard A. 17112:Naimark, Norman M. 16965:Palgrave Macmillan 16936:The Book Collector 16785:Palgrave Macmillan 16502:Palgrave Macmillan 15822:. 13 January 2010. 15794:. 21 January 1990. 15743:on 27 January 2017 15705:The New York Times 15654:St. Martin's Press 15650:Thomas Dunne Books 15597:The New York Times 15571:The New York Times 15476:The Globe and Mail 15303:Palgrave Macmillan 14990:The New York Times 14902:. pp. 80–85. 14873:. pp. 84–99. 14840:(Chapel Hill, NC: 14836:Joshua Feinstein, 14811:The New York Times 14411:blogs.hss.ed.ac.uk 13847:. Populstat.info. 13282:The New York Times 12858:LIT Verlag Münster 12251:L'Allemagne paiera 12229:L'Allemagne paiera 12110:Ashgate Publishing 11756:. Berghahn Books. 11680:Stokes, Raymond G. 11426:"Yalta Conference" 11377:Ritter, Gerhard A. 11320:Ritter, Gerhard A. 11129:Wildenthal, Lora. 10700:on 9 November 2007 10157: 10076: 10063: 9966: 9956: 9523:FC Carl Zeiss Jena 9497: 9356:Wolfgang Kohlhaase 9237: 9197: 9095:Erwin Strittmatter 9062: 8928:The birthplace of 8730: 8718: 8607: 8548: 8328: 8012: 6550: 6548: 6478:Telecommunications 6215: 6203: 6124:Volkshygienedienst 5902: 5673: 5343: 5335: 5333:Uniform of the FDJ 5298: 5281: 5249: 5227: 5100: 5071: 5024:), East Germany's 4981: 4531:standard 1951–1953 4242:mass organisations 4230: 4216: 4083: 4067: 3884:East German states 3854:East Germany held 3852: 3716: 3631:University of Jena 3499:was razed and the 3481: 3462: 3460:from 1953 to 1990) 3419:Helsinki Final Act 3334: 3304:Hallstein Doctrine 3269: 3219:counter-revolution 3195: 3128:In March 1948 the 3126: 3032:History portal 3018:Germany portal 2769:Kingdom of Prussia 2729:Kingdom of Germany 2701:Barbarian kingdoms 2493:occupied territory 2488: 2443: 2180:Singing Revolution 1954:Novocherkassk 1962 1490:1949 establishment 1456:educational system 1443: 1427:Potsdam Conference 1417:History of Germany 1305:Naming conventions 1289:, and its capital 1256:attempting to flee 1145:Berlin Declaration 901:(from 1 July 1990) 811:1989 estimate 508:Lothar de Maizière 476:Head of Government 354:Socialist republic 227:Show map of Europe 69:You can assist by 19285: 19284: 19272: 19271: 19268: 19267: 19065: 19064: 18807:Congo-Brazzaville 18703:Regional variants 18471: 18470: 18416:Velvet Revolution 18378:Telephone tapping 18352:list of defectors 18141:Tito–Stalin split 18026: 18025: 17833: 17832: 17628: 17627: 17619:Succeeded by 17366:978-0-85745-974-9 17083:McAdams, A. James 17067:McAdams, A. James 16511:978-0-333-26219-1 16413:on 26 August 2012 16359:on 26 August 2012 15960:978-0-203-79988-8 15914:978-0-8047-7396-6 15871:978-0-472-08888-1 15792:Los Angeles Times 15320:978-1-137-32232-6 15281:978-3-484-35110-3 15187:978-1-84520-189-0 14970:978-0-19-928658-4 14941:978-1-136-70911-1 14924:Wekwerth, Manfred 14909:978-1-64014-024-0 14880:978-1-57113-492-9 14850:978-0-8078-5385-6 14844:, 2002), 80–109. 14755:978-1-57113-980-1 14720:978-0-7190-0666-1 14392:Pence and Betts, 14367:978-0-203-92817-2 14319:978-1-84545-852-2 14203:978-90-420-0579-2 14105:978-0-230-27119-7 13792:978-0-275-97565-4 13664:Oltermann, Philip 13541:Pearson Education 13507:Pearson Education 13334:Koehler, John O. 13193:10.1080/713999929 13074:978-0-02-568360-0 13001:978-1-107-08986-0 12930:. pp. 43–45. 12911:. pp. 37–38. 12702:978-1-78238-101-3 12600:The German Polity 12506:. pp. 98–99. 12191:978-3-631-63678-7 12119:978-0-7546-6656-1 11953:978-1-317-87977-0 11902:Taylor, Frederick 11891:pp. 167–169. 11877:Norman M. Naimark 11356:Arbeiterbewegung. 11275:978-1-351-49869-2 11229:978-0-19-536166-7 11078:"Vom Sogenannten" 10820:. Cambridge, MA: 10784:978-1-58465-866-5 10655:978-0-7190-6289-6 10522:978-1-107-05979-5 10516:, 2015), 146–70. 10415:(Federal German). 10324:Dissolved by the 10242:Explanatory notes 9912:German historian 9880: 9879: 9828:Wednesday before 9806:National holiday 9730:Tag der Befreiung 9566:expansion chamber 9500:Anabolic steroids 9449:Alles auf Zucker! 9306:Das Schulgespenst 9257:Fernsehen der DDR 9205:Deutsches Theater 9201:Berliner Ensemble 9122:Deutsches Theater 9091:Erwin Geschonneck 9076:Berliner Ensemble 8857:Die anderen Bands 8679: 8678: 8671: 8597:Child care system 8541:Pope Benedict XVI 8537:Gerhard Schaffran 8467:, as well as the 8347:German Christians 8275:, while 10% were 8256: 8255: 8190: 8189: 8002:Hanseatic-themed 7991: 7990: 6633: 6632: 6424: 6423: 6233:Potsdam Agreement 6113:, there were the 5999:Bundesgrenzschutz 5995:, similar to the 5887: 5886: 5879: 5759:Palestinian state 5648:Foreign relations 5581:created from the 5319:Free German Youth 5238:Thälmann Pioneers 5231:Free German Youth 5213:Free German Youth 5022:Free German Youth 4999:Thälmann Pioneers 4931:Free German Youth 4916:Free German Youth 4861:Thälmann Pioneers 4395: 4394: 4387: 4247:Free German Youth 4051: 4050: 4043: 4025: 3858:. The winner was 3776:Karl von Habsburg 3772:Paneuropean Union 3764:Mikhail Gorbachev 3752:Otto von Habsburg 3710:Demonstration on 3663:Normandy landings 3620: 3619: 3612: 3548:Neues Deutschland 3541:resistance "cult" 3527:(1767–1835), and 3380:exclusive mandate 3372:Transit Agreement 3321:, U.S. president 3288:exclusive mandate 3069: 3068: 3000: 2999: 2894: 2893: 2734:Holy Roman Empire 2611:Holy Roman Empire 2471:Nikita Khrushchev 2447:Potsdam Agreement 2390:In the Yalta and 2357:until his death. 2273: 2272: 2108:Sino-Soviet split 2088:Tito–Stalin split 2083:Czechoslovak coup 2061: 2060: 2001:Ukraine 1989–1991 1939:East Germany 1953 1881:Soviet occupation 1447:Gerhard A. Ritter 1153:Potsdam Agreement 1130:centrally planned 1110:its reunification 1035: 1034: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 988: 987: 827:• Per capita 708:12 September 1990 666:18 September 1973 403:• 1971–1989 391:• 1950–1971 375:• 1946–1950 275:52.517°N 13.400°E 239: (dark grey) 99: 98: 91: 16:(Redirected from 19406: 19364:Communist states 19326: 19325: 19314: 19313: 19312: 19302: 19301: 19300: 19293: 19135: 19134: 18992: 18991: 18782: 18781: 18777:socialist states 18656:African-American 18498: 18491: 18484: 18475: 18474: 18260:Goryani Movement 18240: 18232: 18198: 18160: 18094:Yalta Conference 18053: 18046: 18039: 18030: 18029: 17937: 17881: 17860: 17853: 17846: 17837: 17836: 17825: 17824: 17823: 17785: 17761: 17699:Frankfurt (Oder) 17654: 17647: 17640: 17631: 17630: 17613: 17611: 17602: 17583:Preceded by 17580: 17579: 17526: 17502: 17492:That was the GDR 17462: 17439: 17430: 17417: 17399: 17370: 17346: 17336: 17309: 17296: 17269: 17260: 17245: 17236: 17220: 17211: 17198: 17189: 17171: 17152: 17139: 17119: 17107: 17094: 17078: 17059: 17050: 17034: 17016: 17006: 16989: 16977: 16968: 16955: 16940: 16929: 16913: 16897: 16871: 16852: 16841:Childs, David H. 16836: 16815:Childs, David H. 16810: 16808: 16806: 16801:on 10 March 2012 16797:. Archived from 16775:Childs, David H. 16770: 16768: 16766: 16757:. Archived from 16739:Childs, David H. 16734: 16721: 16695: 16667: 16641: 16630:Childs, David H. 16624: 16601: 16582: 16541: 16515: 16494:McCauley, Martin 16489: 16451: 16450: 16448: 16446: 16429: 16423: 16422: 16420: 16418: 16397: 16391: 16390: 16388: 16386: 16375: 16369: 16368: 16366: 16364: 16344: 16333: 16325:Kamann, Matthias 16322: 16316: 16315: 16313: 16311: 16294: 16288: 16287: 16285: 16283: 16267: 16261: 16260: 16258: 16256: 16237: 16228: 16227: 16225: 16223: 16208: 16199: 16198: 16196: 16194: 16185:. 3 April 2016. 16183:KATAPULT-Magazin 16175: 16166: 16165: 16163: 16161: 16144: 16138: 16137: 16125: 16119: 16118: 16111: 16105: 16104: 16102: 16100: 16083: 16077: 16076: 16074: 16072: 16052: 16046: 16045: 16019: 16010: 16009: 16007: 16005: 15983: 15977: 15976: 15974: 15972: 15951:Psychology Press 15937: 15931: 15930: 15928: 15926: 15894: 15888: 15887: 15885: 15883: 15851: 15845: 15844: 15830: 15824: 15823: 15813: 15802: 15796: 15795: 15789: 15782: 15776: 15775: 15759: 15753: 15752: 15750: 15748: 15739:. Archived from 15729: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15716: 15695: 15693: 15691: 15681: 15680: 15667: 15648:(1st ed.). 15647: 15633: 15631: 15629: 15612: 15610: 15608: 15587: 15585: 15583: 15555: 15549: 15548: 15547:on 29 June 2012. 15543:. Archived from 15519:(Pt 4): 321–56. 15504: 15498: 15495: 15489: 15488: 15486: 15484: 15466: 15460: 15459: 15425: 15419: 15406: 15400: 15399: 15357: 15351: 15350: 15338: 15332: 15331: 15329: 15327: 15292: 15286: 15285: 15263: 15257: 15256: 15254: 15252: 15236: 15230: 15229: 15227: 15225: 15210: 15204: 15203: 15201: 15199: 15167: 15161: 15160: 15158: 15156: 15141: 15135: 15134: 15132: 15130: 15115: 15109: 15108: 15106: 15104: 15099:on 26 March 2010 15089: 15083: 15082: 15080: 15078: 15063: 15057: 15056: 15054: 15052: 15037: 15031: 15030: 15028: 15026: 15017:. Archived from 15007: 15001: 15000: 14998: 14996: 14981: 14975: 14974: 14952: 14946: 14945: 14920: 14914: 14913: 14891: 14885: 14884: 14858: 14852: 14834: 14828: 14827: 14825: 14823: 14798: 14792: 14791: 14789: 14787: 14766: 14760: 14759: 14734:Lys, Franziska; 14731: 14725: 14724: 14702: 14696: 14695: 14663: 14655:Elflein, Dietmar 14652: 14646: 14642: 14636: 14635: 14633: 14631: 14612: 14606: 14605: 14603: 14601: 14582: 14576: 14575: 14573: 14571: 14552: 14546: 14545: 14543: 14541: 14522: 14516: 14515: 14513: 14511: 14500:rote-gitarren.de 14492: 14486: 14473: 14467: 14452: 14446: 14433: 14427: 14426: 14424: 14422: 14403: 14397: 14390: 14384: 14383: 14381: 14379: 14343: 14337: 14335: 14333: 14331: 14299: 14293: 14292: 14278: 14269: 14262: 14256: 14250: 14244: 14234: 14228: 14227: 14217: 14215: 14187: 14181: 14180: 14170: 14161: 14155: 14154: 14116: 14110: 14109: 14089: 14060: 14059: 14057: 14055: 14036: 14030: 14029: 14027: 14025: 14006: 14000: 13999: 13997: 13995: 13980: 13974: 13973: 13971: 13969: 13950: 13944: 13931: 13925: 13924: 13922: 13920: 13905: 13899: 13898: 13893: 13891: 13885: 13878: 13867: 13861: 13860: 13858: 13856: 13841: 13835: 13834: 13832: 13830: 13815: 13809: 13808: 13806: 13804: 13772: 13766: 13765: 13739: 13733: 13727: 13721: 13720: 13712: 13706: 13705: 13691: 13685: 13684: 13682: 13680: 13660: 13654: 13653: 13651: 13649: 13630: 13624: 13619: 13613: 13612: 13590: 13584: 13583: 13561: 13555: 13554: 13532: 13521: 13520: 13498: 13492: 13491: 13478:Cuvillier Verlag 13469: 13463: 13462: 13440: 13434: 13433: 13420:Cuvillier Verlag 13411: 13405: 13404: 13382: 13376: 13375: 13350: 13344: 13343: 13331: 13325: 13324: 13322: 13320: 13305: 13299: 13298: 13296: 13294: 13269: 13263: 13262: 13252: 13246: 13245: 13243: 13241: 13218: 13212: 13211: 13209: 13207: 13180:Cold War History 13170: 13164: 13163: 13161: 13159: 13132:Cold War History 13122: 13116: 13115: 13113: 13111: 13096: 13090: 13085: 13079: 13078: 13062: 13049: 13043: 13042: 13012: 13006: 13005: 12980: 12971: 12970: 12968: 12966: 12938: 12932: 12931: 12919: 12913: 12912: 12900: 12894: 12893: 12891: 12889: 12878: 12872: 12871: 12849: 12843: 12842: 12840: 12838: 12827: 12821: 12820: 12805: 12796: 12795: 12775: 12760: 12759: 12721: 12715: 12714: 12681: 12675: 12674: 12644: 12638: 12637: 12625: 12619: 12613: 12604: 12603: 12595: 12589: 12588: 12576: 12570: 12564: 12558: 12552: 12543: 12542: 12517: 12508: 12507: 12492: 12486: 12480: 12471: 12470: 12458: 12447: 12441: 12440: 12426: 12420: 12419: 12409: 12403: 12402: 12390: 12381: 12380: 12370: 12364: 12363: 12349: 12340: 12337: 12331: 12330: 12328: 12326: 12321:on 19 April 2005 12317:. Archived from 12307: 12301: 12295: 12286: 12285: 12274:(9 April 2020). 12268: 12259: 12258: 12255:Germany Will Pay 12243: 12237: 12236: 12233:Germany will pay 12224: 12218: 12217: 12205: 12196: 12195: 12169: 12163: 12162: 12150: 12144: 12133:David Priestland 12130: 12124: 12123: 12101: 12095: 12094: 12092: 12090: 12071: 12065: 12064: 12052: 12046: 12045: 12033: 12027: 12026: 12024: 12022: 12001: 11992: 11991: 11971: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11960: 11930: 11924: 11923: 11898: 11892: 11874: 11865: 11864: 11842: 11836: 11834: 11817: 11811: 11801: 11795: 11789: 11783: 11782: 11774: 11768: 11767: 11746: 11740: 11739: 11718: 11712: 11711: 11676: 11670: 11669: 11638: 11632: 11631: 11600: 11594: 11593: 11591: 11589: 11575: 11569: 11568:St. James Press. 11562: 11556: 11539: 11533: 11532: 11521:Steininger, Rolf 11517: 11511: 11498: 11492: 11491: 11489: 11487: 11467: 11461: 11452: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11441: 11432:. Archived from 11422: 11416: 11415: 11409: 11407: 11401: 11386: 11373: 11360: 11359: 11352: 11350: 11344: 11329: 11315: 11309: 11298: 11292: 11291: 11289: 11287: 11252: 11246: 11245: 11243: 11241: 11213: 11207: 11206: 11166: 11160: 11159: 11141: 11135: 11134: 11126: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11115: 11098: 11092: 11091: 11074: 11068: 11067: 11065: 11063: 11041: 11032: 11031: 11029: 11027: 11015:Berliner Zeitung 11006: 11000: 10999: 10997: 10995: 10990:. 29 August 1997 10978: 10972: 10971: 10945: 10939: 10938: 10936: 10934: 10917: 10911: 10910: 10908: 10906: 10892: 10886: 10885: 10883: 10881: 10864: 10858: 10857: 10851: 10849: 10832: 10826: 10825: 10810:Preuss, Evelyn. 10807: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10796: 10765: 10756: 10746: 10727: 10716: 10710: 10709: 10707: 10705: 10694:Business America 10686: 10677: 10668:Peter E. Quint. 10666: 10660: 10659: 10634: 10625: 10624: 10613: 10607: 10606: 10604: 10598:. January 1990. 10593: 10585: 10579: 10578: 10571: 10562: 10561: 10556:. Archived from 10546: 10525: 10506: 10500: 10461: 10455: 10453: 10447: 10440: 10434: 10422: 10416: 10414: 10408: 10402: 10396: 10382: 10371: 10365: 10354: 10348: 10346: 10337: 10331: 10329: 10322: 10316: 10315:October–December 10313: 10307: 10304: 10298: 10295: 10289: 10286: 10280: 10277: 10271: 10260: 10254: 10251: 10210: 10205: 10204: 10203: 10182:policies of the 10057: 10013: 10007: 9950: 9908:Authoritarianism 9872: 9850: 9824: 9802: 9800:Tag der Republik 9780: 9758: 9732: 9712: 9697: 9674: 9652: 9630: 9608: 9580: 9579: 9318:Jakob der Lügner 9273:Deutsche Film AG 9249:in East Berlin. 9242:Rundfunk der DDR 9228:Gerhard Behrendt 9022:Veronika Fischer 8951:in Dresden; and 8882:. Additionally, 8877: 8866: 8834: 8813: 8802: 8791: 8758: 8674: 8667: 8663: 8660: 8654: 8631: 8623: 8571:Erfurt-Meiningen 8488: 8466: 8455: 8445:) united in the 8423: 8387: 8196: 8195: 8130: 8129: 6651: 6650: 6647:Vital statistics 6641:Oder-Neisse line 6566: 6561: 6553: 6549: 6340: 6334: 6311: 6126: 6120: 6090: 6082: 6048: 6042: 6034: 6008: 6002: 5994: 5968: 5940: 5932: 5882: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5862: 5839: 5831: 5629:from Thuringia. 5591:Frankfurt (Oder) 5568: 5555:(districts) and 5554: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5267: 5261: 5061: 5052:Pioneer program 5044: 4956: 4941: 4926: 4911: 4895: 4879: 4839: 4824: 4812: 4796: 4780: 4768: 4752: 4736: 4723:Coat of arms of 4720: 4708: 4688: 4676: 4664: 4649: 4637: 4625: 4610: 4570: 4556: 4542: 4525: 4493: 4479: 4465: 4450: 4436: 4422: 4390: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4370: 4339: 4331: 4322: 4297: 4295:Volkssolidarität 4281: 4272: 4254: 4227: 4190: 4174: 4158: 4142: 4109: 4073:GDR flag at the 4046: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4026: 4024: 3983: 3959: 3951: 3933:offered for the 3931:rate of exchange 3903: 3881: 3835: 3817: 3720:left the country 3651:Wolfgang Thierse 3615: 3608: 3604: 3601: 3595: 3575: 3574: 3567: 3551: 3473:University Giant 3364:Treaty of Warsaw 3360:Treaty of Moscow 3343: 3244: 3204: 3172:People's Chamber 3169: 3163: 3150: 3137: 3100: 3090: 3080: 3061: 3054: 3047: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3014: 2926: 2909: 2908: 2842: 2841: 2812: 2696:Migration Period 2691:Germanic peoples 2686:Urnfield culture 2554: 2544: 2526: 2525: 2495:governed by the 2265: 2258: 2251: 2174: 2121: 2072: 1917:Poland 1944–1989 1901:Operation Jungle 1820: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1768: 1619: 1529: 1527: 1521: 1510: 1509: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1484:occupation zones 1472:Yalta Conference 1451:Soviet communism 1431:Oder–Neisse line 1384: 1378: 1364: 1342: 1332: 1327:(Eastern Zone), 1314: 1155:established the 1095: 1094: 1093: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1056: 1051: 1004: 1003: 992: 991: 983:Occupied Germany 979: 978: 972: 971: 956: 955: 900: 888: 880: 872: 863:East German mark 851: 850: 842: 821:$ 525.29 billion 808: 703:Final Settlement 691: 667: 648:21 December 1972 644: 625: 571: 546: 527: 478: 465: 286: 285: 283: 282: 281: 276: 272: 269: 268: 267: 264: 249:and largest city 228: 225: 218: 215: 201: 200: 179: 178: 156: 140: 122: 114: 103: 102: 94: 87: 83: 80: 74: 54: 53: 46: 21: 19414: 19413: 19409: 19408: 19407: 19405: 19404: 19403: 19334: 19333: 19332: 19320: 19310: 19308: 19298: 19296: 19288: 19286: 19281: 19264: 19245:Slovakia (1919) 19145:Alsace-Lorraine 19133: 19061: 18990: 18897: 18866: 18775: 18769: 18698: 18677: 18508: 18502: 18472: 18467: 18382: 18336: 18323:Soviet reaction 18309:Croatian Spring 18253: 18251: 18244: 18238: 18230: 18202: 18196: 18158: 18145: 18131:Berlin Blockade 18082: 18081: 18062: 18057: 18027: 18022: 17999: 17996: 17980: 17977: 17938: 17929: 17926: 17882: 17871: 17864: 17834: 17829: 17821: 17819: 17813: 17779: 17770:(1949–52; 1990) 17762: 17753: 17714:Karl-Marx-Stadt 17664: 17658: 17624: 17615: 17607: 17606: 17604: 17603: 17600: 17596: 17594: 17590: 17588: 17534:Wayback Machine 17524: 17500: 17497:Wayback Machine 17472: 17467: 17466: 17373: 17367: 17344: 17339: 17281: 17276: 17275: 17155: 17000: 16990: 16983: 16894: 16868: 16833: 16804: 16802: 16795: 16764: 16762: 16755: 16718: 16692: 16664: 16621: 16585: 16579: 16554: 16549: 16547:Further reading 16544: 16538: 16512: 16486: 16460: 16455: 16454: 16444: 16442: 16431: 16430: 16426: 16416: 16414: 16399: 16398: 16394: 16384: 16382: 16377: 16376: 16372: 16362: 16360: 16345: 16338: 16327: 16323: 16319: 16309: 16307: 16306:. 20 April 2012 16296: 16295: 16291: 16281: 16279: 16269: 16268: 16264: 16254: 16252: 16239: 16238: 16231: 16221: 16219: 16210: 16209: 16202: 16192: 16190: 16177: 16176: 16169: 16159: 16157: 16145: 16141: 16126: 16122: 16113: 16112: 16108: 16098: 16096: 16084: 16080: 16070: 16068: 16053: 16049: 16020: 16013: 16003: 16001: 15984: 15980: 15970: 15968: 15961: 15938: 15934: 15924: 15922: 15915: 15895: 15891: 15881: 15879: 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14767: 14763: 14756: 14736:Dreyer, Michael 14732: 14728: 14721: 14713:. p. 126. 14703: 14699: 14665: 14657: 14653: 14649: 14643: 14639: 14629: 14627: 14614: 14613: 14609: 14599: 14597: 14584: 14583: 14579: 14569: 14567: 14554: 14553: 14549: 14539: 14537: 14526:"Rote Gitarren" 14524: 14523: 14519: 14509: 14507: 14494: 14493: 14489: 14483:Wayback Machine 14474: 14470: 14453: 14449: 14443:Wayback Machine 14434: 14430: 14420: 14418: 14405: 14404: 14400: 14391: 14387: 14377: 14375: 14368: 14360:. p. 185. 14344: 14340: 14329: 14327: 14320: 14300: 14296: 14279: 14272: 14263: 14259: 14251: 14247: 14243:, 1963), p. 20. 14235: 14231: 14213: 14211: 14204: 14188: 14184: 14168: 14162: 14158: 14135:10.2307/3679269 14117: 14113: 14106: 14090: 14063: 14053: 14051: 14038: 14037: 14033: 14023: 14021: 14008: 14007: 14003: 13993: 13991: 13982: 13981: 13977: 13967: 13965: 13952: 13951: 13947: 13941:Wayback Machine 13932: 13928: 13918: 13916: 13907: 13906: 13902: 13889: 13887: 13883: 13876: 13868: 13864: 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12776: 12763: 12740:10.2307/1431716 12722: 12718: 12703: 12682: 12678: 12663: 12645: 12641: 12626: 12622: 12614: 12607: 12596: 12592: 12577: 12573: 12565: 12561: 12553: 12546: 12539: 12518: 12511: 12496:Darnton, Robert 12493: 12489: 12481: 12474: 12459: 12452: 12448: 12444: 12427: 12423: 12410: 12406: 12391: 12384: 12371: 12367: 12350: 12343: 12338: 12334: 12324: 12322: 12309: 12308: 12304: 12296: 12289: 12269: 12262: 12244: 12240: 12225: 12221: 12206: 12199: 12192: 12170: 12166: 12151: 12147: 12131: 12127: 12120: 12112:. p. 220. 12102: 12098: 12088: 12086: 12073: 12072: 12068: 12053: 12049: 12034: 12030: 12020: 12018: 12003: 12002: 11995: 11972: 11968: 11958: 11956: 11954: 11931: 11927: 11920: 11899: 11895: 11875: 11868: 11843: 11839: 11827:Wayback Machine 11818: 11814: 11802: 11798: 11790: 11786: 11775: 11771: 11764: 11747: 11743: 11733: 11719: 11715: 11700: 11677: 11673: 11658: 11639: 11635: 11620: 11601: 11597: 11587: 11585: 11577: 11576: 11572: 11563: 11559: 11554:Wayback Machine 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According to 10016:Wolfgang Becker 9968: 9967: 9944: 9934: 9928: 9910: 9890: 9885: 9822:Buß- und Bettag 9600:New Year's Day 9578: 9535:Matthias Sammer 9519:1. FC Magdeburg 9482:Manfred Höppner 9458: 9430:Wolfgang Becker 9425:Good Bye Lenin! 9265: 9221: 9159:at the theater 9130:Evgeny Schwartz 9111:Ekkehard Schall 9107:Peter Palitzsch 9050: 8969: 8903:classical music 8871: 8827:Czerwone Gitary 8807: 8796: 8785: 8752: 8706: 8704:Jazz in Germany 8700: 8675: 8664: 8658: 8655: 8644: 8632: 8621: 8615: 8599: 8594: 8545:Joachim Meisner 8527: 8526:, Dresden, 1987 8517: 8511: 8481:Moravian Church 8460: 8449: 8435:Catholic Church 8381: 8359:United churches 8320: 8314: 8300: 8290: 8258: 8257: 8249: 8236: 8221: 8192: 8191: 8183: 8170: 8155: 8126: 8114:Main articles: 8112: 8037:Karl-Marx-Stadt 7996: 6665:Natural change 6649: 6540: 6490: 6480: 6463: 6413:Total 1950–1989 6333: 6195: 6189: 6141: 6103: 6097: 6073: 6061: 6055: 6025: 6019: 5987: 5981: 5925: 5919: 5883: 5872: 5866: 5863: 5852: 5840: 5829: 5824: 5818: 5801: 5735: 5694:, Mozambique's 5661: 5656: 5650: 5615:Karl-Marx-Stadt 5549:established 14 5489: 5488: 5481: 5474: 5467: 5460: 5453: 5446: 5439: 5436:Karl-Marx-Stadt 5432: 5425: 5418: 5411: 5404: 5397: 5390: 5383: 5373: 5370: 5362:Main articles: 5360: 5327: 5307: 5286: 5265:Junge Gemeinden 5254:Walter Ulbricht 5233: 5215: 5135: 5092: 5083: 4992: 4986: 4973: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4957: 4948: 4942: 4933: 4927: 4918: 4912: 4903: 4896: 4887: 4880: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4847: 4846:" (14 May 1955) 4840: 4831: 4825: 4816: 4813: 4804: 4797: 4788: 4781: 4772: 4769: 4760: 4753: 4744: 4737: 4728: 4721: 4712: 4709: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4680: 4677: 4668: 4665: 4656: 4650: 4641: 4638: 4629: 4626: 4617: 4611: 4588: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4571: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4534: 4532: 4526: 4510: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4496:Flag of the GDR 4494: 4485: 4483: 4482:Commercial flag 4480: 4471: 4469: 4468:Flag of the GDR 4466: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4391: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4356: 4340: 4329: 4102: 4096: 4047: 4036: 4030: 4027: 3984: 3982: 3972: 3960: 3949: 3943: 3919:command economy 3726:'s border with 3704: 3692:Main articles: 3690: 3616: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3588:help improve it 3585: 3576: 3572: 3537: 3511:'s role in the 3458:Karl-Marx-Stadt 3443: 3273:Leonid Brezhnev 3234:war reparations 3191:Walter Ulbricht 3180:Walter Ulbricht 3065: 3026: 3024: 3023: 3012: 3010: 3009: 3002: 3001: 2983: 2962: 2929: 2906: 2896: 2895: 2866:Weimar Republic 2839: 2829: 2828: 2815: 2784: 2774: 2773: 2754: 2744: 2743: 2719: 2711: 2710: 2706:Frankish Empire 2681:Únětice culture 2671: 2663: 2662: 2607:Historic states 2562: 2542: 2535: 2524: 2512:Berlin Blockade 2486: 2388: 2378: 2347:Walter Ulbricht 2269: 2240: 2239: 2175: 2172: 2165: 2164: 2117: 2093:Berlin Blockade 2073: 2071:Cold War events 2070: 2063: 2062: 1986:Kazakhstan 1986 1817: 1812: 1810: 1803: 1802: 1769: 1766: 1759: 1758: 1620: 1617: 1610: 1609: 1530: 1525: 1519: 1517: 1507: 1498: 1492: 1468: 1458:and the media. 1419: 1413: 1407: 1376:Westdeutschland 1371:Western Germany 1362:Westdeutschland 1307: 1169:communist party 1161:Oder-Neiße line 1118:communist state 1089: 1088: 1080: 1058: 1057: 1049: 1031: 1001: 976: 904: 848: 847: 846: 840: 828: 818: 802: 790: 776: 766: 756: 737: 718: 705: 695:9 November 1989 692: 687: 680:13 October 1989 677: 665: 662: 645: 636: 626: 621: 611: 598: 585: 572: 567: 537: 504: 492: 474: 461: 458: 446: 416: 404: 396:Walter Ulbricht 392: 376: 343: 297: 279: 277: 273: 270: 265: 262: 260: 258: 257: 256: 250: 242: 241: 230: 229: 226: 219: 203: 181: 166: 165: 164: 162: 157: 149: 148: 146: 141: 123: 116: 108: 95: 84: 78: 75: 68: 55: 51: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19412: 19402: 19401: 19396: 19391: 19386: 19381: 19376: 19371: 19366: 19361: 19356: 19351: 19346: 19331: 19330: 19318: 19306: 19283: 19282: 19277: 19274: 19273: 19270: 19269: 19266: 19265: 19263: 19262: 19257: 19252: 19247: 19242: 19237: 19232: 19227: 19225:Hungary (1919) 19222: 19217: 19212: 19211: 19210: 19205: 19197: 19192: 19187: 19182: 19177: 19172: 19171: 19170: 19165: 19157: 19152: 19147: 19141: 19139: 19132: 19131: 19126: 19121: 19116: 19111: 19106: 19101: 19100: 19099: 19094: 19092:Czech Republic 19087:Czechoslovakia 19084: 19079: 19073: 19071: 19067: 19066: 19063: 19062: 19060: 19059: 19054: 19049: 19044: 19039: 19034: 19029: 19027:Inner Mongolia 19024: 19019: 19014: 19009: 19007:East Turkestan 19004: 18998: 18996: 18989: 18988: 18987: 18986: 18976: 18971: 18966: 18961: 18956: 18951: 18946: 18941: 18936: 18935: 18934: 18929: 18924: 18916: 18911: 18905: 18903: 18899: 18898: 18896: 18895: 18890: 18885: 18880: 18874: 18872: 18868: 18867: 18865: 18864: 18859: 18854: 18849: 18844: 18839: 18834: 18829: 18828: 18827: 18822: 18814: 18809: 18804: 18799: 18794: 18788: 18786: 18779: 18771: 18770: 18768: 18767: 18762: 18757: 18752: 18747: 18742: 18737: 18732: 18727: 18722: 18717: 18712: 18706: 18704: 18700: 18699: 18697: 18696: 18691: 18689:United Kingdom 18685: 18683: 18679: 18678: 18676: 18675: 18670: 18669: 18668: 18660: 18659: 18658: 18648: 18646:United Kingdom 18643: 18638: 18633: 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(1986). 16583: 16577: 16561:Allinson, Mark 16556: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16542: 16536: 16520:Weitz, Eric D. 16516: 16510: 16490: 16484: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16453: 16452: 16438:Spiegel Online 16424: 16392: 16370: 16336:Facius, Gernot 16317: 16289: 16262: 16229: 16200: 16167: 16154:Deutsche Welle 16139: 16120: 16106: 16093:Deutsche Welle 16078: 16059:Goodbye, Lenin 16047: 16011: 15978: 15959: 15953:. p. 92. 15932: 15913: 15907:. p. 10. 15889: 15870: 15864:. p. 14. 15846: 15825: 15820:Deutsche Welle 15797: 15777: 15754: 15724: 15722: 15721: 15696: 15678:Deutsche Welle 15668: 15662: 15634: 15613: 15588: 15550: 15499: 15490: 15461: 15420: 15401: 15352: 15333: 15319: 15287: 15280: 15258: 15231: 15205: 15186: 15162: 15136: 15110: 15084: 15058: 15032: 15002: 14976: 14969: 14947: 14940: 14915: 14908: 14886: 14879: 14853: 14829: 14802:Tynan, Kenneth 14793: 14775:Spiegel Online 14761: 14754: 14726: 14719: 14697: 14647: 14637: 14607: 14590:Deutsche Mugge 14577: 14547: 14530:Deutsche Mugge 14517: 14487: 14468: 14447: 14428: 14398: 14385: 14366: 14338: 14318: 14310:Berghahn Books 14294: 14270: 14257: 14245: 14229: 14202: 14182: 14179:. p. 174. 14164:Toth, Helena. 14156: 14111: 14104: 14061: 14031: 14001: 13975: 13945: 13926: 13900: 13862: 13836: 13810: 13791: 13767: 13756: 13734: 13722: 13707: 13686: 13655: 13625: 13614: 13607: 13585: 13579:978-0226297941 13578: 13556: 13549: 13522: 13515: 13493: 13486: 13480:. p. 59. 13464: 13435: 13428: 13422:. p. 58. 13406: 13399: 13391:Berghahn books 13377: 13370: 13362:Berghahn books 13354:Fulbrook, Mary 13345: 13326: 13300: 13264: 13247: 13233: 13213: 13187:(3): 113–140. 13165: 13139:(3): 353–380. 13117: 13091: 13080: 13073: 13044: 13025:(2): 129–163. 13007: 13000: 12972: 12953: 12933: 12914: 12895: 12873: 12866: 12860:. p. 32. 12844: 12833:. Flagspot.net 12822: 12809:Fulbrook, Mary 12797: 12761: 12734:(1): 127–146. 12716: 12701: 12693:Berghahn Books 12685:Fulbrook, Mary 12676: 12661: 12639: 12620: 12605: 12590: 12587:. p. 309. 12571: 12569:, p. 615. 12559: 12544: 12537: 12509: 12500:Berlin Journal 12487: 12472: 12442: 12421: 12404: 12382: 12365: 12359:Wiener Zeitung 12341: 12332: 12302: 12287: 12260: 12238: 12219: 12197: 12190: 12164: 12145: 12125: 12118: 12096: 12066: 12047: 12028: 11993: 11982:(2): 152–172. 11966: 11952: 11946:. p. 39. 11934:Allinson, Mark 11925: 11918: 11893: 11866: 11855:(3): 381–395. 11848:Soviet Studies 11837: 11832:Deutsche Welle 11812: 11796: 11784: 11769: 11762: 11750:Fulbrook, Mary 11741: 11731: 11713: 11698: 11671: 11656: 11633: 11618: 11595: 11570: 11557: 11534: 11512: 11493: 11462: 11447: 11436:on 14 May 2011 11417: 11395:(2): 171–200. 11379:(April 2002). 11361: 11338:(2): 171–172. 11322:(April 2002). 11310: 11293: 11274: 11268:. p. 11. 11247: 11228: 11208: 11161: 11154: 11136: 11133:. p. 210. 11121: 11093: 11069: 11033: 11001: 10987:The New Worker 10973: 10966: 10950:Vanhanen, Tatu 10940: 10929:. 28 July 1992 10912: 10887: 10859: 10827: 10802: 10783: 10771:, ed. (2010). 10757: 10753:Berghahn Books 10711: 10678: 10661: 10654: 10638:Major, Patrick 10626: 10608: 10580: 10563: 10540: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10526: 10501: 10456: 10435: 10417: 10394:Bundesrepublik 10366: 10349: 10332: 10317: 10308: 10299: 10290: 10281: 10272: 10255: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10239: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10212: 10211: 10208:Germany portal 10195: 10192: 10167: 10164: 10148: 10145: 10119:The far-right 10065: 10064: 10047:Percentage of 10040: 10037: 10021:Goodbye Lenin! 9958: 9957: 9940:Percentage of 9930:Main article: 9927: 9924: 9909: 9906: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9878: 9877: 9874: 9865: 9860: 9856: 9855: 9852: 9843: 9838: 9834: 9833: 9826: 9817: 9812: 9808: 9807: 9804: 9795: 9790: 9786: 9785: 9782: 9773: 9768: 9764: 9763: 9760: 9751: 9742: 9738: 9737: 9734: 9725: 9720: 9716: 9715: 9704: 9695:Tag der Arbeit 9690: 9684: 9680: 9679: 9676: 9667: 9662: 9658: 9657: 9654: 9645: 9640: 9636: 9635: 9632: 9623: 9618: 9614: 9613: 9610: 9601: 9598: 9594: 9593: 9590: 9587: 9584: 9577: 9574: 9515:Dynamo Dresden 9466:weight-lifting 9457: 9454: 9417:Louis de Funès 9350:, directed by 9301:Brothers Grimm 9296:Das kalte Herz 9264: 9261: 9220: 9217: 9066:Bertolt Brecht 9058:Bertolt Brecht 9049: 9046: 9034:Udo Lindenberg 8981:grüner Elefant 8968: 8965: 8783:Gerd Christian 8699: 8696: 8677: 8676: 8635: 8633: 8626: 8617:Main article: 8614: 8611: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8589: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8510: 8507: 8416:Manfred Stolpe 8316:Main article: 8313: 8310: 8289: 8286: 8254: 8253: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8241: 8240: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8226: 8225: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8211: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8201: 8200: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8175: 8174: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8160: 8159: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8145: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8135: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8111: 8108: 8107: 8106: 8100: 8094: 8088: 8082: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8028: 8022: 7995: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7982: 7981: 7978: 7975: 7972: 7969: 7966: 7963: 7960: 7957: 7953: 7952: 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6986: 6983: 6980: 6977: 6974: 6971: 6967: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6938: 6937: 6934: 6931: 6928: 6925: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6879: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6867: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6855: 6851: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6832: 6829: 6826: 6822: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6793: 6792: 6789: 6786: 6783: 6780: 6777: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6765: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6699: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6680: 6675: 6672: 6669: 6666: 6663: 6660: 6657: 6654: 6648: 6645: 6631: 6630: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6601: 6600: 6597: 6594: 6590: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6579: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6539: 6536: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6462: 6461:Transportation 6459: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6398: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6354: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6332: 6329: 6238:The socialist 6191:Main article: 6188: 6185: 6140: 6137: 6099:Main article: 6096: 6093: 6072: 6069: 6057:Main article: 6054: 6051: 6021:Main article: 6018: 6015: 5983:Main article: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5960: 5921:Main article: 5918: 5915: 5900:in East Berlin 5885: 5884: 5843: 5841: 5834: 5828: 5825: 5820:Main article: 5817: 5814: 5800: 5799:Western Europe 5797: 5789:Hafez al-Assad 5769:Ba'athist Iraq 5763:First Intifada 5734: 5731: 5683:and socialist 5660: 5657: 5652:Main article: 5649: 5646: 5575:Neubrandenburg 5482: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5457:Neubrandenburg 5454: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5419: 5412: 5405: 5398: 5391: 5384: 5377: 5359: 5356: 5326: 5323: 5306: 5303: 5285: 5282: 5223:Erich Honecker 5214: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5206: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5142: 5134: 5131: 5091: 5088: 5082: 5079: 5026:youth movement 5003:Ernst Thälmann 4995:Young Pioneers 4985: 4982: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4958: 4951: 4949: 4943: 4936: 4934: 4928: 4921: 4919: 4914:Emblem of the 4913: 4906: 4904: 4897: 4890: 4888: 4882:Emblem of the 4881: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4841: 4834: 4832: 4826: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4807: 4805: 4799:Emblem of the 4798: 4791: 4789: 4782: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4763: 4761: 4754: 4747: 4745: 4738: 4731: 4729: 4722: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4693: 4690: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4659: 4657: 4651: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4620: 4618: 4612: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4572: 4565: 4563: 4558: 4551: 4549: 4544: 4537: 4535: 4527: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4495: 4488: 4486: 4481: 4474: 4472: 4467: 4460: 4458: 4452: 4445: 4443: 4438: 4431: 4429: 4424: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4393: 4392: 4343: 4341: 4334: 4328: 4325: 4211:, seat of the 4201: 4200: 4184: 4168: 4152: 4118:(KPD) and the 4095: 4092: 4063:Otto Grotewohl 4049: 4048: 3990:"East Germany" 3963: 3961: 3954: 3945:Main article: 3942: 3939: 3732:Czechoslovakia 3712:Alexanderplatz 3689: 3683: 3618: 3617: 3600:September 2024 3579: 3577: 3570: 3536: 3533: 3509:Thomas Müntzer 3442: 3439: 3415:United Nations 3319:Erich Honecker 3315:Helmut Schmidt 3277:Erich Honecker 3265:Erich Honecker 3241:Republikflucht 3122:Otto Grotewohl 3067: 3066: 3064: 3063: 3056: 3049: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3021: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2997: 2994: 2992:Modern history 2988: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2960: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2932:1945–1949/1952 2930: 2928: 2927: 2918: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2840: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2813: 2804: 2798: 2796: 2791: 2785: 2780: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2755: 2750: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2614: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2572:Historiography 2569: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2547: 2546: 2537: 2536: 2529: 2523: 2520: 2516:Berlin Airlift 2484: 2467:Lavrenty Beria 2377: 2374: 2362:denazification 2355:prime minister 2351:Otto Grotewohl 2287:(KPD) and the 2271: 2270: 2268: 2267: 2260: 2253: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2200:January Events 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2176: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2074: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2028: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2011:Lithuania 1991 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1875: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1827: 1826: 1818: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1778: 1770: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1750: 1736: 1731: 1725: 1720: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1667:Czechoslovakia 1664: 1659: 1654: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1531: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1503: 1502: 1491: 1488: 1467: 1464: 1409:Main article: 1406: 1403: 1382:Ostdeutschland 1340:sogenannte DDR 1306: 1303: 1224:United Kingdom 1204:Czechoslovakia 1198:to the north, 1102:Central Europe 1046:Ostdeutschland 1033: 1032: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1005: 998: 989: 986: 985: 980: 968: 967: 962: 952: 951: 946: 940: 939: 934: 928: 927: 924: 918: 917: 910: 906: 905: 903: 902: 892: 891: 890: 882: 874: 859: 857: 853: 852: 843: 841:(1990 formula) 833: 832: 829: 826: 823: 822: 819: 816: 813: 812: 809: 795: 794: 791: 789:• Density 788: 785: 784: 781: 780: 777: 774: 771: 770: 767: 764: 761: 760: 757: 754: 751: 750: 747: 746: 742: 741: 738: 735: 732: 731: 727: 726: 723: 722: 721:3 October 1990 719: 713: 710: 709: 706: 700: 697: 696: 693: 685: 682: 681: 678: 672: 669: 668: 663: 653: 650: 649: 646: 634: 631: 630: 627: 619: 616: 615: 612: 606: 603: 602: 599: 593: 590: 589: 586: 580: 577: 576: 575:7 October 1949 573: 565: 562: 561: 558: 557: 552: 551:Historical era 548: 547: 538: 532: 529: 528: 519: 515: 514: 511: 510: 505: 502: 499: 498: 496:Otto Grotewohl 493: 490: 487: 486: 483: 482: 479: 471: 470: 467: 466: 459: 456: 453: 452: 447: 444: 441: 440: 437: 436: 433: 427: 426: 423: 422: 417: 414: 411: 410: 408:Erich Honecker 405: 402: 399: 398: 393: 390: 387: 386: 384:Otto Grotewohl 377: 374: 371: 370: 367: 366: 363: 357: 356: 351: 345: 344: 342: 341: 336: 332: 330: 324: 323: 315: 311: 310: 307:Bezirk Cottbus 303:Bezirk Dresden 292: 288: 287: 280:52.517; 13.400 251: 248: 244: 243: 232: 231: 220: 210: 209: 206: 205: 188: 187: 168: 167: 158: 151: 150: 142: 135: 134: 133: 130: 129: 125: 124: 109: 106: 97: 96: 58: 56: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19411: 19400: 19397: 19395: 19392: 19390: 19387: 19385: 19382: 19380: 19377: 19375: 19372: 19370: 19367: 19365: 19362: 19360: 19357: 19355: 19352: 19350: 19347: 19345: 19342: 19341: 19339: 19329: 19324: 19319: 19317: 19307: 19305: 19295: 19294: 19291: 19280: 19275: 19261: 19258: 19256: 19253: 19251: 19248: 19246: 19243: 19241: 19238: 19236: 19233: 19231: 19228: 19226: 19223: 19221: 19218: 19216: 19213: 19209: 19206: 19204: 19201: 19200: 19198: 19196: 19195:Crimea (1919) 19193: 19191: 19188: 19186: 19183: 19181: 19178: 19176: 19173: 19169: 19166: 19164: 19161: 19160: 19158: 19156: 19153: 19151: 19148: 19146: 19143: 19142: 19140: 19136: 19130: 19127: 19125: 19122: 19120: 19117: 19115: 19112: 19110: 19107: 19105: 19102: 19098: 19095: 19093: 19090: 19089: 19088: 19085: 19083: 19080: 19078: 19075: 19074: 19072: 19068: 19058: 19057:South Vietnam 19055: 19053: 19050: 19048: 19045: 19043: 19040: 19038: 19035: 19033: 19030: 19028: 19025: 19023: 19020: 19018: 19015: 19013: 19010: 19008: 19005: 19003: 19000: 18999: 18997: 18993: 18985: 18984:North Vietnam 18982: 18981: 18980: 18977: 18975: 18972: 18970: 18967: 18965: 18962: 18960: 18957: 18955: 18952: 18950: 18947: 18945: 18942: 18940: 18937: 18933: 18930: 18928: 18925: 18923: 18920: 18919: 18917: 18915: 18912: 18910: 18907: 18906: 18904: 18900: 18894: 18891: 18889: 18886: 18884: 18881: 18879: 18876: 18875: 18873: 18869: 18863: 18860: 18858: 18855: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18845: 18843: 18840: 18838: 18835: 18833: 18830: 18826: 18823: 18821: 18818: 18817: 18815: 18813: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18790: 18789: 18787: 18783: 18780: 18778: 18772: 18766: 18763: 18761: 18758: 18756: 18753: 18751: 18748: 18746: 18743: 18741: 18738: 18736: 18733: 18731: 18728: 18726: 18723: 18721: 18718: 18716: 18713: 18711: 18708: 18707: 18705: 18701: 18695: 18694:United States 18692: 18690: 18687: 18686: 18684: 18680: 18674: 18671: 18667: 18664: 18663: 18661: 18657: 18654: 18653: 18652: 18651:United States 18649: 18647: 18644: 18642: 18639: 18637: 18634: 18632: 18629: 18627: 18624: 18622: 18619: 18617: 18614: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18602: 18599: 18597: 18594: 18592: 18589: 18587: 18584: 18580: 18577: 18575: 18572: 18568: 18565: 18564: 18563: 18560: 18559: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18548: 18545: 18544: 18543: 18540: 18538: 18535: 18531: 18530:New Australia 18528: 18527: 18526: 18523: 18521: 18518: 18517: 18515: 18511: 18506: 18499: 18494: 18492: 18487: 18485: 18480: 18479: 18476: 18462: 18461:Yugoslav Wars 18459: 18458: 18457: 18454: 18452: 18449: 18447: 18444: 18442: 18439: 18437: 18434: 18432: 18429: 18427: 18424: 18422: 18419: 18417: 18414: 18412: 18409: 18407: 18404: 18402: 18401: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18391: 18389: 18385: 18379: 18376: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18361: 18359: 18356: 18353: 18349: 18346: 18345: 18343: 18339: 18333: 18330: 18328: 18324: 18320: 18317: 18315: 18312: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18302: 18300: 18296: 18295:Prague Spring 18293: 18291: 18288: 18286: 18283: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18273: 18271: 18268: 18266: 18263: 18261: 18258: 18257: 18255: 18247: 18241: 18235: 18233: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18215: 18212: 18211: 18209: 18207:Organizations 18205: 18199: 18193: 18191: 18188: 18186: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18161: 18155: 18154: 18152: 18148: 18142: 18139: 18137: 18134: 18132: 18129: 18127: 18124: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18109:Baltic states 18107: 18105: 18102: 18101: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18091: 18089: 18085: 18078: 18075: 18073: 18070: 18069: 18065: 18061: 18054: 18049: 18047: 18042: 18040: 18035: 18034: 18031: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18005: 18002: 17995: 17992: 17990: 17987: 17986: 17983: 17976: 17973: 17971: 17968: 17966: 17963: 17961: 17958: 17956: 17952: 17948: 17947:Soviet Russia 17945: 17944: 17941: 17936: 17925: 17922: 17920: 17917: 17915: 17912: 17910: 17907: 17905: 17902: 17900: 17897: 17895: 17892: 17890: 17887: 17886: 17880: 17874: 17869: 17861: 17856: 17854: 17849: 17847: 17842: 17841: 17838: 17828: 17816: 17810: 17807: 17805: 17804:Saxony-Anhalt 17802: 17800: 17797: 17795: 17792: 17790: 17787: 17783: 17778: 17775: 17774: 17772: 17769: 17765: 17760: 17750: 17747: 17745: 17742: 17740: 17737: 17735: 17732: 17730: 17727: 17725: 17722: 17720: 17717: 17715: 17712: 17710: 17707: 17705: 17702: 17700: 17697: 17695: 17692: 17690: 17687: 17685: 17682: 17680: 17677: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17667: 17662: 17655: 17650: 17648: 17643: 17641: 17636: 17635: 17632: 17623: 17614: 17610: 17593: 17587: 17581: 17576: 17573: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17560: 17559:archive.today 17556: 17553: 17550: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17535: 17531: 17528: 17523: 17520: 17517: 17513: 17509: 17507: 17504: 17498: 17494: 17493: 17489: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17474: 17473: 17460: 17456: 17452: 17448: 17447: 17441: 17437: 17432: 17428: 17424: 17419: 17416:(2): 171–300. 17415: 17412:(in German). 17411: 17410: 17405: 17401: 17397: 17393: 17389: 17385: 17381: 17377: 17372: 17368: 17362: 17358: 17354: 17350: 17343: 17338: 17334: 17330: 17326: 17322: 17318: 17317:Kweit, Konrad 17314: 17312: 17307: 17303: 17298: 17294: 17290: 17285: 17284: 17272: 17271:online review 17267: 17262: 17258: 17254: 17250: 17248: 17247:online review 17243: 17238: 17234: 17230: 17226: 17222: 17218: 17213: 17209: 17205: 17200: 17196: 17191: 17188:(2): 171–300. 17187: 17184:(in German). 17183: 17182: 17177: 17173: 17169: 17165: 17164: 17159: 17154: 17150: 17146: 17141: 17137: 17133: 17129: 17124: 17122: 17117: 17113: 17109: 17105: 17101: 17096: 17092: 17088: 17084: 17080: 17076: 17072: 17068: 17064: 17062: 17061:online review 17057: 17052: 17048: 17044: 17040: 17036: 17032: 17028: 17027: 17022: 17018: 17014: 17010: 17004: 16999: 16995: 16994: 16987: 16982: 16979: 16975: 16970: 16966: 16962: 16957: 16953: 16949: 16948: 16942: 16938: 16937: 16931: 16927: 16923: 16919: 16915: 16911: 16907: 16903: 16899: 16895: 16889: 16885: 16881: 16877: 16873: 16869: 16867:9780955822865 16863: 16859: 16854: 16850: 16846: 16842: 16838: 16834: 16832:9780043540299 16828: 16824: 16820: 16816: 16812: 16800: 16796: 16794:9780333630945 16790: 16786: 16782: 16781: 16776: 16772: 16760: 16756: 16754:9780582315693 16750: 16746: 16745: 16740: 16736: 16732: 16728: 16723: 16719: 16717:9781107030138 16713: 16709: 16705: 16700: 16698: 16697:online review 16693: 16691:9781845456979 16687: 16683: 16679: 16678: 16673: 16669: 16665: 16663:9783896394859 16659: 16655: 16651: 16647: 16643: 16639: 16635: 16631: 16626: 16622: 16620:9780262012362 16616: 16612: 16608: 16603: 16599: 16595: 16591: 16590: 16584: 16580: 16578:9780719055546 16574: 16570: 16566: 16562: 16558: 16557: 16539: 16537:9780691025940 16533: 16529: 16525: 16521: 16517: 16513: 16507: 16503: 16499: 16495: 16491: 16487: 16485:9780434015757 16481: 16477: 16473: 16472: 16467: 16463: 16462: 16440: 16439: 16434: 16428: 16412: 16408: 16407: 16402: 16396: 16380: 16374: 16358: 16354: 16353: 16348: 16342: 16337: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16305: 16304: 16299: 16293: 16278: 16277: 16272: 16266: 16250: 16246: 16242: 16236: 16234: 16217: 16213: 16207: 16205: 16188: 16184: 16180: 16174: 16172: 16156: 16155: 16150: 16143: 16135: 16131: 16124: 16116: 16110: 16095: 16094: 16089: 16082: 16066: 16062: 16060: 16051: 16044: 16039: 16035: 16031: 16030: 16025: 16018: 16016: 15999: 15995: 15994: 15989: 15982: 15966: 15962: 15956: 15952: 15948: 15947: 15942: 15936: 15920: 15916: 15910: 15906: 15902: 15901: 15893: 15877: 15873: 15867: 15863: 15859: 15858: 15850: 15842: 15838: 15837: 15829: 15821: 15817: 15811: 15806: 15801: 15793: 15788: 15781: 15773: 15769: 15765: 15758: 15742: 15738: 15734: 15728: 15710: 15706: 15702: 15697: 15685: 15679: 15673: 15669: 15665: 15663:0-312-26977-3 15659: 15655: 15651: 15646: 15645: 15639: 15635: 15623: 15619: 15614: 15602: 15598: 15594: 15589: 15577: 15573: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15561: 15559: 15554: 15546: 15542: 15538: 15534: 15530: 15526: 15522: 15518: 15514: 15510: 15503: 15494: 15478: 15477: 15472: 15465: 15457: 15453: 15449: 15445: 15441: 15437: 15433: 15432: 15424: 15417: 15413: 15410: 15405: 15397: 15393: 15389: 15385: 15381: 15377: 15373: 15369: 15365: 15364: 15356: 15348: 15344: 15337: 15322: 15316: 15312: 15308: 15304: 15300: 15299: 15291: 15283: 15277: 15273: 15269: 15262: 15246: 15242: 15235: 15219: 15215: 15209: 15193: 15189: 15183: 15179: 15175: 15174: 15166: 15150: 15146: 15140: 15124: 15120: 15114: 15098: 15094: 15088: 15072: 15068: 15062: 15046: 15042: 15036: 15020: 15016: 15012: 15006: 14991: 14987: 14980: 14972: 14966: 14962: 14958: 14951: 14943: 14937: 14933: 14929: 14925: 14919: 14911: 14905: 14901: 14897: 14890: 14882: 14876: 14872: 14868: 14864: 14863:Leeder, Karen 14857: 14851: 14847: 14843: 14839: 14833: 14817: 14813: 14812: 14807: 14803: 14797: 14781: 14777: 14776: 14771: 14765: 14757: 14751: 14747: 14743: 14742: 14737: 14730: 14722: 14716: 14712: 14708: 14701: 14693: 14689: 14685: 14681: 14677: 14673: 14669: 14668:Popular Music 14661: 14656: 14651: 14641: 14625: 14621: 14617: 14611: 14595: 14592:(in German). 14591: 14587: 14581: 14565: 14562:(in German). 14561: 14560:DDR-Tanzmusik 14557: 14551: 14535: 14532:(in German). 14531: 14527: 14521: 14505: 14502:(in German). 14501: 14497: 14491: 14484: 14480: 14477: 14472: 14465: 14464:3-89602-303-9 14461: 14457: 14454:Götz Hintze: 14451: 14444: 14440: 14437: 14432: 14416: 14412: 14408: 14402: 14395: 14389: 14373: 14369: 14363: 14359: 14355: 14351: 14350: 14342: 14325: 14321: 14315: 14311: 14307: 14306: 14298: 14290: 14286: 14285: 14277: 14275: 14267: 14261: 14255: 14249: 14242: 14238: 14233: 14226: 14221: 14209: 14205: 14199: 14195: 14194: 14186: 14178: 14174: 14167: 14160: 14152: 14148: 14144: 14140: 14136: 14132: 14128: 14124: 14123: 14115: 14107: 14101: 14097: 14096: 14088: 14086: 14084: 14082: 14080: 14078: 14076: 14074: 14072: 14070: 14068: 14066: 14049: 14045: 14041: 14035: 14019: 14015: 14011: 14005: 13989: 13985: 13979: 13963: 13959: 13955: 13949: 13942: 13938: 13935: 13930: 13914: 13910: 13904: 13897: 13882: 13875: 13874: 13866: 13850: 13846: 13840: 13824: 13820: 13814: 13798: 13794: 13788: 13784: 13780: 13779: 13771: 13763: 13759: 13757:9783050085395 13753: 13749: 13745: 13738: 13731: 13726: 13718: 13711: 13704:(3): 139–146. 13703: 13699: 13698: 13690: 13675: 13674: 13669: 13665: 13659: 13643: 13639: 13635: 13629: 13623: 13618: 13610: 13608:9780300144246 13604: 13600: 13597:. New Haven: 13596: 13589: 13581: 13575: 13571: 13567: 13560: 13552: 13546: 13542: 13538: 13531: 13529: 13527: 13518: 13512: 13508: 13504: 13497: 13489: 13483: 13479: 13475: 13468: 13460: 13456: 13452: 13448: 13447: 13439: 13431: 13425: 13421: 13417: 13410: 13402: 13400:9781785330278 13396: 13393:. p. 3. 13392: 13388: 13381: 13373: 13371:9781785330278 13367: 13364:. p. 3. 13363: 13359: 13355: 13349: 13341: 13337: 13330: 13315: 13311: 13304: 13288: 13284: 13283: 13278: 13274: 13268: 13260: 13259: 13251: 13236: 13234:9781789205558 13230: 13226: 13225: 13217: 13202: 13198: 13194: 13190: 13186: 13182: 13181: 13176: 13169: 13154: 13150: 13146: 13142: 13138: 13134: 13133: 13128: 13121: 13105: 13101: 13095: 13089: 13084: 13076: 13070: 13066: 13061: 13060: 13054: 13048: 13040: 13036: 13032: 13028: 13024: 13020: 13019: 13011: 13003: 12997: 12993: 12989: 12985: 12984:Herf, Jeffrey 12979: 12977: 12960: 12956: 12954:0-691-02332-8 12950: 12946: 12945: 12937: 12929: 12925: 12918: 12910: 12906: 12899: 12883: 12877: 12869: 12863: 12859: 12856:(in German). 12855: 12848: 12832: 12826: 12819:. p. 60. 12818: 12814: 12810: 12804: 12802: 12793: 12789: 12785: 12781: 12774: 12772: 12770: 12768: 12766: 12757: 12753: 12749: 12745: 12741: 12737: 12733: 12729: 12728: 12720: 12712: 12708: 12704: 12698: 12694: 12690: 12686: 12680: 12672: 12668: 12664: 12662:0-19-511244-X 12658: 12654: 12650: 12643: 12635: 12631: 12624: 12617: 12612: 12610: 12602:. p. 20. 12601: 12594: 12586: 12582: 12575: 12568: 12563: 12557:, p. 614 12556: 12551: 12549: 12540: 12538:9780465064946 12534: 12530: 12526: 12522: 12516: 12514: 12505: 12501: 12497: 12491: 12485:, p. 613 12484: 12479: 12477: 12468: 12467: 12462: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12438: 12437: 12432: 12425: 12417: 12416: 12408: 12400: 12396: 12389: 12387: 12378: 12377: 12369: 12361: 12360: 12355: 12348: 12346: 12336: 12320: 12316: 12312: 12306: 12300:, p. 612 12299: 12294: 12292: 12283: 12282: 12277: 12273: 12272:Pfeil, Ulrich 12267: 12265: 12256: 12252: 12248: 12242: 12234: 12230: 12223: 12215: 12211: 12204: 12202: 12193: 12187: 12183: 12179: 12175: 12168: 12160: 12156: 12149: 12142: 12138: 12134: 12129: 12121: 12115: 12111: 12107: 12100: 12084: 12080: 12076: 12070: 12063:, p. 308 12062: 12058: 12051: 12043: 12039: 12032: 12016: 12012: 12011: 12006: 12000: 11998: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11977: 11970: 11955: 11949: 11945: 11941: 11940: 11935: 11929: 11921: 11919:9780060786137 11915: 11911: 11910:HarperCollins 11907: 11903: 11897: 11890: 11889:0-674-78405-7 11886: 11882: 11878: 11873: 11871: 11862: 11858: 11854: 11850: 11849: 11841: 11833: 11828: 11824: 11821: 11816: 11809: 11805: 11804:McCauley 1983 11800: 11793: 11788: 11780: 11773: 11765: 11763:9780857459756 11759: 11755: 11751: 11745: 11738: 11734: 11732:9780391041035 11728: 11724: 11717: 11709: 11705: 11701: 11699:0-8018-7299-5 11695: 11691: 11688:. Baltimore: 11687: 11686: 11681: 11675: 11667: 11663: 11659: 11657:0-8204-3948-7 11653: 11649: 11648: 11643: 11637: 11629: 11625: 11621: 11619:0-8204-3948-7 11615: 11611: 11610: 11605: 11599: 11584: 11580: 11574: 11567: 11561: 11555: 11551: 11548: 11544: 11538: 11530: 11526: 11522: 11516: 11510: 11506: 11503: 11497: 11481: 11478:(in German). 11477: 11473: 11466: 11460:, No. I/2004. 11459: 11458: 11451: 11435: 11431: 11427: 11421: 11414: 11398: 11394: 11391:(in German). 11390: 11382: 11378: 11372: 11370: 11368: 11366: 11357: 11341: 11337: 11334:(in German). 11333: 11325: 11321: 11314: 11307: 11303: 11297: 11281: 11277: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11262: 11257: 11256:Schmitt, Carl 11251: 11235: 11231: 11225: 11221: 11220: 11212: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11192: 11188: 11184: 11180: 11177:(in German). 11176: 11172: 11165: 11157: 11155:0-306-46605-8 11151: 11147: 11140: 11132: 11125: 11109: 11105: 11104: 11097: 11089: 11085: 11084: 11079: 11073: 11057: 11054:(in German). 11053: 11052: 11047: 11040: 11038: 11021: 11017: 11016: 11011: 11005: 10989: 10988: 10983: 10977: 10969: 10967:0-415-11063-7 10963: 10959: 10955: 10951: 10944: 10928: 10927: 10922: 10916: 10901: 10897: 10891: 10876:. 31 May 1963 10875: 10874: 10869: 10863: 10855: 10843: 10842: 10837: 10831: 10823: 10819: 10818: 10813: 10806: 10790: 10786: 10780: 10776: 10775: 10770: 10769:Kocka, Jürgen 10764: 10762: 10754: 10750: 10744: 10739: 10735: 10731: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10699: 10695: 10691: 10685: 10683: 10675: 10671: 10665: 10657: 10651: 10647: 10643: 10639: 10633: 10631: 10622: 10618: 10612: 10601: 10597: 10590: 10584: 10576: 10570: 10568: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10545: 10541: 10523: 10519: 10515: 10511: 10505: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10460: 10452: 10446: 10439: 10432: 10428: 10421: 10413: 10412:bundesdeutsch 10407: 10401: 10395: 10390: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10370: 10363: 10359: 10353: 10345: 10344: 10336: 10328: 10321: 10312: 10303: 10294: 10285: 10276: 10269: 10265: 10259: 10250: 10246: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10213: 10209: 10198: 10191: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10180:state atheist 10177: 10173: 10163: 10160: 10153: 10144: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10117: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10074: 10069: 10061: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10006: 10001: 9997: 9992: 9988: 9985: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9962: 9954: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9922: 9917: 9915: 9905: 9903: 9899: 9894: 9875: 9873: 9871: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9858: 9857: 9853: 9851: 9849: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9836: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9825: 9823: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9810: 9809: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9788: 9787: 9783: 9781: 9779: 9778:Pfingstmontag 9774: 9772: 9769: 9766: 9765: 9761: 9759: 9757: 9752: 9750: 9749:Ascension Day 9746: 9743: 9740: 9739: 9735: 9733: 9731: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9718: 9717: 9713: 9711: 9705: 9702: 9698: 9696: 9691: 9688: 9685: 9682: 9681: 9677: 9675: 9673: 9668: 9666: 9665:Easter Monday 9663: 9660: 9659: 9655: 9653: 9651: 9646: 9644: 9643:Easter Sunday 9641: 9638: 9637: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9616: 9615: 9611: 9609: 9607: 9602: 9599: 9596: 9595: 9591: 9588: 9586:English name 9585: 9582: 9581: 9573: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9542: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9507: 9505: 9501: 9494: 9489: 9485: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9453: 9451: 9450: 9445: 9444:Academy Award 9441: 9437: 9436: 9431: 9427: 9426: 9420: 9418: 9414: 9413: 9406: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9391: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9365: 9359: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9348: 9343: 9339: 9338: 9332: 9330: 9329: 9324: 9323:the Holocaust 9320: 9319: 9314: 9310: 9308: 9307: 9302: 9298: 9297: 9292: 9291: 9285: 9284: 9278: 9277:Gruppe Berlin 9274: 9270: 9260: 9258: 9254: 9253: 9248: 9244: 9243: 9235: 9234: 9229: 9225: 9216: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9172: 9169: 9164: 9162: 9158: 9157:Frank Castorf 9154: 9150: 9149:Neues Theater 9146: 9141: 9139: 9138:Heiner Müller 9135: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9114: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9083:Helene Weigel 9079: 9077: 9073: 9072: 9067: 9059: 9054: 9045: 9041: 9039: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9012:, as well as 9011: 9006: 9002: 9001:Wolf Biermann 8997: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8982: 8978: 8974: 8964: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8937: 8935: 8932:(1685–1750), 8931: 8926: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8899: 8897: 8896: 8891: 8890: 8885: 8881: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8864: 8863:Die Skeptiker 8858: 8852: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8833: 8832:Rote Gitarren 8828: 8823: 8821: 8817: 8811: 8806: 8800: 8795: 8789: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8756: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8727: 8726:Frank Schöbel 8722: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8695: 8693: 8688: 8685: 8684:Machiavellian 8673: 8670: 8662: 8652: 8648: 8642: 8641: 8636:This section 8634: 8630: 8625: 8624: 8620: 8610: 8603: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8567: 8564: 8560: 8558: 8552: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8535: 8531: 8525: 8524:Katholikentag 8521: 8516: 8506: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8464: 8459: 8453: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8439:Free Churches 8436: 8432: 8431: 8430:Landeskirchen 8425: 8422: 8417: 8413: 8410: 8405: 8403: 8399: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8345: 8344:Nazi-oriented 8341: 8337: 8333: 8324: 8319: 8312:Protestantism 8309: 8306: 8299: 8295: 8294:State atheism 8288:State atheism 8285: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8269: 8267: 8263: 8262:state atheism 8246: 8242: 8233: 8231: 8227: 8218: 8216: 8212: 8206: 8202: 8197: 8180: 8176: 8167: 8165: 8161: 8152: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8136: 8131: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8104: 8101: 8098: 8095: 8092: 8089: 8086: 8083: 8080: 8077: 8074: 8071: 8068: 8065: 8062: 8059: 8056: 8055:Halle (Saale) 8053: 8050: 8047: 8044: 8041: 8038: 8035: 8032: 8029: 8026: 8023: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8015: 8009: 8005: 8000: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7976: 7973: 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7007: 7004: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6993: 6990: 6987: 6984: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6964: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6926: 6923: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6722: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6697: 6694: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6679: 6653: 6652: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6637:were deported 6629: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6563: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6544: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6485: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6458: 6456: 6455:North Vietnam 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6427: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6400: 6399: 6389: 6388: 6378: 6377: 6367: 6366: 6356: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6338: 6328: 6324: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6303: 6302:hard currency 6299: 6295: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6225:Lower Silesia 6221: 6212: 6207: 6199: 6194: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6165: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6147: 6146:Mary Fulbrook 6136: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6112: 6108: 6102: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6081: 6080: 6068: 6066: 6060: 6050: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6033: 6032: 6024: 6014: 6012: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5993: 5986: 5979:Border troops 5974: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5939: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5899: 5896: 5891: 5881: 5878: 5870: 5867:November 2023 5860: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5844:This section 5842: 5838: 5833: 5832: 5823: 5813: 5811: 5810:Prague Spring 5806: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5670: 5665: 5655: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5541: 5540:Lower Silesia 5537: 5533: 5529: 5526:(states) and 5525: 5522: 5521:Middle German 5518: 5514: 5510: 5509:Saxony-Anhalt 5506: 5502: 5498: 5497:German states 5494: 5487: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5381: 5369: 5365: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5339: 5331: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5260: 5255: 5245: 5241: 5239: 5232: 5224: 5219: 5207: 5204: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5165:Unsere Heimat 5162: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5096: 5087: 5078: 5076: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4977: 4961: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4935: 4932: 4925: 4920: 4917: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4878: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4845: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4818: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4774: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4757:People's Navy 4751: 4746: 4742: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4719: 4714: 4707: 4702: 4701: 4687: 4682: 4675: 4670: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4653:Deutsche Post 4648: 4643: 4636: 4631: 4624: 4619: 4616: 4609: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4576: 4569: 4564: 4555: 4550: 4541: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4492: 4487: 4478: 4473: 4464: 4459: 4449: 4444: 4435: 4430: 4421: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4389: 4386: 4378: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4344:This section 4342: 4338: 4333: 4332: 4327:State symbols 4324: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4243: 4237: 4235: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4080: 4079:New York City 4076: 4071: 4064: 4060: 4059:Wilhelm Pieck 4055: 4045: 4042: 4034: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3992: – 3991: 3987: 3986:Find sources: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3964:This section 3962: 3958: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3927:privatization 3924: 3923:shock-therapy 3920: 3915: 3909: 3907: 3902: 3898:Although the 3896: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3879: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3829: 3823: 3821: 3816: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3784: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3756:Miklós Németh 3753: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3682: 3680: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3614: 3611: 3603: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3580:This article 3578: 3569: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3558:Sachsenhausen 3555: 3550: 3549: 3542: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3523:(1750–1822), 3522: 3519:(1757–1831), 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3427: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3342: 3341: 3332: 3328: 3327:Bruno Kreisky 3324: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3205:boulevard in 3203: 3202: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3176:Wilhelm Pieck 3173: 3168: 3162: 3157: 3154: 3149: 3143: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3118:Wilhelm Pieck 3114: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3039: 3033: 3022: 3019: 3008: 3007: 3006: 3005: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2974:Reunification 2972: 2971: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2847: 2846:German Empire 2844: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2832: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2789:Mediatisation 2787: 2786: 2783: 2778: 2777: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2753: 2748: 2747: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2670:Early history 2667: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2527: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2505:legal fiction 2502: 2498: 2494: 2482: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2463:Joseph Stalin 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2424:Saxony-Anhalt 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2336:Wilhelm Pieck 2333: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2317:Joseph Stalin 2314: 2310: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2254: 2252: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2243: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2215:Yugoslav Wars 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2169: 2168: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2103:Secret Speech 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2078:Marshall Plan 2076: 2075: 2067: 2066: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1815: 1807: 1806: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1763: 1762: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1743:North Vietnam 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1614: 1613: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1522: 1514: 1513: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1496: 1495: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1463: 1459: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1412: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1344: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1273:, led to the 1272: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1220:United States 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1202:to the east, 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1189:authoritarian 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1106:its formation 1103: 1099: 1092: 1086: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1061: 1055: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1029: 1023: 1019: 1017:Today part of 1015: 999: 997: 994: 993: 990: 984: 981: 974: 973: 970: 969: 966: 963: 961: 958: 957: 953: 950: 947: 945: 941: 938: 935: 933: 929: 925: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 899: 898: 897:Deutsche Mark 893: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 870:Deutsche Mark 867: 866: 864: 861: 860: 858: 854: 844: 838: 834: 830: 824: 820: 814: 810: 806: 800: 796: 792: 786: 782: 778: 772: 768: 762: 758: 752: 748: 743: 739: 733: 728: 724: 720: 717: 716:Reunification 711: 707: 704: 698: 694: 690: 683: 679: 676: 670: 664: 661: 657: 651: 647: 643: 639: 632: 628: 624: 617: 613: 610: 609:Berlin Crisis 604: 600: 597: 591: 587: 584: 583:1953 uprising 578: 574: 570: 563: 559: 556: 553: 549: 545: 544: 539: 536: 530: 526: 525: 520: 516: 512: 509: 506: 500: 497: 494: 488: 484: 480: 477: 472: 468: 464: 460: 454: 451: 450:Wilhelm Pieck 448: 442: 438: 434: 432: 431:Head of State 428: 424: 421: 418: 412: 409: 406: 400: 397: 394: 388: 385: 381: 380:Wilhelm Pieck 378: 372: 368: 364: 362: 358: 355: 352: 350: 346: 340: 337: 334: 333: 331: 329: 325: 322: 321: 316: 312: 308: 304: 301:(in parts of 300: 296: 293: 289: 284: 255: 252: 245: 240: 238: 224: 214: 207: 199: 193: 189: 185: 173: 169: 161: 155: 145: 139: 131: 126: 120: 113: 104: 101: 93: 90: 82: 72: 66: 64: 59:This article 57: 48: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 19369:Eastern Bloc 19344:East Germany 19316:East Germany 19155:Baranya–Baja 19124:Soviet Union 19104:East Germany 19103: 18802:Burkina Faso 18398: 18174: 18072:Soviet Union 18060:Eastern Bloc 18008:Eastern Bloc 17951:Soviet Union 17904:East Germany 17903: 17781: 17599: 17491: 17453:(4): 39–55. 17450: 17444: 17435: 17422: 17413: 17407: 17379: 17355:. New York: 17352: 17324: 17320: 17306:Camden House 17301: 17288: 17265: 17256: 17241: 17231:. New York: 17228: 17216: 17203: 17194: 17185: 17179: 17167: 17161: 17144: 17127: 17115: 17099: 17086: 17070: 17055: 17042: 17031:Random House 17024: 17021:Hoyer, Katja 16992: 16976:. Macmillan. 16973: 16960: 16946: 16934: 16921: 16905: 16879: 16857: 16844: 16818: 16803:. Retrieved 16799:the original 16779: 16763:. Retrieved 16759:the original 16743: 16726: 16703: 16676: 16649: 16633: 16606: 16588: 16564: 16523: 16497: 16469: 16443:. Retrieved 16436: 16427: 16415:. Retrieved 16411:the original 16406:The Guardian 16404: 16395: 16383:. Retrieved 16373: 16361:. Retrieved 16357:the original 16350: 16320: 16308:. Retrieved 16301: 16292: 16280:. Retrieved 16274: 16265: 16253:. Retrieved 16244: 16220:. Retrieved 16191:. Retrieved 16182: 16158:. Retrieved 16152: 16142: 16134:The Guardian 16133: 16123: 16109: 16097:. Retrieved 16091: 16081: 16069:. Retrieved 16058: 16050: 16041: 16027: 16002:. Retrieved 15993:The Guardian 15991: 15981: 15969:. Retrieved 15945: 15935: 15923:. Retrieved 15899: 15892: 15880:. Retrieved 15856: 15849: 15843:(3): 229–54. 15840: 15834: 15828: 15800: 15780: 15757: 15745:. Retrieved 15741:the original 15736: 15727: 15713:. Retrieved 15704: 15688:. Retrieved 15643: 15626:. Retrieved 15605:. Retrieved 15596: 15580:. Retrieved 15569: 15557: 15553: 15545:the original 15516: 15512: 15502: 15493: 15481:. Retrieved 15474: 15464: 15435: 15429: 15423: 15404: 15367: 15361: 15355: 15346: 15336: 15324:. Retrieved 15301:. New York: 15297: 15290: 15267: 15261: 15249:. Retrieved 15244: 15234: 15222:. Retrieved 15208: 15196:. Retrieved 15172: 15165: 15153:. Retrieved 15139: 15127:. Retrieved 15121:. Gorki.de. 15113: 15101:. Retrieved 15097:the original 15087: 15075:. Retrieved 15061: 15049:. Retrieved 15035: 15023:. Retrieved 15019:the original 15014: 15005: 14993:. Retrieved 14989: 14979: 14956: 14950: 14927: 14918: 14895: 14889: 14871:Camden House 14866: 14856: 14837: 14832: 14820:. Retrieved 14809: 14796: 14784:. Retrieved 14773: 14764: 14740: 14729: 14706: 14700: 14671: 14667: 14650: 14640: 14628:. Retrieved 14619: 14610: 14598:. Retrieved 14589: 14580: 14568:. Retrieved 14559: 14556:"Karel Gott" 14550: 14538:. Retrieved 14529: 14520: 14508:. Retrieved 14499: 14490: 14471: 14455: 14450: 14431: 14419:. Retrieved 14410: 14401: 14393: 14388: 14376:. Retrieved 14348: 14341: 14328:. Retrieved 14304: 14297: 14288: 14282: 14265: 14260: 14253: 14248: 14237:Paul Tillich 14232: 14223: 14220:Google Books 14218:– via 14214:21 September 14212:. Retrieved 14192: 14185: 14172: 14159: 14129:(1): 25–52. 14126: 14120: 14114: 14098:. Springer. 14094: 14054:28 September 14052:. Retrieved 14043: 14034: 14024:28 September 14022:. Retrieved 14013: 14004: 13992:. Retrieved 13978: 13966:. Retrieved 13957: 13948: 13929: 13917:. Retrieved 13903: 13895: 13888:. Retrieved 13881:the original 13872: 13865: 13853:. Retrieved 13839: 13827:. Retrieved 13813: 13801:. Retrieved 13777: 13770: 13762:Google Books 13760:– via 13747: 13737: 13729: 13725: 13716: 13710: 13701: 13695: 13689: 13677:. Retrieved 13673:The Guardian 13671: 13658: 13646:. Retrieved 13642:the original 13637: 13628: 13617: 13594: 13588: 13565: 13559: 13536: 13502: 13496: 13473: 13467: 13453:(1): 10–26. 13450: 13444: 13438: 13415: 13409: 13386: 13380: 13357: 13348: 13339: 13329: 13317:. Retrieved 13313: 13303: 13291:. Retrieved 13280: 13267: 13257: 13250: 13238:. Retrieved 13223: 13216: 13204:. Retrieved 13184: 13178: 13168: 13156:. Retrieved 13136: 13130: 13120: 13108:. Retrieved 13094: 13087: 13083: 13058: 13047: 13022: 13016: 13010: 12987: 12963:. Retrieved 12943: 12936: 12923: 12917: 12904: 12898: 12886:. Retrieved 12884:. Calvin.edu 12876: 12853: 12847: 12835:. Retrieved 12825: 12815:. New York: 12812: 12779: 12731: 12725: 12719: 12688: 12679: 12648: 12642: 12629: 12623: 12599: 12593: 12580: 12574: 12562: 12527:. New York: 12524: 12502:. New York: 12499: 12490: 12464: 12445: 12434: 12424: 12418:(in German). 12413: 12407: 12398: 12379:(in German). 12374: 12368: 12362:(in German). 12357: 12335: 12323:. Retrieved 12319:the original 12315:German Notes 12314: 12305: 12284:(in German). 12279: 12254: 12250: 12241: 12232: 12228: 12222: 12216:(in French). 12213: 12177: 12173: 12167: 12161:(in French). 12158: 12148: 12139:, New York: 12136: 12128: 12105: 12099: 12087:. Retrieved 12069: 12056: 12050: 12044:, p. 14 12037: 12031: 12019:. Retrieved 12015:the original 12008: 11979: 11975: 11969: 11957:. Retrieved 11938: 11928: 11905: 11896: 11880: 11852: 11846: 11840: 11815: 11807: 11799: 11787: 11778: 11772: 11753: 11744: 11736: 11722: 11716: 11684: 11674: 11646: 11636: 11608: 11598: 11586:. Retrieved 11582: 11573: 11565: 11560: 11542: 11537: 11527:. New York: 11524: 11515: 11496: 11484:. Retrieved 11475: 11465: 11455: 11450: 11440:25 September 11438:. Retrieved 11434:the original 11429: 11420: 11411: 11404:. Retrieved 11392: 11388: 11354: 11347:. Retrieved 11335: 11331: 11313: 11301: 11296: 11284:. Retrieved 11260: 11250: 11238:. Retrieved 11218: 11211: 11178: 11174: 11164: 11145: 11139: 11130: 11124: 11112:. Retrieved 11102: 11096: 11081: 11072: 11060:. Retrieved 11049: 11024:. Retrieved 11020:the original 11013: 11004: 10992:. Retrieved 10985: 10976: 10953: 10943: 10931:. Retrieved 10924: 10915: 10903:. Retrieved 10899: 10890: 10878:. Retrieved 10873:Toledo Blade 10871: 10862: 10852:– via 10846:. Retrieved 10839: 10830: 10815: 10805: 10793:. Retrieved 10773: 10748: 10730:Jürgen Kocka 10714: 10702:. 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In 2004, 9976: 9972: 9969: 9919: 9914:Jürgen Kocka 9911: 9895: 9891: 9867: 9859:26 December 9845: 9837:25 December 9830:Totensonntag 9819: 9797: 9793:Republic Day 9775: 9753: 9745:Father's Day 9727: 9707: 9692: 9669: 9661:March–April 9650:Ostersonntag 9647: 9639:March–April 9625: 9617:March–April 9603: 9589:German name 9570:Ernst Degner 9552:between the 9543: 9508: 9498: 9459: 9447: 9433: 9423: 9421: 9410: 9407: 9393:directed by 9388: 9362: 9360: 9345: 9342:Heiner Carow 9335: 9333: 9326: 9316: 9311: 9304: 9294: 9290:Johannisthal 9287: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9266: 9256: 9250: 9246: 9240: 9238: 9233:Sandmännchen 9231: 9198: 9173: 9166:Theatre and 9165: 9147:founded the 9145:Peter Sodann 9142: 9125: 9118:Benno Besson 9115: 9103:Benno Besson 9087:Slatan Dudow 9080: 9069: 9063: 9042: 9026: 9014:Manfred Krug 8998: 8985: 8980: 8970: 8947:in Leipzig; 8945:Thomanerchor 8938: 8927: 8923:Kurt Schwaen 8907:Hanns Eisler 8900: 8893: 8887: 8853: 8824: 8777: 8745: 8741: 8731: 8713: 8689: 8680: 8665: 8656: 8645:Please help 8640:verification 8637: 8608: 8565: 8561: 8553: 8549: 8530:Karl Lehmann 8426: 8414: 8406: 8397: 8377: 8371: 8366: 8329: 8301: 8281:Paul Tillich 8270: 8259: 8244:Unaffiliated 8178:Unaffiliated 8013: 8004:panel blocks 7994:Major cities 7985: 6659:Live births 6634: 6538:Demographics 6532:Intersputnik 6528:Fürstenwalde 6525: 6506: 6491: 6428: 6425: 6412: 6351:West Germany 6350: 6346:East Germany 6345: 6336: 6325: 6291: 6287:wristwatches 6261:, under the 6256: 6237: 6216: 6168: 6160: 6156: 6151: 6142: 6117:Baueinheiten 6104: 6074: 6062: 6031:Volkspolizei 6026: 5988: 5951:conscription 5943:Volkspolizei 5926: 5903: 5893:East German 5873: 5864: 5853:Please help 5848:verification 5845: 5802: 5781:Ba'ath Party 5767: 5743:Jeffrey Herf 5739:anti-Zionist 5736: 5727: 5724: 5689: 5674: 5641: 5633: 5631: 5625:, and (xiv) 5613:, and (xii) 5593:, and (vii) 5582: 5577:, and (iii) 5560: 5556: 5544: 5527: 5523: 5490: 5483: 5476: 5469: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5441: 5434: 5427: 5420: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5308: 5299: 5287: 5250: 5234: 5136: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5101: 5084: 5072: 5047: 5034: 5017: 5015: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4929:Flag of the 4898:Flag of the 4858: 4801:Grenztruppen 4596: 4592: 4589: 4529:Presidential 4511: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4381: 4372: 4357:Please help 4345: 4313:to form the 4304: 4283: 4275: 4256: 4240: 4238: 4234:leading role 4231: 4124: 4103: 4094:Organization 4084: 4037: 4028: 4018: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3985: 3973:Please help 3968:verification 3965: 3910: 3897: 3853: 3843:Logo of the 3824: 3810: 3787: 3780: 3768:Iron Curtain 3760:Imre Pozsgay 3744: 3717: 3685: 3679:Ulrich Pfeil 3676: 3660: 3643:antisemitism 3624: 3621: 3606: 3597: 3581: 3538: 3482: 3472: 3457: 3452:monument in 3441:GDR identity 3436: 3431: 3423: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3376:Basic Treaty 3352:Willy Brandt 3335: 3331:Helsinki Act 3329:signing the 3292:puppet state 3285: 3270: 3231: 3196: 3153:Anti-Fascist 3144: 3140:Heinrich Rau 3127: 3107:nationalised 3070: 2954: 2886:World War II 2876:Nazi Germany 2837:German Reich 2764:18th century 2759:Sectionalism 2724:East Francia 2509: 2489: 2444: 2407: 2403: 2389: 2359: 2334:, headed by 2329: 2305: 2283:between the 2274: 2049:to Hong Kong 2044:East Germany 1996:Tbilisi 1989 1981:Romania 1977 1949:Hungary 1956 1944:Georgia 1956 1780: 1773: 1672:East Germany 1671: 1499:Eastern Bloc 1480:Nazi Germany 1469: 1460: 1444: 1399:Carl Schmitt 1367:West Germany 1358: 1347: 1345: 1334: 1324: 1316: 1308: 1293:united with 1268: 1235: 1215: 1193: 1177:German Reich 1149:World War II 1142: 1138:Eastern Bloc 1114:West Germany 1097: 1070: 1066: 1038:East Germany 1037: 1036: 1026:The initial 965:Succeeded by 964: 959: 944:Internet TLD 932:Calling code 886:Mark der DDR 817:• Total 775:• 1990 765:• 1970 755:• 1950 736:• Total 638:Basic Treaty 629:9 April 1968 588:16 June 1953 543:Länderkammer 415:• 1989 317: 234: 191: 172:Motto: 171: 100: 85: 76: 63:copy editing 61:may require 60: 43: 19138:Short-lived 18995:Short-lived 18964:South Yemen 18949:North Korea 18909:Afghanistan 18626:New Zealand 18621:Netherlands 18387:Dissolution 18327:Martial law 18250:Revolts and 18224:Warsaw Pact 18013:Warsaw Pact 17989:Byelorussia 17789:Brandenburg 17777:East Berlin 17679:East Berlin 17595:(1945–1949) 17525:(in German) 17501:(in German) 17438:. Springer. 17233:Basic Books 17001: [ 16996:. Dresden: 16984: [ 16765:19 December 16656:: Wissner. 16339: [ 16328: [ 16310:31 December 16255:12 November 16222:12 November 16029:Der Spiegel 16004:16 November 15808: [ 15772:Marketplace 15483:5 September 15374:: 206–219. 15247:(in German) 15025:19 December 14822:1 September 14786:15 December 14658: [ 14630:19 December 14620:Opusteno.rs 14600:15 December 14570:15 December 14540:15 December 14510:15 December 14421:15 December 14291:(1): 73–86. 13934:Destatis.de 13679:9 September 13648:9 September 13568:. Chicago: 13206:13 February 13158:14 February 12529:Basic Books 12453: [ 12141:Grove Press 11588:24 November 11406:16 November 11349:16 November 11286:16 November 11240:16 November 11114:16 November 11083:Der Spiegel 11026:5 September 10994:5 September 10933:21 November 10880:21 November 10854:Google News 10848:21 November 10741: [ 10722: [ 10327:Volkskammer 10071:AfD in the 10052: [ 10049:party votes 10008:"east" and 9945: [ 9942:party votes 9771:Whit Monday 9741:April–June 9672:Ostermontag 9621:Good Friday 9539:Ulf Kirsten 9474:ice skating 9381:Gojko Mitić 9369:Amerindians 9352:Konrad Wolf 9313:Frank Beyer 9153:Halle/Saale 9099:Peter Hacks 9060:(1898–1956) 9056:Playwright 9029:Udo Jürgens 8977:Tamara Danz 8959:in Berlin. 8911:Paul Dessau 8889:Beat Street 8872: [ 8849:Korni Grupa 8845:Yugoslavian 8808: [ 8797: [ 8786: [ 8753: [ 8742:Neues Leben 8724:Pop singer 8714:Oktoberklub 8509:Catholicism 8461: [ 8450: [ 8382: [ 8374:East Berlin 8334:(primarily 8273:Protestants 8021:(1,200,000) 8019:East Berlin 6521:local calls 6283:typewriters 6252:Soviet Bloc 5965:Volksmarine 5911:Warsaw Pact 5773:Arab League 5601:and (viii) 5505:Brandenburg 5493:East Berlin 5045:, the FDJ. 4902:(1950–1990) 4886:(1950–1990) 4844:Warsaw Pact 4743:(1956–1990) 4655:(1955–1973) 4484:(1959–1973) 4270:Volkskammer 4213:Volkskammer 3901:Volkskammer 3878:Volkskammer 3833:Volkskammer 3828:Neues Forum 3815:Volkskammer 3639:Freya Klier 3562:Ravensbrück 3323:Gerald Ford 3255:Berlin Wall 3247:brain drain 3232:The German 3207:East Berlin 3201:Stalinallee 3167:Volkskammer 2856:World War I 2782:Unification 2718:Middle Ages 2653:Württemberg 2633:Family tree 2541:History of 2451:Stalin Note 2416:Brandenburg 2309:Stalin Note 2135:Vietnam War 2125:Berlin Wall 2054:North Korea 1991:Brașov 1987 1959:Prague 1968 1922:Poznań 1956 1775:Warsaw Pact 1734:South Yemen 1712:North Korea 1625:Afghanistan 1545:Byelorussia 1439:East Berlin 1435:West Berlin 1295:West Berlin 1291:East Berlin 1260:booby traps 1252:Berlin Wall 1232:West Berlin 1212:East Berlin 1210:, known as 1134:state-owned 960:Preceded by 889:(1967–1990) 881:(1964–1967) 873:(1949–1964) 614:4 June 1961 601:14 May 1955 596:Warsaw Pact 535:Upper house 524:Volkskammer 518:Legislature 335:East German 278: / 254:East Berlin 163:(1955–1990) 147:(1959–1990) 79:August 2023 19338:Categories 19250:Tarnobrzeg 19175:Bessarabia 19129:Yugoslavia 18852:Seychelles 18847:Mozambique 18842:Madagascar 18765:Vietnamese 18760:Venezuelan 18750:Nicaraguan 18745:Melanesian 18662:Venezuela 18574:Kuomintang 18567:since 1978 18537:Bangladesh 18513:By country 18507:by country 18341:Conditions 18319:Solidarity 18252:opposition 17924:Yugoslavia 17616:1949–1990 17551:, Budapest 17518:Libraries. 17013:1081050618 16893:0300108842 16466:Judt, Tony 15971:14 October 15925:14 October 15882:14 October 15747:27 January 15715:16 October 15690:16 October 15607:16 October 15582:16 October 15442:: 475–91. 15326:21 January 15198:14 October 15119:"Gorki.de" 15051:8 February 14959:. London: 14930:. London: 14898:. London: 14378:14 October 14330:14 October 14252:Fulbrook, 13829:20 January 13803:14 October 13550:0582414229 13516:0582414229 13487:3898739880 13429:3898739880 12888:9 February 12867:3825898938 12837:9 February 12782:(Thesis). 12618:, p. 12616:Weitz 1997 12436:Die Presse 12325:24 October 12182:Peter Lang 12089:7 December 12021:21 October 11792:Weitz 1997 10795:14 October 10531:References 10116:dominate. 10112:, and the 10110:The Greens 9789:7 October 9628:Karfreitag 9597:1 January 9531:BFC Dynamo 9412:Olsen Gang 9395:Josef Mach 9347:Solo Sunny 9283:Babelsberg 9213:Volksbühne 9211:, and the 9194:Volksbühne 9134:Volksbühne 9126:The Dragon 9018:Nina Hagen 8973:censorship 8961:Kurt Masur 8895:Wild Style 8837:Karel Gott 8794:Uwe Jensen 8702:See also: 8692:censorship 8513:See also: 8499:Mennonites 8495:Adventists 8491:Methodists 8409:leadership 8332:Protestant 8215:Protestant 8149:Protestant 6618:16,028,000 6607:16,740,000 6596:17,068,000 6585:17,188,000 6574:18,388,000 6517:area codes 6447:Mozambique 6401:1980–1989 6390:1970–1980 6379:1960–1970 6368:1950–1960 6357:1945–1960 6308:Staatsbank 6273:, and the 6248:collective 6164:Zersetzung 5718:, and the 5563:. The new 5284:Membership 5259:Junge Welt 5126:for boys. 5081:Membership 4315:Left Party 4259:), or the 4001:newspapers 3826:movement, 3806:Egon Krenz 3798:Kurt Masur 3783:Gyula Horn 3677:Historian 3647:xenophobia 3627:Nazi Party 3554:Buchenwald 3349:Chancellor 3340:Ostpolitik 2996:since 1990 2979:New states 2923:Ostgebiete 2916:Occupation 2809:Zollverein 2657:Mediatised 2567:Chronology 2321:leadership 2281:the merger 2145:Afghan War 2098:Korean War 1934:Plzeň 1953 1813:Opposition 1753:Yugoslavia 1707:Mozambique 1605:Uzbekistan 1590:Tajikistan 1560:Kazakhstan 1540:Azerbaijan 1391:East Elbia 1354:Karlshorst 1299:Egon Krenz 1196:Baltic Sea 1081:pronounced 1050:pronounced 779:16,111,000 769:17,068,000 759:18,388,000 745:Population 420:Egon Krenz 361:SED Leader 349:Government 328:Demonym(s) 217:Show globe 71:editing it 19328:Socialism 19208:1939–1940 19163:1918–1919 18932:1982–1992 18927:1979–1992 18922:1975–1979 18918:Cambodia 18893:Nicaragua 18825:1987–1991 18820:1974–1987 18816:Ethiopia 18755:Tanzanian 18636:Sri Lanka 18579:Hong Kong 18562:Communist 18525:Australia 18520:Argentina 18505:Socialism 18400:Die Wende 18373:Economies 18214:Cominform 18197:(to 1948) 18159:(to 1961) 18087:Formation 18077:Communism 17975:1982–1991 17970:1964–1982 17965:1953–1964 17960:1927–1953 17955:1917–1927 17868:Communist 17809:Thuringia 17724:Magdeburg 17672:(1952–90) 17663:(1949–90) 17396:151405931 17132:Ann Arbor 16849:Routledge 16638:Routledge 16611:MIT Press 16598:221026743 16303:The Local 16038:2195-1349 15456:0036-9543 15396:201759614 15388:1911-026X 15251:7 October 14932:Routledge 14692:0261-1430 14684:1474-0095 14354:Routledge 14151:162448768 13994:11 August 13968:11 August 13240:10 August 13201:153852878 13153:218576332 12965:26 August 12748:0149-7952 12711:822668120 12567:Judt 2005 12555:Judt 2005 12483:Judt 2005 12298:Judt 2005 11959:10 August 11944:Routledge 11317:Compare: 11266:Routledge 11203:147022466 11195:1011-0070 10958:Routledge 10822:MIT Press 10704:2 October 10536:Citations 10356:Although 10098:Thuringia 10086:Thuringia 10082:Die Linke 10011:Nostalgie 9902:Chernobyl 9811:November 9767:May–June 9699:(name in 9689:/May Day 9546:SV Dynamo 9442:(won the 9403:Dean Reed 9377:Yugoslavs 9120:with the 9074:with his 9005:socialism 8880:Feeling B 8659:June 2015 8592:Education 8581:Magdeburg 8534:Cardinals 8441:(German: 8389:(German: 8277:Catholics 8105:(103,867) 8099:(108,010) 8093:(121,749) 8087:(128,639) 8081:(130,685) 8075:(134,834) 8069:(142,862) 8063:(220,016) 8057:(236,044) 8051:(253,990) 8045:(290,579) 8043:Magdeburg 8033:(520,000) 8027:(556,000) 6723:−110,760 6695:−224,561 6472:Interflug 6321:Jauerfood 6317:Intershop 6087:Politbüro 5667:Angola's 5621:, (xiii) 5599:Magdeburg 5536:Pomerania 5528:Provinzen 5513:Thuringia 5450:Magdeburg 5415:Frankfurt 5167:" – "Our 5075:Socialist 4577:1960–1990 4375:June 2024 4346:does not 4320:Die Linke 4245:like the 4031:June 2024 3925:style of 3906:Bundestag 3820:Politburo 3694:Die Wende 3686:Die Wende 3671:Auschwitz 3667:Wehrmacht 3469:Uni-Riese 3456:(renamed 3450:Karl Marx 3428:in 1973; 3356:East Bloc 3300:Arab bloc 2965:1949–1990 2942:1944–1950 2890:1939–1945 2880:1933–1945 2870:1918–1933 2860:1914–1918 2850:1871–1918 2625:Empresses 2522:Partition 2477:in 1989. 2428:Thuringia 2016:Riga 1991 2006:Baku 1990 1896:Lithuania 1788:Cominform 1692:Kampuchea 1595:Turkmenia 1575:Lithuania 1565:Kirghizia 1520:Republics 1395:Max Weber 1287:Basic Law 1264:landmines 1167:(SED), a 1122:socialist 922:Drives on 909:Time zone 849:very high 640:with the 314:Religion 128:1949–1990 19384:Ostalgie 19260:Würzburg 19235:Naissaar 19199:Finland 19159:Bavaria 19097:Slovakia 19082:Bulgaria 19012:Far East 18959:Mongolia 18871:Americas 18735:European 18666:Chavismo 18631:Pakistan 18368:Politics 17894:Bulgaria 17782:de facto 17744:Schwerin 17255:(2000). 17227:(2014). 17170:: 19–31. 17114:(1997). 17085:(1992). 17069:(1985). 17023:(2023). 17007:. 1981. 16926:Berghahn 16904:(1995). 16878:(2005). 16843:(2000). 16817:(1983). 16741:(2001). 16654:Augsburg 16563:(2000). 16522:(1997). 16496:(1983). 16468:(2005). 16352:Die Welt 16249:Archived 16216:Archived 16187:Archived 16160:18 March 16099:19 March 15998:Archived 15965:Archived 15943:(2005). 15919:Archived 15876:Archived 15737:FIFA.com 15709:Archived 15684:Archived 15640:(2001). 15622:Archived 15601:Archived 15576:Archived 15541:24339701 15533:12880534 15479:. Berlin 15412:Archived 15224:28 March 15218:Archived 15192:Archived 15155:28 March 15149:Archived 15129:28 March 15123:Archived 15103:28 March 15077:28 March 15071:Archived 15045:Archived 14926:(2012). 14865:(eds.). 14816:Archived 14780:Archived 14738:(2017). 14624:Archived 14594:Archived 14564:Archived 14534:Archived 14504:Archived 14479:Archived 14439:Archived 14415:Archived 14372:Archived 14324:Archived 14208:Archived 14048:Archived 14018:Archived 13988:Archived 13962:Archived 13937:Archived 13919:28 March 13913:Archived 13855:28 March 13849:Archived 13823:Archived 13797:Archived 13638:irct.org 13356:(2015). 13287:Archived 13110:28 April 13104:Archived 13055:(1968). 13039:57566994 12986:(2016). 12959:Archived 12811:(1995). 12792:63683865 12671:39633454 12523:(2014). 12498:(1992). 12399:Die Zeit 12249:(2013). 12083:Archived 11904:(2006). 11823:Archived 11808:de facto 11708:51480817 11682:(2000). 11666:38207545 11644:(1999). 11628:38207545 11606:(1999). 11550:Archived 11523:(1990). 11505:Archived 11480:Archived 11397:Archived 11340:Archived 11280:Archived 11258:(2017). 11234:Archived 11181:: 3–21. 11108:Archived 11088:Archived 11056:Archived 11051:Die Zeit 10952:(1994). 10905:26 April 10824:: 19–31. 10789:Archived 10600:Archived 10362:ISO code 10194:See also 10166:Religion 9996:Ostalgie 9932:Ostalgie 9926:Ostalgie 9592:Remarks 9556:and the 9511:Football 8934:Eisenach 8835:. Czech 8779:Schlager 8586:Schwerin 8456:and the 8395:Moravian 8355:Reformed 8351:Lutheran 8336:Lutheran 8230:Catholic 8204:Religion 8164:Catholic 8138:Religion 8110:Religion 8079:Schwerin 7968:−29,634 7562:−38,250 7533:−58,591 7504:−49,935 7475:−51,624 7446:−33,982 6837:101,972 6751:−46,436 6628:DESTATIS 6626:Source: 6279:sextants 6271:Wartburg 6263:Praktica 6229:Szczecin 6220:Red Army 6129:Lutheran 5907:Cold War 5827:Military 5779:and the 5741:policy; 5698:and the 5685:Ethiopia 5579:Schwerin 5557:de facto 5478:Schwerin 5279:in 1985. 5037:Scouting 4997:and the 4088:Honecker 3740:Budapest 3655:Die Welt 3454:Chemnitz 3417:and the 3398:de facto 3385:de facto 3215:striking 2958:division 2617:Monarchs 2577:Military 2532:a series 2530:Part of 2501:Cold War 2439:Saarland 2160:Gulf War 1964:Invasion 1838:Bulgaria 1702:Mongolia 1677:Ethiopia 1646:Bulgaria 1580:Moldavia 1262:such as 1244:weakened 1236:de facto 1216:de facto 1191:regime. 856:Currency 831:$ 26,631 656:Admitted 555:Cold War 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