Praetorian Guard - Knowledge

1621:, and was among the first prefects to exploit his position to pursue his own ambitions. He concentrated under his command all the Praetorian cohorts in the new camp. Sejanus held the title of prefect jointly with his father, under Augustus, but became sole prefect in AD 15, and used the position to render himself essential to the new emperor Tiberius, who was unable to persuade the Senate to share the responsibility of governing the Empire. Sejanus, however, alienated Drusus, son of Tiberius, and when Germanicus, the heir to the throne, died in AD 19 he was worried that Drusus would become the new emperor. Accordingly, he poisoned Drusus with the help of the latter's wife, and immediately launched a ruthless elimination program against all competitors, persuading Tiberius to make him his heir apparent. He almost succeeded, but his plot was discovered and revealed in AD 31, and Tiberius had him killed by the 38: 1600: 654: 2733: 86: 2966: 3067: 1094: 1371:, granted by each new emperor. This additional pay was the equivalent of several years of pay and was often repeated at important events of the empire or events that touched the imperial family: birthdays, births and marriages. Major monetary distributions or food subsidies renewed and compensated the fidelity of the Praetorians following each failed particular attempted plot (such as that of 2168:(imperial gift) promised by Tiberius, the Praetorians became exceptionally ambitious in their influence upon the politics of the Roman Empire. Either by volition or for a price, the Praetorian Guard would assassinate an emperor, bully the Praetorian prefects, or attack the Roman populace. In AD 41, conspirators from the senatorial class and from the Guard killed Emperor 1659:, hidden behind a curtain. Needing an emperor to justify their own existence, they brought him forth to the Praetorian camp and proclaimed him emperor, the first emperor proclaimed by the Praetorian Guard. He compensated the guard with a prime bonus worth five years their salary. The Praetorians accompanied Emperor Claudius to Britain in 43 AD. 2084:. Ultimately Constantine's army achieved a decisive victory against the Praetorians, whose emperor was killed during the fighting. With the death of Maxentius, Constantine definitively disbanded the remnants of the Praetorian Guard. The remaining soldiers were sent out to various corners of the empire, and the 1871:, who took part in the conspiracy, paid the Praetorians a premium of 3,000 denarii; however he was assassinated three months later, on 28 March 193, by a group of Guards due to his refusal to further increase the premium which had already been paid. The Praetorians then put the empire up to auction and 1440:

were either civic or military leaders. The praetorians were initially elite guards for military praetors, under the republic. The early Praetorian Guard was very different from what it became later, as a vital force in the power politics of Rome. While Augustus understood the need to have a protector

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In order not to alienate the population of Rome, while conserving Republican civilian traditions, the Praetorians did not wear their armor while in the heart of the city. Instead they often wore a formal toga, which distinguished them from civilians but remained in a respectable civilian attire, the

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known as the Praetorian Guard were first hand-picked veterans of the Roman army who served as bodyguards to the emperor. First established by Augustus, members of the Guard accompanied him on active campaign, protecting the civic administrations and rule of law imposed by the Senate and the emperor.

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was placed under the protection of Trajan, to counter possible revenge attempts and mutinies. Trajan was commander of the most important army of the time, that of the Army of Germania, and he nominated him as his heir. Accordingly, and following such an act, Trajan, aiming to reinforce his security

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in 31 BC; in the aftermath of Roman civil war, the victorious Octavian then merged his forces with the forces of Antony as symbolic of their political reunification. Later, as Augustus, the first Roman emperor (27 BC–AD 14), Octavian retained the Praetorians as his imperial bodyguard. In the longer

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and the Praetorian Guard were probably the only unit to include additional insignia on their shields. Each cohort had their own version of Praetorian insignia. Praetorian Guard units could wear lion skin capes and their colours were so decorated with awards, that the men had difficulty in carrying

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At that time, the Praetorians represented the best soldiers from the legions (principally from Illyria). They were a group of elite of soldiers starting from the 3rd century, and not a category of socially privileged soldiers (such as the Italians at the time of Augustus). The Italians formed the

1186:, designated the Praetorians as his personal security escort. For three centuries, the guards of the Roman emperor were also known for their palace intrigues, by whose influence upon imperial politics the Praetorians could overthrow an emperor and then proclaim his successor as the new 1543:. According to Tacitus, there were only nine cohorts in 23 AD. The three urban cohorts, which were numbered consecutively after the Praetorian cohorts, were removed near the end of the reign of Augustus; it seemed probable that the last three Praetorian cohorts were simply renamed as 1539:, the number of cohorts increased to 12 during a brief period. This inscription referred to one man who was the tribune of two successive cohorts: the eleventh cohort, apparently at the end of the reign of Augustus, and the fourth at the beginning of the reign of 1294:, the religious and legal boundary of Rome; this was the first occasion when troops were permanently garrisoned in Rome proper. In the Orient, Antony commanded three cohorts; in 32 BC, Antony issued coins honouring his Praetorian Guard. According to the historian 1735:, son of emperor Vespasian, became the prefect. Vespasian returned the effective strength of each unit to five hundred men. He also cancelled the guard service of the Praetorians at the entry to the emperor's palace, but retained guards within the palace itself. 2816:, and come from a respectable family. In addition, he had to make use of all sorts of patronages available to him in order to obtain letters of recommendations from important leading figures in society. Once past the recruitment procedure he was designated as 1454:) of 30 men each were also organized. While they patrolled inconspicuously in the palace and major buildings, the others were stationed in the towns surrounding Rome. This system was not radically changed with the appointment by Augustus in 2 BC of two 1445:

of his regime. Thus, he allowed only nine cohorts to be formed, each originally consisting of 500 men. He then increased them to 1,000 men each, allowing three units to be on duty at any given time in the capital. A small number of detached cavalry units

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which provided close personal protection for the early Roman emperors. They benefited from several advantages via their close proximity with the emperor: the Praetorians were the only ones admitted while bearing arms in the center of sacred Rome, the

1670:, who exercised a beneficial influence on the new emperor during the first eight years of his reign (Burrus died in 62 AD). Officers of the Guard, including one of the two successors of Burrus as the Praetorian prefect, participated in 1516:

would receive the password from the emperor personally. The command of this cohort was assumed directly by the emperor and not by the Praetorian prefect. After the construction of the Praetorian camp in 23 BC, another similar serving

1610:, oil on canvas, 1867. According to one version of the story of Claudius' accession, members of the Praetorian Guard found him hiding behind a curtain in the aftermath of the assassination of Caligula in AD 41, and proclaimed him emperor. 1719:, the Praetorians were restrained following defeat and their centurions executed. They were replaced by 16 cohorts recruited from the legionnaires and auxiliaries loyal to Vitellius, almost 16,000 men. These ex-Praetorians then aided 2906:. In contrast to many superior cadres of the Army, who originated from the Equestrian Order, these tribunes started their career in the ranks of the Guard and were promoted from the ranks in the hierarchy. Next after becoming 2495:

At the beginning of the 2nd century, Italians made up 89% of the Praetorian Guard. Under Septimius Severus, recruitment evolved to authorize the inclusion of legionaries of the Roman army, as well as of the battle hardened

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For the 2nd century, calculations from lists of significant demobilisations suggest an increase in size to nearly 1,500 men per cohort (perhaps a doubling of 800 (since Vespasian), probably organized in 20 centuries) under

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Their mandatory service was shorter in duration, for instance: 12 years with the Praetorians instead of 16 years in the legions starting year 13 BC, then carried to, respectively, 16 to 20 years in year 5 BC according to

2795:. This recent method and manner of recruitment at the corps of the legions became the normal procedure to recruit in the 3rd century after Septimius Severus dealt with the undisciplined Praetorians who assassinated 2933:

before departing to Rome. Nevertheless, all tribunes were combat veterans with extensive military experience. Each tribune served in Rome for one year, following which, a certain number of the men would retire.

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From the year 2 BC, the cohorts were under the control of two prefectures; however cohorts continued to be organized independently, each commanded by a tribune. Tribunes had as immediate subordinates ordinary

1466:, although organization and command were enhanced. Tacitus reports that the number of cohorts was increased to twelve from nine in AD 47. In AD 69 it was briefly increased to sixteen cohorts by 3012:

with elaborate detail worked into the metal. Shields were ovoid and more robust compared with the regular rectangular shape sometimes used by the legions. Each legion had its own emblem displayed on its

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relied upon the disgruntled cohorts dismissed by Emperor Vitellius, and, as Emperor Vespasian, he reduced the Praetorian Guard to nine cohorts and ensured their political loyalty by appointing his son,

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and of propraetor each had six lictors. In the absence of an assigned, permanent personal bodyguard, senior field officers safeguarded themselves with temporary bodyguard units of selected soldiers. In

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was placed in the Praetorian camp. The guards' functions included, among many, escorting the emperor and the members of the imperial family and, if necessary, to act as a sort of riot police. Certain

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included field units that used a selection process and command structure modeled after the old Praetorian cohorts, but it was not of uniform composition and was much larger than a Praetorian cohort.

1781:, commander of the Army of the Rhine, as new emperor. He executed the remaining Praetorian prefect and his partisans. Trajan returned to Rome from the Rhine, probably accompanied by the new unit of 1528:

According to Tacitus, in the year 23 BC, there were nine Praetorian cohorts (4,500 men, the equivalent of a legion) to maintain peace in Italy; three were stationed in Rome, and the others nearby.

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Despite their political power, the Praetorian Guard had no formal role in governing the Roman Empire. Often after an outrageous act of violence, revenge by the new ruler was forthcoming. In 193,

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While campaigning, the Praetorians were the equal of any formation in the Roman army. On the death of Augustus in 14 AD, his successor, Tiberius, was faced with mutinies among both the Rhine and

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by the emperor. This designation allowed them to be promoted to technical administrative posts, or instructors in Rome, or to a century in a legion, and accordingly extend their career. Certain

1912:, son of Septimius Severus, lost favour with his troops by assassinating his own brother and co-emperor, Geta, immediately after his succession. Finally, in 217, while on campaign in the 1636:, Sejanus' successor as prefect of the Praetorian Guard. Under Caligula, whose reign lasted until AD 41, the overall strength of the Guard increased from 9 to 12 Praetorian cohorts. 2235:

marched into Rome, disbanded the Guard and started a new formation from his own Pannonian legions. Unruly mobs in Rome often fought with the Praetorians in vicious street battles during

1962:, the bulk of the Praetorian Guard was employed on active service. Defended by only a small residual garrison, the Praetorian camp was attacked by a civilian crowd acting in support of 2950:

with an elevated seniority, classifying right behind the prefect of Egypt. Starting from Vespasian, whose son, Titus was himself a Praetorian prefect, they were ranked first.

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For escorts, the oval shields and lances replaced the scuta and pila. Missions in Rome at the heart of the city in principle were forbidden to soldiers, so they wore a toga.

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of the Praetorian Guard to proclaim him emperor. Despite the opposition of the cohorts in service in the palace, Galba and his designated successor, the young Piso, were

1700:. Nymphidius Sabinus had promised 7,500 denarii per man, but Galba refused to pay, saying "It is my habit to recruit soldiers and not buy them". This permitted his rival 5553: 5543: 1883:, who besieged Rome and tricked the Praetorians when they came out unarmed. The Praetorian Guard was dissolved and replaced by men transferred from Septimius's army. 2250:, Syria, with a force of legionary detachments, Praetorian cohorts, and other cavalry units, and easily defeated the Palmyrenes. This led to the orthodox view that 2437:

mark of a Roman citizen. Augustus, conscious of risking the only military force present in the city, often avoided concentrating them and imposed this dress code.

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sacked all in a search to apprehend the murderers, the Senate proclaimed the restoration of a Republic. The Praetorians, who were pillaging the Palace, discovered

2828:(soldier) to one of the centuries of a cohort. After two years, if he attracted the attention of his superiors by influence or merit, he could attain the post of 3351:

Q(uintus) Pomponius Potentinus / Ser(gia) h(ic) s(itus) e(st) / C(aius) Pomponius Potentinus / mil(es) c(o)hor(tis) IIII praet(oriae) / test(amento) fieri iussit

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The majority of the prefects, however, were ordinary men of the equestrian rank by birth. The men who attained the command of the Guard following year 2 BC were

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in AD 48 or Piso against Nero in AD 65). The Praetorians received substantially higher pay than other Roman soldiers in any of the legions, on a system known as

1122: 2033:, associated with the senior and junior emperor), replaced the Praetorians as the personal protectors of the emperors, a practice that remained intact with the 3706: 2118:, his intended heir, who then led the legions and detachments of the Guard in an invasion of Germany over the next two years. The Guard saw much action in the 1463: 3346: 3236: 2203:

of Rome. To ensure the loyalty of the Praetorian Guard, Emperor Otho granted the Praetorians the right to appoint their own prefects. After defeating Otho,

2352: 2840:(junior chief) at general headquarters or as a technician. This promotion exempted him from daily chores. After another two years he could be promoted to 3228: 3198: 636: 3480: 2962:

to execute different missions. More particularly as bodyguard, escort or reserve military force, they housed adaptable equipment for each function.

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which had come to complain about his interference in the affairs of the province. Cleander abused his influence to nominate and dismiss prefects.

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From the second century the Praetorian prefect oversaw not only the Praetorian Cohorts but also the rest of the garrison of Rome, including the

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in year (187–188) or under Septimius Severus (193–211), which matches the probable numbers of effectives for Urban Cohorts during the time of

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After 238, literary and epigraphic sources dry up, and information on the Praetorian Guard becomes rare. In 249, the Praetorians assassinated

3593: 2620: 2337: 4135: 4177: 4165: 1835: 1115: 900: 796: 4224: 1499: 712: 2156:, which was a political decision that the unarmed Senate accepted, ratified, and proclaimed to the people of Rome. After the death of 1986:, recalled the Praetorian Guard to Rome, only to find themselves under attack by the Praetorians. Both were killed on 29 July 238 and 1845:

In 188, Cleander obtained the joint command of the Guard with the two prefects. He ordered a massacre of civilians carried out by the

1588:, who later led legions and detachments of the Guard in a two-year campaign in Germania, and succeeded in recovering two of the three 2922:, they occupied successively the positions of Tribunes of the Vigiles, Tribune of the Urban Cohort and finally Tribune of the Guard. 2756:). Recruits were between 15 and 32 years of age, compared to legionary recruits who ranged from 18 to 23 years of age. According to 1572:, who were protesting about their conditions of service being worse than the Praetorians. The forces of Pannonia were dealt with by 4140: 688: 2009:. In 284, Diocletian reduced the status of the Praetorians; they were no longer to be part of palace life, as Diocletian lived in 5512: 4150: 1482:

In Rome, the guards' principal duty was to mount the Guard at the house of Augustus on the Palatine, where the centuries and the

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The Praetorian Guard, like all legionaries, shared similar insignia, mainly on their shields. Praetorian Guard shields included

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Other leading paths towards the tribunate were possible, including service entirely made in the legions, attaining the rank of

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in the Guard; this would be the peak of his career. Anyone ambitious for further promotion would need to transfer to a legion.

1108: 774: 629: 233: 609: 5427: 4252: 3779: 3454: 3273: 2910:, they had to serve for a period of one year as superior centurions in one or several legions before achieving the status of 2632:

One of their roles was to accompany the emperor on his foreign campaign journeys (a role which would later be handled by the

1942:, who occupied the post from 203 until his elimination and execution at the ascent of Caracalla. Under Severus Alexander the 1805: 1522: 1486:

of the cohort in service mounted the guard outside the emperor's palace (the interior guard of the palace was mounted by the

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teased without mercy due to his squeaky voice – led to the assassination of the emperor by officers of the guard. While the

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in Italy came increasingly to resemble a general administrative post, and there was a tendency to appoint jurists such as

4098: 1671: 394: 3145: 5558: 3769: 2718:) and they received special honorific diplomas in bronze at demobilization. They had their own Equestrian instructors ( 216: 199: 1978:

led to his death at the hands of his own troops, including the Praetorians. The senatorial candidates for the throne,

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was the commanding officer of the Praetorian Guard (previously each cohort was independent and under the orders of a

1564:. On the death of Augustus in AD 14, his successor Tiberius was confronted by mutinies in the two armies of the 662: 622: 194: 3171: 3120: 2864:) at the corps of the century; or, if literate and numerate, he could join the administrative staff of the prefect. 5452: 4125: 3774: 3701: 1222:. The first historical record of the praetorians is as bodyguards for the Scipio family, ca. 275 BC. Generals with 1000: 678: 211: 3718: 3651: 2387:

in 312, the role of the Praetorian prefect in the Empire became purely administrative, ruling large territories (

1304: 756: 204: 2072:, the son of the retired emperor Maximian, and proclaimed him their emperor on 28 October 306. By 312, however, 1678:, headed the suppression of the conspiracy, and the members of the Guard were paid a bonus of 500 denarii each. 4472: 4397: 4155: 3413: 3388: 2090:

was dismantled in a grand gesture, inaugurating a new age in Roman history and ending that of the Praetorians.

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and advance towards the superior echelons of the equestrian career, possibly becoming the Praetorian prefect.

2500:. Severus stationed his supporters with him in Rome, and the Praetorian Guards remained loyal to his choices. 4968: 3210: 2383:

Following the dissolution of the Praetorian Cohorts by the emperor Constantine after he defeated them at the

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in his northern campaigns between 169–175 and 178–180. Two prefects were killed during these expeditions.

1363:, the pay of a Praetorian was three and a half times that of a legionary, augmented by prime additions of 5507: 5432: 5191: 4247: 4130: 3676: 31: 17: 3564: 3433: 5467: 5131: 5023: 4793: 4565: 4387: 4295: 4160: 4103: 2765: 1784: 1550:

The Praetorians first intervened on a battlefield since the wars of the end of the Republic during the

805: 407: 2484:. These figures suggest an overall size for the Guard of 4,500–6,000 men under Augustus, 12,800 under 2301:

rank). This role (chief of all troops stationed in Rome), was in practice a key position of the Roman

37: 5538: 5487: 4580: 4535: 4462: 4382: 4330: 4320: 4272: 3619: 2664: 2180: 2119: 1687: 1648: 1581: 1487: 1175: 472: 174: 5088: 4998: 4507: 4487: 4482: 4467: 4420: 4360: 4315: 4117: 2322:

were traditionally that class of citizens who could equip themselves to serve in the Roman Army on

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Following assassination of Domitian in 96 the Praetorians demanded the execution of their prefect,

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purchased the Empire from the Guard for a vast sum, when the Guard auctioned it off after killing

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and Gordian emperors in revolt against Maximinus Thrax. The failure of Maximinus Thrax to win the

1742:, the number of cohorts was increased to 10, and the Praetorian Guard participated in fighting in 5497: 5477: 5417: 5407: 5397: 4803: 4492: 4392: 4372: 4287: 4277: 3982: 3922: 3902: 3614: 3442: 1864: 1790: 510: 5502: 5492: 5442: 5422: 5236: 5211: 5176: 5058: 4783: 4430: 4192: 3723: 3368: 2974: 2685:

who had remained loyal to Domitian, replaced them as close protection security detail with the

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upon the imperial throne of Rome, and challenged the Senate to oppose the Praetorian decision.

2022: 1667: 1633: 1492: 1219: 882: 731: 54: 2342:, the first and prime of all centurions of the Praetorian Cohorts, who commanded also the 300 5472: 5402: 5226: 4978: 4778: 4773: 4570: 4477: 4402: 4365: 4350: 4325: 4305: 4207: 2284: 2073: 1943: 1875:

bought the title of emperor. However, the armies of the Danube chose instead the governor of

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A few of them, ranking placement at the top of the hierarchy, could obtain a second term as

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in 1994, an inscription recently discovered suggested that, towards the end of the reign of

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which were found in the general staff headquarters of the Roman Army). Every afternoon, the

5482: 5447: 5136: 5003: 4903: 4828: 4693: 4656: 4032: 3696: 3022: 2813: 2107: 2077: 1607: 1580:, brother of Tiberius), accompanied by two Praetorian cohorts, the Praetorian Cavalry, and 1577: 1573: 971: 913: 152: 59: 5126: 3380: 2150:

The Praetorian Guard influenced and intervened in the imperial succession to name the new

2142:. Throughout the 3rd century, the Praetorians assisted the emperors in various campaigns. 8: 5412: 5261: 5063: 4933: 4883: 4202: 3799: 3072: 3040: 2127: 2026: 1148: 1098: 822: 287: 65: 1950:

until his assassination by the Praetorian Guard in the presence of the emperor himself.

1182:. In 27 BC, after Rome's transition from republic to empire, the first emperor of Rome, 5462: 5186: 4993: 4848: 4788: 4708: 4651: 4515: 3751: 3730: 3518: 3485: 3477:(Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome, 146), Paris, De Boccard, 1938 3326: 2290: 2280: 2172:, his wife, and their daughter. Afterwards, the Praetorians installed Caligula's uncle 1935: 1891: 1693: 1455: 1275: 1067: 545: 184: 42: 5101: 2740:

Originally, the Praetorian Guard was recruited from the populations of central Italy (

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Funeral inscription of Quintus Pomponius Poeninus, soldier of the IV Praetorian Cohort

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About 300 in total (30 per cohort), they formed a unit under the orders of the senior

1927:, priest of the oriental cult of Elagabal, and replaced him by his 13-year-old cousin 1584:. The mutiny in Germania was repressed by the nephew and designated heir of Tiberius, 1307:, the personal bodyguard unit was the norm for a commander in the field. At camp, the 5096: 4948: 4703: 4663: 4641: 3849: 3450: 3384: 3312: 3269: 3095: 2978: 2761: 2232: 2076:

marched on Rome with an army in order to eliminate Maxentius and gain control of the

1928: 1880: 1876: 1831: 1820: 1511: 1394: 1339: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1074: 940: 929: 464: 457: 260: 2532:. These Praetorians remained listed in their Centuries of origin, but operated in a 5161: 5121: 5053: 4988: 4913: 4908: 4680: 4603: 4550: 4345: 4340: 4229: 4088: 4037: 3997: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3947: 3869: 3816: 3809: 3794: 3789: 3713: 3641: 2893: 2788: 2467: 2453: 2362: 2139: 2138:, while with Marcus Aurelius, years were spent on the Danubian frontier during the 2111: 1852: 1755: 1624: 1544: 1299: 1231: 1203: 1051: 1040: 955: 674: 586: 580: 573: 559: 388: 367: 312: 297: 292: 277: 161: 5256: 5068: 5048: 5008: 4943: 4893: 4888: 4763: 4713: 4621: 4455: 4435: 4355: 3804: 3629: 3559: 3468: 3425: 3222: 3100: 3014: 3002: 2990: 2986: 2784: 2522:

who appeared under the emperor Trajan. The Praetorian could become a cavalryman (

2236: 2224: 1998: 1959: 1887: 1872: 1809: 1640: 1505: 1419: 1045: 1023: 966: 302: 2812:

To be admitted to the Guard, a man had to be in good physical condition, have a

2110:, accompanied by two Praetorian cohorts, the Praetorian cavalry and some of the 1403:(payment) to 1,500 denarii per year, distributed in January, May and September. 5311: 4953: 4688: 4636: 4608: 4555: 4540: 4520: 4335: 4310: 4267: 4257: 4083: 4057: 3987: 3972: 3937: 3897: 3658: 3032: 3009: 2057: 1599: 1589: 1410:, the Praetorians received no sympathy from the Roman people. A famous poem by 1215: 1188: 1167: 1140: 1060: 1030: 991: 591: 538: 382: 357: 266: 114: 46: 2873:; however those that did, during the course of their service, were designated 1696:, managed to have the Praetorian Guard abandon Nero in favor of the contender 751: 5532: 4843: 4813: 4728: 4262: 4239: 4052: 3907: 3892: 3839: 3646: 3149: 3085: 2998: 2982: 2903: 2764:, the Praetorians were exclusively limited to Italy, Spain (Roman province), 2610:(messengers in charge of transmitting intelligence, and clandestine agents). 1923:

After the elimination of the latter, the Praetorians opposed the new emperor

1839: 1235: 1160: 1035: 1007: 935: 487: 337: 105: 3409:

The Praetorian Guard in the Political and Social Life of Julio-Claudian Rome

2625:. Selected for their impressive physique, they were used by the Emperor for 2567:, five per cohort in 100 CE–200 CE, and ten per cohort after 200 CE, with a 5321: 5181: 4626: 4575: 4530: 4525: 4377: 4187: 4073: 4017: 4012: 3784: 3668: 3602: 3508: 2928: 2913: 2792: 2700: 2658: 2601: 2592: 2509: 2461: 2426: 2398: 2345: 1994: 1963: 1801: 1705: 1532: 1431: 1407: 1243: 1179: 1171: 1170:, the Praetorian Guards were escorts for high-ranking political officials ( 400: 352: 322: 248: 123: 2312:

onwards the Praetorian prefecture was always held by an equestrian of the

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disbanded the Praetorians and established a new Guard composed of sixteen

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safeguarded himself with a troop of 500 soldiers against the sorties of

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to protect the person of the office-holder. In practice, the offices of

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A Praetorian soldier armed with standard Roman weapon in 2nd century AD

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They were distinguished by a special (but unknown) style of boots, the

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of a Praetorian rushing by him. "Praetorian" has a pejorative sense in

1316: 1286:, had Praetorian Guards. Octavian installed his praetorians within the 976: 741: 697: 524: 254: 134: 3571: 2732: 1723:, the fourth Emperor, leading the attack against the Praetorian camp. 1662:

When Claudius was poisoned, the Guard transferred their allegiance to

1313:, a cohort of praetorians guarding the commander, was posted near the 5371: 5366: 5326: 5251: 5221: 5201: 5078: 5018: 4928: 4878: 4873: 4798: 4758: 4646: 4616: 4425: 4300: 4093: 3977: 3952: 3831: 3080: 2907: 2886: 2783:, and starting from Septimius Severus, men were transferred from the 2780: 2715: 2614: 2485: 2331: 2309: 2212: 2204: 2163: 2114:. The German mutiny was put down by Tiberius' nephew and adopted son 2069: 2034: 2014: 2010: 1971: 1967: 1909: 1899: 1886:

The new Guard of Septimius Severus made their mark against his rival

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Commodus fell victim to a conspiracy aided by his Praetorian prefect

1720: 1716: 1471: 1467: 1422:, recalling the often troubling role of the Praetorian of antiquity. 1372: 1366: 1330: 1247: 1152: 961: 596: 566: 432: 414: 377: 2655:

and the dynastic line of the Flavians appear to have been formed of

1230:(command authority of an army) also held public office, either as a 85: 5331: 5316: 5306: 5291: 5206: 5196: 5166: 5156: 5151: 5141: 5043: 4958: 4838: 4823: 4753: 4733: 4723: 4718: 4698: 4497: 4078: 4042: 3932: 3859: 3691: 3052: 3044: 2965: 2796: 2639: 2570: 2529: 2489: 2477: 2449: 2441: 2430: 2243: 2228: 2173: 2169: 2099: 2065: 2038: 2030: 2002: 1983: 1979: 1939: 1917: 1868: 1830:(AD 186–190) exercised considerable influence on the emperor. 1824: 1816: 1743: 1739: 1731:

Under the Flavians, the Praetorians formed 9 new cohorts, of which

1709: 1656: 1652: 1644: 1618: 1560: 1553: 1540: 1536: 1390: 1386: 1376: 1346: 1289: 1279: 1225: 1183: 531: 421: 332: 243: 141: 5351: 5346: 5336: 5301: 5296: 5286: 5231: 5216: 5033: 5028: 5013: 4983: 4938: 4918: 4898: 4853: 4585: 4440: 4219: 4027: 4022: 3912: 2989:

specially in the 2nd and 3rd centuries), heavy colorful shields (

2958:

The Praetorian Guard, like all legionnaires, disposed of various

2947: 2773: 2769: 2753: 2741: 2513: 2445: 2416: 2394: 2374: 2323: 2298: 2294: 2247: 2157: 2103: 2006: 1751: 1639:

In year 41, disgust and hostility of a praetorian tribune, named

1614: 1518: 1436: 1415: 1411: 1356: 1295: 1251: 726: 517: 496: 347: 327: 2799:

in 193, and replaced them with men from his own Danube legions.

2456:

with nine Praetorian Cohorts, dispersed at that time throughout

5549:

Military units and formations established in the 1st century BC

5361: 5241: 5171: 5111: 5106: 5073: 4833: 4818: 4768: 4748: 4170: 4047: 3942: 2749: 2745: 2697:

of a provincial governor, a post held by Trajan). The some 300

2674:

Following the assassination of emperor Domitian, his successor

2302: 1947: 1913: 1895: 1793:(101–102 and 105–106). The Praetorian Guard served in the last 1778: 1747: 1239: 816: 552: 342: 3421:

The Praetorian Guard: A History of Rome's Elite Special Forces

2705:

were reassigned by Trajan to the corps of Praetorian cohorts.

2130:. Under Domitian and Trajan, the guard took part in wars from 1218:(509–27 BC) the Praetorian Guard originated as bodyguards for 5146: 4868: 4595: 3887: 2994: 2760:, during the first two centuries AD and before the reform of 2675: 2668: 2535: 2457: 2421: 2217: 2184: 2131: 1774: 1732: 1697: 1483: 1449: 1274:

At the end of 40 BC, two of the three co-rulers who were the

1268: 5356: 4923: 4863: 4445: 3821: 3221:

was formed of five principal centuries which commanded the

3048: 2919: 2918:(the highest ranked Centurion in a legion). Upon return to 2652: 2440:

From the reign of Tiberius, their camp was situated on the

2194: 2123: 2064:

attempted to disband the Praetorian Guard on the orders of

1903: 1701: 1663: 1385:, or by pay-and-a-half. So if the legionaries received 250 1360: 3447:

Praetorian: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Imperial Bodyguard

2846:, with a double salary, in charge of delivering messages ( 1632:

In AD 37 Caligula became emperor with the support of

3917: 3539:(Stuttgart 1992), 385–389 – a revised English version of 2629:

and tasks such as arrests, imprisonment, and executions.

1800:

During the 2nd century, the Praetorian Guard accompanied

1754:. It was in the course of these actions that the prefect 1334:

The Praetorian Guard was ultimately dissolved by Emperor

503: 450: 2106:, the Pannonian forces were dealt with by Tiberius' son 1916:, he was assassinated at the instigation of his prefect 2557:

of cavalry for two centuries of infantry. Hence, three

1441:

in the maelstrom of Rome, he was careful to uphold the

1359:. Their pay was higher than that of a legionary. Under 3172:"8 Things You May Not Know About the Praetorian Guard" 3121:"8 Things You May Not Know About the Praetorian Guard" 1338:

in the early 4th century. They were distinct from the

2041:. By the time Diocletian retired on 1 May 305, their 1674:

conspiracy in year 65. The other Praetorian prefect,

1178:) and were bodyguards for the senior officers of the 3062: 2997:), and later even long spears and lighter javelins ( 2047:

seems to have housed only a minor garrison of Rome.

3197:In Rome, near the Emperor, they were designated as 2488:, 7,200 under Vespasian, 8,000 from Domitian until 1477: 2727: 2651:The close security protection detail of Galba, of 2598:were cavalrymen assigned to the same tasks as the 2448:, Praetorian prefect, and the favorite of emperor 1525:exclusively commanded their own Praetorian Guard. 30:"Praetorians" redirects here. For other uses, see 5554:Military units and formations of the Roman Empire 5544:4th-century disestablishments in the Roman Empire 3498:(Stuttgart 2000), 99–122 & addenda at 319–320 3400: 3021:The Praetorian Guard colours included the winged 2516:detachment; this should not be confused with the 1819:, in 180, the Praetorian Guard returned to Rome. 1715:After supporting Otho against a third contender, 1271:warfare aimed at killing Roman field commanders. 5530: 2885:could at the end of their career be promoted to 1692:In AD 68, the new colleague of Tigellinus, 1666:through the influence of his Praetorian prefect 1406:Feared and dreaded by the population and by the 2809:, a new legion created and stationed in Italy. 1250:each had twelve lictors, whilst the offices of 3441: 3207:starting from the 3rd century); they formed a 1777:, at the beginning of 98, the Guard supported 3587: 3560:Praetorian Guard – World History Encyclopedia 2867:Only a few soldiers could attain the rank of 2642:was in the habit of surrounding himself with 1116: 630: 3234: 3226: 3216: 3208: 3202: 2350:, and with the exception of his second, the 1846: 1782: 1681: 1622: 1509: 1497: 1447: 1364: 1344: 1314: 1308: 1287: 1223: 1197: 57: 3363: 3361: 3359: 2953: 2938: 2926: 2911: 2897: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2804: 2719: 2709: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2656: 2643: 2633: 2618: 2599: 2590: 2576: 2568: 2558: 2552: 2541: 2533: 2523: 2517: 2492:or Septimius Severus, and 15,000 later on. 2465: 2410: 2388: 2368: 2360: 2343: 2335: 2313: 2261: 2255: 2198: 2193:, the Praetorians gave their allegiance to 2188: 2161: 2151: 2085: 2042: 1894:in 197, and accompanied the emperor to the 1851:, which led to an arranged battle with the 1789:. The Praetorian Guard had participated in 1398: 1380: 3594: 3580: 3535:M.P. Speidel, "Maxentius' Praetorians" in 3331:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2409:The Praetorian Cohorts were designated as 2005:, they took part in an expedition against 1770:, who had been implicated in the murder. 1123: 1109: 637: 623: 3490:, "The Praetorian Guard Before Sejanus", 3298: 3296: 3294: 3215:assigned by the Praetorian prefect. This 2528:) after almost five years service in the 2508:Initially each cohort included, as for a 2068:. In response, the Praetorians turned to 1414:recalls the nail left in his foot by the 1298:, Octavian commanded five cohorts at the 3356: 3302: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3146:"Roman Economy – Prices in Ancient Rome" 2973:For heavy packed combat infantry lines ( 2964: 2731: 2460:, in one large camp situated beyond the 2260:(the field escort of the emperors). The 2093: 1806:Oriental War Campaign of 161–166 AD 1795:campaign of Trajan against the Parthians 1629:, who were not under Sejanus's control. 1598: 1209: 36: 3601: 3118: 3008:Praetorian Guard helmets included tall 2584: 2404: 53:through its claws, in reference to the 14: 5531: 3291: 3263: 2001:. In 272, in the reign of the emperor 3575: 3528:Mélanges de l'École française de Rome 3367: 3244: 2688:Singulares/equites singulares Augusti 2635:Singulares/equites singulares Augusti 2503: 1389:, the guards received 375 per annum. 3373:Histoire générale de l'Empire romain 2834:(similar to corporal), perhaps as a 2246:sailed east to destroy the power of 1834:was killed by a delegation of 1,500 1202:and destroyed their barracks at the 3377:General history of the Roman Empire 2334:, all of equal rank except for the 2013:, some 60 miles (100 km) from 1761: 1324: 24: 3148:. Ancientcoins.bis. Archived from 2902:) at the head of the cohorts were 2397:(geographical subdivisions of the 2187:, because he did not offer them a 2183:, after assassinating the Emperor 2037:. In 297 they were in Africa with 1858: 1726: 1474:quickly reduced it again to nine. 25: 5570: 3553: 2220:, as prefect of the Praetorians. 2145: 1576:, son of Tiberius (distinct from 3065: 2977:), they mounted helmets, armor ( 2852:) or as an assistant centurion ( 2211:. In his war against Vitellius, 1808:, and accompanied Roman emperor 1478:Under the Julio-Claudian dynasty 1092: 652: 84: 27:Bodyguards of the Roman emperors 3449:. Yale: Yale University Press. 2803:base of the recruitment of the 2728:Service in the Praetorian Guard 2540:of 30 men each commanded by an 2289:Starting in the year 2 BC, the 2269: 2254:and his colleagues evolved the 2025:(named after the gods Jove, or 1934:In this period the position of 1758:was defeated and killed in 86. 1305:Roman army of the late Republic 3435:Roman Guardsman 62 BC – AD 324 3414:University of British Columbia 3401:References and further reading 3339: 3282: 3191: 3182: 3164: 3138: 3112: 2444:Hill, outside Rome. In 26 AD, 2401:) in the name of the Emperor. 2055:During the early 4th century, 2050: 1953: 1738:Under Vespasian's second son, 1594:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest 13: 1: 3225:. At their head, there was a 3119:Andrews, Evan (8 July 2014). 3043:, and also uniquely included 2464:, on the Esquiline Hill, the 2433:, initially of 500 men each. 2274: 2197:, whom they named as the new 2160:, who was sacrificed for the 1321:, the tent of the commander. 987:Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes 4166:Frontiers and fortifications 2385:Battle of the Milvian Bridge 2082:Battle of the Milvian Bridge 1958:In the spring of 238, under 1902:from 208 until his death at 1604:Proclaiming Claudius Emperor 1490:, often also referred to as 901:Frontiers and fortifications 7: 4225:Decorations and punishments 3311:] (in French). Picard. 3058: 1592:which had been lost at the 1147:) was an elite unit of the 713:Decorations and punishments 32:Praetorian (disambiguation) 10: 5575: 5132:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 3707:historiography of the fall 3412:, unpublished PhD thesis, 3288:Bingham 1997, pp. 118–122. 3188:Bingham 1997, pp. 121–122. 2679:detail in relation to the 2575:(flag) as emblem for each 2519:equites singulares Augusti 2370:equites singulares Augusti 2367:("urban cohorts") and the 2278: 1848:equites singulares Augusti 1785:equites singulares Augusti 1685: 1582:Imperial German Bodyguards 1425: 29: 5559:Protective security units 5513:External wars and battles 5380: 5274: 5087: 4679: 4672: 4594: 4506: 4411: 4286: 4238: 4116: 4066: 4005: 3996: 3878: 3830: 3750: 3667: 3637: 3628: 3610: 3523:Les prétoriens de Maxence 3475:Les cohortes prétoriennes 2665:Imperial German Bodyguard 2181:Year of the Four Emperors 2122:in 69, fighting well for 2120:Year of the Four Emperors 1898:from 197 to 202, then to 1688:Year of the Four Emperors 1682:Year of the Four Emperors 1649:Imperial German Bodyguard 1488:Imperial German Bodyguard 1340:Imperial German Bodyguard 1238:; each was provided with 473:Senatus consultum ultimum 368:Extraordinary magistrates 3106: 2954:Equipment and traditions 2648:when attending dinners. 2062:Flavius Valerius Severus 1867:in 192. The new emperor 1828:Marcus Aurelius Cleander 1791:Trajan's two Dacian Wars 1768:Titus Petronius Secundus 1460:Quintus Ostorius Scapula 1151:that served as personal 1016:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum 1001:Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes 671:Military of ancient Rome 77:Politics of ancient Rome 5508:Roman–Iranian relations 3983:Optimates and populares 3549:(Cambridge, Mass. 1994) 3204:Statores Praetorianorum 2606:of the legions and the 2551:There was probably one 1970:against the contenders 1946:was held by the lawyer 1865:Quintus Aemilius Laetus 1099:Ancient Rome portal 5518:Civil wars and revolts 4784:Sextus Pompeius Festus 4431:Conflict of the Orders 3790:Legislative assemblies 3423:(Waco 2012). Reviewed 3264:Rankov, Boris (1994). 3235: 3227: 3217: 3209: 3203: 3018:them on long marches. 2970: 2939: 2927: 2912: 2898: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2860: 2858:) or standard bearer ( 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2805: 2737: 2720: 2710: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2657: 2644: 2634: 2627:clandestine operations 2619: 2600: 2591: 2577: 2569: 2559: 2553: 2542: 2534: 2524: 2518: 2466: 2411: 2389: 2369: 2361: 2344: 2336: 2314: 2262: 2256: 2199: 2189: 2162: 2152: 2102:legions. According to 2086: 2043: 2023:Ioviani and Herculiani 1847: 1823:(AD 182–185) and 1815:With the accession of 1783: 1668:Sextus Afranius Burrus 1634:Naevius Sutorius Macro 1623: 1611: 1510: 1498: 1448: 1399: 1381: 1365: 1345: 1315: 1309: 1288: 1263:(134–133 BC), General 1224: 1198: 234:Political institutions 69: 58: 5227:Simplicius of Cilicia 4979:Quintus Curtius Rufus 4208:Siege in Ancient Rome 3817:Executive magistrates 3537:Roman Army Studies II 3303:Le Bohec, Y. (1989). 3268:. Osprey Publishing. 2968: 2735: 2285:Praetorian prefecture 2094:Participation in wars 2074:Constantine the Great 2021:. Two new corps, the 1997:, son of the emperor 1944:Praetorian prefecture 1838:of the 3 legions of 1602: 1214:In the period of the 1210:In the Roman Republic 1194:Constantine the Great 982:Neckar-Odenwald Limes 797:Technological history 40: 5237:Stephanus Byzantinus 5142:Eusebius of Caesaria 5004:Sidonius Apollinaris 4694:Ammianus Marcellinus 4033:Tribune of the plebs 3513:The Praetorian Guard 3496:Legions and Veterans 3494:84 (1996), 101–124, 3266:The Praetorian Guard 2975:Triplex Acies System 2822:, and assigned as a 2814:good moral character 2585:Speculatores Augusti 2405:Size and composition 2078:Western Roman Empire 1617:rose in power under 1608:Lawrence Alma-Tadema 1578:Nero Claudius Drusus 1574:Drusus Julius Caesar 1464:Publius Salvius Aper 1382:sesquiplex stipendum 1192:of Rome. In AD 312, 972:Lower Germanic Limes 871:Strategy and tactics 806:Military engineering 708:Unit types and ranks 313:Ordinary magistrates 60:interpretatio graeca 5413:Distinguished women 5064:Velleius Paterculus 4904:Nicolaus Damascenus 4884:Marcellus Empiricus 4273:Republican currency 3532:100 (1988), 183–188 3443:de la Bédoyère, Guy 3419:Sandra J. Bingham, 3406:Sandra J. Bingham, 3379:] (in French). 3237:Praefectus Statorum 3073:Ancient Rome portal 2993:), heavy javelins ( 2779:Under the reign of 2711:Speculatoria Caliga 2563:per cohorts of the 2393:) comprising Roman 2128:battle of Bedriacum 1504:Augusti, a sort of 1456:Praetorian prefects 1199:cohortes praetoriae 1157:intelligence agents 1149:Imperial Roman army 1145:cohortes praetoriae 967:Lauter Valley Limes 5187:Phlegon of Tralles 4994:Seneca the Younger 4468:Naming conventions 4198:Personal equipment 3731:Later Roman Empire 3503:Le Coorti Pretorie 3152:on 13 January 2007 3023:goddess of victory 2971: 2791:, and the various 2738: 2663:(who replaced the 2504:Praetorian Cavalry 2498:Army of the Danube 2353:princeps castrorum 2291:Praetorian prefect 2281:Praetorian prefect 2231:. Later that year 1936:Praetorian prefect 1694:Nymphidius Sabinus 1612: 1276:Second Triumvirate 1068:Limes Tripolitanus 689:Structural history 546:Triumvir monetalis 480:Titles and honours 70: 43:Praetorians Relief 5526: 5525: 5488:Pontifices maximi 5270: 5269: 5127:Diogenes Laërtius 4949:Pliny the Younger 4704:Asconius Pedianus 4664:Romance languages 4536:Civil engineering 4278:Imperial currency 4151:Political control 4112: 4111: 3746: 3745: 3547:Riding for Caesar 3456:978-0-300-21895-4 3381:Éditions du Seuil 3275:978-1-85532-361-2 3178:. 29 August 2018. 3096:Scholae Palatinae 2979:Lorica segmentata 2894:Military tribunes 2806:Legio II Parthica 2762:Septimius Severus 2691:(modelled on the 2233:Septimius Severus 2080:, leading to the 1929:Severus Alexander 1881:Septimius Severus 1877:Pannonia Superior 1821:Tigidius Perennis 1512:tribunus cohortis 1443:Republican veneer 1395:Septimius Severus 1303:campaigns of the 1265:Scipio Aemilianus 1261:Siege of Numantia 1257:Hispania Citerior 1133: 1132: 1084: 1083: 1075:Limes Mauretaniae 930:Limes Britannicus 891: 890: 855:Political history 845: 844: 765: 764: 647: 646: 465:Quaestio perpetua 458:Senatus consultum 261:Roman citizenship 16:(Redirected from 5566: 5539:Praetorian Guard 5478:Magistri equitum 5393:Cities and towns 5386: 5312:Constantinopolis 5122:Diodorus Siculus 5054:Valerius Maximus 4989:Seneca the Elder 4909:Nonius Marcellus 4677: 4676: 4230:Hippika gymnasia 4193:Infantry tactics 4099:Consular tribune 4089:Magister equitum 4038:Military tribune 4003: 4002: 3963:Pontifex maximus 3958:Princeps senatus 3948:Magister militum 3714:Byzantine Empire 3635: 3634: 3596: 3589: 3582: 3573: 3572: 3489: 3472: 3460: 3395: 3394: 3365: 3354: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3330: 3322: 3300: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3261: 3242: 3240: 3232: 3229:Curator Statorum 3220: 3214: 3206: 3199:Statores Augusti 3195: 3189: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3116: 3075: 3070: 3069: 3068: 2942: 2932: 2917: 2904:Roman cavalrymen 2901: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2808: 2723: 2713: 2704: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2662: 2647: 2637: 2624: 2605: 2597: 2580: 2574: 2562: 2556: 2547: 2539: 2527: 2521: 2471: 2468:Castra Praetoria 2414: 2392: 2372: 2366: 2363:Cohortes urbanae 2349: 2341: 2317: 2265: 2259: 2202: 2192: 2167: 2155: 2140:Marcomannic Wars 2112:German bodyguard 2089: 2087:Castra Praetoria 2046: 2044:Castra Praetoria 1850: 1788: 1773:At the death of 1762:Antonine dynasty 1756:Cornelius Fuscus 1628: 1625:Cohortes urbanae 1590:legionary eagles 1515: 1503: 1453: 1402: 1384: 1370: 1350: 1325:Under the empire 1320: 1312: 1310:cohors praetoria 1300:Battle of Actium 1293: 1229: 1204:Castra Praetoria 1201: 1137:Praetorian Guard 1125: 1118: 1111: 1097: 1096: 1095: 956:Limes Germanicus 906: 905: 883:Infantry tactics 876: 875: 832:Triumphal arches 802: 801: 783:Wars and battles 775:Campaign history 694: 693: 656: 655: 649: 648: 639: 632: 625: 581:Pontifex maximus 574:Princeps senatus 560:Magister militum 395:Consular tribune 389:Magister equitum 217:Augustan reforms 88: 72: 71: 63: 21: 5574: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5384: 5382: 5376: 5266: 5102:Aëtius of Amida 5083: 5069:Verrius Flaccus 5049:Valerius Antias 5009:Silius Italicus 4944:Pliny the Elder 4889:Marcus Aurelius 4764:Cornelius Nepos 4714:Aurelius Victor 4668: 4590: 4502: 4436:Secessio plebis 4407: 4282: 4234: 4108: 4062: 3992: 3874: 3826: 3742: 3663: 3624: 3606: 3600: 3566:Roman Guardsman 3556: 3483: 3481:Lawrence Keppie 3466: 3457: 3403: 3398: 3391: 3383:. p. 180. 3366: 3357: 3344: 3340: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3305:L'Armée Romaine 3301: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3262: 3245: 3223:military police 3196: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3101:Varangian Guard 3071: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3039:, referring to 3015:Scutum (shield) 2987:Lorica squamata 2956: 2899:Tribuni Militum 2876:Evocati Augusti 2730: 2608:auxiliary units 2587: 2565:Augustan period 2506: 2407: 2287: 2279:Main articles: 2277: 2272: 2263:sacer comitatus 2257:sacer comitatus 2237:Maximinus Thrax 2225:Didius Julianus 2148: 2096: 2053: 1999:Philip the Arab 1960:Maximinus Thrax 1956: 1888:Clodius Albinus 1873:Didius Julianus 1861: 1859:Severan dynasty 1810:Marcus Aurelius 1764: 1729: 1727:Flavian dynasty 1712:on 15 January. 1690: 1684: 1641:Cassius Chaerea 1506:military police 1480: 1428: 1327: 1212: 1129: 1093: 1091: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1052:Limes Sarmatiae 1046:Anastasian Wall 1024:Pannonian Limes 903: 893: 892: 887: 873: 863: 862: 861: 857: 847: 846: 841: 827: 799: 789: 788: 787: 777: 767: 766: 761: 736: 722: 691: 681: 653: 643: 614: 610:Other countries 601: 470: 427: 362: 307: 272: 228: 205:Sullan republic 170: 166: 157: 148: 144: 137: 127: 118: 109: 79: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5572: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5389: 5387: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5093: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4954:Pomponius Mela 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4689:Aelius Donatus 4685: 4683: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4657:Ecclesiastical 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4611: 4606: 4600: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4512: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4417: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4405: 4400: 4398:Toys and games 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4292: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4244: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4180: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4122: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4009: 4007: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3938:Vigintisexviri 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3898:Cursus honorum 3895: 3890: 3884: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3836: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3756: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3711: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3697:Western Empire 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3673: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3655: 3654: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3599: 3598: 3591: 3584: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3562: 3555: 3554:External links 3552: 3551: 3550: 3545:M.P. Speidel, 3543: 3533: 3516: 3506: 3501:L. Passerini, 3499: 3478: 3461: 3455: 3439: 3430: 3417: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3389: 3355: 3338: 3317: 3309:The Roman Army 3290: 3281: 3274: 3243: 3190: 3181: 3163: 3137: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3060: 3057: 2955: 2952: 2729: 2726: 2714:(according to 2586: 2583: 2505: 2502: 2425:(troops) with 2406: 2403: 2373:, but not the 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2179:In AD 69, the 2147: 2146:Political role 2144: 2095: 2092: 2052: 2049: 1955: 1952: 1892:Battle of Lyon 1860: 1857: 1763: 1760: 1728: 1725: 1686:Main article: 1683: 1680: 1479: 1476: 1427: 1424: 1397:increased the 1326: 1323: 1220:Roman generals 1216:Roman Republic 1211: 1208: 1196:disbanded the 1168:Roman Republic 1161:Roman emperors 1131: 1130: 1128: 1127: 1120: 1113: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1088: 1087: 1082: 1081: 1079: 1078: 1071: 1064: 1061:Limes Arabicus 1056: 1055: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1031:Limes Alutanus 1027: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1011: 1010: 1004: 1003: 997: 996: 995: 994: 992:Wetterau Limes 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 951: 950: 949: 948: 943: 941:Hadrian's Wall 938: 925: 924: 923: 922: 909: 904: 899: 898: 895: 894: 889: 888: 886: 885: 879: 874: 869: 868: 865: 864: 859: 858: 853: 852: 849: 848: 843: 842: 840: 839: 834: 828: 826: 825: 820: 812: 809: 808: 800: 795: 794: 791: 790: 786: 785: 779: 778: 773: 772: 769: 768: 763: 762: 760: 759: 754: 748: 745: 744: 738: 737: 735: 734: 729: 723: 721: 720: 715: 710: 704: 701: 700: 692: 687: 686: 683: 682: 673: 667: 666: 658: 657: 645: 644: 642: 641: 634: 627: 619: 616: 615: 613: 612: 606: 603: 602: 600: 599: 594: 589: 584: 577: 570: 563: 556: 549: 542: 539:Vigintisexviri 535: 528: 521: 514: 507: 500: 492: 491: 490: 482: 481: 477: 476: 469: 468: 461: 454: 447: 439: 436: 435: 429: 428: 426: 425: 418: 411: 404: 397: 392: 385: 380: 374: 371: 370: 364: 363: 361: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 319: 316: 315: 309: 308: 306: 305: 300: 295: 290: 284: 281: 280: 274: 273: 271: 270: 267:Cursus honorum 263: 258: 251: 246: 240: 237: 236: 230: 229: 227: 226: 221: 220: 219: 209: 208: 207: 197: 191: 188: 187: 181: 180: 179: 178: 169: 168: 159: 149: 147: 146: 139: 138:27 BC – AD 284 131: 130: 129: 128:27 BC – AD 395 120: 115:Roman Republic 111: 99: 98: 94: 93: 90: 89: 81: 80: 75: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5571: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5379: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4844:Julius Paulus 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4779:Fabius Pictor 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4671: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4516:Amphitheatres 4514: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4253:Deforestation 4251: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4203:Siege engines 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4136:Establishment 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067:Extraordinary 4065: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4053:Promagistrate 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3840:Twelve Tables 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3715: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3609: 3604: 3597: 3592: 3590: 3585: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3548: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3515:(London 1994) 3514: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3470: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3438:(Oxford 2014) 3437: 3436: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3404: 3392: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3334: 3328: 3320: 3318:2-7084-0744-9 3314: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3285: 3277: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3239: 3238: 3231: 3230: 3224: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3205: 3200: 3194: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3126: 3122: 3115: 3111: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3086:Praetorianism 3084: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3063: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3019: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2983:Lorica hamata 2980: 2976: 2967: 2963: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2923: 2921: 2916: 2915: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2807: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2789:Urban cohorts 2786: 2785:Urban Vigiles 2782: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2752:according to 2751: 2747: 2743: 2734: 2725: 2722: 2721:Exercitatores 2717: 2712: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2667:disbanded by 2666: 2661: 2660: 2654: 2649: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2630: 2628: 2623: 2622: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2604: 2603: 2596: 2594: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2566: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2544:Optio equitum 2538: 2537: 2531: 2526: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2454:Urban Cohorts 2452:, united the 2451: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2357: 2355: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2340: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2282: 2267: 2264: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2165: 2159: 2154: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2126:at the first 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2091: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2048: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1856: 1854: 1853:Urban Cohorts 1849: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1786: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1620: 1616: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1548: 1546: 1545:urban cohorts 1542: 1538: 1534: 1531:According to 1529: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1507: 1502: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1444: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1341: 1337: 1336:Constantine I 1332: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1291: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1259:, during the 1258: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1236:promagistrate 1233: 1228: 1227: 1221: 1217: 1207: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1180:Roman legions 1177: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1107: 1106: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1090: 1089: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1041:Trajan's Wall 1039: 1037: 1036:Limes Moesiae 1034: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1008:Norican Limes 1006: 1005: 1002: 999: 998: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 959: 958: 957: 953: 952: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 936:Antonine Wall 934: 933: 932: 931: 927: 926: 921: 918: 917: 916: 915: 911: 910: 908: 907: 902: 897: 896: 884: 881: 880: 878: 877: 872: 867: 866: 856: 851: 850: 838: 835: 833: 830: 829: 824: 823:Siege engines 821: 819: 818: 814: 813: 811: 810: 807: 804: 803: 798: 793: 792: 784: 781: 780: 776: 771: 770: 758: 755: 753: 750: 749: 747: 746: 743: 740: 739: 733: 730: 728: 725: 724: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 705: 703: 702: 699: 696: 695: 690: 685: 684: 680: 676: 672: 669: 668: 664: 660: 659: 651: 650: 640: 635: 633: 628: 626: 621: 620: 618: 617: 611: 608: 607: 605: 604: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 582: 578: 576: 575: 571: 569: 568: 564: 562: 561: 557: 555: 554: 550: 548: 547: 543: 541: 540: 536: 534: 533: 529: 527: 526: 522: 520: 519: 515: 513: 512: 508: 506: 505: 501: 499: 498: 494: 493: 489: 486: 485: 484: 483: 479: 478: 475: 474: 467: 466: 462: 460: 459: 455: 453: 452: 448: 446: 445: 441: 440: 438: 437: 434: 431: 430: 424: 423: 419: 417: 416: 412: 410: 409: 405: 403: 402: 398: 396: 393: 391: 390: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 375: 373: 372: 369: 366: 365: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 338:Promagistrate 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 320: 318: 317: 314: 311: 310: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 285: 283: 282: 279: 276: 275: 269: 268: 264: 262: 259: 257: 256: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 241: 239: 238: 235: 232: 231: 225: 222: 218: 215: 214: 213: 210: 206: 203: 202: 201: 198: 196: 193: 192: 190: 189: 186: 183: 182: 177: 176: 172: 171: 165: 164: 160: 156: 155: 151: 150: 143: 140: 136: 133: 132: 126: 125: 121: 117: 116: 112: 108: 107: 106:Roman Kingdom 103: 102: 101: 100: 96: 95: 92: 91: 87: 83: 82: 78: 74: 73: 67: 62: 61: 56: 52: 48: 44: 39: 33: 19: 5458:Institutions 5322:Leptis Magna 5275:Major cities 5182:Philostratus 4969:Quadrigarius 4789:Rufus Festus 4652:Contemporary 4373:Romanization 4296:Architecture 3903:Collegiality 3752:Constitution 3603:Ancient Rome 3565: 3546: 3541:Speidel 1988 3536: 3526: 3519:M.P. Speidel 3512: 3502: 3495: 3491: 3474: 3464:Marcel Durry 3446: 3434: 3432:Ross Cowan, 3424: 3420: 3407: 3376: 3372: 3350: 3341: 3308: 3304: 3284: 3265: 3193: 3184: 3175: 3166: 3154:. Retrieved 3150:the original 3140: 3128:. Retrieved 3124: 3114: 3037:thunderbolts 3030: 3027: 3020: 3007: 2972: 2957: 2945: 2940:Primus Pilus 2936: 2929:Primus pilus 2924: 2914:Primus pilus 2891: 2866: 2811: 2801: 2778: 2739: 2707: 2701:Speculatores 2682:Speculatores 2673: 2659:Speculatores 2650: 2645:Speculatores 2631: 2612: 2602:Speculatores 2593:speculatores 2588: 2564: 2550: 2510:Roman legion 2507: 2497: 2494: 2474: 2462:Servian Wall 2439: 2435: 2420: 2408: 2399:Roman Empire 2382: 2375: 2358: 2351: 2346:speculatores 2328: 2319: 2307: 2288: 2270:Organization 2241: 2222: 2178: 2149: 2097: 2056: 2054: 1995:Philippus II 1992: 1957: 1933: 1922: 1908: 1885: 1862: 1844: 1814: 1802:Lucius Verus 1799: 1797:of 113–117. 1772: 1765: 1750:against the 1737: 1730: 1714: 1706:Speculatores 1704:to bribe 23 1691: 1661: 1638: 1631: 1613: 1603: 1569: 1565: 1559:mutinies of 1558: 1552:mutinies of 1551: 1549: 1533:Boris Rankov 1530: 1527: 1491: 1481: 1435: 1432:ancient Rome 1429: 1408:Roman Senate 1405: 1353: 1328: 1273: 1244:Roman consul 1213: 1187: 1165: 1144: 1136: 1134: 1073: 1066: 1059: 1050: 1014: 954: 928: 912: 815: 579: 572: 565: 558: 551: 544: 537: 530: 523: 516: 509: 502: 495: 471: 463: 456: 449: 442: 420: 413: 406: 399: 387: 265: 253: 249:Collegiality 185:Constitution 173: 162: 153: 124:Roman Empire 122: 113: 104: 5453:Geographers 5137:Dioscorides 5117:Cassius Dio 4739:Cassiodorus 4642:Renaissance 4248:Agriculture 4220:Auxiliaries 4161:Engineering 3998:Magistrates 3850:Citizenship 3845:Mos maiorum 3780:Late Empire 3530:, Antiquité 3505:(Rome 1939) 3484: [ 3467: [ 3369:Petit, Paul 3125:History.com 2882:principalis 2870:Principalis 2849:Tesserarius 2843:Principalis 2758:Cassius Dio 2621:Trecenarius 2482:Cassius Dio 2390:prefectures 2338:trecenarius 2320:Equestrians 2136:Mesopotamia 2051:Dissolution 1990:triumphed. 1988:Gordian III 1954:3rd century 1746:and on the 1655:, uncle of 1331:legionaries 1284:Mark Antony 1176:procurators 1166:During the 946:Saxon Shore 444:Mos maiorum 224:Late Empire 167:AD 395–1453 51:thunderbolt 49:grasping a 18:Praetorians 5533:Categories 5342:Mediolanum 5282:Alexandria 5247:Themistius 5212:Porphyrius 5039:Tertullian 4974:Quintilian 4964:Propertius 4859:Lactantius 4809:Fulgentius 4744:Censorinus 4566:Sanitation 4551:Metallurgy 4508:Technology 4473:Demography 4421:Patricians 4388:Spectacles 4346:Literature 4341:Hairstyles 4178:Technology 3928:Praefectus 3880:Government 3870:Litigation 3855:Auctoritas 3800:Centuriate 3687:Principate 3682:Pax Romana 3642:Foundation 3390:2020026775 3091:Pushtigban 2908:Centurions 2694:Singulares 2429:formed of 2332:Centurions 2299:equestrian 2275:Leadership 2252:Diocletian 2239:'s reign. 2116:Germanicus 2019:Asia Minor 1976:Gordian II 1925:Elagabalus 1676:Tigellinus 1586:Germanicus 1496:, and the 1317:praetorium 1232:magistrate 1153:bodyguards 977:Main Limes 525:Praefectus 433:Public law 288:Centuriate 278:Assemblies 255:Auctoritas 158:AD 395–476 145:AD 284–641 135:Principate 110:753–509 BC 5498:Quaestors 5428:Empresses 5418:Dynasties 5408:Dictators 5383:and other 5372:Volubilis 5367:Vindobona 5327:Londinium 5252:Theodoret 5222:Procopius 5202:Polyaenus 5177:Pausanias 5079:Vitruvius 5024:Symmachus 5019:Suetonius 4929:Petronius 4914:Obsequens 4879:Macrobius 4874:Lucretius 4799:Frontinus 4774:Eutropius 4759:Columella 4709:Augustine 4699:Appuleius 4647:Neo-Latin 4622:Classical 4613:Versions 4521:Aqueducts 4463:Patronage 4383:Sexuality 4356:Mythology 4331:Education 4321:Cosmetics 4146:Campaigns 4141:Structure 4094:Decemviri 3953:Imperator 3652:overthrow 3509:B. Rankov 3492:Athenaeum 3345:Musée de 3327:cite book 3130:23 August 3081:Janissary 3053:crescents 3045:scorpions 2960:equipment 2887:Centurion 2781:Vitellius 2772:(current 2766:Macedonia 2716:Suetonius 2615:Centurion 2486:Vitellius 2427:centuries 2412:Equitatae 2324:horseback 2310:Vespasian 2213:Vespasian 2205:Vitellius 2164:donativum 2100:Pannonian 2070:Maxentius 2035:Tetrarchy 2015:Byzantium 2011:Nicomedia 1972:Gordian I 1968:civil war 1910:Caracalla 1900:Britannia 1836:Lanciarii 1721:Vespasian 1717:Vitellius 1523:Empresses 1472:Vespasian 1468:Vitellius 1400:stipendum 1373:Messalina 1367:donativum 1248:proconsul 962:Alb Limes 567:Imperator 415:Decemviri 408:Triumviri 378:Corrector 119:509–27 BC 5503:Tribunes 5493:Praetors 5443:Generals 5423:Emperors 5332:Lugdunum 5317:Eboracum 5307:Carthage 5292:Aquileia 5207:Polybius 5197:Plutarch 5167:Libanius 5157:Josephus 5152:Herodian 5044:Tibullus 4959:Priscian 4934:Phaedrus 4894:Manilius 4839:Jordanes 4824:Hydatius 4754:Claudian 4734:Catullus 4724:Boëthius 4719:Ausonius 4637:Medieval 4609:Alphabet 4581:Theatres 4556:Numerals 4541:Concrete 4531:Circuses 4498:Bagaudae 4488:Adoption 4483:Marriage 4456:Assembly 4361:Religion 4336:Folklore 4316:Clothing 4311:Calendar 4268:Currency 4258:Commerce 4156:Strategy 4118:Military 4104:Triumvir 4084:Dictator 4079:Interrex 4058:Governor 4043:Quaestor 4006:Ordinary 3988:Province 3978:Tetrarch 3968:Augustus 3933:Vicarius 3923:Officium 3860:Imperium 3810:Plebeian 3770:Republic 3692:Dominate 3659:Republic 3620:Timeline 3445:(2017). 3371:(1974). 3059:See also 2861:Signifer 2819:Probatus 2797:Pertinax 2640:Claudius 2571:vexillum 2530:infantry 2490:Commodus 2478:Commodus 2450:Tiberius 2442:Quirinal 2431:infantry 2395:dioceses 2318:order. ( 2244:Aurelian 2242:In 271, 2229:Pertinax 2190:donatium 2174:Claudius 2170:Caligula 2066:Galerius 2039:Maximian 2031:Hercules 2003:Aurelian 1984:Balbinus 1980:Pupienus 1964:senators 1940:Papinian 1931:in 222. 1918:Macrinus 1906:in 211. 1869:Pertinax 1832:Perennis 1825:freedman 1817:Commodus 1744:Germania 1740:Domitian 1657:Caligula 1653:Claudius 1645:Caligula 1619:Tiberius 1570:Pannonia 1561:Germania 1557:and the 1554:Pannonia 1541:Tiberius 1537:Augustus 1500:Statores 1437:praetors 1391:Domitian 1377:Claudius 1375:against 1347:Pomerium 1290:pomerium 1280:Octavian 1234:or as a 1226:imperium 1184:Augustus 1172:senators 1159:for the 757:Admirals 732:Generals 663:a series 661:Part of 597:Tetrarch 587:Augustus 532:Vicarius 511:Officium 422:Interrex 383:Dictator 358:Governor 333:Quaestor 298:Plebeian 244:Imperium 200:Republic 175:Timeline 142:Dominate 64:form of 45:with an 5473:Legions 5433:Fiction 5403:Consuls 5398:Climate 5352:Ravenna 5347:Pompeii 5337:Lutetia 5302:Bononia 5297:Berytus 5287:Antioch 5262:Zosimus 5257:Zonaras 5232:Sozomen 5217:Priscus 5192:Photius 5034:Terence 5029:Tacitus 5014:Statius 4999:Servius 4984:Sallust 4939:Plautus 4919:Orosius 4899:Martial 4854:Juvenal 4829:Hyginus 4814:Gellius 4673:Writers 4604:History 4586:Thermae 4576:Temples 4526:Bridges 4493:Slavery 4441:Equites 4413:Society 4393:Theatre 4366:Deities 4326:Cuisine 4306:Bathing 4288:Culture 4263:Finance 4240:Economy 4131:Borders 4126:History 4028:Tribune 4023:Praetor 3913:Legatus 3908:Emperor 3795:Curiate 3765:Kingdom 3760:History 3736:History 3719:decline 3677:History 3647:Kingdom 3630:History 3615:Outline 3347:Cáceres 3218:numerus 3211:numerus 3176:HISTORY 3156:13 June 3041:Jupiter 2948:equites 2831:Immunis 2793:legions 2774:Austria 2770:Noricum 2754:Tacitus 2742:Etruria 2595:Augusti 2514:cavalry 2446:Sejanus 2417:cavalry 2378:cohorts 2376:Vigiles 2295:tribune 2248:Palmyra 2209:cohorts 2158:Sejanus 2104:Tacitus 2027:Jupiter 2007:Palmyra 1890:at the 1840:Britain 1804:in the 1752:Dacians 1710:lynched 1643:– whom 1615:Sejanus 1519:tribune 1426:History 1412:Juvenal 1387:denarii 1357:Tacitus 1296:Orosius 1252:praetor 1246:and of 1240:lictors 727:Auxilia 718:Legions 518:Praeses 497:Legatus 488:Emperor 348:Tribune 328:Praetor 293:Curiate 195:Kingdom 163:Eastern 154:Western 97:Periods 66:Jupiter 5483:Nomina 5468:Legacy 5448:Gentes 5385:topics 5381:Lists 5362:Smyrna 5242:Strabo 5172:Lucian 5162:Julian 5112:Arrian 5107:Appian 5097:Aelian 5074:Vergil 4849:Justin 4834:Jerome 4819:Horace 4804:Fronto 4794:Florus 4769:Ennius 4749:Cicero 4729:Caesar 4627:Vulgar 4451:Tribes 4378:Romans 4188:Legion 4171:castra 4048:Aedile 4018:Censor 4013:Consul 3973:Caesar 3943:Lictor 3865:Status 3805:Tribal 3785:Senate 3775:Empire 3669:Empire 3605:topics 3453: 3387: 3315: 3272: 3233:and a 3003:lancea 2837:commis 2750:Latium 2746:Umbria 2617:, the 2560:turmae 2422:Turmae 2303:polity 2200:Caesar 2153:Caesar 2108:Drusus 2058:Caesar 2029:, and 1948:Ulpian 1914:Orient 1896:Orient 1779:Trajan 1748:Danube 1672:Piso's 1493:Batavi 1484:turmae 1470:, but 1450:turmae 1420:French 1416:sandal 1189:caesar 860: 817:Castra 752:Fleets 679:AD 476 675:753 BC 665:on the 592:Caesar 553:Lictor 353:Censor 343:Aedile 323:Consul 303:Tribal 212:Empire 47:aquila 5147:Galen 5089:Greek 5059:Varro 4869:Lucan 4681:Latin 4596:Latin 4571:Ships 4561:Roads 4546:Domes 4478:Women 4426:Plebs 4351:Music 3893:Forum 3888:Curia 3488:] 3471:] 3375:[ 3307:[ 3107:Notes 3049:stars 3033:wings 3010:Galea 2999:hasta 2991:scuta 2855:Optio 2825:Miles 2676:Nerva 2669:Galba 2578:turma 2554:turma 2536:turma 2525:Eques 2458:Italy 2315:eques 2308:From 2218:Titus 2185:Galba 2132:Dacia 1775:Nerva 1733:Titus 1698:Galba 1606:, by 1566:Rhine 1269:siege 1141:Latin 920:Walls 914:Limes 837:Roads 55:Roman 5463:Laws 5438:Film 5357:Roma 4924:Ovid 4864:Livy 4632:Late 4446:Gens 4403:Wine 4215:Navy 4183:Army 3822:SPQR 3724:fall 3702:fall 3451:ISBN 3426:here 3416:1997 3385:ISBN 3333:link 3313:ISBN 3270:ISBN 3158:2007 3132:2020 3051:and 3035:and 2995:pila 2920:Rome 2892:The 2768:and 2748:and 2653:Otho 2589:The 2512:, a 2283:and 2195:Otho 2124:Otho 1982:and 1974:and 1904:York 1702:Otho 1664:Nero 1568:and 1462:and 1393:and 1361:Nero 1329:The 1282:and 1174:and 1155:and 1135:The 742:Navy 698:Army 41:The 4617:Old 4301:Art 4074:Rex 3918:Dux 3832:Law 3525:", 3521:, " 3005:). 2776:). 2724:). 2671:). 2638:). 2326:). 2297:of 2134:to 2017:in 1430:In 1351:. 504:Dux 451:Ius 401:Rex 5535:: 3511:, 3486:de 3473:, 3469:fr 3358:^ 3349:. 3329:}} 3325:{{ 3293:^ 3246:^ 3174:. 3123:. 3055:. 3047:, 3025:. 3001:, 2985:, 2981:, 2787:, 2744:, 2581:. 2548:. 2472:. 2419:) 2380:. 2356:. 2305:. 1920:. 1879:, 1855:. 1596:. 1547:. 1458:, 1434:, 1278:, 1206:. 1163:. 1143:: 677:– 3595:e 3588:t 3581:v 3459:. 3429:. 3393:. 3353:. 3335:) 3321:. 3278:. 3241:. 3201:( 3160:. 3134:. 2896:( 2415:( 1446:( 1139:( 1124:e 1117:t 1110:v 638:e 631:t 624:v 68:. 34:. 20:)

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