Religion in ancient Rome

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religion. Ancient votive deposits to the noble dead of Latium and Rome suggest elaborate and costly funeral offerings and banquets in the company of the deceased, an expectation of afterlife and their association with the gods. As Roman society developed, its Republican nobility tended to invest less in spectacular funerals and extravagant housing for their dead, and more on monumental endowments to the community, such as the donation of a temple or public building whose donor was commemorated by his statue and inscribed name. Persons of low or negligible status might receive simple burial, with such grave goods as relatives could afford.

3894: 3260: 2706:" justified their very different policies by the divinely inspired utterances of private diviners. The Senate and armies used the public haruspices: at some time during the late Republic, the Senate decreed that Roman boys of noble family be sent to Etruria for training in haruspicy and divination. Being of independent means, they would be better motivated to maintain a pure, religious practice for the public good. The motives of private haruspices – especially females – and their clients were officially suspect: none of this seems to have troubled Marius, who employed a Syrian prophetess. 2904:

at the site of the cremation. For the less well-off, inhumation with "a libation of wine, incense, and fruit or crops was sufficient". Ceres functioned as an intermediary between the realms of the living and the dead: the deceased had not yet fully passed to the world of the dead and could share a last meal with the living. The ashes (or body) were entombed or buried. On the eighth day of mourning, the family offered further sacrifice, this time on the ground; the shade of the departed was assumed to have passed from the world of the living into the underworld, as one of the

4176:, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accepted with the cautious proviso that expatriate Roman citizens refrain from such worship; it might prove fatal. By the end of his reign, Augustus had appropriated Rome's political apparatus – and most of its religious cults – within his "reformed" and thoroughly integrated system of government. Towards the end of his life, he cautiously allowed cult to his 3123: 1234: 2471:, once an obscure Republican priesthood dedicated to several deities, then co-opted by Augustus as part of his religious reforms. The Arvals offered prayer and sacrifice to Roman state gods at various temples for the continued welfare of the Imperial family on their birthdays, accession anniversaries and to mark extraordinary events such as the quashing of conspiracy or revolt. Every 3 January they consecrated the annual vows and rendered any sacrifice promised in the previous year, provided the gods had kept the Imperial family safe for the contracted time. 1617: 3982: 2313:) and therefore harm the State. The official deities of the state were identified with its lawful offices and institutions, and Romans of every class were expected to honour the beneficence and protection of mortal and divine superiors. State cult rituals were almost always performed in daylight and in full public view, by priests who acted on behalf of the Roman state and the Roman people. Congregations were expected to respectfully observe the proceedings. Participation in public rites showed a personal commitment to the community and its values. 897: 1451:, where Ovid treats the assassination of the newly deified Julius Caesar as utterly incidental to the festivities among the Roman people. But official calendars preserved from different times and places also show a flexibility in omitting or expanding events, indicating that there was no single static and authoritative calendar of required observances. In the later Empire under Christian rule, the new Christian festivals were incorporated into the existing framework of the Roman calendar, alongside at least some of the traditional festivals. 3764: 537: 4107: 2868: 2347: 4430: 1101: 3389: 4349:

systems. Christianity drew its traditional base of support from the powerless, who seemed to have no religious stake in the well-being of the Roman State, and therefore threatened its existence. The majority of Rome's elite continued to observe various forms of inclusive Hellenistic monism; Neoplatonism in particular accommodated the miraculous and the ascetic within a traditional Graeco-Roman cultic framework. Christians saw these practices as ungodly, and a primary cause of economic and political crisis.

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voters and the bottleneck of the city's ancient electoral apparatus meant that perhaps 12% of eligible citizens actually voted. This nevertheless represents a substantial increase from the estimated 1% adult male enfranchisement rights of 145 BC. At any time, the overwhelming majority of citizens – meaning the plebs – had minimal direct involvement in central government. See Henrik Mouritsen, Plebs and Politics in the Late Roman Republic (Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University Press, 2001), 32ff.

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future. Secretive consultations between private diviners and their clients were thus suspect. So were divinatory techniques such as astrology when used for illicit, subversive or magical purposes. Astrologers and magicians were officially expelled from Rome at various times, notably in 139 BC and 33 BC. In 16 BC Tiberius expelled them under extreme penalty because an astrologer had predicted his death. "Egyptian rites" were particularly suspect: Augustus banned them within the

1466: 2760: 8417: 4495: 16202: 2675: 5595:, 3. For further context and interpretive difficulties, see Beard et al., Vol. 1, 81: the live burial superficially resembles the punishment of Vestals who broke their vows. A living entombment assuages the blood-guilt of the living: the guilty are consigned to earth deities. But the Vestals are entombed outside the city limits, not its centre; no sacrificial victims are burned in either case, and the Gauls and Greeks appear to be personally guiltless. 3878:. For Varro – well versed in Euhemerus' theory – popular religious observance was based on a necessary fiction; what the people believed was not itself the truth, but their observance led them to as much higher truth as their limited capacity could deal with. Whereas in popular belief deities held power over mortal lives, the skeptic might say that mortal devotion had made gods of mortals, and these same gods were only sustained by devotion and cult. 4369: 16212: 2973: 1179: 3497:, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them. Women had no vote. However, all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the Senate and people of Rome. "In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans". 1752: 6722:"From Etruria the Romans derived the idea of housing a deity in a temple and of providing him with a cult statue. ... The most famous... dedicated in the first year of the Republic to the Etruscan triad, Tinia, Uni and Minerva. Of these deities, however, two were Italian, Juno and Minerva, while Tinia was identified with Jupiter." Howard Hayes Scullard, (2003), A History of the Roman World, 753 to 146 BC, page 397. Routledge 2739:. The major prodigies included the spontaneous combustion of weapons, the apparent shrinking of the sun's disc, two moons in a daylit sky, a cosmic battle between sun and moon, a rain of red-hot stones, a bloody sweat on statues, and blood in fountains and on ears of corn: all were expiated by sacrifice of "greater victims". The minor prodigies were less warlike but equally unnatural; sheep become goats, a hen become a 4180:. By then the Imperial cult apparatus was fully developed, first in the Eastern Provinces, then in the West. Provincial Cult centres offered the amenities and opportunities of a major Roman town within a local context; bathhouses, shrines and temples to Roman and local deities, amphitheatres and festivals. In the early Imperial period, the promotion of local elites to Imperial priesthood gave them Roman citizenship. 2445:. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an individual and his family. Religious law was collegial and traditional; it informed political decisions, could overturn them, and was difficult to exploit for personal gain. 974: 7946: 6594:), which "offered a supernatural legitimacy for decisions or actions... entailed being assisted and reassured, through the forwarding of hopes or dis- appointments, anger or contentment, to superior powers." See also Versnel, Henrik S., (ed.), "Religious mentality in ancient prayer," in Versnel, Henrik S., Faith, Hope and Worship: Aspects of Religious Mentality in the Ancient World, Leyden, 1981, pp 1–64. 4648:, Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult. Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively fostered a religious and cultural pluralism, attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices and rights. He proposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem's temple as an Imperial project and argued against the "irrational impieties" of Christian doctrine. His attempt to restore an Augustan form of principate, with himself as 2322:). Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities. The difference between public and private cult is often unclear. Individuals or collegial associations could offer funds and cult to state deities. The public Vestals prepared ritual substances for use in public and private cults, and held the state-funded (thus public) opening ceremony for the 4722: 1360: 4219:; a small number refused this honour and there is no evidence of any emperor receiving more than that. In the crises leading up to the Dominate, Imperial titles and honours multiplied, reaching a peak under Diocletian. Emperors before him had attempted to guarantee traditional cults as the core of Roman identity and well-being; refusal of cult undermined the state and was treasonous. 2004:, in a stone chamber "which had on a previous occasion also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman feelings". Livy avoids the word "sacrifice" in connection with this bloodless human life-offering; Plutarch does not. The rite was apparently repeated in 113 BC, preparatory to an invasion of Gaul. Its religious dimensions and purpose remain uncertain. 2480: 2514:

take a vow of chastity that was strictly enforced: a Vestal polluted by the loss of her chastity while in office was buried alive. Thus the exceptional honor accorded a Vestal was religious rather than personal or social; her privileges required her to be fully devoted to the performance of her duties, which were considered essential to the security of Rome.

4486:. Diocletian's successor Galerius maintained anti-Christian policy until his deathbed revocation in 311, when he asked Christians to pray for him. "This meant an official recognition of their importance in the religious world of the Roman empire, although one of the tetrarchs, Maximinus Daia, still oppressed Christians in his part of the empire up to 313." 4389:

and Senators. Christian apologists interpreted his eventual fate – a disgraceful capture and death – as divine judgement. The next forty years were peaceful; the Christian church grew stronger and its literature and theology gained a higher social and intellectual profile, due in part to its own search for political toleration and theological coherence.

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were not imposed on them" but soon after, several Christians suspected of attempted arson in the palace were executed. The second edict threatened Christian priests with imprisonment and the third offered them freedom if they performed sacrifice. An edict of 304 enjoined universal sacrifice to traditional gods, in terms that recall the Decian edict.

3444:, in both urban and rural settings. Some seek straightforward, usually gruesome revenge, often for a lover's offense or rejection. Others appeal for divine redress of wrongs, in terms familiar to any Roman magistrate, and promise a portion of the value (usually small) of lost or stolen property in return for its restoration. None of these 3164:, all bearing the same name, also devoted themselves. Before the battle, Decius is granted a prescient dream that reveals his fate. When he offers sacrifice, the victim's liver appears "damaged where it refers to his own fortunes". Otherwise, the haruspex tells him, the sacrifice is entirely acceptable to the gods. In a 1399:, all such spectacular displays came under Imperial control: the most lavish were subsidised by emperors, and lesser events were provided by magistrates as a sacred duty and privilege of office. Additional festivals and games celebrated Imperial accessions and anniversaries. Others, such as the traditional Republican 3414:. Individuals seeking their aid did so away from the public gaze, during the hours of darkness. Burial grounds and isolated crossroads were among the likely portals. The barrier between private religious practices and "magic" is permeable, and Ovid gives a vivid account of rites at the fringes of the public 2947:. The customary offers of wine and food to the dead continued; St Augustine (following St Ambrose) feared that this invited the "drunken" practices of Parentalia but commended funeral feasts as a Christian opportunity to give alms of food to the poor. Christians attended Parentalia and its accompanying 5364:. Beans were considered seeds of life. Lemures may have been the restless dead who had not passed into the underworld, and still craved the life they had lost. Beans were a ritual pollution for Jupiter's priesthood, possibly because his offerings must be emasculated and thus devoid of generative power. 4037:. Autonomy and concord were official policy, but new foundations by Roman citizens or their Romanised allies were likely to follow Roman cultic models. Romanisation offered distinct political and practical advantages, especially to local elites. All the known effigies from the 2nd century AD forum at 3057:

Each camp had its own religious personnel; standard bearers, priestly officers and their assistants, including a haruspex, and housekeepers of shrines and images. A senior magistrate-commander (sometimes even a consul) headed it, his chain of subordinates ran it and a ferocious system of training and

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Roman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual; in effect they were Rome in miniature. The commander's headquarters stood at the centre; he took the auspices on a dais in front. A small building behind housed the legionary standards, the divine images used in religious rites

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Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, and the family

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Most of Rome's mystery cults were derived from Greek originals, adopted by individuals as private, or were formally adopted as public. Mystery cults operated through a hierarchy consisting of transference of knowledge, virtues and powers to those initiated through secret rites of passage, which might

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In the wider context of Graeco-Roman religious culture, Rome's earliest reported portents and prodigies stand out as atypically dire. Whereas for Romans, a comet presaged misfortune, for Greeks it might equally signal a divine or exceptionally fortunate birth. In the late Republic, a daytime comet at

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declared that "a sacrifice without prayer is thought to be useless and not a proper consultation of the gods." Prayer by itself, however, had independent power. The spoken word was thus the single most potent religious action, and knowledge of the correct verbal formulas the key to efficacy. Accurate

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Public religious ceremonies of the official Roman religion took place outdoors, and not within the temple building. Some ceremonies were processions that started at, visited, or ended with a temple or shrine, where a ritual object might be stored and brought out for use, or where an offering would be

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The political, cultural and religious coherence of an emergent Roman super-state required a broad, inclusive and flexible network of lawful cults. At different times and in different places, the sphere of influence, character and functions of a divine being could expand, overlap with those of others,

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briefly re-united the Empire: in 391 he officially adopted Nicene Christianity as the Imperial religion and ended official support for all other creeds and cults. He not only refused to restore Victory to the senate-house, but extinguished the Sacred fire of the Vestals and vacated their temple: the

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In some cases and in some places the edicts were strictly enforced: some Christians resisted and were imprisoned or martyred. Others complied. Some local communities were not only pre-dominantly Christian, but powerful and influential; and some provincial authorities were lenient, notably the Caesar

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against Christianity. The first (303 AD) "ordered the destruction of church buildings and Christian texts, forbade services to be held, degraded officials who were Christians, re-enslaved imperial freedmen who were Christians, and reduced the legal rights of all Christians... or capital punishments

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singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. In another edict, he described Christianity as a threat to Empire – not yet at its heart but close to it, among Rome's equites

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were appointed, with sacrosanct status and the right of veto in legislative debate. In principle, the augural and pontifical colleges were now open to plebeians. In reality, the patrician and to a lesser extent, plebeian nobility dominated religious and civil office throughout the Republican era and

1155:, the most powerful of all gods and "the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested", consistently personified the divine authority of Rome's highest offices, internal organization and external relations. During the archaic and early Republican eras, he shared 5128:

Beard et al., 6–7; those titled in capital letters on Roman calendars were probably more important and ancient than those titled in small letters: it is not known how ancient they were, nor to whom they were important. Their attribution to Numa or Romulus is doubtful. The oldest surviving religious

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The reasons for this change remain unclear, though they are attributed to Etruscan influence. For a summary of Jupiter's complex development from the Regal to Republican eras, see Beard et al., Vol. 1, 59–60. Jupiter's image in the Republican and Imperial Capitol bore regalia associated with Rome's

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The wall-paintings in Pompeii's "Villa of the Mysteries" could have functioned equally as religious inspiration, instruction, and high quality domestic decor (described by Beard as "expensive wallpaper"). They also attest to an increasingly personal, even domestic experience of religion, whether or

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Priesthood was a costly honour: in traditional Roman practice, a priest drew no stipend. Cult donations were the property of the deity, whose priest must provide cult regardless of shortfalls in public funding – this could mean subsidy of acolytes and all other cult maintenance from personal funds.

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world, their policy in general was to absorb the deities and cults of other peoples rather than try to eradicate them, since they believed that preserving tradition promoted social stability. One way that Rome incorporated diverse peoples was by supporting their religious heritage, building temples

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Gradel, 21: but this need not imply sacrifice as a mutual contract, breached in this instance. Evidently the gods had the greater power and freedom of choice in the matter. See Beard et al., 34: "The gods would accept as sufficient exactly what they were offered – no more, no less." Human error in

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had condemned the diverse non-Christian religions practiced throughout the Empire as "pagan". Constantine's actions have been regarded by some scholars as causing the rapid growth of Christianity, though many modern scholars disagree. Constantine's unique form of Imperial orthodoxy did not outlast

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The overall scarcity of evidence for smaller or local cults does not always imply their neglect; votive inscriptions are inconsistently scattered throughout Rome's geography and history. Inscribed dedications were an expensive public declaration, one to be expected within the Graeco-Roman cultural

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The priesthoods of most Roman deities with clearly Greek origins used an invented version of Greek costume and ritual, which Romans called "Greek rites." The spread of Greek literature, mythology and philosophy offered Roman poets and antiquarians a model for the interpretation of Rome's festivals

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and inhabits deserted graves, feeding on rotting corpses. Erichtho, it is said, can arrest "the rotation of the heavens and the flow of rivers" and make "austere old men blaze with illicit passions". She and her clients are portrayed as undermining the natural order of gods, mankind and destiny. A

2648:) to adjourn and overturn the process of law, but were obliged to base their decision on the augur's observations and advice. For Cicero, himself an augur, this made the augur the most powerful authority in the Late Republic. By his time (mid 1st century BC) augury was supervised by the college of 2513:

A Vestal's dress represented her status outside the usual categories that defined Roman women, with elements of both virgin bride and daughter, and Roman matron and wife. Unlike male priests, Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children, and were required to

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The meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome's intellectual elite, but the more obscure they were, the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation – a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform, which often cloaked autocratic innovation,

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During the Augustan era, the city of Rome probably housed around a million people, including an unknown number of provincials: by Mouritsen's estimate, around 200,000 Roman citizens were eligible to vote in Rome itself during the late Republican era but during major elections, the influx of rural

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and killed. From that point on, Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution. During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century, "contemporaries were predisposed to decode any crisis in religious terms", regardless of their allegiance to particular practices or belief

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had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Early Italian synagogues have left few traces; but one was dedicated in Ostia around the mid-1st century BC and several more are attested during the Imperial period. Judaea's enrollment as a client

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Under the rule of Augustus, there existed a deliberate campaign to reinstate previously held belief systems amongst the Roman population. These once held ideals had been eroded and met with cynicism by this time. The imperial order emphasized commemoration of great men and events which led to the

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Just as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a share of their

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and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their

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The same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be rendered on safe

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Roman beliefs about an afterlife varied, and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy. The traditional care of the dead, however, and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices of Roman

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A common theme among the eastern mystery religions present in Rome became disillusionment with material possessions, a focus on death and a preoccupation with regards to the afterlife. These attributes later led to the appeal to Christianity, which in its early stages was often viewed as mystery

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was also used in public cult, under the supervision of the augur or presiding magistrate. The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice, particularly the liver. They also interpreted omens, prodigies and portents, and formulated their expiation. Most

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Galinsky, in Rüpke (ed.), 72: "...the change that comes about at the end of the republic and solidifies under Augustus is not political, but cultural. Most of the members of the priestly colleges in Augustus’ time continued to be aristocrats, but the real power and control over religion and the

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The Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures; in principle, Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin, Etruscan and other Italian peoples, cults and deities as Roman. Those who acknowledged Rome's hegemony retained their own cult and religious

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The links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: kingship was

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In the everyday world, many individuals sought to divine the future, influence it through magic, or seek vengeance with help from "private" diviners. The state-sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods, not foretelling the

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Smallwood, 2-3, 4-6: the presence of practicing Jews in Rome is attested "at least a century" before 63 BC. Smallwood describes the preamble to Judaea's clientage as the Hellenising of ruling Jewish dynasties, their claims to kingly messianism and their popular, traditionalist rejection in the

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launched a sea campaign "though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the auspices". In defiance of the omen, he threw them into the sea, "saying that they might drink, since they would not eat. He was defeated, and on being bidden by the Senate to appoint a dictator, he appointed his

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In an empire of great religious and cultural diversity, the Imperial cult offered a common Roman identity and dynastic stability. In Rome, the framework of government was recognisably Republican. In the Provinces, this would not have mattered; in Greece, the emperor was "not only endowed with

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Roman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the public

2455:, permanent priesthood was best sought or granted after a lifetime's service in military or political life, or preferably both: it was a particularly honourable and active form of retirement which fulfilled an essential public duty. For a freedman or slave, promotion as one of the Compitalia 1586:

forgot to include the "Roman people" among the list of beneficiaries in his prayer; the festival had to be started over. Even private prayer by an individual was formulaic, a recitation rather than a personal expression, though selected by the individual for a particular purpose or occasion.

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supposedly did the following: lowered an existing property bar on conscription, increased the efficiency of Rome's armies, and made them available as instruments of political ambition and factional conflict. The consequent civil wars led to changes at every level of Roman society. Augustus'

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were transgressions in the natural, predictable order of the cosmos – signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune. The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false, or genuine and in the public interest, in which case it was referred to the public priests, augurs and

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to doubtful effect; Tiberius repeated and extended the ban with extreme force in AD 19. Despite several Imperial bans, magic and astrology persisted among all social classes. In the late 1st century AD, Tacitus observed that astrologers "would always be banned and always retained at Rome".

1277:. I am at the ends of the earth, but the distance cannot tempt me to make my vows to another goddess. Love of the truth brought me to Tibur, but Onuava's favorable powers came with me. Thus, divine mother, far from my home-land, exiled in Italy, I address my vows and prayers to you no less. 941:, a characteristic religious institution of Rome that is portrayed as existing from earliest times. The brothers quarrel while building the city walls, and Romulus kills Remus, an act that is sometimes seen as sacrificial. Fratricide thus became an integral part of Rome's founding myth. 7159:

and Augustus maintained their status. Josephus infers an early "charter" offering protection to Jews, but Tessa Rajack, "Was there a Roman Charter for the Jews?" Journal of Roman Studies, 74, (1984) 107-23, finds evidence only for Rome's official suppression of anti-Jewish activities.

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as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, though Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions.

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Temple buildings and shrines within the city commemorated significant political settlements in its development: the Aventine Temple of Diana supposedly marked the founding of the Latin League under Servius Tullius. Many temples in the Republican era were built as the fulfillment of a

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was no longer in use. Colonial and later Imperial provincial dedications to Rome's Capitoline Triad were a logical choice, not a centralised legal requirement. Major cult centres to "non-Roman" deities continued to prosper: notable examples include the magnificent Alexandrian

1140:(immortal gods) ruled all realms of the heavens and earth. There were gods of the upper heavens, gods of the underworld and a myriad of lesser deities between. Some evidently favoured Rome because Rome honoured them, but none were intrinsically, irredeemably foreign or alien. 1578:) were offered loudly and clearly by a priest on behalf of the community. Public religious ritual had to be enacted by specialists and professionals faultlessly; a mistake might require that the action, or even the entire festival, be repeated from the start. The historian 2959:

to forbid them in AD 567. Other funerary and commemorative practices were very different. Traditional Roman practice spurned the corpse as a ritual pollution; inscriptions noted the day of birth and duration of life. The Christian Church fostered the veneration of saintly

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had become a relatively obscure priesthood with an entirely symbolic title: his religious duties still included the daily, ritual announcement of festivals and priestly duties within two or three of the latter but his most important priestly role – the supervision of the

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with the power of the Christian priesthoods in determining what was (in traditional Roman terms) auspicious – or in Christian terms, what was orthodox. The edict of Milan (313) redefined Imperial ideology as one of mutual toleration. Constantine had triumphed under the

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consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome's major priesthoods, including that of

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dismantled the well-established narrative of the decline of religious in the late Republic, opening the way for more innovative and dynamic perspectives. Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of

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replaced by two annually elected consular offices. In the early Republic, as presumably in the regal era, plebeians were excluded from high religious and civil office, and could be punished for offenses against laws of which they had no knowledge. They resorted to

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Rome had no separate priestly caste or class. The highest authority within a community usually sponsored its cults and sacrifices, officiated as its priest and promoted its assistants and acolytes. Specialists from the religious colleges and professionals such as

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became one of the major ways in which Rome advertised its presence in the provinces and cultivated shared cultural identity and loyalty throughout the Empire. Rejection of the state religion was tantamount to treason. This was the context for Rome's conflict with

836:, concerning the foundation and rise of the city. These narratives focus on human actors, with only occasional intervention from deities but a pervasive sense of divinely ordered destiny. For Rome's earliest period, history and myth are difficult to distinguish. 2266:

in Greek – belonged to action and not to contemplation. Consequently religious acts took place wherever the faithful were: in houses, boroughs, associations, cities, military camps, cemeteries, in the country, on boats. 'When pious travelers happen to pass by a

4073:(all the gods and goddesses). They also brought Roman "domestic" deities and cult practices with them. By the same token, the later granting of citizenship to provincials and their conscription into the legions brought their new cults into the Roman military. 3000:

provoked divine wrath and led to military disaster. Military success was the touchstone of a special relationship with the gods, and to Jupiter Capitolinus in particular; triumphal generals were dressed as Jupiter, and laid their victor's laurels at his feet.

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The impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various

2690:

Roman authors describe haruspicy as an ancient, ethnically Etruscan "outsider" religious profession, separate from Rome's internal and largely unpaid priestly hierarchy, essential but never quite respectable. During the mid-to-late Republic, the reformist

1742:– including the Emperor's – were offered fertile victims. After the sacrifice, a banquet was held; in state cults, the images of honoured deities took pride of place on banqueting couches and by means of the sacrificial fire consumed their proper portion ( 4211:, he could receive much the same honours as any other state deity – libations of wine, garlands, incense, hymns and sacrificial oxen at games and festivals. What he did in return for these favours is unknown, but literary hints and the later adoption of 2644:) or an unacceptable plan of action. If an unfavourable sign was given, the magistrate could repeat the sacrifice until favourable signs were seen, consult with his augural colleagues, or abandon the project. Magistrates could use their right of augury ( 3571:, became a focus of brief symbolic resistance to Augustus' censorship. Augustus himself claimed the patronage of Venus and Apollo; but his settlement appealed to all classes. Where loyalty was implicit, no divine hierarchy need be politically enforced; 3179:, charges alone and headlong into the enemy ranks, and is killed; his action cleanses the sacrificial offering. Had he failed to die, his sacrificial offering would have been tainted and therefore void, with possibly disastrous consequences. The act of 4361:(ancestors' customs) might reunite a politically and socially fractured Empire and its multitude of cults; no ancestral gods were specified by name. The fulfillment of sacrificial obligation by loyal subjects would define them and their gods as Roman. 6280:(a "calling forth") initiated by Roman soldiers who snatched the goddess's sacrificial portion during her Veiian rites; the Veiian priest had announced that whoever possessed the sacred entrails would win the coming battle. Preview via googlebooks 3618:

Because of you we are living, because of you we can travel the seas, because of you we enjoy liberty and wealth. —A thanksgiving prayer offered in Naples' harbour to the princeps Augustus, on his return from Alexandria in 14 AD, shortly before his

1511:

originally referred not to the temple building itself, but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury: "The architecture of the ancient Romans was, from first to last, an art of shaping space around ritual." The Roman architect

2795:. Despite her presumed status as an ancestral, Trojan goddess, a priesthood was drawn from Rome's highest echelons to supervise her cult and festivals. These may have been considered too exotically "barbaric" to trust, and were barred to slaves. 3540:

While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to

7288:, 7.29–30: Paul actually remained in office until "Aurelian's victory over Palmyra in 272, when he was forced to leave the 'building of the church'... Political conflicts, local rivalry, and theological debates converged in this quarrel." 1322:). A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organized according to broad seasonal groups that allowed for different local traditions. Some of the most ancient and popular festivals incorporated 2732:

haruspices for ritual expiation. In 207 BC, during one of the Punic Wars' worst crises, the Senate dealt with an unprecedented number of confirmed prodigies whose expiation would have involved "at least twenty days" of dedicated rites.

5050:

Beard et al., Vol. 1, 8-10; Cornell, pp. 1–30; Feeney, in Rüpke (ed.), 129–42, on religious themes in Roman Historiography and epic; Smith, in Rüpke (ed.), 31–42 for broad discussion of sources, modern schools of thought and divergent

3237:

Literary sources vary in their depiction of women's religiosity: some represent women as paragons of Roman virtue and devotion, but also inclined by temperament to self-indulgent religious enthusiasms, novelties and the seductions of

2188:) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In rural estates, bailiffs seem to have been responsible for at least some of the household shrines (lararia) and their deities. Household cults had state counterparts. In Vergil's 1210:, and by some of the complementary threefold deity-groupings of Imperial cult. Other major and minor deities could be single, coupled, or linked retrospectively through myths of divine marriage and sexual adventure. These later Roman 2069:, attributed to Rome's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls. Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty. A law passed in 81 BC characterised human sacrifice as murder committed for magical purposes. 625:

to local deities that framed their theology within the hierarchy of Roman religion. Inscriptions throughout the Empire record the side-by-side worship of local and Roman deities, including dedications made by Romans to local gods.

6029:

Rosenberger, in Rüpke (ed.), 295–8: the task fell to the haruspex, who set the child to drown in the sea. The survival of such a child for four years after its birth would have between regarded as extreme dereliction of religious

926:, had been ordered by her uncle the king to remain a virgin, in order to preserve the throne he had usurped from her father. Through divine intervention, the rightful line was restored when Rhea Silvia was impregnated by the god 4356:

decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to "ancestral gods" or suffer a penalty: only Jews were exempt. Decius' edict appealed to whatever common

2028:

was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice, probably because death was not its inevitable outcome or purpose. Even so, the gladiators swore their lives to the gods, and the combat was dedicated as an offering to the

3448:

seem produced by, or on behalf of the elite, who had more immediate recourse to human law and justice. Similar traditions existed throughout the empire, persisting until around the 7th century AD, well into the Christian era.

2462:

During the Imperial era, priesthood of the Imperial cult offered provincial elites full Roman citizenship and public prominence beyond their single year in religious office; in effect, it was the first step in a provincial

5129:

calendars date to the late Republic; the most detailed are Augustan and later. Beard et al., Vol. 1, 6: a selection of festivals is given in Vol. 2, 3.1–3. For a list of Fasti, with bibliography and sources, see Degrassi,

2938:

In the later Imperial era, the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped. Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members, and the traditional funeral rites and feast of

2058:, traditionally Rome's Republican founder and first consul. Political or military executions were sometimes conducted in such a way that they evoked human sacrifice, whether deliberately or in the perception of witnesses; 1879:

arrival or return. In times of great crisis, the Senate could decree collective public rites, in which Rome's citizens, including women and children, moved in procession from one temple to the next, supplicating the gods.

4710:, and despite his active dismantling of Rome's traditional cults and priesthoods could commend his heirs to its overwhelmingly Hellenic Senate in traditional Hellenic terms. He was the last emperor of both East and West. 3956:; as he invented none, he could claim them as traditional honours. His reforms were represented as adaptive, restorative and regulatory, rather than innovative; most notably his elevation (and membership) of the ancient 6065:

For Livy's use of prodigies and portents as markers of Roman impiety and military failure, see Feeney, in Rüpke (ed.), 138–9. For prodigies in the context of political decision-making, see Rosenberger, in Rüpke (ed.),

1705:, typically of domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep and pigs. Each was the best specimen of its kind, cleansed, clad in sacrificial regalia and garlanded; the horns of oxen might be gilded. Sacrifice sought the 6801:"Traditionally in 499, the cult of Castor and Pollux was introduced from Tusculum and temple was erected in the Forum." Howard Hayes Scullard, (2003), A History of the Roman World, 753 to 146 BC, page 398. Routledge 4262:

by Julius Caesar. By the Augustan era, the city of Rome was home to several thousand Jews. In some periods under Roman rule, Jews were legally exempt from official sacrifice, under certain conditions. Judaism was a

2506:. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable political influence. Upon entering her office, a Vestal was emancipated from her 2580:, wife of Augustus. They seem to have retained their religious and social distinctions well into the 4th century, after political power within the Empire had shifted to the Christians. When the Christian emperor 7381:

Constantine's permission for a new cult temple to himself and his family in Umbria is extant: the terms are vague – cult "should not be polluted by the deception of any contagious superstition". See Momigliano,

2806:. Initiates to Attis' cult were more numerous and less wealthy, and acted as assistant citizen-priests in their deity's "exotic" festivals, some of which involved the Galli's public, bloody self-flagellation. 2517:

The Vestals embody the profound connection between domestic cult and the religious life of the community. Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta's flame. The Vestals cared for the

5083:

ancient kings and the highest consular and Imperial honours. Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus were collectively and individually associated with Rome's agricultural economy, social organisation and success in war.

520:, and children all participated in a range of religious activities. Some public rituals could be conducted only by women, and women formed what is perhaps Rome's most famous priesthood, the state-supported 3422:

among a circle of younger women, sews up a fish-head, smears it with pitch, then pierces and roasts it to "bind hostile tongues to silence". By this she invokes Tacita, the "Silent One" of the underworld.

2622:

had been marked by Romulus himself with oxen and plough; what lay within was the earthly home and protectorate of the gods of the state. In Rome, the central references for the establishment of an augural

6662:

Two centuries later, when Decius and Diocletian required universal sacrifice to Roman gods as a test of loyalty, any traditional gods served the purpose: loyal compliance with Imperial dictat made them

3493:

Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half of Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were

4005:

concept and practice of divine kingship. Emperors postceding Augustus subsequently held the office of Chief Priest (pontifex maximus) combining both political and religious supremacy under one title.

3342:

offers a thoroughly skeptical "History of magical arts" from their supposed Persian origins to Nero's vast and futile expenditure on research into magical practices in an attempt to control the gods.

1086:, and oral and ritual traditions. According to Cicero, the Romans considered themselves the most religious of all peoples, and their rise to dominance was proof they received divine favor in return. 4948:

Or else was murdered by his resentful Senate, who successfully concealed their crime. See Beard et al., Vol. 1, 1; Vol. 2, 4.8a for Livy, 1.9 & 5–7 (Sabines and temple to Jupiter) and Plutarch,

3148:

was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the

2743:(and vice versa) – these were expiated with "lesser victims". The discovery of an androgynous four-year-old child was expiated by its drowning and the holy procession of 27 virgins to the temple of 1667:

might be offered spelt wheat and grain-garlands, grapes and first fruits in due season, honey cakes and honeycombs, wine and incense, food that fell to the floor during any family meal, or at their

1387:, though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event. During the late Republic, the political elite competed to outdo each other in public display, and the 601:

was at its core a religious procession in which the victorious general displayed his piety and his willingness to serve the public good by dedicating a portion of his spoils to the gods, especially

7217:

Roman oaths of loyalty were traditionally collective; the Decian oath has been interpreted as a design to root out individual subversives and suppress their cults: see Leppin, in Rüpke, (ed.), 100.

1009:, whose doors stayed open in times of war but in Numa's time remained closed. After Numa's death, the doors to the Temple of Janus were supposed to have remained open until the reign of Augustus. 724:

posed difficulties for Roman policy that led at times to compromise and the granting of special exemptions, but sometimes to intractable conflict. For example, religious disputes helped cause the

6622:"The change that comes about at the end of the republic and solidifies under Augustus is not political, but cultural". Galinsky, in Rüpke (ed.), 72: citing Habinek, T., and Schiesaro, A., (eds.) 5765:

Gradel, 9-15: citing legal definitions from Festus (epitome of Verrius Flaccus) "De verborum significatu" p.284 L: in Wissowa, 1912, 398ff: and Geiger, 1914): see also Beard et al., Vol. 1, 251.

4545:, Constantine could be seen to embody both Christian and Hellenic religious interests. He passed laws to protect Christians from persecution; he also funded the building of churches, including 4069:. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the 4556:

Constantine promoted orthodoxy in Christian doctrine, so that Christianity might become a unitary force, rather than divisive. He summoned Christian bishops to a meeting, later known as the

956:

by Romulus's men further embedded both violence and cultural assimilation in Rome's myth of origins. As a successful general, Romulus is also supposed to have founded Rome's first temple to

2802:

or the lesser sacrifice of a ram, as a substitute for the acolyte's self-castration. Magna Mater's initiates tended to be very well-off, and relatively uncommon; they included the emperor

5800:

Beard et al., Vol. 1, 104–8: there can be no doubt that politicians attempted to manipulate religious law and priesthoods for gain; but were compelled to do so lawfully, and often failed.

4321:

Roman investigations into early Christianity found it an irreligious, novel, disobedient, even atheistic sub-sect of Judaism: it appeared to deny all forms of religion and was therefore

2787:

Some of Rome's most prominent deities had both public and mystery rites. Magna Mater, conscripted to help Rome defeat Carthage in the second Punic War, arrived in Rome with her consort,

4706:

and future saint, wrote urging the rejection of Symmachus's request for tolerance. Yet Theodosius accepted comparison with Hercules and Jupiter as a living divinity in the panegyric of

3795:

The introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. Livy attributed the disasters of the early part of Rome's

5976:

Cicero finds all forms of divination false, except those used in State rituals; most Romans were less skeptical. See Rosenberger, in Rüpke (ed.), 300, and Orlin, in Rüpke (ed.), 67.

3410:

deities functioned at the margins of Rome's divine and human communities; although sometimes the recipients of public rites, these were conducted outside the sacred boundary of the

696:

and participating in public religion. The mysteries, however, involved exclusive oaths and secrecy, conditions that conservative Romans viewed with suspicion as characteristic of "

4142:

of Rome. His cult had further precedents: popular, unofficial cult offered to powerful benefactors in Rome: the kingly, god-like honours granted a Roman general on the day of his

3028:) and in through a gate, then sacrificed: Trajan's column shows three such events from his Dacian wars. The perimeter procession and sacrifice suggest the entire camp as a divine 2415:) or in his absence, and announced the public festivals. He had little or no civil authority. With the abolition of monarchy, the collegial power and influence of the Republican 4049:

seems to have abandoned its native cultic sacrifice of horses and dogs in favour of a newly established, Romanised cult nearby: by the end of that century, Sabratha's so-called

5396:

Though the household Lares do just that, and at least some Romans understood them to be ancestral spirits. Sacrifices to the spirits of deceased mortals are discussed below in

2510:. In archaic Roman society, these priestesses were the only women not required to be under the legal guardianship of a man, instead answering directly to the Pontifex Maximus. 1830:

festival. Color had a general symbolic value for sacrifices. Demigods and heroes, who belonged to the heavens and the underworld, were sometimes given black-and-white victims.

1429:

lore, popular customs, and religious practice that is by turns imaginative, entertaining, high-minded, and scurrilous; not a priestly account, despite the speaker's pose as a

751:

formerly made for the security of the republic now were directed at the well-being of the emperor. So-called "emperor worship" expanded on a grand scale the traditional Roman

5725:

Gradel, 9-15: citing legal definitions from Festus (epitome of Verrius Flaccus) "De verborum significatu" p.284 L: in Wissowa, 1912, 398ff: and Geiger, 1914): see also Beard

3602:"signaled his emergence as a major player in Roman politics". Likewise, political candidates could sponsor temples, priesthoods and the immensely popular, spectacular public 3890:

as an ancestor; this would be one of many foundations for the Imperial cult. The claim was further elaborated and justified in Vergil's poetic, Imperial vision of the past.

1435:

or inspired poet-prophet, but a work of description, imagination and poetic etymology that reflects the broad humor and burlesque spirit of such venerable festivals as the

2631:(Sacred Way) and the pomerium. Magistrates sought divine opinion of proposed official acts through an augur, who read the divine will through observations made within the 3214:

excluded men entirely. Because women enter the public record less frequently than men, their religious practices are less known, and even family cults were headed by the

4253:

For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite.

3058:

discipline ensured that every citizen-soldier knew his duty. As in Rome, whatever gods he served in his own time seem to have been his own business; legionary forts and

6743:." Arthur E. Gordon, "On the Origin of Diana", Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 63 (1932, pp. 177-192) page 178 note, and page 181. 4826:"This mentality," notes John T. Koch, "lay at the core of the genius of cultural assimilation which made the Roman Empire possible"; entry on "Interpretatio romana" in 3020:

and in the Imperial era, the image of the ruling emperor. In one camp, this shrine is even called Capitolium. The most important camp-offering appears to have been the

704:), or subversive activity. Sporadic and sometimes brutal attempts were made to suppress religionists who seemed to threaten traditional morality and unity, as with the 4654:

ended with his death in 363 in Persia, after which his reforms were reversed or abandoned. The empire once again fell under Christian control, this time permanently.

2747:, singing a hymn to avert disaster: a lightning strike during the hymn rehearsals required further expiation. Religious restitution is proved only by Rome's victory. 7649: 6545:

Haensch, in Rüpke (ed.), 186: about 200 of these British defixiones are from Sulla-Minerva's spring in urban Bath and the remainder from a shrine to a Celtic deity (

16514: 16363: 352:

consisted of varying imperial and provincial religious practices, which were followed both by the people of Rome as well as those who were brought under its rule.

314: 1502:. It might also display art works looted in war and rededicated to the gods. It is not clear how accessible the interiors of temples were to the general public. 18973: 5277:. The Roman belief in the power of the word may be reflected also in the importance of persuasive speech, formally oratory, in political life and the law courts. 3703:, its stylistic resemblance to the new Capitoline temple pointing to Rome's inclusive hegemony. Rome's affinity to the Latins allowed two Latin cults within the 2763:

Female figure, veiled and seemingly alarmed, from a wall-painting usually described as a narrative from Dionysiac/Bacchic mystery cult, which might also involve

2133:

and any other deities with whom he or his family held an interdependent relationship. His own dependents, who included his slaves and freedmen, owed cult to his

6553:

as direct appeals to divine justice, see Belayche, in Rüpke (ed.), 286. For the widespread persistence of curse-tablet rituals, see Ogden, in Flint et al., 3–5.

6056:

in the Forum Boarium followed Rome's defeat at Cannae in the same wars. In Livy's account, Rome's victory follows its discharge of religious duties to the gods.

4553:

of living emperors, though his Imperial iconography and court ceremonial outstripped Diocletian's in their elevation of the emperor as somehow more than human.

4258:

kingdom in 63 BC increased the Jewish diaspora; in Rome, this led to closer official scrutiny of their religion. Their synagogues were recognised as legitimate

3190:

The efforts of military commanders to channel the divine will were on occasion less successful. In the early days of Rome's war against Carthage, the commander

8990: 8817: 6783: 3234:

presided over the life-threatening act of giving birth and the perils of caring for a baby at a time when the infant mortality rate was as high as 40 percent.

2572:

Augustus' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals. They were given high-status seating at games and theatres. The emperor

16787: 10916: 3968:, maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation. This remained a primary religious and social duty of emperors. 3799:

to a growth of superstitious cults, errors in augury and the neglect of Rome's traditional gods, whose anger was expressed directly through Rome's defeat at

2717:

observed within or from a divine augural templum – especially the flight of birds – were sent by the gods in response to official queries. A magistrate with

477:

preserves learned speculation on the nature of the divine and its relation to human affairs. Even the most skeptical among Rome's intellectual elite such as

4864:, 2000), p. 261. See, for instance, the altar dedicated by a Roman citizen and depicting a sacrifice conducted in the Roman manner for the Germanic goddess 1748:, the innards). Rome's officials and priests reclined in order of precedence alongside and ate the meat; lesser citizens may have had to provide their own. 1407:), became imperially funded to maintain traditional values and a common Roman identity. That the spectacles retained something of their sacral aura even in 18963: 16610: 4203:), its pontifex maximus (greatest priest) and at least notionally, its leading Republican. When he died, his ascent to heaven, or his descent to join the 4161:(divinity). Members of the Imperial family could be granted similar honours and cult; an Emperor's deceased wife, sister or daughter could be promoted to 16625: 1572:

naming was vital for tapping into the desired powers of the deity invoked, hence the proliferation of cult epithets among Roman deities. Public prayers (

5101:

Orlin, in Rüpke (ed.), 58. For related conceptual and interpretive difficulties offered by Roman deities and their cults, see Rüpke, in Rüpke (ed.) 1–7.

2725:) if he deemed the omens unfavourable. Conversely, an apparently negative omen could be re-interpreted as positive, or deliberately blocked from sight. 18838: 16824: 16807: 16802: 16772: 16415: 12669: 3582:'s tentative hints that he might be Jupiter's special protege sat ill with his colleagues. Politicians of the later Republic were less equivocal; both 3280:, in the sense of "doing or believing more than was necessary", to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone. The boundary between 1716:, "gods above") was performed in daylight, and under the public gaze. Deities of the upper heavens required white, infertile victims of their own sex: 3870:

interpretations were a preoccupation of the literate elite, most of whom held – or had held – high office and traditional Roman priesthoods; notably,

16782: 16338: 4976:

Beard et al., Vol. 1, 1–2 & Vol. 2: 1.2, (Livy, 1.19.6): 8.4a (Plutarch, Numa, 10). For Augustus' closure of Janus's temple doors, see Augustus,

2555:

One mythological tradition held that the mother of Romulus and Remus was a Vestal virgin of royal blood. A tale of miraculous birth also attended on

1909:

of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made.

1136:

to explain the character of its deities, their mutual relationships or their interactions with the human world, but Roman theology acknowledged that

692:, which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife, were a matter of personal choice for an individual, practiced in addition to carrying on one's 16812: 15155: 6626:. Princeton, New Jersey, 1997 & Wallace-Hadrill, A., "Mutatas formas: the Augustan transformation of Roman knowledge", in: Galinsky, K., (ed.) 2145:

was the essential spirit and generative power – depicted as a serpent or as a perennial youth, often winged – within an individual and their clan (

4092:

were particularly important. Some of those were initiatory religions of intense personal significance, similar to Christianity in those respects.

15004: 3462: 3385:

female foreigner from Thessaly, notorious for witchcraft, Erichtho is the stereotypical witch of Latin literature, along with Horace's Canidia.

1258:

and communities, and the often idiosyncratic blends of official, unofficial, local and personal cults that characterised lawful Roman religion.

57: 18978: 16494: 16061: 10834: 8822: 7421: 5672:, including children, slaves and freedmen. In practice, the extreme form of this right was seldom exercised, and was eventually limited by law. 4595: 4345: 3505:

to break the oppressive patrician monopolies of high office, public priesthood, and knowledge of civil and religious law. The Senate appointed

1709:, so the victim must seem willing to offer its own life on behalf of the community; it must remain calm and be quickly and cleanly dispatched. 327: 19003: 8877: 3016:, conquered the city in her name, brought her cult statue to Rome "with miraculous ease" and dedicated a temple to her on the Aventine Hill. 2161:

and a role in his household rites, obligations and honours upon those he fathered or adopted. His freed slaves owed him similar obligations.

1547: 5858:

Beard et al., Vol. 1, 51–54, 70–71, 297. For comparison of Vestal constraints to those of Jupiter's flamen, see Smith, in Rüpke (ed.), 39–40

4393:

discussed theological issues with traditionalist elites in a common Neoplatonist frame of reference – he had written to Decius' predecessor

1650:, sacred. Sacrifice reinforced the powers and attributes of divine beings, and inclined them to render benefits in return (the principle of 18348: 17060: 16013: 13366: 9419: 4195:(first citizen) he must respect traditional Republican mores; given virtually monarchic powers, he must restrain them. He was not a living 1012:

Each of Rome's legendary or semi-legendary kings was associated with one or more religious institutions still known to the later Republic.

307: 3614:, such opportunities were limited by law; priestly and political power were consolidated in the person of the princeps ("first citizen"). 2841:. Such cults were mistrusted by Rome's authorities as quasi-magical, potentially seductive and emotionally based, rather than practical. 1352:. Other festivals may have required only the presence and rites of their priests and acolytes, or particular groups, such as women at the 9461: 9449: 4306: 1982:(ritually prepared salted flour) and wine, then placed in the fire on the altar for the offering; the technical verb for this action was 593:

The augurs read the will of the gods and supervised the marking of boundaries as a reflection of universal order, thus sanctioning Roman

6185:

Smith, in Rüpke (ed.), 35–6: Rome's Latin neighbours significantly influenced the development of its domestic and funerary architecture.

688:. Foreign religions increasingly attracted devotees among Romans, who increasingly had ancestry from elsewhere in the Empire. Imported 15049: 14976: 12194: 11295: 10859: 9508: 2258:, had therefore to go through life, and one might thus understand why Cicero wrote that religion was "necessary". Religious behavior – 4215:

as a title for Christian Saints suggest him as a heavenly intercessor. In Rome, official cult to a living emperor was directed to his

3557:

cults was expressed as moral outrage at their supposed subversion, and was followed by ferocious suppression. Much later, a statue of

3024:

performed before a major, set battle. A ram, a boar and a bull were ritually garlanded, led around the outer perimeter of the camp (a

18918: 14854: 11273: 8566: 6369:

Beard et al., Vol. 1, 296–7. This exclusion prompted prurient speculation on the part of men, and a scandalous, impious intrusion by

6330: 4589: 3628: 3231: 2376:

as acolytes and assistants. Public cults required greater knowledge and expertise. The earliest public priesthoods were probably the

232: 67: 15300: 6672:

Scipio did not claim personal connections with Jupiter; but he did not deny rumours to that effect. Contrary to usual practice, his

18192: 15140: 15014: 14999: 9424: 7978: 6674: 3654:

and from the state priesthoods. The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours; according to tradition, Rome's

3191: 2772:

employ dance, music, intoxicants and theatrical effects to provoke an overwhelming sense of religious awe, revelation and eventual

2283:

Religious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings, according to the principle

1630: 1308:

Roman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals. Some lasted several days, others a single day or less: sacred days (

776: 30: 3695:

to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the "commune Latinorum Dianae templum": At about the same time, the temple of

3195:

messenger Glycias, as if again making a jest of his country's peril." His impiety not only lost the battle but ruined his career.

2614:

was this sacred space, and only later referred to a building. Rome itself was an intrinsically sacred space; its ancient boundary

17832: 10796: 9434: 7950: 7112: 4297: 4236: 3838: 2833:, which employed symbols and rites that were nominally Egyptian. Aspects of the Isis mysteries are almost certainly described in 300: 7118:, 120-143 for early Roman responses to Judaistic practice; but see also Tessa Rajack, "Was there a Roman Charter for the Jews?" 6318: 5041:

are cited by various later Roman authors. On the chronological problems of the kings' list, see Cornell, pp. 21–26, and 199–122.

4457:

renounced his military oath. Both were executed for treason; both were Christians. At some time around 302, a report of ominous

4076:

Traders, legions and other travellers brought home cults originating from Egypt, Greece, Iberia, India and Persia. The cults of

1074:

regarded the essentials of Republican religion as complete by the end of Numa's reign, and confirmed as right and lawful by the

18280: 10741: 9429: 9163: 4062:

ambit but by no means universal. Innumerable smaller, personal or more secretive cults would have persisted and left no trace.

1602:

and breaking a sworn oath carried much the same penalty: both repudiated the fundamental bonds between the human and divine. A

784:. Ultimately, Roman polytheism was brought to an end with the adoption of Christianity as the official religion of the empire. 355:

The Romans thought of themselves as highly religious, and attributed their success as a world power to their collective piety (

17: 3696: 3676:. These are supposedly the first Roman deities whose images were adorned, as if noble guests, at their own inaugural banquet. 2845:

not they were ever part of organised cult meetings. The paintings probably represent the once-notorious, independent, popular

2639: 2299: 19059: 18858: 17779: 17536: 15160: 10711: 9536: 9063: 7827: 7806: 7789: 7766: 7752: 7738: 7717: 7703: 7689: 7675: 7661: 7598:

The correspondence is available online at Internet Medieval Sourcebook: Letter of St. Ambrose, trans. H. De Romestin, 1896.,

7585:(Blackwell, 2007), pp. 406–426; on vocabulary in particular, Robert Schilling, "The Decline and Survival of Roman Religion", 7473: 7405: 7226: 6934: 6126: 2751:

the murdered Julius Caesar's funeral games confirmed his deification; a discernible Greek influence on Roman interpretation.

2303:(impious errors). Excessive devotion, fearful grovelling to deities and the improper use or seeking of divine knowledge were 1608:

or vow was a promise made to a deity, usually an offer of sacrifices or a votive offering in exchange for benefits received.

3004:

Roman commanders offered vows to be fulfilled after success in battle or siege; and further vows to expiate their failures.

1498:

inside a temple housed the cult image of the deity to whom the temple was dedicated, and often a small altar for incense or

17398: 17110: 16410: 15625: 12664: 10801: 10676: 9829: 7238: 1671:

festival, honey-cakes and a pig on behalf of the community. Their supposed underworld relatives, the malicious and vagrant

288: 136: 4397:

in similar vein – and Hippolytus recognised a "pagan" basis in Christian heresies. The Christian churches were disunited;

3598:, and thus an intimate source of divine inspiration for his personal character and policies. In 63 BC, his appointment as 1538:

for a temple or shrine as a building. The ruins of temples are among the most visible monuments of ancient Roman culture.

15743: 15024: 14625: 11210: 9382: 747:, the first Roman emperor, justified the novelty of one-man rule with a vast program of religious revivalism and reform. 10886: 7111:

Maccabaean revolt. In Rome, the more "characteristically Jewish" beliefs and customs were subjects of scorn and mockery.

4413:), stabilised the Empire and its borders and successfully established an official, Hellenic form of unitary cult to the 3666:; she became part of a new Capitoline triad of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva, installed in a Capitoline temple, built in an 2798:

For the Galli, full priesthood involved self-castration, illegal for Romans of any class. Later, citizens could pay for

937:

Romulus and Remus regained their grandfather's throne and set out to build a new city, consulting with the gods through

17383: 16951: 16248: 15953: 15683: 15565: 15019: 13604: 11558: 11235: 11097: 10827: 9053: 8834: 7611: 6819: 5469: 5007: 4541:(sign) of the Christ: Christianity was therefore officially embraced along with traditional religions and from his new 3161: 3157: 3153: 1897:

side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following

709: 254: 227: 6765: 1040:

which served as the model for the highest official cult throughout the Roman world. The benevolent, divinely fathered

19023: 17373: 16003: 14829: 12079: 10721: 9481: 9048: 9043: 9019: 8870: 7849: 7501:, Harvard University Press, (1999), for "pagan" as a mark of socio-religious inferiority in Latin Christian polemic: 3918:

established peace and subtly transformed Rome's religious life – or, in the new ideology of Empire, restored it (see

7934: 4913:

Beard et al., Vol. 1, 1; 189–90 (Aeneas and Vesta): 123–45 (Aeneas and Venus as Julian ancestors). See also Vergil,

2767:

and a marriage. There is "almost no agreement about how it works in detail". From Pompeii's "Villa of the Mysteries"

1976:), while those of sheep or pigs were grilled on skewers. When the deity's portion was cooked, it was sprinkled with 18853: 18214: 16056: 13614: 11205: 10736: 9409: 9058: 8985: 7502: 6653:

calendar now flowed from professional experts, such as the polymath Varro, because they had the power of knowledge.

6281: 4666: 4405:

was deposed by a synod of 268 both for his doctrines, and for his unworthy, indulgent, elite lifestyle. Meanwhile,

4301: 4157:

of Rome's founders. A deceased emperor granted apotheosis by his successor and the Senate became an official State

3035: 1594:, state office, treaty and loyalty—appealed to the witness and sanction of deities. Refusal to swear a lawful oath 1470: 237: 34: 5668:

held – in theory at least, and through ancient right – powers of life and death over every member of his extended

5035: 3069:

on Imperial accessions, anniversaries and their renewal of annual vows. They celebrated Rome's official festivals

2849:

mysteries, forcibly brought under the direct control of Rome's civil and religious authorities, 100 years before.

19049: 18953: 18888: 17933: 16018: 15913: 15039: 15034: 14990: 14620: 13464: 12723: 11713: 9002: 8935: 8628: 7910: 4740: 4434: 3292:, the Epicurean rationalist, against what is usually translated as "superstition" was in fact aimed at excessive 7924: 6483:, 1.22. Tacitus' prediction was accurate: in the late 3rd century, Diocletian issued a general ban on astrology. 5343:

Lott, 31: Dionysius of Halicarnassus claims the Compitalia contribution of honey-cakes as a Servian institution.

3354:, "despite his special knowledge of the future, his miraculous cures, and his ability to vanish into thin air". 3065:

From the earliest Imperial era, citizen legionaries and provincial auxiliaries gave cult to the emperor and his

1064:, whose expulsion marked the end of Roman kingship and the beginning of the Roman republic, governed by elected 18144: 17551: 17266: 16995: 16615: 15873: 15698: 14971: 13990: 13931: 13818: 13697: 13629: 12057: 11695: 11614: 9756: 9681: 9439: 6395: 3334:... someone who, because of his community of speech with the immortal gods, has an incredible power of spells ( 3330:, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as "in popular tradition 3254: 736: 697: 559: 14110: 13985: 6342:

Livy, 5.21.3., & 8.9.8; Beard et al., Vol 1, 35–36; Hertz, in Rüpke (ed.), 312; Halm, in Rüpke (ed.), 239.

5457: 500:

For ordinary Romans, religion was a part of daily life. Each home had a household shrine at which prayers and

18297: 17140: 16973: 16023: 15438: 15175: 14839: 14688: 14610: 14032: 13074: 12627: 11266: 11125: 11115: 10820: 10252: 7199:

Potter, 241-3: see 242 for Decian "libellus" (certificate) of oath and sacrifice on papyrus, dated to 250 AD.

5449: 5414: 3871: 2271:

or a cult place on their way, they are used to make a vow, or a fruit offering, or to sit down for a while' (

2223: 1551: 1273:

I wander, never ceasing to pass through the whole world, but I am first and foremost a faithful worshiper of

1214:

hierarchies are part literary and mythographic, part philosophical creations, and often Greek in origin. The

985:

was pious and peaceable, and credited with numerous political and religious foundations, including the first

957: 6590:

Belayche, in Rüpke (ed.), 283: citing Plutarch, Camillus, 42. Belayche describes this as a votive offering (

3610:

whose provision became increasingly indispensable to the factional politics of the Late Republic. Under the

3204: 2542:. Indirectly, they played a role in every official sacrifice; among their duties was the preparation of the 2394:

were each dedicated to a single deity, whose archaic nature is indicated by the relative obscurity of some.

19064: 18908: 18893: 18788: 17378: 16081: 15883: 13096: 11846: 10092: 9696: 9148: 8863: 7971: 7745:

The Imperial Cult in the Latin West: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire

7731:

The Imperial Cult in the Latin West: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire

4241: 4101: 3648:

Rome had developed into a city-state, with a large plebeian, artisan class excluded from the old patrician

2876: 2390:, dedicated to Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus, were traditionally drawn from patrician families. Twelve lesser 2250:, Roman tradition and ancestral custom. It was ultimately governed by the Roman state, and religious laws. 766: 555: 14120: 6867:"Review of Religion in Republican Rome: Rationalization and Ritual Change. (Empire and After), Jörg Rüpke" 4191:

In Rome, state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional. As

18314: 17825: 17075: 17019: 16091: 15803: 15798: 15570: 14093: 14054: 13609: 13523: 13091: 11463: 10934: 10791: 10716: 10475: 9531: 9414: 8960: 7565: 4546: 4530:

ended the Christian persecutions. Constantine successfully balanced his own role as an instrument of the

3578:

The Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society. In the middle Republican era, even

14125: 14115: 3529: 3513:

to handle the emergency; he negotiated a settlement, and sanctified it by the dedication of a temple to

2065:

Officially, human sacrifice was obnoxious "to the laws of gods and men". The practice was a mark of the

1546:

made by a general in exchange for a victory: Rome's first known temple to Venus was vowed by the consul

18185: 17908: 14869: 14814: 14510: 13250: 12767: 11458: 11400: 10751: 10415: 10307: 10077: 9849: 9671: 9579: 9444: 9387: 8499: 8473: 5015: 4695: 4633:, took over the leadership of the empire and re-divided their Imperial inheritance. Constantius was an 3960:, his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the 3831:

Deities with troublesome followers were taken over, not banned. An unofficial, popular mystery cult to

3748: 1818:

or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as "the living cannot share a meal with the dead".

1337: 1079: 893:, an archaic festival in February that was celebrated as late as the 5th century of the Christian era. 725: 12848: 3816:

In 206 BC, during the Punic crisis, the Sibylline books recommended the introduction of a cult to the

3755:. In 217, the Venus of Eryx was brought from Sicily and installed in a temple on the Capitoline hill. 1425:, a long-form poem covering Roman holidays from January to June, Ovid presents a unique look at Roman 914:

The myth of a Trojan founding with Greek influence was reconciled through an elaborate genealogy (the

817:

depicting Romulus and Remus suckling the she-wolf, and gods representing Roman topography such as the

18833: 18793: 18234: 17774: 17180: 16961: 16763: 16469: 16116: 15905: 15763: 15215: 14103: 13882: 13513: 13143: 12708: 11840: 11592: 11429: 11384: 11180: 11105: 10771: 9864: 9819: 9746: 9666: 9614: 9604: 9556: 8903: 8633: 8468: 3101:), and special cult to the Empress as "mother of the camp". The near ubiquitous legionary shrines to 2862: 2526:

of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in each home. Besides their own festival of

2334:

in part or whole. All cults were ultimately subject to the approval and regulation of the censor and

2059: 1591: 1025: 915: 752: 508:

were offered. Neighborhood shrines and sacred places such as springs and groves dotted the city. The

486: 389: 14221: 4560:, at which some 318 bishops (mostly easterners) debated and decided what was orthodox, and what was 3165: 2780:

was among the most notable, particularly popular among soldiers and based on the Zoroastrian deity,

863:

from Troy to Italy. These objects were believed in historical times to remain in the keeping of the

19054: 18933: 18423: 18383: 18373: 18321: 16990: 16373: 15620: 15580: 15535: 15325: 15315: 15120: 14874: 14699: 14635: 14605: 14495: 14260: 14169: 14098: 14010: 12917: 12174: 12110: 11580: 11565: 11259: 11110: 10372: 10282: 9791: 9771: 9766: 9751: 9704: 9599: 9401: 8748: 8727: 8717: 8124: 7885: 4470: 3937: 1814:

were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a

953: 922:. The most common version of the twins' story displays several aspects of hero myth. Their mother, 882: 872: 116: 12617: 7543:

A summary of relevant legislation is available online at the Wisconsin Lutheran College website –

4620:

Christianity and traditional Roman religion proved incompatible. From the 2nd century onward, the

4314: 3558: 1151:

were developed during the political, social and religious instability of the Late Republican era.

867:, Rome's female priesthood. Aeneas, according to classical authors, had been given refuge by King 18711: 18619: 17918: 17913: 17463: 16447: 16405: 16071: 16008: 15958: 15918: 15863: 15498: 15493: 15383: 15330: 15220: 15150: 14946: 14757: 14672: 13877: 13855: 13654: 13476: 13001: 12659: 12586: 12270: 11641: 11441: 11350: 10952: 10891: 10781: 10761: 10701: 10691: 10681: 10087: 9776: 9676: 9656: 9571: 9561: 9266: 9206: 9186: 8898: 8732: 7964: 7645: 6370: 4745: 4616:, 4th century CE (Musei Vaticani, here in a temporary exhibition at the Colosseum in Rome, Italy) 4557: 4293: 4184:

special, super-human abilities, but... he was indeed a visible god" and the little Greek town of

3933: 3715: 3402:, or 'noisome metrical charm'); this included the "charming of crops from one field to another" ( 3184: 2956: 2082: 1882:

Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the

1871:

with an iron implement, which was forbidden, as well as after. The pig was a common victim for a

1819: 1333: 1219: 1199: 517: 383: 4845:

Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church: A Study of Conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus

3893: 2117:("the father of the family" or the "owner of the family estate"). He had priestly duties to his 2077:

as a positive consequence of the conquest of Gaul and Britain. Despite an empire-wide ban under

18883: 18873: 18462: 18393: 18378: 17859: 17818: 17682: 17608: 17588: 17458: 17393: 17322: 17090: 16898: 16829: 16733: 16378: 16241: 15938: 15833: 15793: 15773: 15630: 15605: 15510: 15483: 15433: 15403: 15393: 15310: 15275: 15260: 15245: 15200: 15135: 14809: 14740: 14645: 14640: 14381: 14304: 14066: 13948: 13872: 13669: 13659: 13518: 13486: 13424: 13395: 12912: 12907: 12604: 12564: 12349: 11690: 11685: 11665: 11661: 11165: 11148: 11053: 11041: 11033: 10869: 10786: 10776: 10726: 10706: 10520: 10495: 10460: 10342: 10067: 9714: 9476: 9007: 8560: 7929: 4762: 4561: 3875: 3506: 3502: 3005: 1822:

and other underworld goddesses of fruitfulness were sometimes offered pregnant female animals;

977:

Aeneas urged by the Penates to continue his journey to found Rome (4th century AD illustration)

264: 7684:, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., and London, England, 2007. 6837: 4469:

and a subsequent (but undated) dictat of placatory sacrifice by the entire military triggered

4365:

was sought, rather than capital punishment. A year after its due deadline, the edict expired.

3887: 3595: 3259: 3210:

priesthood of the Vestals, some cult practices were reserved for women only. The rites of the

2039:

in the strict sense of the term, and Christian writers later condemned it as human sacrifice.

1152: 18993: 18968: 18898: 18581: 18309: 18082: 18040: 18010: 17351: 17329: 17070: 16748: 16605: 16544: 16464: 16432: 16179: 16124: 16041: 15993: 15968: 15768: 15590: 15585: 15453: 15443: 15265: 14941: 14884: 14704: 14650: 14071: 14049: 13968: 13909: 13575: 13014: 12875: 12037: 11636: 11548: 11200: 10756: 10686: 10510: 10262: 10062: 10057: 9854: 9761: 9686: 9649: 9634: 9609: 9589: 9491: 8779: 8676: 8332: 8251: 7999: 7544: 6927:

Rome and the distant East : trade routes to the ancient lands of Arabia, India and China

5213: 5023: 5019: 4450: 4042: 3667: 3655: 3514: 3474: 3114: 3078: 2205: 2046:, hung on the Compitalia shrines, were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to 1815: 1494:

or precinct, often to the side of the steps leading up to the raised portico. The main room

1095: 852: 546: 513: 372: 186: 126: 12895: 12843: 7710:

The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c.1000–264 BC)

7512:

Ramsay MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman empire. A.D.100-400. Yale University Press. p. 51

5444:, "The Deconstruction of Mommsen on Festus 462/464 L, or the Hazards of Interpretation", in 5131:

Inscriptiones Italiae, Vol. XIII – Fasti et elogia, fasc. II – Fasti anni Numani et Iuliani,

2744: 2606:

Public religion took place within a sacred precinct that had been marked out ritually by an

1411:

is indicated by the admonitions of the Church Fathers that Christians should not take part.

18988: 18743: 18656: 18634: 18557: 18553: 18482: 18398: 18343: 18338: 18161: 18005: 17894: 17719: 17448: 17388: 17085: 17065: 16908: 16861: 16792: 16777: 16753: 16738: 16711: 16652: 16169: 16159: 16144: 16051: 15978: 15948: 15923: 15888: 15848: 15843: 15818: 15688: 15610: 15560: 15540: 15530: 15418: 15365: 15340: 15190: 15185: 15165: 15130: 15115: 15059: 14834: 14767: 14735: 14615: 14550: 14416: 14294: 14147: 14027: 13926: 13838: 13806: 13801: 13649: 13381: 12676: 12260: 12020: 11631: 11575: 11526: 11511: 11364: 11087: 11079: 10944: 10906: 10854: 10766: 10731: 10420: 10287: 10187: 10112: 9977: 9940: 9316: 8980: 8774: 8658: 8612: 8402: 8246: 8019: 6274:

Cornell, T., in Walbank et al., 299, citing Livy 21.8-9 and 22.3-6. Livy describes this as

6238:

This recommended Christian commemorative rites on the 3rd, 9th & 30th days after death.

5681:

See also Severy, 9-10 for interpretation of the social, economic and religious role of the

5425: 4735: 4454: 4146:; and in the divine honours paid to Roman magnates in the Greek East from at least 195 BC. 3835:

was officially taken over, restricted and supervised as potentially subversive in 186 BC.

3549:, the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms, and with Roman 3522: 3433: 3122: 3074: 2818: 2728: 2503: 2459:

offered a high local profile, and opportunities in local politics; and therefore business.

2055: 1223: 1071: 653: 525: 401: 338: 281: 274: 11873: 10410: 2411:(king of the sacred rites) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king ( 712:

in 186 BC. Because Romans had never been obligated to cultivate one god or one cult only,

8: 19013: 18878: 18748: 18538: 18467: 18224: 18197: 18180: 18168: 17990: 17946: 17784: 17511: 17506: 17453: 17423: 17418: 17302: 16978: 16903: 16866: 16667: 16564: 16348: 16174: 16149: 16129: 16106: 16033: 15983: 15963: 15878: 15868: 15823: 15783: 15738: 15733: 15723: 15713: 15708: 15703: 15693: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15635: 15545: 15520: 15398: 15388: 15350: 15320: 15305: 15290: 15280: 15270: 15235: 15230: 15180: 15125: 15100: 15044: 14901: 14889: 14777: 14772: 14762: 14630: 14431: 14344: 14289: 14265: 14152: 14037: 13995: 13790: 13639: 13267: 13059: 12944: 12740: 12542: 12427: 12355: 12245: 12166: 11993: 11646: 11470: 11316: 11220: 11058: 10985: 10980: 10878: 10843: 10696: 10545: 10347: 10217: 10167: 9486: 9083: 8812: 8618: 8504: 8478: 8337: 8186: 8176: 8139: 7599: 6043:. Cited by Halm, in Rüpke (ed.) 244. For remainder, see Rosenberger, in Rüpke (ed.), 297. 5635: 5220:. See also early and later Christian festivals in Beard et al., Vol. 1, 378–380, 382–383. 4894: 4727: 4662: 4641: 4479: 4443: 3898: 3633: 3369: 3347: 3105:

of the later Imperial era were not part of official cult until Mithras was absorbed into

2912:

of families were celebrated and appeased at their cemeteries or tombs, in the obligatory

2721:(the right of augury) could declare the suspension of all official business for the day ( 2402:

in particular had virtually no simultaneous capacity for a political or military career.

2047: 1721: 1061: 998: 713: 602: 575: 458:, "the way of the ancestors" or simply "tradition", viewed as central to Roman identity. 146: 121: 5634:

The sacrifice was demanded by an oracle during the reign of the last king, the Etruscan

5014:

places Rome's foundation more than 600 years before his own time. His near contemporary

1616: 1379:

Other public festivals were not required by the calendar, but occasioned by events. The

398:. The Romans looked for common ground between their major gods and those of the Greeks ( 18733: 18649: 18639: 18472: 18435: 18365: 18304: 18287: 18241: 18151: 18065: 17879: 17724: 17628: 17443: 17356: 17334: 17217: 17165: 17105: 17000: 16758: 16726: 16716: 16677: 16672: 16642: 16632: 16489: 16154: 16134: 16101: 15998: 15988: 15933: 15928: 15858: 15838: 15828: 15813: 15808: 15788: 15758: 15753: 15728: 15718: 15650: 15615: 15600: 15505: 15478: 15468: 15428: 15413: 15408: 15360: 15355: 15295: 15250: 15210: 15105: 15092: 14879: 14804: 14677: 14500: 14174: 14132: 13973: 13941: 13916: 13843: 13823: 13644: 13592: 13580: 13558: 13150: 13108: 12981: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12637: 12421: 12397: 11776: 11700: 11448: 11394: 11215: 11018: 10995: 10990: 10746: 10470: 10277: 10132: 10072: 9992: 9935: 9799: 9035: 9014: 8691: 8317: 8281: 8241: 8216: 8119: 8099: 8039: 7956: 7865:

Rees, Roger. Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004.

7568:(accessed 30 August 2009). Julian admired the work of the Platonist (or neo-Platonist) 7532:

The Triumph of Christianity: How the Jesus Movement Became the World's Largest Religion

7415: 7155:, 66, but legislation by Julius Caesar recognised the synagogues in Rome as legitimate 6894: 5441: 4878: 4650: 4385: 4378: 4337: 3803:(216 BC). The Sibylline books were consulted. They recommended a general vowing of the 3780: 3732: 3419: 3127: 3081:

were typical. By the early Severan era, the military also offered cult to the Imperial

3040: 2977: 2814: 2682:

is an Etruscan artifact that probably served as an instructional model for the haruspex

2326:

festival, which was otherwise a private rite to household ancestors. Some rites of the

2135: 1950: 1779: 1738: 1597: 1233: 1060:

to mark his social reforms. Servius Tullius was murdered and succeeded by the arrogant

896: 868: 771: 757: 447: 13262: 12821: 12449: 12179: 10385: 7435: 4750: 3073:, and had the official triads appropriate to their function – in the Empire, Jupiter, 2419:

increased. By the late Republican era, the flamines were supervised by the pontifical

1901:'s death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In 18863: 18765: 18753: 18738: 18718: 18629: 18576: 18548: 18530: 18333: 18209: 18202: 18015: 17963: 17941: 17869: 17344: 17207: 17187: 17095: 17012: 17007: 16983: 16883: 16876: 16844: 16839: 16706: 16701: 16689: 16647: 16509: 16479: 16234: 16211: 16205: 16139: 16096: 16086: 16076: 16066: 15973: 15893: 15853: 15778: 15748: 15640: 15595: 15575: 15550: 15525: 15488: 15473: 15448: 15423: 15335: 15285: 15240: 15225: 15205: 15195: 15170: 15110: 15054: 14819: 14595: 14191: 14162: 14086: 14081: 14042: 13980: 13936: 13921: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13833: 13568: 13454: 13220: 13190: 13170: 12991: 12796: 12777: 12772: 12718: 12681: 12402: 12317: 12240: 12138: 12128: 12096: 12084: 12052: 12029: 12011: 11907: 11762: 11670: 11656: 11619: 11607: 11436: 11355: 11307: 11143: 11138: 11005: 10957: 10380: 10232: 9987: 9947: 9925: 9133: 8829: 8789: 8443: 8397: 8271: 8261: 8211: 8084: 8064: 8059: 8044: 7845: 7823: 7802: 7785: 7762: 7748: 7734: 7713: 7699: 7685: 7671: 7657: 7624: 7469: 7401: 7394: 6940: 6930: 6886: 6132: 6122: 6040: 5638:. See Macrobius, Saturnalia, 1.7 & Lilly Ross Taylor, "The Mother of the Lares", 5027: 4757: 4707: 4439: 4402: 4373: 3763: 3688: 3591: 3533: 3482: 3223: 3176: 2830: 2810: 2679: 2499: 2209: 1823: 1242: 1065: 1053: 919: 848: 810: 729: 689: 567: 419: 269: 19008: 17100: 13674: 13272: 12932: 12686: 4644:

rejected the "Galilean madness" of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of

3062:

included shrines to household gods, personal deities and deities otherwise unknown.

1762:, and ritual implements on the reverse: clockwise from top right, the augur's staff 609:(264–146 BC), when Rome struggled to establish itself as a dominant power, many new 493:

was eventually the most successful of these beliefs, and in 380 became the official

18624: 18614: 18440: 18388: 18292: 18156: 18045: 17995: 17973: 17968: 17899: 17766: 17707: 17556: 17541: 17531: 17242: 17212: 17080: 16966: 16956: 16893: 16682: 16659: 16637: 16484: 16358: 16343: 16164: 16046: 15943: 15555: 15515: 15463: 15458: 15375: 15345: 15255: 15145: 15009: 14961: 14956: 14520: 14485: 14458: 14216: 14201: 14076: 14000: 13850: 13828: 13736: 13597: 13376: 13339: 13195: 13180: 13128: 12922: 12902: 12870: 12865: 12836: 12831: 12755: 12745: 12574: 12538: 12530: 12501: 12414: 12334: 12329: 12292: 12282: 12208: 12146: 11988: 11825: 11675: 11333: 11046: 10972: 10896: 10445: 10405: 10337: 10272: 10197: 10192: 9964: 9887: 9834: 9629: 9624: 9513: 9372: 9321: 9281: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9231: 9153: 9100: 9093: 9078: 9073: 8997: 8925: 8722: 8453: 8372: 8312: 8171: 8149: 8134: 7794: 7759:

Athlone History of Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: Ancient Greece and Rome, Vol. 2,

7310:

also says the persecutions of Christians began in the army; see Eusebius, II.8.1.8.

6878: 5217: 4686: 4670: 4398: 3981: 3943: 3842: 3800: 3796: 3637: 3579: 3365: 3227: 3219: 2817:

were supplemented with a mystery cult of Ceres-with-Proserpina, based on the Greek

2803: 2549: 2434: 1997: 1968: 1917: 1883: 1717: 1702: 1621: 1483: 1227: 1168: 1160: 1156: 1033: 1029: 1013: 927: 851:, who was said to have established the basis of Roman religion when he brought the 814: 797: 693: 583: 536: 474: 431: 203: 13813: 6276: 4325:. By the end of the Imperial era, Nicene Christianity was the one permitted Roman 4111: 4065:

Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of

3824:, supposedly an ancestral goddess of Romans and Trojans. She was installed on the 2867: 2346: 1948:(divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were "read" in the context of the 1640: 18998: 18938: 18823: 18671: 18666: 18644: 18564: 18518: 18275: 18229: 18127: 18104: 18087: 18060: 17845: 17712: 17660: 17580: 17413: 17284: 17222: 17160: 17115: 16888: 16834: 16819: 16743: 16721: 16694: 16620: 16459: 16452: 16442: 16300: 16261: 16226: 16215: 14844: 14824: 14314: 14206: 14196: 13865: 13533: 13324: 13304: 13235: 13200: 13133: 12853: 12826: 12801: 12750: 12728: 12521: 12464: 12235: 11752: 11553: 11479: 11419: 11374: 11343: 11175: 11133: 11023: 10540: 10352: 10332: 10292: 10227: 10177: 10172: 10047: 9997: 9905: 9739: 9719: 9639: 9088: 8913: 8844: 8839: 8758: 8753: 8606: 8574: 8458: 7991: 7462: 7122:

74, (1984) 107-23; no "Roman charter" for Judaism should be inferred from local,

5787:

should never again be in a position to threaten the city with tyranny." See also

5533: 4786: 4703: 4429: 4394: 4254: 4228: 4149:

The deification of deceased emperors had precedent in Roman domestic cult to the

3788: 3784: 3361: 3339: 2556: 2484: 2354:

in their distinctive pointed headgear, grouped to the centre of a panel from the

2070: 2008: 1660: 1568: 1287: 1266: 1191: 1148: 1100: 1041: 931: 829: 793: 657: 505: 407: 259: 104: 63: 4549:. He may have officially ended – or attempted to end – blood sacrifices to the 3388: 2240: 1625: 87: 19028: 18948: 18903: 18843: 18808: 18600: 18513: 18418: 18326: 18117: 17951: 17874: 17799: 17794: 17756: 17516: 17237: 17197: 17192: 17175: 17170: 17024: 16913: 16539: 14966: 14859: 14799: 14515: 14490: 14275: 14179: 14061: 14005: 13958: 13371: 13319: 13215: 13185: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13138: 13034: 12954: 12937: 12890: 12880: 11924: 11587: 11570: 11389: 11369: 11338: 10924: 10901: 10595: 10237: 9972: 9920: 9892: 9839: 9824: 9804: 9619: 9594: 9551: 9541: 9367: 9341: 9271: 9256: 9221: 9181: 8942: 8696: 8585: 8448: 8166: 7771: 7521:

Paul Stephenson, Constantine: Unconquered emperor, Christian victor (2009) p. 5

6740: 6732: 5038: 4865: 4626: 4621: 4604: 4542: 4515: 4511: 4423: 4276: 4232: 3961: 3957: 3925: 3910: 3510: 2984:

Military success was achieved through a combination of personal and collective

2838: 2691: 2656: 2468: 2451: 2429: 2232: 2228: 1860: 1736:

with strong connections to the earth, such as Mars, Janus, Neptune and various

1583: 1408: 1295: 986: 982: 970:. Spared a mortal's death, Romulus was mysteriously spirited away and deified. 762: 563: 509: 494: 435: 333: 208: 176: 12927: 12189: 6882: 6505:

Pliny the Elder, Natural History, 30.1–18; see also Beard et al., Vol. 1, 219.

6213: 5073:

Rüpke, in Rüpke (ed.) 4 and Beard et al., Vol. 1, 10–43; in particular, 30–35.

4106: 3300:

was viewed as an "inappropriate desire for knowledge"; in effect, an abuse of

2559:, sixth king of Rome, son of a virgin slave-girl impregnated by a disembodied 1984: 1567:

All sacrifices and offerings required an accompanying prayer to be effective.

628: 19043: 18983: 18868: 18783: 18728: 18588: 18508: 18403: 18253: 18246: 18139: 18092: 17985: 17841: 17677: 17436: 17202: 17155: 16559: 16504: 16499: 16427: 16333: 14894: 14448: 14329: 13721: 13716: 13664: 13501: 13439: 13334: 13225: 13123: 13054: 12986: 12976: 12949: 12885: 12782: 12760: 12698: 12594: 12557: 12476: 12384: 11835: 11786: 11491: 10962: 10929: 10127: 10097: 10012: 9546: 9523: 9336: 9191: 9176: 9123: 8930: 8623: 8547: 8463: 8392: 8362: 8342: 8191: 8114: 8104: 8005: 7698:

illustrated, University Presses of California, Columbia and Princeton, 1992.

7589:(University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), p. 110. 6944: 6890: 6428: 5569:(Indiana University Press, 2003, originally published in French 1998), p. 84. 4645: 4573: 4527: 4519: 4499: 4483: 4268: 4173: 4143: 4058:, the temple of Aesculapeus at Pergamum and Apollo's sacred wood at Antioch. 3825: 3736: 3720: 3692: 3663: 3645: 3518: 3441: 3270:

depicting masked characters in a scene from a play: two women consult a witch

3049: 3008:

promised Veii's goddess Juno a temple in Rome as incentive for her desertion

2825:, introduced in 205 BC and led at first by ethnically Greek priestesses from 2507: 2495: 2488: 2001: 1684: 1675:, might be placated with midnight offerings of black beans and spring water. 1448: 1400: 1392: 1380: 1329: 1303: 1215: 1129: 1113: 1049: 1017: 967: 886: 864: 822: 740: 685: 621: 598: 579: 521: 379: 215: 197: 156: 17810: 17339: 13563: 7875:

Rüpke, Jörg, ed. A Companion to Roman Religion. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007.

7858:

Orr, D. G., Roman domestic religion: the evidence of the household shrines,

7126:

attempts to suppress anti-Jewish acts (as in Josephus' account); Judaism as

6136: 4568:. At Constantine's death, he was honored as a Christian and as an Imperial " 2184:

at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (

2093: 1851: 1751: 1528: 386:, introducing some religious practices that became fundamental, such as the 29:"Roman Empire religion" redirects here. For the later Christian church, see 19018: 18818: 18723: 18569: 18543: 18452: 18134: 18122: 18070: 18030: 18025: 17889: 17884: 17789: 17729: 17692: 17593: 17546: 17408: 17361: 17232: 15029: 14931: 14792: 14480: 14475: 14453: 14443: 14324: 13756: 13691: 13634: 13619: 13585: 13210: 13118: 12156: 12047: 12042: 11893: 11863: 11737: 11705: 11453: 11424: 11411: 11158: 10605: 10465: 9910: 9859: 9814: 9809: 9661: 9471: 9357: 9301: 9296: 9068: 8952: 8886: 8686: 8681: 8643: 8540: 8089: 8029: 4984: 4928: 4690: 4658: 4599: 4565: 4418: 4119: 4089: 4013: 3863: 3740: 3684: 3672: 3398: 3343: 3106: 2822: 2695: 2589: 2407: 1868: 1729: 1465: 1460: 1444: 1421: 1255: 1144:

and be redefined as Roman. Change was embedded within existing traditions.

1107: 1045: 962: 802: 705: 681: 645: 610: 594: 587: 490: 482: 443: 99: 13257: 11944: 8094: 2964:, and inscriptions marked the day of death as a transition to "new life". 2759: 1507: 1261:

In this spirit, a provincial Roman citizen who made the long journey from

1186:, consecrated in 9 BC; the iconography is open to multiple interpretations 875:, to whom were attributed other religious foundations: he established the 18958: 18706: 18701: 18693: 18678: 18503: 18408: 18219: 18055: 18020: 18000: 17980: 17958: 17923: 16393: 16278: 14951: 14926: 14750: 14718: 14709: 14655: 14585: 14570: 14463: 14354: 14015: 13963: 13751: 13469: 13449: 13289: 13230: 12968: 12964: 12787: 12307: 12255: 12225: 12062: 11916: 11808: 11732: 11597: 11533: 11484: 10400: 10022: 9844: 9734: 9128: 8438: 6609: 5955: 5562: 4810: 4613: 4576:

would criticize those Christians who offered sacrifice at statues of the

4030: 3985: 3817: 3744: 3700: 3554: 3276: 2846: 2799: 2563:

arising mysteriously on the royal hearth; the story was connected to the

2318: 2246: 2035:

or the revered souls of deceased human beings. The event was therefore a

1692: 1426: 1345: 1133: 944:

Romulus was credited with several religious institutions. He founded the

923: 748: 641: 453: 14270: 14211: 13314: 12735: 12569: 12118: 8416: 6898: 6866: 5838:

A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War

4494: 2432:

and their rites – fell to the more politically powerful and influential

461:

Roman religion was practical and contractual, based on the principle of

345:

and other offerings, copy of a relief panel from an altar or statue base

18489: 18477: 18447: 18413: 18353: 18035: 17751: 17734: 17672: 17521: 17468: 17431: 17317: 16569: 16549: 16388: 16288: 14917: 14912: 14787: 14782: 14745: 14723: 14580: 14560: 14555: 14396: 14386: 14349: 13953: 13731: 13679: 13419: 13064: 13044: 12622: 12547: 12486: 12250: 12230: 12151: 11803: 11771: 11742: 11521: 11516: 11501: 11240: 11230: 11153: 10812: 10625: 10565: 10530: 10322: 10257: 10247: 10142: 10027: 9915: 9498: 9466: 9211: 9138: 8970: 8965: 8648: 8555: 8322: 8307: 8297: 8226: 8206: 7696:

The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 BC-AD 250. Ritual, Space and Decoration,

7569: 6912: 5891:

From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion

5614: 4978: 4532: 4462: 4271: 4246: 4154: 3915: 3859: 3813:; not the first nor the last sacrifice of its kind, according to Livy. 3805: 3640:, Queen of Heaven and goddess of marriage, and women. Fresco in Pompeii 3611: 3428: 3381: 2923:(to the Manes-gods). Regional variations include its Greek equivalent, 2913: 2674: 2650: 2569:

that was among the cult objects under the guardianship of the Vestals.

2544: 2539: 2535: 2323: 2293:

brought social harmony and prosperity. Religious neglect was a form of

1978: 1888: 1827: 1706: 1688: 1668: 1436: 1396: 1372: 1341: 1207: 1057: 906: 890: 877: 840: 717: 637: 606: 470: 469:, "I give that you might give". Religion depended on knowledge and the 368: 364: 342: 16400: 13761: 12642: 8855: 4839:

Rüpke, "Roman Religion – Religions of Rome", p. 4; Benjamin H. Isaac,

4368: 4188:

could offer official cult to "liberating Zeus Nero for all eternity".

4000:), fresco of the 3rd style from Pompeii, first half of the 1st century 2638:

Divine disapproval could arise through unfit sacrifice, errant rites (

1886:, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see 1646: 1534: 1522: 934:

by order of the king but saved through a series of miraculous events.

578:. Priests married, raised families, and led politically active lives. 18923: 18760: 18495: 18457: 18050: 17864: 17702: 17697: 17665: 17648: 17307: 16871: 16524: 16519: 16283: 14864: 14660: 14575: 14565: 14436: 14391: 14376: 14309: 14157: 13624: 13546: 13506: 13496: 13459: 13434: 13414: 13309: 13175: 13029: 13019: 12791: 12649: 12459: 12444: 12409: 12392: 12374: 12287: 12067: 11983: 11962: 11957: 11934: 11929: 11888: 11883: 11820: 11757: 11680: 11651: 11602: 11543: 11496: 11013: 10655: 10650: 10610: 10535: 10505: 10485: 10362: 10302: 10212: 10162: 10157: 10082: 10042: 9930: 9900: 9709: 9584: 9377: 9261: 9236: 9115: 8794: 8382: 8276: 5360:, 94.2, (1973) 182–187: the offering of black beans is distinctively 5018:

appear to share some common sources, including an earlier history by

4861: 4689:

from the Senate house and began the disestablishment of the Vestals.

4458: 4289: 4185: 3855: 3845:

caresses Venus enthroned. Wall-painting in Pompeii, c. 20 BC – 50s AD

3752: 3572: 3494: 3478: 3368:, as convinced "the gods of heaven knew too little" and awaiting the 3289: 3135: 3131: 2972: 2834: 2777: 2773: 2628: 2355: 2285: 2168:

was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his

2102: 2066: 2012: 1846: 1839: 1802: 1797: 1696: 1652: 1513: 1440: 1211: 1183: 1178: 945: 656:

were cultivated at Rome and had been carried to even the most remote

481:, who was an augur, saw religion as a source of social order. As the 464: 415: 411: 222: 12339: 11868: 7882:. Translated by Janet Lloyd. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 2003. 7656:, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998. 2654:, whose powers were increasingly woven into the magistracies of the 2498:

were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of

2368:

and oracles were available for consultation. In household cult, the

1574: 1359: 1230:, and promoted a sense that the two cultures had a shared heritage. 554:

The priesthoods of most state religions were held by members of the

18913: 18609: 18430: 18258: 18173: 18112: 18075: 17633: 17623: 17618: 17403: 16437: 16383: 16368: 16353: 16257: 14667: 14411: 14401: 14256: 13746: 13726: 13553: 13429: 13284: 12858: 12612: 12552: 12471: 12379: 12366: 12344: 12324: 12302: 12297: 12277: 12217: 12184: 12123: 11967: 11952: 11830: 11791: 11747: 11538: 11475: 11379: 11282: 11225: 10615: 10600: 10590: 10575: 10490: 10480: 10450: 10440: 10435: 10425: 10327: 10242: 10122: 10107: 10037: 10017: 10007: 10002: 9982: 9781: 9362: 9326: 9216: 9143: 8975: 8701: 8638: 8579: 8483: 8302: 8256: 8231: 8161: 8069: 8054: 8049: 8024: 7842:

The Religious History of the Roman Empire: the Republican Centuries

7670:

Volume II, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998.

7307: 6736: 5685:

within the immediate and extended family and the broader community.

5461: 5361: 4802: 4634: 4630: 4406: 4381:(1876). According to Tacitus, Nero used Christians as human torches 4362: 4192: 4131: 4123: 4055: 4046: 4026: 3867: 3832: 3821: 3809:

and in the following year, the living burial of two Greeks and two

3776: 3768: 3728: 3710: 3705: 3542: 3466: 3407: 3377: 3373: 3327: 3211: 3011: 2952: 2928: 2686: 2669: 2617: 2588:, he took steps toward the dissolution of the order. His successor 2573: 2565: 2527: 2363: 2330:(household) were held in public places but were legally defined as 2316:

Official cults were state funded as a "matter of public interest" (

2272: 1996:

Human sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented. After the

1893: 1793: 1785: 1755: 1499: 1353: 1262: 1164: 1002: 781: 744: 540: 501: 171: 6527:

Beard et al., Vol. 1, 219–20, citing Lucan, Pharsalia, VI.413–830.

6351:

Rosenberger, in Rüpke (ed.), 3OO, citing Suetonius, Tiberius, 2.2.

5251:"The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome", v. 1, p. 167 4858:

Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire

4115: 3964:

as a visible restoration of Roman morality. Augustus obtained the

2244:(religion) was an everyday and vital affair, a cornerstone of the 2113:

established the dynastic authority and obligations of the citizen-

1520:

to refer to this sacred precinct, and the more common Latin words

18828: 18683: 18595: 17603: 17366: 17227: 16529: 16273: 14936: 14540: 14505: 14426: 14339: 14280: 14184: 13887: 13741: 13491: 13444: 13329: 13205: 13024: 12491: 12454: 12265: 11815: 11781: 11624: 11325: 10635: 10630: 10620: 10585: 10580: 10570: 10515: 10500: 10317: 10312: 10297: 10267: 10222: 10202: 10182: 10137: 9869: 9724: 9503: 9311: 9306: 9196: 8357: 8347: 8266: 8236: 8221: 8181: 8079: 6697: 5478: 5446:

Imperium sine fine: T. Robert S. Broughton and the Roman Republic

5413:(Polity Press, 2007, originally published in German 2001), p. 81 4699: 4678: 4609: 4507: 4414: 4085: 4034: 4017: 3997: 3989: 3902: 3659: 3563: 3550: 3486: 3415: 3267: 3144: 3102: 3044: 2948: 2895:("fish of the living") in Greek; the deceased's name is in Latin. 2764: 2740: 2581: 2560: 2531: 2523: 2398:

were constrained by the requirements of ritual purity; Jupiter's

2294: 2200: 2125: 2078: 1945: 1902: 1835: 1759: 1672: 1368: 1318: 1246: 1172: 1037: 966:, the prime spoils taken in war, in the celebration of the first 949: 860: 774:, which Romans variously regarded as a form of atheism and novel 721: 677: 17598: 7724:

Literature and Religion at Rome: Cultures, Contexts, and Beliefs

4843:(Princeton University Press, 2004, 2006), p. 449; W.H.C. Frend, 4344:

accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats, who were later

4280:(an officially permitted religion) in contrast to Christianity. 3316:

In the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as

973: 473:

of prayer, rite, and sacrifice, not on faith or dogma, although

18848: 17746: 17687: 17643: 17638: 16856: 16554: 16474: 16422: 14849: 14728: 14713: 14532: 14421: 14406: 14364: 14142: 14020: 13294: 13049: 13039: 12693: 12654: 12496: 12104: 12074: 11798: 10645: 10525: 10455: 10395: 10390: 10357: 10117: 10102: 10052: 10032: 9454: 9331: 9226: 8784: 8526: 8520: 8433: 8367: 8352: 8327: 8109: 8034: 7945: 7177:, 10.96.8, & Beard et al., Vol. 2, 11.11a: citing Tacitus, 6546: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5199:; "Transgressive Acts: Ovid's Treatment of the Ides of March", 4963: 4915: 4390: 4353: 4077: 4050: 4038: 4025:

calendars, independent of Roman religious law. Newly municipal

3993: 3851: 3772: 3680: 3587: 3568: 3470: 3436:

and so-called "voodoo dolls" from a very early era. Around 250

3296:. Roman religion was based on knowledge rather than faith, but 3274:

Excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were

3263: 3110: 2781: 2703: 2479: 2378: 2351: 1921: 1898: 1831: 1773: 1765: 1371:

shows Roman men celebrating a religious festival, probably the

1364: 1274: 1159:, some aspects of cult and several divine characteristics with 1121: 1021: 994: 938: 844: 839:

According to mythology, Rome had a semi-divine ancestor in the

833: 806: 673: 661: 478: 439: 430:, most of Rome's religious institutions could be traced to its 427: 426:, used by the state to seek the will of the gods. According to 423: 395: 358: 166: 161: 13240: 7614:, Williams & Friell, 65-67. Limited preview at googlebooks 7306:

Lactantius, II.6.10.1-4. A date of 302 is regarded as likely.

6731:"Her cult at Aricia was first attested in Latin literature by 6514:

Beard et al., Vol. 1, 217–219 & 224, citing Philostratus,

6291:

Moede, in Rüpke (ed.), 171, & Beard et al., Vol. 1, 326–7.

3218:. A host of deities, however, are associated with motherhood. 2829:. The Eleusinian mysteries are also the likely source for the 2791:, and their joint "foreign", non-citizen priesthood, known as 18813: 18803: 18798: 18270: 18265: 17741: 17613: 17526: 14545: 14319: 14299: 14284: 13860: 13686: 13481: 13344: 13299: 13279: 12481: 11878: 11724: 11506: 10430: 10152: 9879: 9171: 8653: 8377: 8201: 8156: 8144: 8129: 8074: 7560:(trans. Wright, from Cyril of Alexandria's later refutation, 5783:

Beard et al., Vol. 1, 18–34, 54–61: " whoever bore the title

5510:

the previous annual vows and sacrifice remains a possibility.

4569: 4503: 3883: 3810: 3724: 3583: 3546: 3418:

festival that are indistinguishable from magic: an old woman

3357: 3171: 2961: 2888: 2872: 2792: 2788: 2699: 2607: 2601: 2577: 2519: 2268: 2194: 2119: 2074: 2051: 2031: 2020: 1809: 1664: 1604: 1543: 1487: 1431: 1384: 1349: 1311: 1291: 1238: 1203: 1195: 1117: 1006: 990: 901: 889:, and, so the legend went, he was the first to celebrate the 856: 818: 669: 614: 571: 151: 93: 7897:

Vestal Virgins, Sibyls, and Matrons: Women in Roman Religion

7868:

Revell, L., "Religion and Ritual in the Western Provinces",

6966:

As at Narbonne and Salona. See Andringa, in Rüpke (ed.), 89.

6739:. Supposed Greek origins for the Aricia cult are strictly a 6386:

217, citing the obituary of a woman whose virtues included "

5540:

11.186), before 274 BC the heart was not included among the

5376: 5119:

CIL 13.581, quotation from Van Andringa, in Rüpke (ed.), 91.

2735:

Livy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman

2467:. In Rome, the same Imperial cult role was performed by the 422:

was also a major influence, particularly on the practice of

18943: 17655: 14470: 14359: 12312: 11251: 10640: 10207: 10147: 9729: 9105: 8534: 8387: 7799:

Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries

7047:

Fishwick, Vol 3, part 1, 3: citing Cassius Dio, 51, 20, 6-7

6321:, Le Bohec, 249: limited preview available via Google Books 5557:(Brill, 1969), vol. 1, pp. 471–472, and "Roman Sacrifice", 5465: 5285: 5283: 5011: 4881:, "The Disadvantages of Monotheism for a Universal State", 4341: 4081: 3650: 3553:. Official consternation at these enthusiastic, unofficial 3426:

Archaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells (

3318: 2931:'s commonplace but mysterious "dedicated under the trowel" 2714: 2146: 1892:), to be rendered after five more years of protection from 1744: 1579: 1416: 1324: 1299: 1269:

did not neglect his devotion to his own goddess from home:

1083: 1075: 904:

removing an arrowhead from Aeneas' thigh, watched by Venus

665: 633: 528:

for centuries, until disbanded under Christian domination.

110: 5216:(AD 354), cited in Beard et al., Vol. 1, 250, and that of 5182:

Beard et al., Vol. 2, 6.4a; Vol. 1, 174–176 & 207–208.

2309:. Any of these moral deviations could cause divine anger ( 1806:("gods below"), and the collective shades of the departed 16534: 14369: 14334: 13009: 12388: 9201: 8196: 7575: 6406: 6404: 3392:

Bound tablets with magic inscriptions from late antiquity

3183:

is a link between military ethics and those of the Roman

2592:

extinguished Vesta's sacred fire and vacated her temple.

2576:

appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified

1582:

reports an occasion when the presiding magistrate at the

7986: 6333:, Dixon, 78: limited preview available from Google Books 5280: 4134:(lit. "first" or "foremost" among citizens) was offered 1859:

might also be offered as a sort of advance payment; the

1842:

for the protection of crops from blight and red mildew.

1383:

of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of

18928: 7581:

Stefan Heid, "The Romanness of Roman Christianity", in

5356:, 2.500–539. See also Thaniel, G., Lemures and Larvae, 5037:. Fragments of an important earlier work (now lost) of 4489: 3545:

emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with

2988:(roughly, "manly virtue") and the divine will: lack of 2341: 2305: 1644:

means the performance of an act that renders something

382:

from the beginning of the historical period influenced

33:. For modern practice of classical Roman religion, see 11294: 6518:, I.2, IV.18, V.12, VII.11,20,33-4,39, VIII.5,7,19,30. 6401: 5476:

when he makes his vow to sacrifice himself in battle (

4685:, and against the protests of the Senate, removed the 3882:

divinity. Most notably in the very late Republic, the

1838:) was given red dogs and libations of red wine at the 620:

As the Romans extended their dominance throughout the

485:

expanded, migrants to the capital brought their local

7761:

Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd., 1998.

7229:, Rees, 60. Limited preview available at Google Books 7173:

Beard et al., vol. 1, 225: citing Pliny the Younger,

6433:

The Matter of the Gods: Religion and the Roman Empire

5840:(University of California Press, 2005, 2006), p. 141. 4352:

In the wake of religious riots in Egypt, the emperor

3850:

and rituals, and the embellishment of its mythology.

2879:(3rd century), combines the traditional abbreviation 1962:

is shared among human beings in a communal meal. The

1082:, its monuments and temples, the histories of Rome's 17274: 16937: 16310: 7271:

See Leppin, in Rüpke (ed.), 98–99; citing Eusebius,

6039:

Livy, 27.37.5–15; the hymn was composed by the poet

5142:

Beard et al., Vol. 1, 134–135, 64–67: citing Cicero.

4717: 3723:

was established through commercial connections with

3469:(Bacchus) with long torch sitting on a throne, with 3406:) and any rite that sought harm or death to others. 2289:("I give, that you might give"). Proper, respectful 1958:

and blood are reserved for the gods, while the meat

787: 597:

and foreign wars as a matter of divine destiny. The

7164:

is first found much later than this, in Tertullian.

6678:(funeral mask) was stored in the Temple of Jupiter. 5022:, of which only a terse summary survives. See also 4583: 4283: 3735:as the patron of cavalry found a home close to the 3679:Rome's diplomatic agreement with its neighbours of 3396:

The Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation (

2916:, a multi-day festival of remembrance in February. 2073:saw the ending of human sacrifice conducted by the 2018:was held, described as a funeral blood-rite to the 1845:A sacrifice might be made in thanksgiving or as an 1758:issued under Augustus, with a bust of Venus on the 1116:of 217 BC, represented on a 1st-century altar from 918:) with the well-known legend of Rome's founding by 780:, while Christians considered Roman religion to be 16256: 7499:Late antiquity: a guide to the postclassical world 7461: 7393: 4409:(270-75) appealed for harmony among his soldiers ( 450:. This archaic religion was the foundation of the 17046: 6924: 4997:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 3, and footnotes 4 & 5. 4789:(2007). "Roman Religion – Religions of Rome". In 2081:, human sacrifice may have continued covertly in 19041: 7349:Leppin, in Rüpke (ed.), 103: citing Lactantius, 7319:Leppin, in Rüpke (ed.), 103: citing Lactantius, 6218:Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes 5454:Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult 4694:senatorial protest was expressed in a letter by 3594:. Julius Caesar went further; he claimed her as 2054:took credit for its abolition by their ancestor 1966:of bovine victims were usually stewed in a pot ( 1391:attendant on a triumph were expanded to include 1147:Several versions of a semi-official, structured 739:, state religion had adapted to support the new 617:to a deity for assuring their military success. 6479:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 231–233, citing Tacitus, 5941: 5939: 5397: 4045:. By the middle of the 1st century AD, Gaulish 4029:built a Capitolium near its existing temple to 3758: 2548:, the salted flour that was sprinkled on every 2000:two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the 1592:clientage and service, patronage and protection 1415:nor on his only rival as mythmaker of the era, 489:, many of which became popular among Italians. 6735:, in a surviving quote by the late grammarian 6628:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus 6435:(University of California Press, 2008), p. 13. 4841:The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity 4625:him. After his death in 337, two of his sons, 4596:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire 3862:mortals. In the last century of the Republic, 3168:, Decius commits himself and the enemy to the 2635:before, during and after an act of sacrifice. 2024:of a Roman military aristocrat. The gladiator 1194:may be indicated by the later agricultural or 17840: 17826: 16242: 11267: 10828: 8871: 7972: 7784:Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004. 7284:Leppin, in Rüpke (ed.), 99; citing Eusebius, 5456:(University of Illinois Press, 2006), p. 122 4442:, depicts two Christians in the eve of their 3346:takes pains to point out that the celebrated 3288:is not clearly defined. The famous tirade of 2856: 2530:, they participated directly in the rites of 2504:hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame 2297:: impure sacrifice and incorrect ritual were 1024:priests. The first "outsider" Etruscan king, 832:is particularly rich in historical myths, or 716:was not an issue in the sense that it is for 605:, who embodied just rule. As a result of the 512:was structured around religious observances. 308: 7822:, reprint, Wesleyan University Press, 1987. 7638: 7249: 7247: 7130:is only found later, in Tertullian. Cicero, 6792:, page 253-4. Oxford University Press, 1929. 6704:, 2.3: see also Beard et al., Vol. 1, 65–67. 5936: 5561:(University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 79; 5430:The Religious Experience of the Roman People 4982:, 13. Festus connects Numa to the triumphal 4909: 4907: 4901:(Cornell University Press, 1997), pp. 45–46. 4741:History of atheism#Classical Greece and Rome 3452: 2967: 2449:For those who had reached their goal in the 2231:(reigned 138–161 AD) in ritual attire as an 2088: 7369:The Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction 7241:, Limited preview available at Google Books 6826:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 6772:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 5553:Robert Schilling, "The Roman Religion", in 5034:, 3. Loeb edn. available at Thayer's site: 4168:The first and last Roman known as a living 3858:, who explained the genesis of the gods as 3670:and dedicated in a new September festival, 3205:Women in ancient Rome § Religious life 2208:which was later installed in the temple of 1562: 1182:Three goddesses on a panel of the Augustan 462: 451: 399: 387: 356: 279: 213: 17833: 17819: 16249: 16235: 11274: 11260: 10860:List of religions and spiritual traditions 10835: 10821: 8878: 8864: 7979: 7965: 7860:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 7623:Nixon & Rodgers, 437-48: Full text of 7420:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6790:A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 6462:Ogden, in Flint et al., 83: citing Pliny, 5788: 5555:Historia Religionum: Religions of the Past 4329:; all other cults were heretical or pagan 4222: 4207:was decided by a vote in the Senate. As a 1590:Oaths—sworn for the purposes of business, 1338:Palestrina in honour of Fortuna Primigenia 1222:supplied literary and artistic models for 315: 301: 7244: 7239:Bowman et al., 622-33. Books.Google.co.uk 7056:Fishwick, Vol 1, book 1, 77 & 126-30. 5993:to Cicero's disadvantage: and vice versa. 5738:Belayche, (verbatim) in Rüpke (ed.), 279. 5334:Pliny the Elder, Natural History, 28, 27. 4904: 4828:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 4813:, "Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors" in 4637:and his brothers were Nicene Christians. 4590:Christianization of the late Roman empire 3326:), a "foreign" title of Persian priests. 3032:; all within are purified and protected. 2919:A standard Roman funerary inscription is 2809:Rome's native cults to the grain goddess 2610:. The original meaning of the Latin word 2372:functioned as priest, and members of his 1336:), with examples including those held at 1281: 930:. She gave birth to twins, who were duly 410:and iconography for Latin literature and 13789: 10842: 7726:. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998. 7011:Kaufmann-Heinimann, in Rüpke (ed.), 200. 5712:Beard et al., 1997, 2-3, citing Vergil, 4967:3.147; MS Vat. lat. 3225, folio 28 recto 4899:The Foundation of Rome: Myth and History 4603: 4493: 4428: 4367: 4305: 4240: 4105: 4012: 3980: 3892: 3837: 3762: 3627: 3528: 3461: 3457: 3387: 3258: 3245: 3192:Publius Claudius Pulcher (consul 249 BC) 3121: 3034: 2971: 2866: 2758: 2673: 2478: 2345: 2222: 2215: 2192:, Aeneas brought the Trojan cult of the 2157:could confer his name, a measure of his 2092: 1750: 1615: 1464: 1358: 1232: 1177: 1099: 972: 895: 801: 627: 535: 326: 31:Christianity as the Roman state religion 17139: 15081: 8885: 6911:Galinsky, in Rüpke (ed.), 76. See also 6864: 6839:Dionysius and the Bacchanalia, 186 B.C. 6212:From a Romano-Athenian veteran's tomb; 6116: 5448:(Franz Steiner, 1996), p. 99, note 129 4564:. The meeting reached consensus on the 4298:Persecution of religion in ancient Rome 4237:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire 4126:provincial temple of the Imperial cult. 3854:translated the work of Graeco-Sicilian 2254:Care for the gods, the very meaning of 1954:. As a product of Roman sacrifice, the 1849:of a sacrilege or potential sacrilege ( 1720:a white heifer (possibly a white cow); 1707:harmonisation of the earthly and divine 652:By the height of the Empire, numerous 14: 19042: 7497:See Peter Brown, in Bowersock et al., 7459: 7391: 6112: 6110: 6108: 5646:.3, (July–September 1925), pp 299–313. 5604:Welch, 18-19: citing Livy, summary 16. 4008: 2709: 2386:), attributed to king Numa: the major 1454: 1112:corresponding to those honored at the 558:. There was no principle analogous to 17814: 17780:Christianization of saints and feasts 17537:European Congress of Ethnic Religions 17491: 17282: 17138: 17045: 16936: 16590: 16318: 16230: 15080: 14238: 13788: 11293: 11255: 11221:History of theology (Greco-Abrahamic) 10816: 8859: 7960: 7892:. Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1996. 7839: 7366: 6634:Syme, R., The Roman Revolution, 1939. 6265:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 44, 59–60, 143. 6121:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6117:Roberts, J. M. (John Morris) (1993). 5954:Beard et al., Vol 1, 12-20. See also 5193:Playing with Time: Ovid and the Fasti 4698:to the Western and Eastern emperors. 4245:Jewish ritual objects in 2nd-century 3485:) and other gods. Wall-painting from 3198: 2441:Public priests were appointed by the 1712:Sacrifice to deities of the heavens ( 1624:depicting a scene of sacrifice, with 1557: 371:religion is known for having honored 7872:, volume 54, number 2, October 2007. 7747:, volume 3, Brill Publishers, 2002. 7733:, volume 1, Brill Publishers, 1991. 7297:Cascio, in Bowman et al. (eds), 171. 6203:Scheid, in Rüpke (ed.), 267, 270–71. 5133:Rome, 1963. See also Scullard, 1981. 4935:(Cambridge University Press, 1995), 4490:Emperor Constantine and Christianity 3976: 3909:In the late Republic, the so-called 3658:connections established a temple to 2943:found a part-match in the Christian 2908:, underworld spirits; the ancestral 2754: 2342:Public priesthoods and religious law 1728:) for the annual oath-taking by the 948:festival, inviting the neighbouring 72:sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter 11211:Evolutionary psychology of religion 7862:, II, 16, 2, Berlin, 1978, 1557‑91. 7844:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7836:. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2000. 7782:The Neighborhoods of Augustan Rome, 7468:(revised ed.). Facts on File. 7396:Constantine Ruler of Christian Rome 6957:Pliny the Younger, Epistles, 10.50. 6247:Saltzman, in Rüpke, (ed.), 114–116. 6105: 5623:Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome 5092:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 134–5, 64–67. 5032:The Parallel Lives, Life of Romulus 4153:(deified ancestors) and the mythic 3590:claimed special relationships with 3156:; family tradition maintained that 2097:Small bronze statues of gods for a 1678: 720:systems. The monotheistic rigor of 566:(509–27 BC), the same men who were 24: 15050:Religions and spiritual traditions 11296:Religious groups and denominations 8415: 7631:(389) with commentary and context. 5229:Clarke, 1, citing Frank E. Brown, 5195:(Cornell University Press, 1995), 5062:On the Responses of the Haruspices 4667:state religion of the Roman Empire 4311:The Christian Martyrs' Last Prayer 3919: 3134:for the wellbeing of the emperor ( 2980:of the legion (2nd–3rd century CE) 2694:, the populist politician-general 1991: 1550:in the heat of battle against the 1486:, would take place at an open-air 1473:, later incorporated into a church 1245:, mounted on a leopard. Fresco in 885:at the site that would become the 255:Glossary of ancient Roman religion 25: 19076: 19024:Western European and Others Group 7904: 7880:An Introduction to Roman Religion 7666:Beard, M., North, J., Price, S., 7534:(Harper Collins 2011) pp. 169-182 7101:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 266–7, 270. 6993:Van Andringa, in Rüpke (ed.), 88. 6975:Van Andringa, in Rüpke (ed.), 89. 6075:Rosenberger, in Rüpke (ed.), 293. 6052:See Livy, 22.1 ff: The expiatory 6020:Rosenberger, in Rüpke (ed.), 297. 5655:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 233–4, 385. 5567:An Introduction to Roman Religion 5358:The American Journal of Philology 5160:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 47–49, 296. 4877:A classic essay on this topic is 4453:refused military service; in 298 3623: 2992:, civic or private negligence in 1924:'s enumeration the gall bladder ( 1315:) outnumbered "non-sacred" days ( 788:Founding myths and divine destiny 16938:Middle-Eastern and North African 16210: 16201: 16200: 16014:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15156:Democratic Republic of the Congo 11206:Evolutionary origin of religions 7944: 7617: 7605: 7592: 7550: 7537: 7524: 7515: 7506: 7491: 7482: 7464:Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire 7453: 7440:Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 7428: 7385: 7375: 7360: 7343: 7330: 7313: 7300: 7291: 7278: 7265: 7256: 7232: 7220: 7211: 7202: 7193: 7184: 7167: 7141: 7104: 7095: 7086: 7077: 7068: 7065:Fishwick, Vol 1, book 1, 97-149. 7059: 7050: 7041: 7032: 7023: 7014: 7005: 6996: 6987: 6978: 6969: 6960: 6951: 6918: 6905: 6858: 6849: 6831: 6813: 6804: 6795: 6777: 6759: 6746: 6725: 6716: 6707: 6690: 6681: 6666: 6656: 6646: 6637: 6616: 6597: 6584: 6575: 6566: 6556: 6539: 6530: 6521: 6508: 6499: 6486: 6473: 6456: 6447: 6438: 6422: 6413: 6376: 6363: 6354: 6345: 6336: 6324: 6312: 6303: 6294: 6285: 6268: 6259: 6250: 6241: 6232: 6223: 6206: 6197: 6188: 6179: 6170: 6161: 6152: 6143: 6096: 6087: 6078: 6069: 5869:A Critical History of Early Rome 5694:Beard et al.et al., vol 1, 67-8. 5387:Scheid, in Rüpke (ed.), 263–271. 4720: 4584:Transition to Christian hegemony 4302:State church of the Roman Empire 4284:Christianity in the Roman Empire 4095: 3767:A fresco from Pompeii depicting 3536:("Temple of the Sun"), c. 150 AD 3338:) for everything he wishes to." 3053:victims under military standards 1826:was given a pregnant cow at the 1471:Temple of Antoninus and Faustina 1089: 753:veneration of the ancestral dead 56: 35:Reconstructionist Roman religion 14621:Evolutionary origin of religion 7899:. Austin: Univ. of Texas Press. 7820:On Pagans, Jews, and Christians 7801:, Yale University Press, 1997. 7353:, 34 & 13 &; Eusebius, 7002:Haensch, in Rüpke (ed.), 180–3. 6229:Haensch, in Rüpke, (ed.) 186–7. 6176:Beard et al., Vol. 1,3; 161-163 6093:Beard et al., Vol. 1,3; 161-163 6059: 6046: 6033: 6023: 6014: 6005: 5996: 5979: 5970: 5961: 5948: 5923: 5914: 5905: 5896: 5893:(Routledge, 1998), pp. 154–155. 5883: 5874: 5861: 5852: 5843: 5830: 5821: 5812: 5809:Horster, in Rüpke (ed.), 331–2. 5803: 5794: 5777: 5768: 5759: 5750: 5741: 5732: 5719: 5706: 5697: 5688: 5675: 5658: 5649: 5640:American Journal of Archaeology 5628: 5625:(Routledge, 1998, 2001), p. 59. 5621:1.379–398; see Donald G. Kyle, 5607: 5598: 5581: 5572: 5547: 5522: 5513: 5503: 5494: 5485: 5435: 5419: 5403: 5390: 5367: 5346: 5337: 5328: 5319: 5310: 5301: 5292: 5267: 5254: 5245: 5236: 5223: 5206: 5185: 5176: 5163: 5154: 5145: 5136: 5122: 5113: 5104: 5095: 5086: 5076: 5067: 5054: 5044: 5000: 4991: 4970: 4955: 4942: 4130:In the early Imperial era, the 3971: 2877:earliest Christian inscriptions 2042:The small woollen dolls called 2011:(264 BC) the first known Roman 446:, who negotiated directly with 380:Greeks on the Italian peninsula 17552:Polytheistic reconstructionism 14972:Separation of church and state 13630:Polytheistic reconstructionism 7815:, Yale University Press, 1984. 7757:Flint, Valerie I. J., et al., 7587:Roman and European Mythologies 6696:Otherwise, electoral bribery ( 6419:See Beard et al., Vol. 1, 217. 6054:burial of living human victims 6053: 5967:Horster, in Rüpke (ed.) 336–7. 5559:Roman and European Mythologies 5273:Halm, in Rüpke (ed.), 235–236 5242:Beard, et al., Vol. 1, 321 – 3 4922: 4888: 4871: 4850: 4833: 4820: 4796: 4780: 3662:on the predominantly plebeian 3517:. The religious calendars and 3440:have been recovered just from 3255:Magic in the Greco-Roman world 2955:in sufficient numbers for the 2800:the costly sacrifice of a bull 2474: 1479: 1226:Roman deities in light of the 1030:Capitoline temple to the triad 560:separation of church and state 341:and regarding an altar with a 13: 1: 17047:Oceanian and Pacific Islander 12628:Traditional Sabahan religions 7583:A Companion to Roman Religion 7436:"Roman Emperor Constantine I" 7020:Haensch, in Rüpke (ed.), 184. 6630:, Cambridge, 2005, pp 55–84: 6624:The Roman Cultural Revolution 6581:Orlin, in Rüpke (ed.), –– 60. 6453:Phillips, in Rüpke (ed.), 14. 6149:Beard et al., Vol. 1,2; 96-97 6002:Orlin, in Rüpke (ed.), 65–66. 5929:Brent, 17-20: citing Cicero, 5774:Smith, in Rüpke (ed.), 39–40. 5298:Hahn, in Rüpke (ed.), 239–45. 4815:A Companion to Roman Religion 4791:A Companion to Roman Religion 4768: 4518:), built during the reign of 4102:Imperial cult of ancient Rome 3747:were brought from Italy, and 3521:were eventually made public. 3232:specialized divine attendants 2048:Mania, as Mother of the Lares 1701:The most potent offering was 1190:A conceptual tendency toward 1167:, who were later replaced by 613:were built by magistrates in 19060:Religion in the Roman Empire 16591: 11281: 9450:Frontiers and fortifications 7935:Resources in other libraries 7813:Paganism in the Roman Empire 6607:were opened to plebs by the 6536:Scheid, in Rüpke (ed.), 263. 6300:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 324–6. 6194:Smith, in Rüpke (ed.), 35–6. 5902:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 193-4. 5880:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 50–53. 5849:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 52–53. 5316:Hahn, in Rüpke (ed.), 235–6. 5289:Halm, in Rüpke (ed.), 241–2. 4773: 4118:, one of the best-preserved 3928:has argued that, with their 3759:Later Republic to Principate 2891:," with the Christian motto 2663: 1634:carrying the sacrificial axe 1611: 997:, and Vestals; the cults of 952:to participate; the ensuing 830:Roman mythological tradition 562:in ancient Rome. During the 365:good relations with the gods 7: 14830:National religiosity levels 14055:Nauruan Indigenous religion 13610:Hellenism (modern religion) 9509:Decorations and punishments 7400:. New York: Rosen Central. 7367:Kelly, Christopher (2006). 7190:Leppin, in Rüpke (ed.), 98. 7074:Hertz, in Rüpke (ed.), 309. 6774:, page 930-1. London, 1875. 6713:Hertz, in Rüpke (ed.), 310. 6382:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 297. 6158:Gordon, in Rüpke (ed.), 390 6102:Beard et al., Vol. 1,3; 247 6084:Hertz, in Rüpke (ed.), 315. 5920:Beard et al., Vol 1, 12-20. 5500:Beard et al., Vol 1, 32-36. 5110:Rüpke, in Rüpke (ed.), 4–5. 4713: 4199:but father of his country ( 2552:as part of its immolation. 2007:In the early stages of the 1628:at a flaming altar and the 1554:, and dedicated in 295 BC. 531: 10: 19081: 17283: 14239: 10416:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 8991:historiography of the fall 8474:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 8413: 7208:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 241. 6925:McLaughlin, Raoul (2010). 6855:Orlin, in Rüpke, (ed.), 65 6828:, page 1189, London, 1875. 6687:Orlin, in Rüpke (ed.), 66. 6643:Smith, in Rüpke (ed.), 42. 6572:Orlin, in Rüpke (ed.), 61. 6360:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 297. 6256:Orlin, in Rüpke (ed.), 58. 6167:Orlin, in Rüpke (ed.), 63. 6011:Orlin, in Rüpke (ed.), 60. 5911:Smith, in Rüpke (ed.), 36. 5747:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 217. 5491:Hahn, in Rüpke (ed.), 238. 5398:Funerals and the afterlife 5373:Halm, in Rüpke (ed.), 239. 5016:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 4847:(Doubleday, 1967), p. 106. 4817:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 279. 4696:Quintus Aurelius Symmachus 4612:) on a plaque of a marble 4608:Monogramme of Christ (the 4593: 4587: 4287: 4226: 4099: 3252: 3202: 2860: 2857:Funerals and the afterlife 2667: 2599: 2204:from Troy, along with the 1863:, for instance, offered a 1682: 1458: 1285: 1093: 791: 644:. Roman marble, c. 50 AD ( 28: 18794:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 18774: 18692: 18529: 18364: 18235:Standard Average European 18103: 17932: 17852: 17775:Christianity and paganism 17765: 17579: 17502: 17498: 17492: 17487: 17295: 17291: 17278: 17265: 17151: 17147: 17134: 17056: 17052: 17041: 16947: 16943: 16932: 16601: 16597: 16586: 16329: 16325: 16319: 16314: 16297: 16269: 16196: 16115: 16032: 15904: 15649: 15374: 15091: 15087: 15076: 14985: 14910: 14686: 14594: 14531: 14249: 14245: 14234: 13797: 13784: 13709: 13532: 13514:Transcendental Meditation 13407: 13394: 13359: 13107: 13084: 13073: 13000: 12963: 12707: 12603: 12585: 12529: 12520: 12437: 12365: 12216: 12207: 12165: 12137: 12095: 12028: 12019: 12010: 11976: 11943: 11915: 11906: 11856: 11723: 11410: 11324: 11315: 11306: 11302: 11289: 11193: 11124: 11096: 11078: 11071: 11032: 11004: 10971: 10943: 10915: 10877: 10868: 10850: 10797:External wars and battles 10664: 10558: 10371: 9963: 9956: 9878: 9790: 9695: 9570: 9522: 9400: 9350: 9289: 9280: 9162: 9114: 9034: 8951: 8921: 8912: 8894: 8805: 8767: 8741: 8710: 8669: 8597: 8513: 8492: 8469:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 8426: 8290: 8015: 7998: 7930:Resources in your library 7895:Takács, Sarolta A. 2008. 7639:General and cited sources 7602:(accessed 29 August 2009) 7547:(accessed 30 August 2009) 7120:Journal of Roman Studies, 6883:10.1163/15685276-12341385 6410:Rüpke, in Rüpke (ed.), 5. 5587:Livy, 22.57.4; Plutarch, 5151:Rüpke, in Rüpke (ed.), 4. 4830:(ABC-Clio, 2006), p. 974. 3453:History of Roman religion 2968:Religion and the military 2863:Roman funerals and burial 2595: 2089:Domestic and private cult 2060:Marcus Marius Gratidianus 1663:were part of daily life. 1104:Twelve principal deities 1076:Senate and people of Rome 1026:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 989:; the priesthoods of the 916:Latin kings of Alba Longa 765:of every individual. The 18934:Lancaster House Treaties 18424:Christian existentialism 18384:Ancient Roman philosophy 18374:Ancient Greek philosophy 15141:Central African Republic 12175:Vietnamese folk religion 11566:Charismatic Christianity 8728:Rape of the Sabine Women 7886:Spaeth, Barbette Stanley 7625:Latinus Pacata Drepanius 7460:Bunson, Matthew (2002). 7357:8.17.3–10 & 8.2.3–4. 7351:De mortibus persecutorum 7321:De mortibus persecutorum 6865:Undheim, Sissel (2015). 4961:Illustration of Vergil, 4020:in a Roman wall painting 3687:and brought the cult of 3085:, the current emperor's 2627:appear to have been the 2227:Portrait of the emperor 2101:(1st to 3rd century AD, 2062:was a gruesome example. 1563:Prayers, vows, and oaths 1265:to Italy to consult the 1218:of Latin literature and 954:rape of the Sabine women 684:, found as far north as 568:elected public officials 350:Religion in ancient Rome 18712:Equality before the law 17919:Romano-Germanic culture 15035:New religious movements 14673:Theories about religion 14626:Evolutionary psychology 13655:Modern Finnish paganism 11642:Independent Catholicism 10792:Roman–Iranian relations 9267:Optimates and populares 8733:Battle of Lacus Curtius 7890:The Roman Goddess Ceres 7629:Panegyric of Theodosius 7392:Morgan, Julian (2003). 7134:, refers to Judaism as 6398:8393.30-31 of "Turia"). 6371:Publius Clodius Pulcher 6220:. Paris 1906–27, 3.917. 5432:(London, 1922), p. 191. 4746:Italo-Roman neopaganism 4558:First Council of Nicaea 4294:History of Christianity 4223:Jews and Roman religion 3372:by consulting with the 3166:prayer recorded by Livy 3113:as a focus of military 1916:were the entrails of a 1724:a white, castrated ox ( 1334:theatrical performances 881:, "Greatest Altar", to 809:panel from an altar to 710:restrict the Bacchanals 632:Cybele enthroned, with 19050:Ancient Roman religion 18874:Eastern European Group 18463:Continental philosophy 18394:Judeo-Christian ethics 18379:Hellenistic philosophy 17860:Cradle of civilization 17683:Religion and mythology 17609:Dying and rising deity 17589:Veneration of the dead 17323:Native American Church 15684:Bosnia and Herzegovina 13670:Erzyan native religion 13519:Unitarian Universalism 12908:Native American Church 11686:Oneness Pentecostalism 10802:Civil wars and revolts 10068:Sextus Pompeius Festus 9715:Conflict of the Orders 9074:Legislative assemblies 8420: 7988:Ancient Roman religion 7951:Ancient Roman religion 7916:Ancient Roman Religion 7558:Against the Galilaeans 7371:. New York: Oxford UP. 7355:Historia ecclesiastica 7338:Historia ecclesiastica 7325:Historia ecclesiastica 7286:Historia ecclesiastica 7273:Historia ecclesiastica 7147:Smallwood, 2-3, 4-6: 6549:), at rural Uley. For 5958:, in Rüpke (ed.), 266. 5532:2.12.29. According to 5411:Religion of the Romans 4988:and Jupiter Feretrius. 4868:in the 2nd century CE. 4763:Swaddled infant votive 4681:refused the office of 4617: 4547:Saint Peter's basilica 4523: 4446: 4382: 4318: 4250: 4138:-cult as the symbolic 4127: 4071:diis deabusque omnibus 4021: 4001: 3906: 3846: 3792: 3641: 3636:King of the Gods, and 3621: 3567:of Dionysus flayed by 3537: 3490: 3393: 3271: 3139: 3119:and Imperial loyalty. 3054: 2981: 2945:Constitutio Apostolica 2896: 2768: 2683: 2584:refused the office of 2491: 2358: 2281: 2235: 2106: 1998:Roman defeat at Cannae 1867:before entering their 1790: 1635: 1474: 1376: 1282:Holidays and festivals 1279: 1250: 1187: 1128:Rome offers no native 1125: 1120:that is rimmed by the 1080:topography of the city 978: 911: 825: 741:regime of the emperors 726:First Jewish–Roman War 649: 586:before he was elected 551: 463: 452: 400: 388: 357: 346: 280: 265:Ancient Greek religion 214: 18:Ancient Roman religion 18994:Three Seas Initiative 18969:Pacific Islands Forum 18834:British–Irish Council 18582:Greek Orthodox Church 18041:Industrial Revolution 18011:Scientific Revolution 16004:Saint Kitts and Nevis 15301:São Tomé and Príncipe 15161:Republic of the Congo 13367:Aboriginal Australian 12038:Chinese folk religion 11201:Evolution of morality 10511:Simplicius of Cilicia 10263:Quintus Curtius Rufus 9492:Siege in Ancient Rome 9101:Executive magistrates 8419: 7818:Momigliano, Arnaldo, 7776:Pagans and Christians 7275:6.19.15; 21.3–4; 36.3 6929:. London: Continuum. 6444:Beard et al., 230–31. 5789:Religion and politics 5233:, (New York) 1961, 9. 5214:Calendar of Filocalus 5024:Diocles of Peparethus 5020:Quintus Fabius Pictor 4640:Constantine's nephew 4607: 4497: 4451:Maximilian of Tebessa 4432: 4371: 4309: 4244: 4122:. It is a mid-sized 4109: 4016: 3984: 3896: 3841: 3766: 3631: 3616: 3532: 3465: 3458:Religion and politics 3391: 3350:was definitely not a 3262: 3125: 3038: 2975: 2925:theoîs katachthoníois 2870: 2762: 2702:, and the "notorious 2677: 2482: 2349: 2252: 2226: 2096: 1754: 1683:Further information: 1619: 1516:always uses the word 1468: 1362: 1271: 1236: 1181: 1103: 1096:List of Roman deities 981:His Sabine successor 976: 899: 871:, a Greek exile from 805: 654:international deities 631: 547:Via Labicana Augustus 539: 330: 79:Practices and beliefs 18989:Special Relationship 18399:Christian philosophy 18344:Western Christianity 18006:Age of Enlightenment 17880:Hellenistic Kingdoms 16952:Ancient Near Eastern 16739:Hellenistic religion 15626:United Arab Emirates 14417:Religious experience 13791:Historical religions 12195:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 11527:Schwenkfelder Church 10855:Timeline of religion 10844:History of religions 10521:Stephanus Byzantinus 10426:Eusebius of Caesaria 10288:Sidonius Apollinaris 9978:Ammianus Marcellinus 9317:Tribune of the plebs 8613:Interpretatio graeca 7953:at Wikimedia Commons 7840:North, John (2023). 6466:, 28.17–18; Seneca, 6119:History of the world 5452:; Roger D. Woodard, 5426:William Warde Fowler 5203:91.4 (1996) 320–338. 5191:Carole E. Newlands, 4885:81.4 (1986) 285–297. 4736:Hellenistic religion 4677:The Western emperor 4665:became the official 4435:The Victory of Faith 3820:(Great Mother) from 3503:strikes and violence 3364:, the doomed son of 2933:(sub ascia dedicare) 2819:Eleusinian mysteries 2405:In the Regal era, a 1395:contests. Under the 1005:; and the Temple of 615:fulfillment of a vow 570:might also serve as 543:as Pontifex Maximus 526:Rome's sacred hearth 402:interpretatio graeca 282:Interpretatio Graeca 275:Gallo-Roman religion 19065:Religious pluralism 19014:West Nordic Council 18879:Eastern Partnership 18468:Analytic philosophy 18169:Classical tradition 17991:Early modern period 17947:Classical antiquity 17942:European Bronze Age 17785:Constantinian shift 17507:Neopagan witchcraft 17141:Sub-Saharan African 16019:Trinidad and Tobago 15914:Antigua and Barbuda 15082:Religion by country 14143:Cult of Magna Mater 12665:Philippine Dayawism 12246:Nimbarka Sampradaya 11994:Chinese Manichaeism 11666:Jehovah's Witnesses 11471:Proto-Protestantism 11059:Kardecist spiritism 10697:Distinguished women 10348:Velleius Paterculus 10188:Nicolaus Damascenus 10168:Marcellus Empiricus 9557:Republican currency 8813:Classical mythology 8634:Theology of victory 8479:Kings of Alba Longa 7712:, Routledge, 1995. 7083:Gradel, 263–8, 199. 6785:Ara Maxima Herculis 5636:Tarquinius Superbus 5201:Classical Philology 4933:Remus: A Roman Myth 4895:Alexandre Grandazzi 4883:Classical Philology 4793:. Blackwell,. p. 4. 4728:Ancient Rome portal 4663:Nicene Christianity 4480:Constantius Chlorus 4444:damnatio ad bestias 4267:to Cicero, but the 4165:(female divinity). 4041:are of emperors or 4009:Absorption of Cults 3370:Battle of Pharsalus 3348:Apollonius of Tyana 3126:A votive statue of 3026:lustratio exercitus 2710:Omens and prodigies 2698:and his antagonist 1638:In Latin, the word 1455:Temples and shrines 1403:to mark a new era ( 1062:Tarquinius Superbus 737:Republic's collapse 735:In the wake of the 714:religious tolerance 700:", conspiratorial ( 18473:Post-structuralism 18436:Christian humanism 18066:Universal suffrage 17725:Trees in mythology 17720:Supernatural magic 17629:Magic and religion 15954:Dominican Republic 15000:Abrahamic prophets 14094:Proto-Indo-Iranian 12638:Aliran Kepercayaan 11841:Non-denominational 11763:Modernist Salafism 11449:Oriental Orthodoxy 11216:History of atheism 10471:Phlegon of Tralles 10278:Seneca the Younger 9752:Naming conventions 9482:Personal equipment 9015:Later Roman Empire 8421: 7743:Fishwick, Duncan. 7729:Fishwick, Duncan. 7668:Religions of Rome, 7612:Books.Google.co.uk 7323:, 14.2; Eusebius, 7262:Beard et al., 241. 7227:Books.Google.co.uk 7113:Books.Google.co.uk 7092:Rees, 46–56, 73–4. 6702:Letters to friends 6516:Life of Apollonius 6468:Natural Questions, 6331:Books.Google.co.uk 6319:Books.Google.co.uk 5664:Gradel, 36-8: the 5442:Robert E.A. Palmer 5231:Roman Architecture 4879:Arnaldo Momigliano 4702:, the influential 4671:Christian heretics 4651:primus inter pares 4618: 4526:The conversion of 4524: 4510:(then part of the 4471:a series of edicts 4447: 4383: 4379:Henryk Siemiradzki 4340:in 64 AD, Emperor 4338:Great Fire of Rome 4319: 4251: 4128: 4022: 4002: 3936:, John North, and 3907: 3847: 3793: 3779:, and the centaur 3749:Fortuna Primigenia 3644:By the end of the 3642: 3538: 3491: 3394: 3272: 3199:Women and religion 3140: 3128:Jupiter Dolichenus 3055: 3047:procession of the 2996:and the growth of 2982: 2897: 2769: 2684: 2550:sacrificial victim 2508:father's authority 2492: 2359: 2236: 2107: 1951:disciplina Etrusca 1791: 1636: 1558:Religious practice 1475: 1377: 1328:("games", such as 1251: 1188: 1126: 979: 912: 826: 650: 552: 347: 117:funerary practices 19037: 19036: 18864:Council of Europe 18766:International law 18719:Constitutionalism 18577:Eastern Orthodoxy 18083:Post–Cold War era 18016:Age of Revolution 17870:Greco-Roman world 17808: 17807: 17573: 17572: 17569: 17568: 17565: 17564: 17483: 17482: 17479: 17478: 17259: 17258: 17255: 17254: 17251: 17250: 17130: 17129: 17126: 17125: 17037: 17036: 17033: 17032: 16928: 16927: 16924: 16923: 16877:Mysteries of Isis 16582: 16581: 16578: 16577: 16224: 16223: 16192: 16191: 16188: 16187: 15176:Equatorial Guinea 15072: 15071: 15068: 15067: 14611:Cognitive science 14230: 14229: 14163:Mysteries of Isis 13937:Frankish paganism 13780: 13779: 13776: 13775: 13772: 13771: 13524:White Brotherhood 13390: 13389: 13355: 13354: 12699:Sundanese Wiwitan 12516: 12515: 12512: 12511: 12241:Brahma Sampradaya 12203: 12202: 12006: 12005: 12002: 12001: 11984:Assianism/Uatsdin 11902: 11901: 11671:British Israelism 11657:Nontrinitarianism 11620:Plymouth Brethren 11615:Nondenominational 11549:Congregationalism 11437:Eastern Orthodoxy 11385:Reconstructionist 11249: 11248: 11189: 11188: 11067: 11066: 10810: 10809: 10772:Pontifices maximi 10554: 10553: 10411:Diogenes Laërtius 10233:Pliny the Younger 9988:Asconius Pedianus 9948:Romance languages 9820:Civil engineering 9562:Imperial currency 9435:Political control 9396: 9395: 9030: 9029: 8853: 8852: 8830:Etruscan religion 8444:Romulus and Remus 8427:Legendary figures 8411: 8410: 8060:Castor and Pollux 7949:Media related to 7911:Library resources 7828:978-0-8195-6218-0 7807:978-0-300-08077-3 7790:978-0-521-82827-7 7767:978-0-485-89002-0 7753:978-90-04-12536-0 7739:978-90-04-07179-7 7718:978-0-415-01596-7 7704:978-0-520-08429-2 7694:Clarke, John R., 7690:978-0-674-02613-1 7682:The Roman Triumph 7676:978-0-521-45646-3 7662:978-0-521-31682-8 7654:Religions of Rome 7545:FourthCentury.com 7475:978-0-8160-4562-4 7407:978-0-8239-3592-5 6984:Beard et al. 1998 6936:978-1-4411-6223-6 6128:978-0-19-521043-9 6041:Livius Andronicus 5889:Ariadne Staples, 5818:See Gradel, 9-15. 5171:Religions of Rome 5028:Romulus and Remus 4856:Janet Huskinson, 4758:Sibylline Oracles 4440:Saint George Hare 4411:concordia militum 4403:Bishop of Antioch 3977:Eastern Influence 3930:Religions of Rome 3874:and the polymath 3866:and particularly 3699:was built on the 3534:Temple of Bacchus 3523:Plebeian tribunes 3404:excantatio frugum 2853:religion itself. 2831:mysteries of Isis 2813:and her daughter 2755:Mystery religions 2680:Liver of Piacenza 2502:, goddess of the 2382:(the singular is 1944:were exposed for 1918:sacrificed animal 1661:household deities 958:Jupiter Feretrius 920:Romulus and Remus 900:Pompeian fresco; 730:Bar Kokhba revolt 690:mystery religions 420:Etruscan religion 363:) in maintaining 325: 324: 270:Etruscan religion 228:agricultural gods 127:mystery religions 73: 16:(Redirected from 19072: 18909:EU Customs Union 18441:Secular humanism 18389:Christian ethics 18339:East–West Schism 18322:Physical culture 18046:Great Divergence 17996:Age of Discovery 17835: 17828: 17821: 17812: 17811: 17767:Christianization 17557:Secular paganism 17542:Goddess movement 17512:Cochrane's Craft 17500: 17499: 17489: 17488: 17293: 17292: 17280: 17279: 17276: 17275: 17149: 17148: 17136: 17135: 17054: 17053: 17043: 17042: 16945: 16944: 16934: 16933: 16749:Sacred mysteries 16599: 16598: 16588: 16587: 16327: 16326: 16316: 16315: 16312: 16311: 16301:ethnic religions 16251: 16244: 16237: 16228: 16227: 16214: 16204: 16203: 16082:Papua New Guinea 16057:Marshall Islands 15884:Northern Ireland 15089: 15088: 15078: 15077: 14962:Secular theology 14957:Secular humanism 14247: 14246: 14236: 14235: 14111:Ancestral Pueblo 13786: 13785: 13405: 13404: 13082: 13081: 12527: 12526: 12283:Shaiva Siddhanta 12214: 12213: 12147:Korean shamanism 12026: 12025: 12017: 12016: 11913: 11912: 11826:Mahdawi movement 11696:Swedenborgianism 11676:Christadelphians 11322: 11321: 11313: 11312: 11304: 11303: 11291: 11290: 11276: 11269: 11262: 11253: 11252: 11076: 11075: 10875: 10874: 10837: 10830: 10823: 10814: 10813: 10762:Magistri equitum 10677:Cities and towns 10670: 10596:Constantinopolis 10406:Diodorus Siculus 10338:Valerius Maximus 10273:Seneca the Elder 10193:Nonius Marcellus 9961: 9960: 9514:Hippika gymnasia 9477:Infantry tactics 9383:Consular tribune 9373:Magister equitum 9322:Military tribune 9287: 9286: 9247:Pontifex maximus 9242:Princeps senatus 9232:Magister militum 8998:Byzantine Empire 8919: 8918: 8880: 8873: 8866: 8857: 8856: 8723:Founding of Rome 8493:Legendary beings 8454:Tullus Hostilius 8291:Abstract deities 8150:Lares Familiares 8013: 8012: 7981: 7974: 7967: 7958: 7957: 7948: 7855: 7780:Lott, John. B., 7632: 7621: 7615: 7609: 7603: 7596: 7590: 7579: 7573: 7554: 7548: 7541: 7535: 7528: 7522: 7519: 7513: 7510: 7504: 7495: 7489: 7488:Momigliano, 104. 7486: 7480: 7479: 7467: 7457: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7419: 7411: 7399: 7389: 7383: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7364: 7358: 7347: 7341: 7334: 7328: 7317: 7311: 7304: 7298: 7295: 7289: 7282: 7276: 7269: 7263: 7260: 7254: 7251: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7215: 7209: 7206: 7200: 7197: 7191: 7188: 7182: 7171: 7165: 7145: 7139: 7108: 7102: 7099: 7093: 7090: 7084: 7081: 7075: 7072: 7066: 7063: 7057: 7054: 7048: 7045: 7039: 7036: 7030: 7027: 7021: 7018: 7012: 7009: 7003: 7000: 6994: 6991: 6985: 6982: 6976: 6973: 6967: 6964: 6958: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6922: 6916: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6862: 6856: 6853: 6847: 6835: 6829: 6817: 6811: 6808: 6802: 6799: 6793: 6781: 6775: 6763: 6757: 6750: 6744: 6729: 6723: 6720: 6714: 6711: 6705: 6694: 6688: 6685: 6679: 6670: 6664: 6660: 6654: 6650: 6644: 6641: 6635: 6620: 6614: 6601: 6595: 6588: 6582: 6579: 6573: 6570: 6564: 6560: 6554: 6543: 6537: 6534: 6528: 6525: 6519: 6512: 6506: 6503: 6497: 6490: 6484: 6477: 6471: 6460: 6454: 6451: 6445: 6442: 6436: 6426: 6420: 6417: 6411: 6408: 6399: 6380: 6374: 6367: 6361: 6358: 6352: 6349: 6343: 6340: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6310: 6307: 6301: 6298: 6292: 6289: 6283: 6272: 6266: 6263: 6257: 6254: 6248: 6245: 6239: 6236: 6230: 6227: 6221: 6210: 6204: 6201: 6195: 6192: 6186: 6183: 6177: 6174: 6168: 6165: 6159: 6156: 6150: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6114: 6103: 6100: 6094: 6091: 6085: 6082: 6076: 6073: 6067: 6063: 6057: 6050: 6044: 6037: 6031: 6027: 6021: 6018: 6012: 6009: 6003: 6000: 5994: 5985:Caesar used his 5983: 5977: 5974: 5968: 5965: 5959: 5952: 5946: 5943: 5934: 5931:De Natura Deorum 5927: 5921: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5903: 5900: 5894: 5887: 5881: 5878: 5872: 5865: 5859: 5856: 5850: 5847: 5841: 5834: 5828: 5825: 5819: 5816: 5810: 5807: 5801: 5798: 5792: 5791:in this article. 5781: 5775: 5772: 5766: 5763: 5757: 5754: 5748: 5745: 5739: 5736: 5730: 5723: 5717: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5686: 5679: 5673: 5662: 5656: 5653: 5647: 5632: 5626: 5619:Contra Symmachum 5611: 5605: 5602: 5596: 5585: 5579: 5576: 5570: 5551: 5545: 5526: 5520: 5517: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5498: 5492: 5489: 5483: 5468:(8.9.1–11) says 5439: 5433: 5423: 5417: 5407: 5401: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5374: 5371: 5365: 5350: 5344: 5341: 5335: 5332: 5326: 5323: 5317: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5299: 5296: 5290: 5287: 5278: 5271: 5265: 5258: 5252: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5234: 5227: 5221: 5218:Polemius Silvius 5210: 5204: 5189: 5183: 5180: 5174: 5167: 5161: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5143: 5140: 5134: 5126: 5120: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5102: 5099: 5093: 5090: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5071: 5065: 5058: 5052: 5051:interpretations. 5048: 5042: 5004: 4998: 4995: 4989: 4974: 4968: 4959: 4953: 4946: 4940: 4926: 4920: 4911: 4902: 4892: 4886: 4875: 4869: 4854: 4848: 4837: 4831: 4824: 4818: 4800: 4794: 4784: 4752:The Ancient City 4730: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4687:altar of Victory 4683:pontifex maximus 4482:, the father of 4399:Paul of Samosata 4315:Jean-Léon Gérôme 4274:described it as 3954:pontifex maximus 3944:pontifex maximus 3797:second Punic War 3697:Jupiter Latiaris 3600:pontifex maximus 3573:Liber's festival 3380:, who practices 3366:Pompey the Great 2957:Council of Tours 2586:pontifex maximus 2435:pontifex maximus 2056:L. Junius Brutus 1920:, comprising in 1884:Second Punic War 1770:, libation bowl 1703:animal sacrifice 1679:Animal sacrifice 1548:Q. Fabius Gurges 1084:leading families 1072:Roman historians 1044:established the 1014:Tullus Hostilius 960:and offered the 798:Founding of Rome 584:pontifex maximus 506:domestic deities 504:to the family's 475:Latin literature 471:correct practice 468: 457: 405: 393: 378:The presence of 362: 317: 310: 303: 285: 219: 204:Capitoline Triad 62: 60: 50: 42: 41: 21: 19080: 19079: 19075: 19074: 19073: 19071: 19070: 19069: 19055:Italic religion 19040: 19039: 19038: 19033: 18999:UKUSA Agreement 18939:Lublin Triangle 18824:Baltic Assembly 18776: 18770: 18688: 18525: 18360: 18230:Eurolinguistics 18099: 18088:Information age 18061:Interwar period 17928: 17848: 17839: 17809: 17804: 17761: 17661:Myth and ritual 17581:Myth and ritual 17575: 17574: 17561: 17494: 17475: 17428:Turko-Mongolic 17287: 17268: 17261: 17260: 17247: 17143: 17122: 17048: 17029: 16939: 16920: 16593: 16574: 16443:Hindu mythology 16321: 16305: 16303: 16299: 16293: 16265: 16262:modern paganism 16255: 16225: 16220: 16184: 16111: 16092:Solomon Islands 16028: 15900: 15804:North Macedonia 15645: 15370: 15083: 15064: 15025:Mass gatherings 14993: 14988: 14981: 14920: 14915: 14906: 14845:Religiocentrism 14825:National church 14693: 14690: 14682: 14597: 14590: 14527: 14449:Bodies of water 14241: 14226: 14011:Jamaican Maroon 13793: 13768: 13705: 13535: 13528: 13399: 13397: 13386: 13351: 13325:Trinidad Orisha 13110: 13103: 13076: 13069: 12996: 12959: 12710: 12703: 12599: 12581: 12508: 12482:Srilankan Vedda 12433: 12361: 12236:Sri Vaishnavism 12199: 12161: 12133: 12091: 11998: 11972: 11939: 11898: 11852: 11777:Twelver Shi'ism 11719: 11581:Neo-charismatic 11554:Presbyterianism 11406: 11298: 11285: 11280: 11250: 11245: 11185: 11166:Illyro-thracian 11120: 11092: 11063: 11028: 11000: 10967: 10939: 10911: 10864: 10846: 10841: 10811: 10806: 10668: 10666: 10660: 10550: 10386:Aëtius of Amida 10367: 10353:Verrius Flaccus 10333:Valerius Antias 10293:Silius Italicus 10228:Pliny the Elder 10173:Marcus Aurelius 10048:Cornelius Nepos 9998:Aurelius Victor 9952: 9874: 9786: 9720:Secessio plebis 9691: 9566: 9518: 9392: 9346: 9276: 9158: 9110: 9026: 8947: 8908: 8890: 8884: 8854: 8849: 8845:Myth and ritual 8840:Greek mythology 8801: 8763: 8759:Pignora imperii 8754:Parabiago Plate 8737: 8706: 8665: 8599: 8593: 8575:Sibylline Books 8509: 8488: 8459:Servius Tullius 8422: 8407: 8286: 8002: 7994: 7985: 7941: 7940: 7939: 7919: 7918: 7914: 7907: 7902: 7870:Greece and Rome 7852: 7811:MacMullen, R., 7722:Feeney, Denis. 7641: 7636: 7635: 7622: 7618: 7610: 7606: 7597: 7593: 7580: 7576: 7562:Contra Julianum 7555: 7551: 7542: 7538: 7529: 7525: 7520: 7516: 7511: 7507: 7496: 7492: 7487: 7483: 7476: 7458: 7454: 7444: 7442: 7434: 7433: 7429: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7390: 7386: 7380: 7376: 7365: 7361: 7348: 7344: 7335: 7331: 7318: 7314: 7305: 7301: 7296: 7292: 7283: 7279: 7270: 7266: 7261: 7257: 7252: 7245: 7237: 7233: 7225: 7221: 7216: 7212: 7207: 7203: 7198: 7194: 7189: 7185: 7172: 7168: 7146: 7142: 7109: 7105: 7100: 7096: 7091: 7087: 7082: 7078: 7073: 7069: 7064: 7060: 7055: 7051: 7046: 7042: 7037: 7033: 7028: 7024: 7019: 7015: 7010: 7006: 7001: 6997: 6992: 6988: 6983: 6979: 6974: 6970: 6965: 6961: 6956: 6952: 6937: 6923: 6919: 6910: 6906: 6863: 6859: 6854: 6850: 6844:History of Rome 6836: 6832: 6818: 6814: 6809: 6805: 6800: 6796: 6782: 6778: 6764: 6760: 6751: 6747: 6730: 6726: 6721: 6717: 6712: 6708: 6700:): see Cicero, 6695: 6691: 6686: 6682: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6647: 6642: 6638: 6621: 6617: 6602: 6598: 6589: 6585: 6580: 6576: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6557: 6544: 6540: 6535: 6531: 6526: 6522: 6513: 6509: 6504: 6500: 6491: 6487: 6478: 6474: 6464:Natural History 6461: 6457: 6452: 6448: 6443: 6439: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6414: 6409: 6402: 6381: 6377: 6368: 6364: 6359: 6355: 6350: 6346: 6341: 6337: 6329: 6325: 6317: 6313: 6308: 6304: 6299: 6295: 6290: 6286: 6273: 6269: 6264: 6260: 6255: 6251: 6246: 6242: 6237: 6233: 6228: 6224: 6211: 6207: 6202: 6198: 6193: 6189: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6162: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6144: 6129: 6115: 6106: 6101: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6079: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6060: 6051: 6047: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6024: 6019: 6015: 6010: 6006: 6001: 5997: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5962: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5937: 5928: 5924: 5919: 5915: 5910: 5906: 5901: 5897: 5888: 5884: 5879: 5875: 5866: 5862: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5844: 5836:Gary Forsythe, 5835: 5831: 5826: 5822: 5817: 5813: 5808: 5804: 5799: 5795: 5782: 5778: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5729:., Vol. 1, 251. 5724: 5720: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5680: 5676: 5663: 5659: 5654: 5650: 5633: 5629: 5612: 5608: 5603: 5599: 5589:Roman Questions 5586: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5552: 5548: 5538:Natural History 5527: 5523: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5495: 5490: 5486: 5440: 5436: 5424: 5420: 5408: 5404: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5377: 5372: 5368: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5338: 5333: 5329: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5288: 5281: 5272: 5268: 5262:Natural History 5259: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5228: 5224: 5211: 5207: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5081: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5045: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4975: 4971: 4960: 4956: 4947: 4943: 4927: 4923: 4912: 4905: 4893: 4889: 4876: 4872: 4855: 4851: 4838: 4834: 4825: 4821: 4801: 4797: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4726: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4704:Bishop of Milan 4602: 4592: 4586: 4543:Eastern capital 4522:(r. 306-337 AD) 4492: 4395:Philip the Arab 4304: 4286: 4239: 4229:Fiscus Judaicus 4225: 4104: 4098: 4011: 3979: 3974: 3789:Roman mythology 3761: 3626: 3460: 3455: 3362:Sextus Pompeius 3340:Pliny the Elder 3257: 3251: 3207: 3201: 3152:carried out by 3130:dedicated by a 3041:Trajan's Column 2970: 2865: 2859: 2757: 2712: 2672: 2666: 2604: 2598: 2557:Servius Tullius 2485:Roman sculpture 2477: 2344: 2221: 2091: 2085:and elsewhere. 2009:First Punic War 1994: 1992:Human sacrifice 1699: 1681: 1614: 1569:Pliny the Elder 1565: 1560: 1505:The Latin word 1469:Portico of the 1463: 1457: 1443:, and feast of 1306: 1288:Roman festivals 1284: 1228:Greek Olympians 1098: 1092: 1042:Servius Tullius 1020:instituted the 800: 794:Roman mythology 790: 534: 434:, particularly 321: 260:Roman mythology 242: 238:divine emperors 223:underworld gods 181: 177:Fratres Arvales 131: 74: 71: 64:Marcus Aurelius 48: 46: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19078: 19068: 19067: 19062: 19057: 19052: 19035: 19034: 19032: 19031: 19029:Westernization 19026: 19021: 19016: 19011: 19009:Visegrád Group 19006: 19001: 18996: 18991: 18986: 18981: 18976: 18971: 18966: 18961: 18956: 18951: 18949:Nordic Council 18946: 18941: 18936: 18931: 18926: 18921: 18916: 18911: 18906: 18901: 18896: 18891: 18886: 18881: 18876: 18871: 18866: 18861: 18856: 18851: 18846: 18844:Bucharest Nine 18841: 18836: 18831: 18826: 18821: 18816: 18811: 18809:Arctic Council 18806: 18801: 18796: 18791: 18786: 18780: 18778: 18772: 18771: 18769: 18768: 18763: 18758: 18757: 18756: 18751: 18746: 18741: 18736: 18731: 18721: 18716: 18715: 18714: 18704: 18698: 18696: 18690: 18689: 18687: 18686: 18681: 18676: 18675: 18674: 18669: 18664: 18659: 18654: 18653: 18652: 18647: 18642: 18637: 18627: 18622: 18617: 18607: 18606: 18605: 18604: 18603: 18593: 18592: 18591: 18586: 18585: 18584: 18574: 18573: 18572: 18562: 18561: 18560: 18535: 18533: 18527: 18526: 18524: 18523: 18522: 18521: 18511: 18506: 18501: 18500: 18499: 18487: 18486: 18485: 18475: 18470: 18465: 18460: 18455: 18450: 18445: 18444: 18443: 18438: 18428: 18427: 18426: 18419:Existentialism 18416: 18411: 18406: 18401: 18396: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18370: 18368: 18362: 18361: 18359: 18358: 18357: 18356: 18351: 18346: 18341: 18331: 18330: 18329: 18319: 18318: 18317: 18312: 18302: 18301: 18300: 18290: 18285: 18284: 18283: 18278: 18273: 18263: 18262: 18261: 18251: 18250: 18249: 18239: 18238: 18237: 18232: 18222: 18217: 18212: 18207: 18206: 18205: 18195: 18190: 18189: 18188: 18178: 18177: 18176: 18166: 18165: 18164: 18154: 18149: 18148: 18147: 18137: 18132: 18131: 18130: 18125: 18120: 18109: 18107: 18101: 18100: 18098: 18097: 18096: 18095: 18090: 18080: 18079: 18078: 18073: 18068: 18063: 18058: 18053: 18048: 18043: 18038: 18033: 18028: 18023: 18018: 18013: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17983: 17978: 17977: 17976: 17971: 17966: 17956: 17955: 17954: 17952:Late antiquity 17944: 17938: 17936: 17930: 17929: 17927: 17926: 17921: 17916: 17911: 17906: 17905: 17904: 17903: 17902: 17897: 17887: 17882: 17877: 17867: 17862: 17856: 17854: 17850: 17849: 17838: 17837: 17830: 17823: 17815: 17806: 17805: 17803: 17802: 17800:Virtuous pagan 17797: 17795:Religio licita 17792: 17787: 17782: 17777: 17771: 17769: 17763: 17762: 17760: 17759: 17757:Animal worship 17754: 17749: 17744: 17739: 17738: 17737: 17732: 17722: 17717: 17716: 17715: 17710: 17700: 17695: 17690: 17685: 17680: 17675: 17670: 17669: 17668: 17663: 17653: 17652: 17651: 17646: 17641: 17631: 17626: 17621: 17616: 17611: 17606: 17601: 17596: 17591: 17585: 17583: 17577: 17576: 17571: 17570: 17567: 17566: 17563: 17562: 17560: 17559: 17554: 17549: 17544: 17539: 17534: 17529: 17524: 17519: 17517:Feri Tradition 17514: 17509: 17503: 17496: 17495: 17485: 17484: 17481: 17480: 17477: 17476: 17474: 17473: 17472: 17471: 17466: 17461: 17456: 17451: 17441: 17440: 17439: 17434: 17426: 17421: 17416: 17411: 17406: 17401: 17396: 17391: 17386: 17381: 17376: 17371: 17370: 17369: 17364: 17359: 17349: 17348: 17347: 17342: 17332: 17327: 17326: 17325: 17320: 17312: 17311: 17310: 17305: 17296: 17289: 17288: 17273: 17271: 17263: 17262: 17257: 17256: 17253: 17252: 17249: 17248: 17246: 17245: 17240: 17235: 17230: 17225: 17220: 17215: 17210: 17205: 17200: 17195: 17190: 17185: 17184: 17183: 17178: 17173: 17168: 17158: 17152: 17145: 17144: 17132: 17131: 17128: 17127: 17124: 17123: 17121: 17120: 17119: 17118: 17113: 17108: 17103: 17098: 17093: 17083: 17078: 17073: 17068: 17063: 17057: 17050: 17049: 17039: 17038: 17035: 17034: 17031: 17030: 17028: 17027: 17022: 17017: 17016: 17015: 17005: 17004: 17003: 16998: 16988: 16987: 16986: 16981: 16971: 16970: 16969: 16959: 16954: 16948: 16941: 16940: 16930: 16929: 16926: 16925: 16922: 16921: 16919: 16918: 16917: 16916: 16911: 16906: 16901: 16891: 16886: 16881: 16880: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16859: 16849: 16848: 16847: 16842: 16837: 16827: 16822: 16817: 16816: 16815: 16810: 16805: 16797: 16796: 16795: 16790: 16785: 16780: 16770: 16769: 16768: 16767: 16766: 16761: 16756: 16746: 16741: 16731: 16730: 16729: 16724: 16719: 16714: 16704: 16699: 16698: 16697: 16687: 16686: 16685: 16680: 16675: 16670: 16662: 16657: 16656: 16655: 16650: 16645: 16635: 16630: 16629: 16628: 16623: 16618: 16608: 16602: 16595: 16594: 16584: 16583: 16580: 16579: 16576: 16575: 16573: 16572: 16567: 16562: 16557: 16552: 16547: 16542: 16537: 16532: 16527: 16522: 16517: 16515:Tibeto-Burmese 16512: 16507: 16502: 16497: 16492: 16487: 16482: 16477: 16472: 16467: 16462: 16457: 16456: 16455: 16445: 16440: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16419: 16418: 16408: 16403: 16398: 16397: 16396: 16386: 16381: 16376: 16371: 16366: 16361: 16356: 16351: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16330: 16323: 16322: 16309: 16307: 16304:(existing and 16295: 16294: 16292: 16291: 16286: 16281: 16276: 16270: 16267: 16266: 16254: 16253: 16246: 16239: 16231: 16222: 16221: 16219: 16218: 16208: 16197: 16194: 16193: 16190: 16189: 16186: 16185: 16183: 16182: 16177: 16172: 16167: 16162: 16157: 16152: 16147: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16121: 16119: 16113: 16112: 16110: 16109: 16104: 16099: 16094: 16089: 16084: 16079: 16074: 16069: 16064: 16059: 16054: 16049: 16044: 16038: 16036: 16030: 16029: 16027: 16026: 16021: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15976: 15971: 15966: 15961: 15956: 15951: 15946: 15941: 15936: 15931: 15926: 15921: 15916: 15910: 15908: 15902: 15901: 15899: 15898: 15897: 15896: 15891: 15886: 15881: 15874:United Kingdom 15871: 15866: 15861: 15856: 15851: 15846: 15841: 15836: 15831: 15826: 15821: 15816: 15811: 15806: 15801: 15796: 15791: 15786: 15781: 15776: 15771: 15766: 15761: 15756: 15751: 15746: 15741: 15736: 15731: 15726: 15721: 15716: 15711: 15706: 15701: 15696: 15691: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15671: 15666: 15661: 15655: 15653: 15647: 15646: 15644: 15643: 15638: 15633: 15628: 15623: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15502: 15501: 15496: 15486: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15456: 15451: 15446: 15441: 15436: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15391: 15386: 15380: 15378: 15372: 15371: 15369: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15298: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15263: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15233: 15228: 15223: 15218: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15128: 15123: 15118: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15097: 15095: 15085: 15084: 15074: 15073: 15070: 15069: 15066: 15065: 15063: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15042: 15037: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14996: 14994: 14986: 14983: 14982: 14980: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14967:Secularization 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14947:Deconstruction 14944: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14923: 14921: 14911: 14908: 14907: 14905: 14904: 14899: 14898: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14842: 14837: 14832: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14812: 14807: 14802: 14800:Fundamentalism 14797: 14796: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14754: 14753: 14748: 14743: 14733: 14732: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14707: 14702: 14696: 14694: 14687: 14684: 14683: 14681: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14664: 14663: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14602: 14600: 14592: 14591: 14589: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14537: 14535: 14529: 14528: 14526: 14525: 14524: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14503: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14467: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14451: 14441: 14440: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14374: 14373: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14278: 14276:Call to prayer 14273: 14268: 14263: 14261:Disaffiliation 14253: 14251: 14243: 14242: 14232: 14231: 14228: 14227: 14225: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14188: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14167: 14166: 14165: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14145: 14135: 14130: 14129: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14108: 14107: 14106: 14101: 14091: 14090: 14089: 14084: 14079: 14074: 14064: 14059: 14058: 14057: 14047: 14046: 14045: 14040: 14030: 14025: 14024: 14023: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13977: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13959:Greco-Buddhism 13956: 13946: 13945: 13944: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13919: 13914: 13913: 13912: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13891: 13890: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13869: 13868: 13863: 13853: 13848: 13847: 13846: 13841: 13836: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13810: 13809: 13798: 13795: 13794: 13782: 13781: 13778: 13777: 13774: 13773: 13770: 13769: 13767: 13766: 13765: 13764: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13713: 13711: 13707: 13706: 13704: 13703: 13702: 13701: 13689: 13684: 13683: 13682: 13677: 13672: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13601: 13600: 13590: 13589: 13588: 13583: 13573: 13572: 13571: 13566: 13556: 13551: 13550: 13549: 13540: 13538: 13530: 13529: 13527: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13510: 13509: 13504: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13473: 13472: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13411: 13409: 13402: 13392: 13391: 13388: 13387: 13385: 13384: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13363: 13361: 13357: 13356: 13353: 13352: 13350: 13349: 13348: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13320:Tambor de Mina 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13276: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13246: 13245: 13244: 13243: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13147: 13146: 13141: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13115: 13113: 13105: 13104: 13102: 13101: 13100: 13099: 13097:Guanche church 13088: 13086: 13079: 13071: 13070: 13068: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13006: 13004: 13002:Tibeto-Burmese 12998: 12997: 12995: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12973: 12971: 12961: 12960: 12958: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12941: 12940: 12935: 12925: 12920: 12918:Nuu-chah-nulth 12915: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12899: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12862: 12861: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12840: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12827:Muscogee Creek 12824: 12819: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12764: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12732: 12731: 12721: 12715: 12713: 12705: 12704: 12702: 12701: 12696: 12694:Sumbese Marapu 12691: 12690: 12689: 12684: 12674: 12673: 12672: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12646: 12645: 12640: 12632: 12631: 12630: 12625: 12615: 12613:Batak Parmalim 12609: 12607: 12601: 12600: 12598: 12597: 12591: 12589: 12583: 12582: 12580: 12579: 12578: 12577: 12572: 12562: 12561: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12535: 12533: 12524: 12518: 12517: 12514: 12513: 12510: 12509: 12507: 12506: 12505: 12504: 12499: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12468: 12467: 12462: 12452: 12447: 12441: 12439: 12435: 12434: 12432: 12431: 12424: 12419: 12418: 12417: 12407: 12406: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12377: 12371: 12369: 12363: 12362: 12360: 12359: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12321: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12275: 12274: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12222: 12220: 12211: 12205: 12204: 12201: 12200: 12198: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12171: 12169: 12163: 12162: 12160: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12143: 12141: 12135: 12134: 12132: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12115: 12114: 12101: 12099: 12093: 12092: 12090: 12089: 12088: 12087: 12082: 12072: 12071: 12070: 12065: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12034: 12032: 12023: 12014: 12008: 12007: 12004: 12003: 12000: 11999: 11997: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11980: 11978: 11974: 11973: 11971: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11949: 11947: 11941: 11940: 11938: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11925:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 11921: 11919: 11910: 11904: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11860: 11858: 11854: 11853: 11851: 11850: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11812: 11811: 11801: 11796: 11795: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11769: 11768: 11767: 11766: 11765: 11760: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11729: 11727: 11721: 11720: 11718: 11717: 11710: 11709: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11662:Bible Students 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11632:Restorationism 11629: 11628: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11611: 11610: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11588:Evangelicalism 11585: 11584: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11563: 11562: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11530: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11499: 11489: 11488: 11487: 11482: 11468: 11467: 11466: 11461: 11451: 11446: 11445: 11444: 11434: 11433: 11432: 11427: 11416: 11414: 11408: 11407: 11405: 11404: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11361: 11360: 11359: 11358: 11348: 11347: 11346: 11330: 11328: 11319: 11310: 11300: 11299: 11287: 11286: 11279: 11278: 11271: 11264: 11256: 11247: 11246: 11244: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11197: 11195: 11194:Related topics 11191: 11190: 11187: 11186: 11184: 11183: 11181:Vedic Hinduism 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11162: 11161: 11156: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11130: 11128: 11122: 11121: 11119: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11102: 11100: 11094: 11093: 11091: 11090: 11084: 11082: 11073: 11069: 11068: 11065: 11064: 11062: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11050: 11049: 11038: 11036: 11030: 11029: 11027: 11026: 11021: 11019:Zoroastrianism 11016: 11010: 11008: 11002: 11001: 10999: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10977: 10975: 10969: 10968: 10966: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10949: 10947: 10941: 10940: 10938: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10921: 10919: 10913: 10912: 10910: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10883: 10881: 10872: 10866: 10865: 10863: 10862: 10857: 10851: 10848: 10847: 10840: 10839: 10832: 10825: 10817: 10808: 10807: 10805: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10673: 10671: 10662: 10661: 10659: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10562: 10560: 10556: 10555: 10552: 10551: 10549: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10377: 10375: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10238:Pomponius Mela 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9973:Aelius Donatus 9969: 9967: 9958: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9950: 9945: 9944: 9943: 9941:Ecclesiastical 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9895: 9890: 9884: 9882: 9876: 9875: 9873: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9796: 9794: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9743: 9742: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9701: 9699: 9693: 9692: 9690: 9689: 9684: 9682:Toys and games 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9653: 9652: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9576: 9574: 9568: 9567: 9565: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9528: 9526: 9520: 9519: 9517: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9495: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9464: 9459: 9458: 9457: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9406: 9404: 9398: 9397: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9354: 9352: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9293: 9291: 9284: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9222:Vigintisexviri 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9182:Cursus honorum 9179: 9174: 9168: 9166: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9120: 9118: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9097: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9040: 9038: 9032: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9024: 9023: 9022: 9012: 9011: 9010: 9005: 8995: 8994: 8993: 8988: 8981:Western Empire 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8957: 8955: 8949: 8948: 8946: 8945: 8940: 8939: 8938: 8928: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8895: 8892: 8891: 8883: 8882: 8875: 8868: 8860: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8815: 8809: 8807: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8799: 8798: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8777: 8771: 8769: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8745: 8743: 8739: 8738: 8736: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8714: 8712: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8704: 8699: 8697:Pythagoreanism 8694: 8692:Peripateticism 8689: 8684: 8679: 8673: 8671: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8663: 8662: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8609: 8603: 8601: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8591: 8590: 8589: 8586:The Golden Ass 8577: 8572: 8571: 8570: 8558: 8553: 8552: 8551: 8544: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8517: 8515: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8507: 8505:Barnacle goose 8502: 8496: 8494: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8449:Numa Pompilius 8446: 8441: 8436: 8430: 8428: 8424: 8423: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8294: 8292: 8288: 8287: 8285: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8153: 8152: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8016: 8010: 7996: 7995: 7984: 7983: 7976: 7969: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7938: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7905:External links 7903: 7901: 7900: 7893: 7883: 7878:Scheid, John. 7876: 7873: 7866: 7863: 7856: 7850: 7837: 7834:Roman Religion 7830: 7816: 7809: 7792: 7778: 7769: 7755: 7741: 7727: 7720: 7706: 7692: 7678: 7664: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7616: 7604: 7591: 7574: 7566:Tertullian.org 7549: 7536: 7530:Rodney Stark, 7523: 7514: 7505: 7490: 7481: 7474: 7452: 7427: 7406: 7384: 7374: 7359: 7342: 7340:8.2.5, 8.6.10. 7329: 7312: 7299: 7290: 7277: 7264: 7255: 7243: 7231: 7219: 7210: 7201: 7192: 7183: 7166: 7162:Religio licita 7140: 7132:pro Flacco, 66 7128:religio licita 7103: 7094: 7085: 7076: 7067: 7058: 7049: 7040: 7031: 7029:Gradel, 32-52. 7022: 7013: 7004: 6995: 6986: 6977: 6968: 6959: 6950: 6935: 6917: 6904: 6877:(4): 481–483. 6857: 6848: 6830: 6812: 6803: 6794: 6776: 6758: 6745: 6741:literary topos 6733:Cato the Elder 6724: 6715: 6706: 6689: 6680: 6665: 6655: 6645: 6636: 6615: 6596: 6583: 6574: 6565: 6555: 6538: 6529: 6520: 6507: 6498: 6485: 6472: 6455: 6446: 6437: 6421: 6412: 6400: 6375: 6362: 6353: 6344: 6335: 6323: 6311: 6302: 6293: 6284: 6267: 6258: 6249: 6240: 6231: 6222: 6205: 6196: 6187: 6178: 6169: 6160: 6151: 6142: 6127: 6104: 6095: 6086: 6077: 6068: 6058: 6045: 6032: 6022: 6013: 6004: 5995: 5978: 5969: 5960: 5947: 5935: 5922: 5913: 5904: 5895: 5882: 5873: 5860: 5851: 5842: 5829: 5820: 5811: 5802: 5793: 5776: 5767: 5758: 5756:Gradel, 3, 15. 5749: 5740: 5731: 5718: 5705: 5696: 5687: 5674: 5657: 5648: 5627: 5606: 5597: 5580: 5571: 5546: 5530:De divinatione 5521: 5519:Gradel, 78, 93 5512: 5502: 5493: 5484: 5434: 5418: 5402: 5389: 5375: 5366: 5345: 5336: 5327: 5318: 5309: 5307:Livy, 41.16.1. 5300: 5291: 5279: 5266: 5253: 5244: 5235: 5222: 5205: 5184: 5175: 5169:Beard et al., 5162: 5153: 5144: 5135: 5121: 5112: 5103: 5094: 5085: 5075: 5066: 5053: 5043: 5039:Quintus Ennius 5030:and Plutarch, 4999: 4990: 4969: 4954: 4941: 4921: 4903: 4887: 4870: 4866:Vagdavercustis 4849: 4832: 4819: 4795: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4715: 4712: 4657:In 380, under 4627:Constantius II 4622:Church Fathers 4588:Main article: 4585: 4582: 4516:Gallia Belgica 4512:Roman province 4491: 4488: 4424:Campus Martius 4374:Nero's Torches 4331:superstitiones 4285: 4282: 4277:religio licita 4233:Religio licita 4224: 4221: 4100:Main article: 4097: 4094: 4010: 4007: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3926:Sissel Undheim 3911:Marian reforms 3888:Venus Genetrix 3760: 3757: 3709:. The cult to 3683:confirmed the 3668:Etruscan style 3625: 3624:Early Republic 3622: 3596:his ancestress 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3434:magical papyri 3332:(more vulgari) 3250: 3244: 3200: 3197: 3138:, 3rd century) 3043:depicting the 2969: 2966: 2893:Ikhthus zōntōn 2871:This funerary 2861:Main article: 2858: 2855: 2839:The Golden Ass 2776:. The cult of 2756: 2753: 2711: 2708: 2692:Gaius Gracchus 2668:Main article: 2665: 2662: 2657:cursus honorum 2600:Main article: 2597: 2594: 2476: 2473: 2469:Arval Brethren 2465:cursus honorum 2452:Cursus honorum 2343: 2340: 2229:Antoninus Pius 2220: 2214: 2186:mater familias 2166:pater familias 2090: 2087: 1993: 1990: 1936:), and lungs ( 1861:Arval Brethren 1680: 1677: 1613: 1610: 1584:Latin festival 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1459:Main article: 1456: 1453: 1409:late antiquity 1385:religious vows 1296:Roman calendar 1283: 1280: 1267:Sibyl at Tibur 1224:reinterpreting 1091: 1088: 987:Roman calendar 789: 786: 708:'s efforts to 672:, and gods of 564:Roman Republic 533: 530: 510:Roman calendar 495:state religion 436:Numa Pompilius 323: 322: 320: 319: 312: 305: 297: 294: 293: 292: 291: 286: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 249: 248: 247:Related topics 244: 243: 241: 240: 235: 233:childhood gods 230: 225: 220: 211: 209:Aventine Triad 206: 201: 193: 190: 189: 183: 182: 180: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 143: 140: 139: 133: 132: 130: 129: 124: 119: 114: 107: 102: 97: 90: 84: 81: 80: 76: 75: 61: 53: 52: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19077: 19066: 19063: 19061: 19058: 19056: 19053: 19051: 19048: 19047: 19045: 19030: 19027: 19025: 19022: 19020: 19017: 19015: 19012: 19010: 19007: 19005: 19002: 19000: 18997: 18995: 18992: 18990: 18987: 18985: 18982: 18980: 18977: 18975: 18974:PROSUR/PROSUL 18972: 18970: 18967: 18965: 18962: 18960: 18957: 18955: 18952: 18950: 18947: 18945: 18942: 18940: 18937: 18935: 18932: 18930: 18927: 18925: 18922: 18920: 18917: 18915: 18912: 18910: 18907: 18905: 18902: 18900: 18897: 18895: 18892: 18890: 18887: 18885: 18882: 18880: 18877: 18875: 18872: 18870: 18869:Craiova Group 18867: 18865: 18862: 18860: 18857: 18855: 18852: 18850: 18847: 18845: 18842: 18840: 18837: 18835: 18832: 18830: 18827: 18825: 18822: 18820: 18817: 18815: 18812: 18810: 18807: 18805: 18802: 18800: 18797: 18795: 18792: 18790: 18787: 18785: 18784:ABCANZ Armies 18782: 18781: 18779: 18773: 18767: 18764: 18762: 18759: 18755: 18752: 18750: 18747: 18745: 18742: 18740: 18737: 18735: 18732: 18730: 18727: 18726: 18725: 18722: 18720: 18717: 18713: 18710: 18709: 18708: 18705: 18703: 18700: 18699: 18697: 18695: 18691: 18685: 18682: 18680: 18677: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18655: 18651: 18648: 18646: 18643: 18641: 18638: 18636: 18633: 18632: 18631: 18628: 18626: 18623: 18621: 18618: 18616: 18613: 18612: 18611: 18608: 18602: 18599: 18598: 18597: 18594: 18590: 18589:Protestantism 18587: 18583: 18580: 18579: 18578: 18575: 18571: 18568: 18567: 18566: 18563: 18559: 18555: 18552: 18551: 18550: 18547: 18546: 18545: 18542: 18541: 18540: 18537: 18536: 18534: 18532: 18528: 18520: 18517: 18516: 18515: 18512: 18510: 18509:Sovereigntism 18507: 18505: 18502: 18498: 18497: 18493: 18492: 18491: 18488: 18484: 18481: 18480: 18479: 18476: 18474: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18446: 18442: 18439: 18437: 18434: 18433: 18432: 18429: 18425: 18422: 18421: 18420: 18417: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18407: 18405: 18404:Scholasticism 18402: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18371: 18369: 18367: 18363: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18337: 18336: 18335: 18332: 18328: 18325: 18324: 18323: 18320: 18316: 18313: 18311: 18308: 18307: 18306: 18303: 18299: 18296: 18295: 18294: 18291: 18289: 18286: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18268: 18267: 18264: 18260: 18257: 18256: 18255: 18252: 18248: 18245: 18244: 18243: 18240: 18236: 18233: 18231: 18228: 18227: 18226: 18223: 18221: 18218: 18216: 18213: 18211: 18208: 18204: 18201: 18200: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18187: 18184: 18183: 18182: 18179: 18175: 18172: 18171: 18170: 18167: 18163: 18160: 18159: 18158: 18155: 18153: 18150: 18146: 18143: 18142: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18129: 18126: 18124: 18121: 18119: 18116: 18115: 18114: 18111: 18110: 18108: 18106: 18102: 18094: 18093:War on terror 18091: 18089: 18086: 18085: 18084: 18081: 18077: 18074: 18072: 18069: 18067: 18064: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18047: 18044: 18042: 18039: 18037: 18034: 18032: 18029: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17988: 17987: 17986:Modern period 17984: 17982: 17979: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17965: 17962: 17961: 17960: 17957: 17953: 17950: 17949: 17948: 17945: 17943: 17940: 17939: 17937: 17935: 17931: 17925: 17922: 17920: 17917: 17915: 17912: 17910: 17907: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17892: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17876: 17873: 17872: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17863: 17861: 17858: 17857: 17855: 17851: 17847: 17843: 17842:Western world 17836: 17831: 17829: 17824: 17822: 17817: 17816: 17813: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17772: 17770: 17768: 17764: 17758: 17755: 17753: 17750: 17748: 17745: 17743: 17740: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17727: 17726: 17723: 17721: 17718: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17705: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17679: 17678:Reincarnation 17676: 17674: 17671: 17667: 17664: 17662: 17659: 17658: 17657: 17654: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17640: 17637: 17636: 17635: 17632: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17600: 17597: 17595: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17586: 17584: 17582: 17578: 17558: 17555: 17553: 17550: 17548: 17545: 17543: 17540: 17538: 17535: 17533: 17530: 17528: 17525: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17515: 17513: 17510: 17508: 17505: 17504: 17501: 17497: 17490: 17486: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17446: 17445: 17442: 17438: 17437:Vattisen Yaly 17435: 17433: 17430: 17429: 17427: 17425: 17422: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17412: 17410: 17407: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17377: 17375: 17372: 17368: 17365: 17363: 17360: 17358: 17355: 17354: 17353: 17350: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17337: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17324: 17321: 17319: 17316: 17315: 17313: 17309: 17306: 17304: 17301: 17300: 17298: 17297: 17294: 17290: 17286: 17281: 17277: 17272: 17270: 17264: 17244: 17241: 17239: 17236: 17234: 17231: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17221: 17219: 17216: 17214: 17211: 17209: 17206: 17204: 17201: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17174: 17172: 17169: 17167: 17164: 17163: 17162: 17159: 17157: 17154: 17153: 17150: 17146: 17142: 17137: 17133: 17117: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17091:Cook Islander 17089: 17088: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17074: 17072: 17069: 17067: 17064: 17062: 17059: 17058: 17055: 17051: 17044: 17040: 17026: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17014: 17011: 17010: 17009: 17006: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16994: 16993: 16992: 16989: 16985: 16982: 16980: 16977: 16976: 16975: 16972: 16968: 16965: 16964: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16955: 16953: 16950: 16949: 16946: 16942: 16935: 16931: 16915: 16912: 16910: 16907: 16905: 16902: 16900: 16899:Baltic Finnic 16897: 16896: 16895: 16892: 16890: 16887: 16885: 16882: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16867:Imperial cult 16865: 16863: 16860: 16858: 16855: 16854: 16853: 16850: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16838: 16836: 16833: 16832: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16800: 16798: 16794: 16791: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16775: 16774: 16771: 16765: 16762: 16760: 16757: 16755: 16752: 16751: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16736: 16735: 16732: 16728: 16725: 16723: 16720: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16709: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16700: 16696: 16693: 16692: 16691: 16688: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16665: 16663: 16661: 16658: 16654: 16651: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16640: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16619: 16617: 16614: 16613: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16604: 16603: 16600: 16596: 16589: 16585: 16571: 16568: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16538: 16536: 16533: 16531: 16528: 16526: 16523: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16493: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16481: 16478: 16476: 16473: 16471: 16468: 16466: 16463: 16461: 16458: 16454: 16451: 16450: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16428:Sunda Wiwitan 16426: 16424: 16421: 16417: 16414: 16413: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16402: 16399: 16395: 16392: 16391: 16390: 16387: 16385: 16382: 16380: 16377: 16375: 16372: 16370: 16367: 16365: 16364:Austroasiatic 16362: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16331: 16328: 16324: 16317: 16313: 16308: 16302: 16296: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16271: 16268: 16263: 16259: 16252: 16247: 16245: 16240: 16238: 16233: 16232: 16229: 16217: 16213: 16209: 16207: 16199: 16198: 16195: 16181: 16178: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16168: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16123: 16122: 16120: 16118: 16117:South America 16114: 16108: 16105: 16103: 16100: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16090: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16078: 16075: 16073: 16070: 16068: 16065: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16039: 16037: 16035: 16031: 16025: 16024:United States 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15970: 15967: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15957: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15912: 15911: 15909: 15907: 15906:North America 15903: 15895: 15892: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15882: 15880: 15877: 15876: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15805: 15802: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15764:Liechtenstein 15762: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15750: 15747: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15665: 15662: 15660: 15657: 15656: 15654: 15652: 15648: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15491: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15381: 15379: 15377: 15373: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15294: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15227: 15224: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15216:Guinea-Bissau 15214: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15122: 15119: 15117: 15114: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15098: 15096: 15094: 15090: 15086: 15079: 15075: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15040:Organizations 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14984: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14903: 14900: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14882: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14870:Vegetarianism 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14815:Homosexuality 14813: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14775: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14738: 14737: 14734: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14716: 14715: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14685: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14662: 14659: 14658: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14636:Neurotheology 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14603: 14601: 14599: 14593: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14538: 14536: 14534: 14530: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14508: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14446: 14445: 14442: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14424: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14357: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14330:Folk religion 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14258: 14255: 14254: 14252: 14248: 14244: 14237: 14233: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14172: 14171: 14168: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14153:Imperial cult 14151: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14140: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14113: 14112: 14109: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14096: 14095: 14092: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14069: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14056: 14053: 14052: 14051: 14048: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14035: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14022: 14019: 14018: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13951: 13950: 13947: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13924: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13911: 13908: 13907: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13889: 13886: 13885: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13858: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13831: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13808: 13805: 13804: 13803: 13800: 13799: 13796: 13792: 13787: 13783: 13763: 13760: 13759: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13722:Discordianism 13720: 13718: 13717:Anthroposophy 13715: 13714: 13712: 13708: 13700: 13699: 13695: 13694: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13681: 13678: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13665:Mari religion 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13647: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13599: 13596: 13595: 13594: 13591: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13578: 13577: 13574: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13561: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13548: 13545: 13544: 13542: 13541: 13539: 13537: 13531: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13502:Neo-Theosophy 13500: 13499: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13471: 13468: 13467: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13440:New Acropolis 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13412: 13410: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13393: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13364: 13362: 13358: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13260: 13259: 13256: 13255: 13254: 13252: 13248: 13247: 13242: 13239: 13238: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13136: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13116: 13114: 13112: 13106: 13098: 13095: 13094: 13093: 13090: 13089: 13087: 13085:North African 13083: 13080: 13078: 13072: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13007: 13005: 13003: 12999: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12974: 12972: 12970: 12966: 12962: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12930: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12878: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12860: 12857: 12856: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12849:Kwakwakaʼwakw 12847: 12845: 12842: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12814: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12748: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12730: 12727: 12726: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12716: 12714: 12712: 12706: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12679: 12678: 12675: 12671: 12668: 12667: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12635: 12633: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12620: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12610: 12608: 12606: 12602: 12596: 12593: 12592: 12590: 12588: 12587:Austroasiatic 12584: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12567: 12566: 12563: 12559: 12558:Vattisen Yaly 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12545: 12544: 12540: 12537: 12536: 12534: 12532: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12519: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12494: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12477:Kirat Mundhum 12475: 12473: 12470: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12457: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12442: 12440: 12436: 12430: 12429: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12416: 12413: 12412: 12411: 12408: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12390: 12386: 12383: 12382: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12372: 12370: 12368: 12364: 12358: 12357: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12280: 12279: 12276: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12228: 12227: 12224: 12223: 12221: 12219: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12206: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12172: 12170: 12168: 12164: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12144: 12142: 12140: 12136: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12113: 12112: 12108: 12107: 12106: 12103: 12102: 12100: 12098: 12094: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12077: 12076: 12073: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12060: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12035: 12033: 12031: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12009: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11981: 11979: 11975: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11950: 11948: 11946: 11942: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11922: 11920: 11918: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11905: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11861: 11859: 11855: 11849: 11848: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11836:Milah Abraham 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11810: 11807: 11806: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11774: 11773: 11770: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11755: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11735: 11734: 11731: 11730: 11728: 11726: 11722: 11716: 11715: 11711: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11663: 11660: 11659: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11609: 11606: 11605: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11568: 11567: 11564: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11546: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11504: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11494: 11493: 11492:Protestantism 11490: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11477: 11474: 11473: 11472: 11469: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11456: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11443: 11440: 11439: 11438: 11435: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11422: 11421: 11418: 11417: 11415: 11413: 11409: 11403: 11402: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11357: 11354: 11353: 11352: 11349: 11345: 11342: 11341: 11340: 11337: 11336: 11335: 11332: 11331: 11329: 11327: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11305: 11301: 11297: 11292: 11288: 11284: 11277: 11272: 11270: 11265: 11263: 11258: 11257: 11254: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11198: 11196: 11192: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11151: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11131: 11129: 11127: 11126:Indo-European 11123: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11103: 11101: 11099: 11095: 11089: 11086: 11085: 11083: 11081: 11077: 11074: 11070: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11048: 11045: 11044: 11043: 11040: 11039: 11037: 11035: 11031: 11025: 11024:Manichaeanism 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11011: 11009: 11007: 11003: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10978: 10976: 10974: 10970: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10950: 10948: 10946: 10942: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10922: 10920: 10918: 10914: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10884: 10882: 10880: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10867: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10852: 10849: 10845: 10838: 10833: 10831: 10826: 10824: 10819: 10818: 10815: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10674: 10672: 10663: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10563: 10561: 10557: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10374: 10370: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10128:Julius Paulus 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10063:Fabius Pictor 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9970: 9968: 9966: 9962: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9946: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9898: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9885: 9883: 9881: 9877: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9800:Amphitheatres 9798: 9797: 9795: 9793: 9789: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9741: 9738: 9737: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9702: 9700: 9698: 9694: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9651: 9648: 9647: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9573: 9569: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9537:Deforestation 9535: 9533: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9521: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9487:Siege engines 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9469: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9456: 9453: 9452: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9420:Establishment 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9399: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9351:Extraordinary 9349: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9337:Promagistrate 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9294: 9292: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9279: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9165: 9161: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9124:Twelve Tables 9122: 9121: 9119: 9117: 9113: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9076: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9041: 9039: 9037: 9033: 9021: 9018: 9017: 9016: 9013: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 9000: 8999: 8996: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8983: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8950: 8944: 8941: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8923: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8911: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8893: 8888: 8881: 8876: 8874: 8869: 8867: 8862: 8861: 8858: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8804: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8770: 8766: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8740: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8709: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8668: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8646: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8619:Imperial cult 8617: 8615: 8614: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8600:and practices 8596: 8588: 8587: 8583: 8582: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8569: 8568: 8564: 8563: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8550: 8549: 8548:Metamorphoses 8545: 8543: 8542: 8538: 8537: 8536: 8533: 8529: 8528: 8524: 8523: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8512: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8491: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8464:Ancus Marcius 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8425: 8418: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8393:Tranquillitas 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8289: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8014: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8006:Dii Consentes 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7982: 7977: 7975: 7970: 7968: 7963: 7962: 7959: 7952: 7947: 7943: 7942: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7898: 7894: 7891: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7877: 7874: 7871: 7867: 7864: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7851:9780199644063 7847: 7843: 7838: 7835: 7832:North, J. A. 7831: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7814: 7810: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7795:MacMullen, R. 7793: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7777: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7725: 7721: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7708:Cornell, T., 7707: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7652:, Price, S., 7651: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7630: 7626: 7620: 7613: 7608: 7601: 7595: 7588: 7584: 7578: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7556:See Julian's 7553: 7546: 7540: 7533: 7527: 7518: 7509: 7503: 7500: 7494: 7485: 7477: 7471: 7466: 7465: 7456: 7441: 7437: 7431: 7423: 7417: 7409: 7403: 7398: 7397: 7388: 7378: 7370: 7363: 7356: 7352: 7346: 7339: 7333: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7309: 7303: 7294: 7287: 7281: 7274: 7268: 7259: 7250: 7248: 7240: 7235: 7228: 7223: 7214: 7205: 7196: 7187: 7180: 7176: 7170: 7163: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7144: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7107: 7098: 7089: 7080: 7071: 7062: 7053: 7044: 7038:Beard, 272-5. 7035: 7026: 7017: 7008: 6999: 6990: 6981: 6972: 6963: 6954: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6932: 6928: 6921: 6914: 6908: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6861: 6852: 6845: 6841: 6840: 6834: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6816: 6807: 6798: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6780: 6773: 6769: 6768: 6762: 6755: 6749: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6728: 6719: 6710: 6703: 6699: 6693: 6684: 6677: 6676: 6669: 6659: 6649: 6640: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6619: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6600: 6593: 6587: 6578: 6569: 6559: 6552: 6548: 6542: 6533: 6524: 6517: 6511: 6502: 6495: 6489: 6482: 6476: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6450: 6441: 6434: 6430: 6429:Clifford Ando 6425: 6416: 6407: 6405: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6372: 6366: 6357: 6348: 6339: 6332: 6327: 6320: 6315: 6309:Brent, 268-9. 6306: 6297: 6288: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6271: 6262: 6253: 6244: 6235: 6226: 6219: 6215: 6209: 6200: 6191: 6182: 6173: 6164: 6155: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6120: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6099: 6090: 6081: 6072: 6062: 6055: 6049: 6042: 6036: 6026: 6017: 6008: 5999: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5973: 5964: 5957: 5951: 5945:Brent, 21-25. 5942: 5940: 5932: 5926: 5917: 5908: 5899: 5892: 5886: 5877: 5870: 5864: 5855: 5846: 5839: 5833: 5824: 5815: 5806: 5797: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5771: 5762: 5753: 5744: 5735: 5728: 5722: 5715: 5709: 5700: 5691: 5684: 5683:paterfamilias 5678: 5671: 5667: 5666:paterfamilias 5661: 5652: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5613:For example, 5610: 5601: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5578:Livy 22.55-57 5575: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5550: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5516: 5506: 5497: 5488: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5471: 5470:P. Decius Mus 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5399: 5393: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5370: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5340: 5331: 5322: 5313: 5304: 5295: 5286: 5284: 5276: 5270: 5263: 5257: 5248: 5239: 5232: 5226: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5179: 5172: 5166: 5157: 5148: 5139: 5132: 5125: 5116: 5107: 5098: 5089: 5079: 5070: 5063: 5057: 5047: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4994: 4987: 4986: 4981: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4945: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4918: 4917: 4910: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4829: 4823: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4799: 4792: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4718: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4646:neo-Platonism 4643: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4581: 4580:Constantine. 4579: 4575: 4574:Philostorgius 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4528:Constantine I 4521: 4520:Constantine I 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4500:Aula Palatina 4496: 4487: 4485: 4484:Constantine I 4481: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4380: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4270: 4269:Church Father 4266: 4261: 4256: 4255:Diaspora Jews 4248: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4201:pater patriae 4198: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4174:Julius Caesar 4171: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4140:paterfamilias 4137: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4120:Roman temples 4117: 4113: 4112:Maison Carrée 4108: 4103: 4096:Imperial cult 4093: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4019: 4015: 4006: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3834: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3737:Forum Romanum 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3721:Forum Boarium 3718: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3620: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3442:Roman Britain 3439: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3390: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3336:vi cantaminum 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3314: 3311: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3216:paterfamilias 3213: 3206: 3196: 3193: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3061: 3052: 3051: 3050:suovetaurilia 3046: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3022:suovetaurilia 3017: 3015: 3013: 3007: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2974: 2965: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2875:, one of the 2874: 2869: 2864: 2854: 2850: 2848: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2766: 2761: 2752: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2613: 2609: 2603: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2515: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2446: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2370:paterfamilias 2367: 2366: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2242: 2234: 2233:Arval Brother 2230: 2225: 2219:and the state 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2182:divi parentes 2179: 2176:, and to his 2175: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2155:paterfamilias 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2127: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2115:paterfamilias 2112: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2027: 2023: 2022: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2003: 2002:Forum Boarium 1999: 1989: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1796:gods such as 1795: 1789: 1787: 1781: 1777: 1775: 1769: 1767: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1685:October Horse 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1659:Offerings to 1657: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1609: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1599: 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1078:: the sacred 1077: 1073: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1018:Ancus Marcius 1015: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 975: 971: 969: 968:Roman triumph 965: 964: 959: 955: 951: 947: 942: 940: 935: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 909: 908: 903: 898: 894: 892: 888: 887:Forum Boarium 884: 880: 879: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 835: 831: 824: 823:Palatine Hill 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 799: 795: 785: 783: 779: 778: 773: 768: 767:Imperial cult 764: 761:, the divine 760: 759: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 686:Roman Britain 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 660:, among them 659: 655: 647: 643: 639: 635: 630: 626: 623: 622:Mediterranean 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 599:Roman triumph 596: 591: 589: 585: 581: 580:Julius Caesar 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 556:elite classes 550: 548: 542: 538: 529: 527: 524:, who tended 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 467: 466: 459: 456: 455: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 404: 403: 397: 392: 391: 385: 384:Roman culture 381: 376: 374: 370: 366: 361: 360: 353: 351: 344: 340: 336: 335: 329: 318: 313: 311: 306: 304: 299: 298: 296: 295: 290: 287: 284: 283: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 252: 251: 250: 246: 245: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 218: 217: 216:Indigitamenta 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 199: 198:Dii Consentes 195: 194: 192: 191: 188: 185: 184: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 144: 142: 141: 138: 135: 134: 128: 125: 123: 122:imperial cult 120: 118: 115: 113: 112: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 95: 91: 89: 86: 85: 83: 82: 78: 77: 69: 65: 59: 55: 54: 51: 44: 43: 40: 36: 32: 27: 19: 19019:Western Bloc 18819:AUSCANNZUKUS 18775:Contemporary 18724:Human rights 18661: 18570:Latin Church 18544:Christianity 18494: 18453:Conservatism 18298:contemporary 18135:Architecture 18071:World War II 18031:Emancipation 18026:Abolitionism 17914:Romanization 17909:Roman legacy 17890:Roman Empire 17790:Neoplatonism 17730:Tree of life 17693:Sacred grove 17594:Bear worship 17547:Neoshamanism 17409:Zalmoxianism 17362:Adyghe Habze 17267:Modern pagan 16974:Mesopotamian 16851: 16830:Paleo-Balkan 16764:Samothracian 16643:Old Prussian 16540:Bongthingism 15621:Turkmenistan 15581:Saudi Arabia 15326:South Africa 15316:Sierra Leone 15121:Burkina Faso 15030:Names of God 14977:Unaffiliated 14932:Antireligion 14793:Universalism 14741:Assimilation 14606:Anthropology 14481:Supernatural 14476:Spirituality 14444:Sacred space 14432:Purification 14305:Denomination 14259: / 14137: 14067:Paleo-Balkan 14033:Mesopotamian 13873:Cook Islands 13844:Old Prussian 13757:UFO religion 13696: 13692:Zalmoxianism 13620:Neoshamanism 13477:Spiritualism 13360:Other ethnic 13249: 13075:Traditional 13035:Bongthingism 12933:Acoma Pueblo 12876:Mesoamerican 12605:Austronesian 12426: 12422:Neo-Buddhism 12354: 12350:Neo-Hinduism 12271:Swaminarayan 12109: 12058:Salvationist 12043:Confucianism 11894:Samaritanism 11864:Ali-Illahism 11845: 11712: 11706:Unitarianism 11647:Old Catholic 11454:Nestorianism 11412:Christianity 11399: 11365:Conservative 11236:Roman School 11170: 11159:Neoplatonism 11116:Mesopotamian 10953:Confucianism 10892:Christianity 10870:Major groups 10742:Institutions 10606:Leptis Magna 10559:Major cities 10466:Philostratus 10253:Quadrigarius 10073:Rufus Festus 9936:Contemporary 9657:Romanization 9644: 9580:Architecture 9187:Collegiality 9036:Constitution 8887:Ancient Rome 8749:Gubernaculum 8718:Golden Bough 8687:Neoplatonism 8682:Epicureanism 8611: 8584: 8565: 8546: 8539: 8525: 8030:Anna Perenna 8004: 7987: 7925:Online books 7915: 7896: 7889: 7879: 7869: 7859: 7841: 7833: 7819: 7812: 7798: 7781: 7775: 7758: 7744: 7730: 7723: 7709: 7695: 7681: 7667: 7653: 7628: 7619: 7607: 7594: 7586: 7582: 7577: 7561: 7557: 7552: 7539: 7531: 7526: 7517: 7508: 7498: 7493: 7484: 7463: 7455: 7443:. 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Wiseman 4924: 4914: 4898: 4890: 4882: 4873: 4857: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4827: 4822: 4814: 4806: 4798: 4790: 4782: 4751: 4691:Theodosius I 4682: 4676: 4659:Theodosius I 4656: 4649: 4639: 4619: 4600:Theodosius I 4577: 4566:Nicene Creed 4555: 4550: 4538: 4531: 4525: 4476: 4466: 4448: 4433: 4419:Sol Invictus 4417: 4410: 4384: 4372: 4358: 4351: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4320: 4310: 4275: 4264: 4259: 4252: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4182: 4177: 4169: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4151:dii parentes 4150: 4148: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4090:Sol Invictus 4075: 4070: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4023: 4003: 3972:Roman Empire 3965: 3953: 3948: 3942: 3929: 3924: 3908: 3880: 3848: 3830: 3815: 3804: 3794: 3741:Juno Sospita 3714: 3704: 3685:Latin league 3678: 3673:Epulum Jovis 3671: 3649: 3646:regal period 3643: 3617: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3577: 3562: 3547:Father Liber 3539: 3499: 3492: 3445: 3437: 3427: 3425: 3411: 3403: 3399:malum carmen 3397: 3395: 3356: 3351: 3344:Philostratus 3335: 3331: 3323: 3317: 3315: 3309: 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2169: 2165: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2142: 2141: 2134: 2130: 2129:, ancestral 2124: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2108: 2098: 2083:North Africa 2064: 2043: 2041: 2036: 2030: 2025: 2019: 2015: 2013:gladiatorial 2006: 1995: 1983: 1977: 1973: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1913: 1911: 1906: 1887: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1869:sacred grove 1864: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1807: 1801: 1792: 1783: 1782:, and ladle 1771: 1763: 1743: 1737: 1733: 1725: 1713: 1711: 1700: 1658: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1637: 1629: 1603: 1595: 1589: 1573: 1566: 1540: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1517: 1506: 1504: 1495: 1491: 1476: 1461:Roman temple 1445:Anna Perenna 1430: 1420: 1413: 1404: 1388: 1378: 1323: 1316: 1309: 1307: 1272: 1260: 1252: 1237:Bacchus, or 1189: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1127: 1108:Di Consentes 1105: 1070: 1046:Latin League 1028:, founded a 1011: 1001:, Mars, and 980: 963:spolia opima 961: 943: 936: 913: 905: 876: 838: 827: 775: 772:Christianity 756: 734: 718:monotheistic 701: 694:family rites 682:Sol Invictus 674:solar monism 651: 646:Getty Museum 619: 595:expansionism 592: 553: 544: 499: 491:Christianity 483:Roman Empire 460: 444:king of Rome 406:), adapting 377: 373:many deities 369:polytheistic 354: 349: 348: 332: 196: 109: 92: 68:head covered 49:ancient Rome 45: 39: 26: 18959:Open Balkan 18777:integration 18707:Rule of law 18702:Natural law 18679:Agnosticism 18657:Hellenistic 18635:Anglo-Saxon 18565:Catholicism 18504:Atlanticism 18409:Rationalism 18215:Immigration 18198:Esotericism 18056:World War I 18021:Romanticism 18001:Reformation 17981:Renaissance 17959:Middle Ages 17924:Christendom 17853:Foundations 17399:Italo-Roman 17303:Ausar Auset 17071:Micronesian 16862:Gallo-Roman 16712:Anglo-Saxon 16510:Satsana Phi 16394:Momolianism 16298:Historical 16279:Panentheism 16072:New Zealand 16009:Saint Lucia 15959:El Salvador 15864:Switzerland 15799:Netherlands 15571:Philippines 15499:South Korea 15494:North Korea 15384:Afghanistan 15331:South Sudan 15221:Ivory Coast 15005:Deification 14952:Objectivism 14927:Agnosticism 14885:Persecution 14875:Video games 14840:Populations 14751:Proselytism 14719:Monasticism 14710:Clericalism 14700:Agriculture 14691:and society 14656:Soteriology 14616:Comparative 14586:Transtheism 14571:Panentheism 14355:Monasticism 14148:Gallo-Roman 14050:Micronesian 14016:Manichaeism 13964:Hermeticism 13932:Continental 13927:Anglo-Saxon 13807:Paleolithic 13802:Prehistoric 13752:Scientology 13615:Italo-Roman 13470:Radha Soami 13450:New Thought 13290:Espiritismo 13231:Waaqeffanna 13171:Fon and Ewe 13109:Sub-Saharan 12992:Satsana Phi 12788:Ghost Dance 12746:Californian 12724:Anishinaabe 12655:Karo Pemena 12634:Indonesian 12308:Lingayatism 12256:Mahanubhava 12226:Vaishnavism 12157:Jeungsanism 12080:Folk Taoism 12063:Xiantiandao 11917:Zoroastrian 11576:Charismatic 11571:Pentecostal 11534:Anglicanism 11485:Waldensians 11420:Catholicism 11088:Paleolithic 11080:Prehistoric 11054:New Thought 11042:Neopaganism 10737:Geographers 10421:Dioscorides 10401:Cassius Dio 10023:Cassiodorus 9926:Renaissance 9532:Agriculture 9504:Auxiliaries 9445:Engineering 9282:Magistrates 9134:Citizenship 9129:Mos maiorum 9064:Late Empire 8823:Persecution 8775:Gallo-Roman 8567:Res divinae 8439:Rhea Silvia 7680:Beard, M., 7600:Fordham.edu 7151:in Cicero, 7149:superstitio 7136:superstitio 6842:from Livy: 6610:Lex Ogulnia 6392:superstitio 5989:to declare 5827:Gradel, 21. 5716:, 8,306-58. 5591:, 83 & 5563:John Scheid 4811:John Scheid 4614:sarcophagus 4359:mos maiores 4323:superstitio 4265:superstitio 4031:Liber Pater 3986:Bellerophon 3938:Simon Price 3828:in 191 BC. 3818:Magna Mater 3745:Juno Regina 3701:Alban mount 3632:Wedding of 3575:continued. 3555:Bacchanalia 3298:superstitio 3286:superstitio 3277:superstitio 3247:Superstitio 3240:superstitio 3071:in absentia 3039:Panel from 2998:superstitio 2941:novemdialis 2921:Dis Manibus 2885:Dis Manibus 2847:Bacchanalia 2745:Juno Regina 2678:The bronze 2646:ius augurum 2475:The Vestals 2319:res publica 2306:superstitio 2247:mos maiorum 2178:di parentes 2123:, domestic 2111:mos maiorum 2037:sacrificium 1693:Taurobolium 1641:sacrificium 1631:victimarius 1598:sacramentum 1490:within the 1478:deposited. 1427:antiquarian 1346:Ludi Romani 1212:pantheistic 1134:mythography 1066:magistrates 924:Rhea Silvia 777:superstitio 755:and of the 749:Public vows 642:Mural crown 454:mos maiorum 408:Greek myths 137:Priesthoods 47:Religion in 19044:Categories 18979:Rio Treaty 18490:Relativism 18448:Liberalism 18414:Empiricism 18366:Philosophy 18354:Secularism 18305:Philosophy 18242:Literature 18036:Capitalism 17752:Witchcraft 17735:World tree 17673:Orthopraxy 17522:Stregheria 17469:Udmurt Vos 17432:Burkhanism 17340:Dievturība 17318:Mexicayotl 17086:Polynesian 17066:Melanesian 17061:Australian 16979:Babylonian 16793:Lusitanian 16788:Gallaecian 16778:Cantabrian 16754:Eleusinian 16668:Circassian 16664:Caucasian 16653:Lithuanian 16570:Sanamahism 16550:Donyi-Polo 16411:Philippine 16389:Kaharingan 16374:Vietnamese 16289:Polytheism 16062:Micronesia 15939:Costa Rica 15834:San Marino 15794:Montenegro 15774:Luxembourg 15631:Uzbekistan 15606:Tajikistan 15511:Kyrgyzstan 15484:Kazakhstan 15434:East Timor 15404:Bangladesh 15394:Azerbaijan 15311:Seychelles 15276:Mozambique 15261:Mauritania 15246:Madagascar 15136:Cape Verde 14918:irreligion 14913:Secularism 14820:Minorities 14788:Toleration 14783:Syncretism 14768:Fanaticism 14758:Disability 14746:Missionary 14736:Conversion 14724:Ordination 14646:Psychology 14641:Philosophy 14581:Polytheism 14561:Monotheism 14556:Henotheism 14397:Orthopraxy 14387:Ordination 14350:Meditation 14345:Indigenous 14310:Entheogens 14295:Conversion 14121:Pueblo III 14038:Babylonian 14028:Melanesian 13954:Gnosticism 13839:Lithuanian 13732:Fourth Way 13586:Circassian 13564:Dievturība 13487:Tensegrity 13420:Falun Gong 13065:Sanamahism 13045:Donyi-Polo 12677:Polynesian 12623:Kaharingan 12548:Burkhanism 12487:Ravidassia 12465:Śvetāmbara 12251:Pushtimarg 12231:Krishnaism 12167:Vietnamese 12152:Cheondoism 12085:Yao Taoism 12021:East Asian 11787:Isma'ilism 11743:Maturidism 11522:Mennonites 11517:Hutterites 11502:Anabaptism 11395:Humanistic 11241:Secularism 11231:Irreligion 11154:Gnosticism 11072:Historical 10945:East Asian 10917:Amerindian 10626:Mediolanum 10566:Alexandria 10531:Themistius 10496:Porphyrius 10323:Tertullian 10258:Quintilian 10248:Propertius 10143:Lactantius 10093:Fulgentius 10028:Censorinus 9850:Sanitation 9835:Metallurgy 9792:Technology 9757:Demography 9705:Patricians 9672:Spectacles 9630:Literature 9625:Hairstyles 9462:Technology 9212:Praefectus 9164:Government 9154:Litigation 9139:Auctoritas 9084:Centuriate 8971:Principate 8966:Pax Romana 8926:Foundation 8768:Variations 8670:Philosophy 8649:Capitolium 8556:Propertius 8323:Averruncus 8308:Aeternitas 8298:Abundantia 8227:Proserpina 7772:Fox, R. L. 7570:Iamblichus 7445:3 February 7336:Eusebius, 7181:, 15.44.5. 7153:pro Flacco 6913:Res Gestae 6821:Ver Sacrum 6754:Ling. Lat. 6613:of 300 BC. 6551:defixiones 6492:Apuleius, 5991:obnuntiato 5867:Forsythe, 5615:Prudentius 5464:historian 5010:historian 4979:Res Gestae 4952:, 11, 1–4. 4787:Jörg Rüpke 4769:References 4594:See also: 4572:". Later, 4533:pax deorum 4463:Diocletian 4422:in Rome's 4346:persecuted 4336:After the 4288:See also: 4272:Tertullian 4247:gold glass 4227:See also: 4155:apotheosis 3966:pax deorum 3934:Mary Beard 3916:principate 3897:Fresco of 3806:ver sacrum 3791:, 30–45 AD 3716:ara maxima 3612:principate 3446:defixiones 3438:defixiones 3429:defixiones 3382:necromancy 3374:Thessalian 3322:(singular 3253:See also: 3203:See also: 3154:Decius Mus 3109:and Stoic 2914:Parentalia 2887:, "to the 2723:obnuntiato 2651:pontifices 2545:mola salsa 2540:Fordicidia 2536:Parentalia 2417:pontifices 2365:haruspices 2336:pontifices 2324:Parentalia 2311:ira deorum 2262:in Latin, 2067:barbarians 1979:mola salsa 1932:), heart ( 1928:), liver ( 1889:ver sacrum 1828:Fordicidia 1689:Tauromachy 1669:Compitalia 1484:of animals 1482:, chiefly 1480:Sacrifices 1437:Saturnalia 1397:Principate 1373:Compitalia 1344:, and the 1342:Compitalia 1286:See also: 1157:his temple 1094:See also: 1058:Compitalia 1056:, and the 1052:Temple to 907:Velificans 891:Lupercalia 878:Ara Maxima 792:See also: 702:coniuratio 638:cornucopia 607:Punic Wars 343:cornucopia 147:Pontifices 18924:Five Eyes 18919:EU–UK TCA 18761:Democracy 18650:Old Norse 18539:Abrahamic 18496:Peritrope 18478:Tolerance 18458:Socialism 18288:Mythology 18276:Classical 18225:Languages 18203:Astrology 18051:Modernism 17865:Old World 17703:Sacrifice 17698:Holy well 17666:Mythology 17649:Stone row 17459:Hungarian 17389:Hellenism 17384:Heathenry 17352:Caucasian 17314:American 17308:Godianism 17269:movements 17001:Canaanite 16904:Hungarian 16872:Mithraism 16803:Camunnian 16744:Hero cult 16611:Anatolian 16525:Benzhuism 16520:Bathouism 16448:Dravidian 16379:Indonesia 16349:Mongolian 16284:Pantheism 16180:Venezuela 16125:Argentina 16042:Australia 15994:Nicaragua 15969:Guatemala 15769:Lithuania 15591:Sri Lanka 15586:Singapore 15566:Palestine 15454:Indonesia 15444:Hong Kong 15266:Mauritius 14987:Overviews 14942:Criticism 14890:Terrorism 14865:Theocracy 14810:Happiness 14778:Pluralism 14763:Education 14689:Religion 14661:Salvation 14651:Sociology 14596:Religious 14576:Pantheism 14566:Nontheism 14459:Mountains 14437:Sacrifice 14392:Orthodoxy 14382:Mythology 14377:Mysticism 14266:Behaviour 14175:Canaanite 14158:Mithraism 14126:Pueblo IV 14116:Pueblo II 14021:Mazdakism 13996:Hungarian 13969:Mysteries 13878:Dravidian 13660:Hungarian 13576:Caucasian 13547:Godianism 13507:Agni Yoga 13497:Theosophy 13460:Rastafari 13435:Modekngei 13415:Brahmoism 13408:Syncretic 13400:movements 13398:religious 13310:Quimbanda 13258:Candomblé 13251:Diasporic 13030:Bathouism 13020:Benzhuism 12945:Tsimshian 12896:Purépecha 12817:Longhouse 12792:Sun Dance 12741:Blackfoot 12660:Malaysian 12650:Kapitayan 12460:Digambara 12445:Ayyavazhi 12410:Vajrayana 12375:Theravada 12288:Ganapatya 12261:Ramanandi 12190:Hoahaoism 12068:Yiguandao 11963:Yarsanism 11958:Shabakism 11945:Yazdânism 11935:Zurvanism 11930:Mazdaznan 11889:Rastafari 11884:Mandaeism 11758:Wahhabism 11738:Ash'arism 11701:Tolstoyan 11691:Spiritual 11681:Mormonism 11652:Judaizers 11625:Quakerism 11603:Methodist 11593:Irvingism 11544:Calvinism 11497:Adventism 11480:Moravians 11317:Abrahamic 11098:Near East 11014:Mithraism 10907:Rastafari 10879:Abrahamic 10782:Quaestors 10712:Empresses 10702:Dynasties 10692:Dictators 10667:and other 10656:Volubilis 10651:Vindobona 10611:Londinium 10536:Theodoret 10506:Procopius 10486:Polyaenus 10461:Pausanias 10363:Vitruvius 10308:Symmachus 10303:Suetonius 10213:Petronius 10198:Obsequens 10163:Macrobius 10158:Lucretius 10083:Frontinus 10058:Eutropius 10043:Columella 9993:Augustine 9983:Appuleius 9931:Neo-Latin 9906:Classical 9897:Versions 9805:Aqueducts 9747:Patronage 9667:Sexuality 9640:Mythology 9615:Education 9605:Cosmetics 9430:Campaigns 9425:Structure 9378:Decemviri 9237:Imperator 8936:overthrow 8795:Mithraism 8780:Mysteries 8629:Palladium 8607:Festivals 8383:Securitas 8333:Concordia 8277:Vertumnus 8095:Dīs Pater 7992:mythology 7650:North, J. 7646:Beard, M. 7416:cite book 7253:Rees, 60. 6945:667274301 6891:0029-5973 6767:Pomoerium 6481:Histories 5871:, p. 141. 5593:Marcellus 5275:et passim 5173:, p. 262. 4862:Routledge 4774:Citations 4478:in Gaul, 4459:haruspicy 4455:Marcellus 4415:Palmyrene 4290:Pentarchy 4249:from Rome 4205:dii manes 4186:Akraiphia 4067:Romanitas 4043:Concordia 3947:became a 3932:volumes, 3905:, Pompeii 3864:Epicurean 3856:Euhemerus 3753:Praeneste 3706:pomoerium 3515:Concordia 3495:plebeians 3479:Aphrodite 3290:Lucretius 3249:and magic 3185:gladiator 3136:Carnuntum 3132:centurion 3116:concordia 3079:Concordia 2837:' novel, 2835:Appuleius 2774:catharsis 2729:Prodigies 2687:Haruspicy 2664:Haruspicy 2629:Via Sacra 2356:Ara Pacis 2286:do ut des 2206:Palladium 2103:Vindobona 1985:porricere 1960:(viscera) 1847:expiation 1840:Robigalia 1816:holocaust 1803:di inferi 1798:Dis pater 1734:Di superi 1714:di superi 1697:Haruspicy 1653:do ut des 1626:libations 1612:Sacrifice 1514:Vitruvius 1500:libations 1441:Consualia 1419:. In his 1393:gladiator 1198:triad of 1184:Ara Pacis 1032:Jupiter, 946:Consualia 853:Palladium 847:, son of 658:provinces 502:libations 465:do ut des 416:Etruscans 414:, as the 412:Roman art 105:festivals 18984:Schengen 18914:Eurozone 18754:Property 18749:Religion 18640:Frankish 18630:Germanic 18610:Paganism 18531:Religion 18519:European 18431:Humanism 18334:Religion 18293:Painting 18259:Internet 18210:Folklore 18181:Clothing 18152:Calendar 18128:Cyrillic 18113:Alphabet 18076:Cold War 17634:Megalith 17624:Idolatry 17619:Folklore 17449:Estonian 17404:Kemetism 17379:Canarian 17330:Armenian 17299:African 17218:Malagasy 17188:Dahomean 17166:Bushongo 17111:Tahitian 17106:Rapa Nui 17096:Hawaiian 16984:Sumerian 16962:Egyptian 16884:Scythian 16845:Thracian 16840:Illyrian 16808:Ligurian 16717:Frankish 16707:Germanic 16702:Etruscan 16678:Ossetian 16673:Georgian 16633:Armenian 16626:Phrygian 16606:Albanian 16592:European 16560:Kiratism 16480:Ryukyuan 16438:Hinduism 16384:Parmalim 16369:Sarnaism 16354:Tengrism 16306:extinct) 16258:Paganism 16206:Category 16170:Suriname 16160:Paraguay 16145:Colombia 16052:Kiribati 15979:Honduras 15949:Dominica 15924:Barbados 15889:Scotland 15849:Slovenia 15844:Slovakia 15819:Portugal 15689:Bulgaria 15611:Thailand 15561:Pakistan 15541:Mongolia 15536:Maldives 15531:Malaysia 15419:Cambodia 15366:Zimbabwe 15341:Tanzania 15191:Ethiopia 15186:Eswatini 15166:Djibouti 15131:Cameroon 15116:Botswana 15060:Timeline 15055:Scholars 15015:Founders 14880:Violence 14835:Politics 14705:Business 14668:Theology 14412:Prophecy 14402:Paganism 14290:Covenant 14257:Apostasy 14192:Scythian 14133:Rapa Nui 14087:Thracian 14082:Illyrian 14072:Albanian 14043:Sumerian 13986:Harappan 13922:Germanic 13917:Georgian 13910:Selk'nam 13895:Etruscan 13883:Egyptian 13861:Druidism 13824:Armenian 13747:Satanism 13727:Eckankar 13650:Estonian 13635:Romanian 13625:Ossetian 13605:Germanic 13554:Armenian 13543:African 13536:paganism 13465:Sant Mat 13455:Rajneesh 13430:Meivazhi 13425:Japanese 13382:Siberian 13315:Santería 13285:Convince 13151:Bushongo 13055:Kiratism 12982:Hmongism 12859:Wocekiye 12844:Jivaroan 12812:Iroquois 12807:Ho-Chunk 12768:Cherokee 12711:American 12682:Hawaiian 12595:Sarnaism 12565:Tungusic 12553:Tengrism 12543:Mongolic 12472:Sarnaism 12403:Nichiren 12380:Mahayana 12367:Buddhism 12345:Sant Mat 12335:Sauraism 12330:Smartism 12325:Shaktism 12318:Balinese 12303:Kaumaram 12298:Kapalika 12293:Kashmiri 12278:Shaivism 12218:Hinduism 12185:Caodaism 12129:Ryukyuan 12124:Tenrikyo 12119:Shugendō 12097:Japanese 11968:Yazidism 11953:Ishikism 11831:Quranism 11804:Khawarij 11753:Salafism 11748:Atharism 11637:Esoteric 11608:Holiness 11598:Lutheran 11559:Reformed 11539:Baptists 11512:Brethren 11476:Hussites 11464:Assyrian 11380:Haymanot 11334:Orthodox 11283:Religion 11226:Humanism 11144:Germanic 11106:Egyptian 10986:Hinduism 10981:Buddhism 10787:Tribunes 10777:Praetors 10727:Generals 10707:Emperors 10616:Lugdunum 10601:Eboracum 10591:Carthage 10576:Aquileia 10491:Polybius 10481:Plutarch 10451:Libanius 10441:Josephus 10436:Herodian 10328:Tibullus 10243:Priscian 10218:Phaedrus 10178:Manilius 10123:Jordanes 10108:Hydatius 10038:Claudian 10018:Catullus 10008:Boëthius 10003:Ausonius 9921:Medieval 9893:Alphabet 9865:Theatres 9840:Numerals 9825:Concrete 9815:Circuses 9782:Bagaudae 9772:Adoption 9767:Marriage 9740:Assembly 9645:Religion 9620:Folklore 9600:Clothing 9595:Calendar 9552:Currency 9542:Commerce 9440:Strategy 9402:Military 9388:Triumvir 9368:Dictator 9363:Interrex 9342:Governor 9327:Quaestor 9290:Ordinary 9272:Province 9262:Tetrarch 9252:Augustus 9217:Vicarius 9207:Officium 9144:Imperium 9094:Plebeian 9054:Republic 8976:Dominate 8943:Republic 8904:Timeline 8835:Glossary 8806:See also 8702:Stoicism 8677:Cynicism 8639:Pomerium 8598:Concepts 8580:Apuleius 8500:She-wolf 8484:Hersilia 8403:Victoria 8303:Aequitas 8257:Summanus 8247:Silvanus 8232:Quirinus 8162:Libertas 8125:Hercules 8070:Cloacina 8055:Carmenta 8050:Bona Dea 8025:Angerona 8020:Agenoria 7327:, 8.6.6. 7308:Eusebius 7157:collegia 6899:24644883 6737:Priscian 6605:collegia 6494:Apologia 6390:without 6277:evocatio 6137:28378422 5528:Cicero, 5474:piaculum 5462:Augustan 5362:chthonic 5325:Orr, 23. 5212:See the 5060:Cicero, 5008:Augustan 4807:Florides 4803:Apuleius 4714:See also 4631:Constans 4449:In 295, 4407:Aurelian 4386:Valerian 4363:Apostasy 4260:collegia 4193:princeps 4132:princeps 4124:Augustan 4056:Serapium 4047:Vertault 4027:Sabratha 3949:de facto 3886:claimed 3872:Scaevola 3826:Palatine 3822:Pessinus 3777:Deianira 3769:Hercules 3731:cult of 3729:Tusculan 3711:Hercules 3664:Aventine 3656:Etruscan 3543:Dionysus 3526:beyond. 3511:dictator 3507:Camillus 3467:Dionysus 3412:pomerium 3408:Chthonic 3378:Erichtho 3360:depicts 3328:Apuleius 3310:pomerium 3212:Bona Dea 3162:grandson 3075:Victoria 3012:evocatio 3006:Camillus 2953:Caristia 2929:Lugdunum 2906:di Manes 2670:Haruspex 2618:pomerium 2574:Claudius 2566:fascinus 2528:Vestalia 2443:collegia 2421:collegia 2396:Flamines 2392:flamines 2388:flamines 2379:flamines 2352:flamines 2277:Florides 2273:Apuleius 2264:eusebeia 2099:lararium 2032:Di Manes 1938:pulmones 1894:Hannibal 1873:piaculum 1865:piaculum 1857:piaculum 1852:piaculum 1810:di Manes 1794:Chthonic 1786:simpulum 1756:Denarius 1552:Samnites 1529:delubrum 1405:saeculum 1354:Bona Dea 1263:Bordeaux 1196:plebeian 1165:Quirinus 1149:pantheon 1050:Aventine 1003:Quirinus 995:flamines 910:(veiled) 883:Hercules 843:refugee 782:paganism 763:tutelary 745:Augustus 728:and the 676:such as 576:pontiffs 541:Augustus 532:Overview 448:the gods 432:founders 367:. Their 337:holding 334:Dea Roma 331:Defaced 172:Epulones 167:Fetiales 162:Flamines 157:Vestales 88:libation 18829:Benelux 18734:Thought 18684:Atheism 18625:Finnish 18601:Culture 18596:Judaism 18558:Eastern 18554:Western 18549:Culture 18483:Paradox 18349:Decline 18310:Science 18186:History 18174:Studies 18157:Cuisine 18145:Periods 18105:Culture 17934:History 17900:Eastern 17895:Western 17846:culture 17604:Tumulus 17532:Druidry 17464:Mordvin 17454:Finnish 17419:Semitic 17367:Uatsdin 17228:Odinani 17208:Lugbara 17076:Nauruan 17013:Persian 17008:Iranian 16996:Arabian 16991:Semitic 16957:Hurrian 16825:Nuragic 16813:Umbrian 16799:Italic 16773:Iberian 16683:Vainakh 16648:Latvian 16616:Hittite 16545:Burmese 16530:Bimoism 16465:Punjabi 16433:Chinese 16416:Tagalog 16401:Kejawèn 16274:Animism 16175:Uruguay 16150:Ecuador 16130:Bolivia 16107:Vanuatu 16034:Oceania 15984:Jamaica 15964:Grenada 15919:Bahamas 15879:England 15869:Ukraine 15824:Romania 15784:Moldova 15744:Ireland 15739:Iceland 15734:Hungary 15724:Germany 15714:Finland 15709:Estonia 15704:Denmark 15699:Czechia 15694:Croatia 15679:Belgium 15674:Belarus 15669:Austria 15664:Andorra 15659:Albania 15636:Vietnam 15546:Myanmar 15521:Lebanon 15439:Georgia 15399:Bahrain 15389:Armenia 15351:Tunisia 15321:Somalia 15306:Senegal 15291:Nigeria 15281:Namibia 15271:Morocco 15236:Liberia 15231:Lesotho 15181:Eritrea 15151:Comoros 15126:Burundi 15101:Algeria 15045:Outline 15010:Deities 14937:Atheism 14855:Science 14773:Freedom 14631:History 14598:studies 14551:Dualism 14541:Animism 14506:Worship 14486:Symbols 14427:Liturgy 14340:Goddess 14300:Deities 14281:Laicism 14271:Beliefs 14250:Aspects 14222:Zapotec 14217:Vainakh 14185:Yahwism 14170:Semitic 14099:Iranian 14001:Hurrian 13991:Hittite 13981:Guanche 13974:Orphism 13905:Fuegian 13900:Finnish 13888:Atenism 13834:Latvian 13819:Arabian 13762:Raëlism 13742:Jediism 13737:Goddess 13710:De novo 13598:Druidry 13492:Thelema 13445:New Age 13330:Umbanda 13221:Tumbuka 13206:Odinala 13191:Lugbara 13111:African 13077:African 13025:Bimoism 13015:Burmese 12871:Mapuche 12837:Wyandot 12797:Guarani 12778:Choctaw 12773:Chilote 12719:Abenaki 12670:Tagalog 12643:Kejawèn 12492:Sikhism 12455:Jainism 12415:Tibetan 12398:Amidism 12266:Warkari 12180:Đạo Mẫu 12030:Chinese 12012:Eastern 11989:Roshani 11908:Iranian 11816:Alevism 11809:Ibadism 11782:Zaydism 11459:Ancient 11430:Eastern 11390:Renewal 11375:Karaite 11356:Zionist 11344:Hasidic 11326:Judaism 11308:Western 11111:Semitic 11006:Iranian 10996:Sikhism 10991:Jainism 10902:Judaism 10757:Legions 10717:Fiction 10687:Consuls 10682:Climate 10636:Ravenna 10631:Pompeii 10621:Lutetia 10586:Bononia 10581:Berytus 10571:Antioch 10546:Zosimus 10541:Zonaras 10516:Sozomen 10501:Priscus 10476:Photius 10318:Terence 10313:Tacitus 10298:Statius 10283:Servius 10268:Sallust 10223:Plautus 10203:Orosius 10183:Martial 10138:Juvenal 10113:Hyginus 10098:Gellius 9957:Writers 9888:History 9870:Thermae 9860:Temples 9810:Bridges 9777:Slavery 9725:Equites 9697:Society 9677:Theatre 9650:Deities 9610:Cuisine 9590:Bathing 9572:Culture 9547:Finance 9524:Economy 9415:Borders 9410:History 9312:Tribune 9307:Praetor 9197:Legatus 9192:Emperor 9079:Curiate 9049:Kingdom 9044:History 9020:History 9003:decline 8961:History 8931:Kingdom 8914:History 8899:Outline 8818:Decline 8742:Objects 8644:Temples 8624:Charity 8358:Laverna 8348:Fortuna 8338:Feronia 8267:Veritas 8237:Salacia 8222:Priapus 8207:Penates 8187:Neptune 8182:Minerva 8177:Mercury 8140:Jupiter 8080:Dea Dia 8045:Bellona 8000:Deities 7175:Letters 6752:Varro, 6698:ambitus 6496:, 26.6. 6388:religio 5670:familia 5479:devotio 5458:online. 5415:online. 5260:Pliny, 4950:Romulus 4708:Pacatus 4700:Ambrose 4679:Gratian 4610:Chi Rho 4508:Germany 4327:religio 4144:triumph 4086:Mithras 4035:Serapis 4018:Mithras 3998:Minerva 3990:Pegasus 3962:Vestals 3958:Arvales 3903:Salacia 3899:Neptune 3860:deified 3833:Bacchus 3719:in the 3713:at the 3660:Minerva 3634:Jupiter 3559:Marsyas 3551:Bacchus 3489:, Italy 3487:Pompeii 3416:Feralia 3302:religio 3294:religio 3282:religio 3268:Pompeii 3181:devotio 3158:his son 3150:devotio 3145:devotio 3103:Mithras 3099:familia 3067:familia 3045:lustral 3030:templum 2994:religio 2949:Feralia 2778:Mithras 2765:Ariadne 2737:religio 2633:templum 2625:templum 2612:templum 2582:Gratian 2561:phallus 2532:Parilia 2524:Penates 2496:Vestals 2430:Vestals 2374:familia 2332:privata 2295:atheism 2291:religio 2256:religio 2241:religio 2217:Religio 2201:penates 2174:penates 2126:penates 2079:Hadrian 1946:litatio 1940:). The 1903:Pompeii 1836:Robigus 1760:obverse 1730:consuls 1726:bos mas 1722:Jupiter 1673:Lemures 1518:templum 1508:templum 1496:(cella) 1492:templum 1447:on the 1381:triumph 1369:Pompeii 1356:rites. 1340:during 1319:nefasti 1247:Stabiae 1220:culture 1173:Minerva 1153:Jupiter 1038:Minerva 999:Jupiter 950:Sabines 932:exposed 873:Arcadia 869:Evander 865:Vestals 861:Penates 834:legends 722:Judaism 678:Mithras 611:temples 603:Jupiter 582:became 522:Vestals 442:second 428:legends 339:Victory 289:Decline 187:Deities 152:Augures 100:temples 18849:CANZUK 18739:Speech 18667:Slavic 18645:Gothic 18620:Celtic 18615:Baltic 18514:Values 18315:Values 17875:Greece 17747:Virtue 17708:animal 17688:Ritual 17644:Menhir 17639:Dolmen 17444:Uralic 17424:Slavic 17414:Romani 17374:Celtic 17357:Abkhaz 17345:Romuva 17335:Baltic 17285:Ethnic 17243:Somali 17213:Maasai 17116:Tongan 17081:Papuan 17020:Berber 16967:Nubian 16894:Uralic 16889:Slavic 16857:Cybele 16835:Dacian 16820:Minoan 16783:Castro 16759:Orphic 16722:Gothic 16690:Celtic 16660:Basque 16638:Baltic 16621:Lydian 16555:Heraka 16485:Korean 16475:Shinto 16460:Kalash 16423:Marapu 16359:Turkic 16344:Manchu 16339:Altaic 16216:Portal 16155:Guyana 16135:Brazil 16102:Tuvalu 15999:Panama 15989:Mexico 15934:Canada 15929:Belize 15859:Sweden 15839:Serbia 15829:Russia 15814:Poland 15809:Norway 15789:Monaco 15759:Latvia 15754:Kosovo 15729:Greece 15719:France 15651:Europe 15616:Turkey 15601:Taiwan 15506:Kuwait 15479:Jordan 15469:Israel 15429:Cyprus 15414:Brunei 15409:Bhutan 15361:Zambia 15356:Uganda 15296:Rwanda 15251:Malawi 15211:Guinea 15201:Gambia 15106:Angola 15093:Africa 14902:Wealth 14850:Schism 14805:Growth 14729:Priest 14714:Clergy 14533:Theism 14516:Nature 14511:Astral 14454:Groves 14422:Ritual 14407:Prayer 14365:Novice 14315:Ethnic 14240:Topics 14212:Urartu 14207:Tongan 14202:Somali 14197:Slavic 14077:Dacian 13856:Celtic 13851:Basque 13829:Baltic 13680:Udmurt 13645:Uralic 13640:Slavic 13593:Celtic 13581:Abkhaz 13569:Romuva 13559:Baltic 13534:Modern 13377:Papuan 13340:Voodoo 13295:Kumina 13236:Yoruba 13226:Urhobo 13196:Maasai 13181:Lotuko 13129:Baluba 13119:Akamba 13092:Berber 13050:Heraka 13040:Dongba 12928:Pueblo 12923:Pawnee 12913:Navajo 12903:Muisca 12866:Lenape 12854:Lakota 12832:Seneca 12822:Mohawk 12756:Ohlone 12736:Apache 12729:Ojibwe 12709:Native 12575:Manchu 12570:Evenki 12531:Altaic 12522:Ethnic 12497:Khalsa 12450:Kalash 12340:Śrauta 12209:Indian 12139:Korean 12105:Shinto 12075:Taoism 12048:Luoism 11874:Baháʼí 11869:Bábism 11821:Ahmadi 11799:Sufism 11792:Alawis 11442:Church 11370:Reform 11351:Modern 11339:Haredi 11176:Slavic 11139:Celtic 11134:Baltic 11034:Modern 10973:Indian 10963:Shinto 10958:Taoism 10887:Baháʼí 10767:Nomina 10752:Legacy 10732:Gentes 10669:topics 10665:Lists 10646:Smyrna 10526:Strabo 10456:Lucian 10446:Julian 10396:Arrian 10391:Appian 10381:Aelian 10358:Vergil 10133:Justin 10118:Jerome 10103:Horace 10088:Fronto 10078:Florus 10053:Ennius 10033:Cicero 10013:Caesar 9911:Vulgar 9735:Tribes 9662:Romans 9472:Legion 9455:castra 9332:Aedile 9302:Censor 9297:Consul 9257:Caesar 9227:Lictor 9149:Status 9089:Tribal 9069:Senate 9059:Empire 8953:Empire 8889:topics 8785:Cybele 8711:Events 8659:Celtic 8527:Aeneid 8521:Virgil 8434:Aeneas 8368:Pietas 8353:Fontus 8328:Caelus 8318:Annona 8313:Africa 8282:Vulcan 8242:Saturn 8217:Pomona 8120:Genius 8110:Faunus 8100:Egeria 8040:Aurora 8035:Apollo 7913:about 7848: 7826: 7805: 7788: 7765: 7751: 7737: 7716: 7702: 7688: 7674: 7660: 7472: 7404: 7179:Annals 7124:ad hoc 6943: 6933: 6897: 6889: 6663:Roman. 6632:contra 6547:Nodens 6470:4.7.2. 6135: 6125: 6066:295–8. 5956:Scheid 5933:, 2.4. 5714:Aeneid 5450:online 5352:Ovid, 5264:28.10. 5197:passim 4964:Aeneid 4937:passim 4916:Aeneid 4642:Julian 4562:heresy 4551:genius 4539:signum 4391:Origen 4354:Decius 4317:(1883) 4300:, and 4235:, and 4217:genius 4136:genius 4088:, and 4078:Cybele 4051:tophet 4039:Cuicul 3994:Athena 3992:, and 3852:Ennius 3801:Cannae 3781:Nessus 3773:Hyllus 3733:Castor 3727:. The 3693:Aricia 3681:Latium 3651:gentes 3619:death. 3608:munera 3588:Pompey 3580:Scipio 3569:Apollo 3561:, the 3471:Helios 3420:squats 3376:witch 3264:Mosaic 3230:, and 3228:Lucina 3177:Tellus 3111:Monism 3091:genius 2990:virtus 2986:virtus 2978:genius 2962:relics 2883:, for 2815:Libera 2804:Julian 2782:Mithra 2704:Verres 2596:Augury 2489:Vestal 2457:seviri 2423:. The 2400:flamen 2384:flamen 2350:Three 2260:pietas 2238:Roman 2190:Aeneid 2159:genius 2151:gentes 2143:Genius 2136:Genius 2131:Genius 2075:druids 2050:. 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