204:
330:
29:
322:. The sponsor was able to advertise his wealth, while declaring that he intended to share it for public benefit. Although some men with an eye on the consulship skipped the office of aedile for the very reason that massive expenditures were expected, those with sufficient resources spent lavishly to cultivate the favor of the people. The religious festivals to which the
617:
throughout the empire, as indicated by archaeological remains of tracks and supporting structures, although many areas would have lacked costly permanent facilities and instead erected temporary stands around suitable grounds.
1359:(Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 177, makes a distinction between the Compitalia proper, which was a state holiday, and the localized celebrations that were "discouraged at times."
124:
more than 135 days might be spent at these entertainments" during the year. Although their entertainment value may have overshadowed religious sentiment at any given moment, even in
613:. During the Imperial era, circus games were often added to festivals for which they were not traditionally celebrated in the Republic. Circus games were held in various
807:, originally November 13, on the Ides of Jupiter, and expanded to run November 4–17; established 216 BC and held in the Circus, and continued in the 4th century of the
581:
was primarily a venue for chariot races, but other athletic events, races, and beast hunts might be offered as well. The games were preceded by an opening parade, the
361:
349:
regarded him not as a liberator, but as the murderer of a beloved champion, and among other gestures of goodwill toward the people, he arranged to sponsor the
763:, September 4–19 in 44 BC, September 12–15 in the 4th century AD, established according to some legends in the 6th century BC in honor of Jupiter, or perhaps
151:, "game, sport" or "play" has several meanings in Latin. The plural is used for "games" in a sense analogous to the Greek festivals of games, such as the
203:
518:
526:
1209:
438:. In the late Republic, performances were held at the main intersections of neighborhoods throughout the city on the same day. During the
1228:
is discussed at length, pp. 143–150, followed by discussion of
Octavian's counter-efforts. See also John T. Ramsey and A. Lewis Licht,
529:, father-in-law of Caesar, permitted the games, even though the organizations that ran them were still outlawed. Caesar banned the
284:
381:
232:
120:
were held were public holidays, and no business could be conducted—"remarkably," it has been noted, "considering that in the
1343:(Cambridge University Press, 1994, 2003, 2nd ed.) vol. 9, p. 674. For a discussion of the problematic relationship of the
1107:, for instance, may refer to child's play, erotic game-playing, an elementary school, and a training camp for gladiators:
461:, which were also the scene of disturbances in 66–65 BC. This unrest on the first occasion was a response to the trial of
69:
326:
were attached also occasioned public banquets, and often public works such as the refurbishing or building of temples.
1561:
1556:
318:, the presiding official increasingly came to augment the splendor of his games from personal funds as a form of
1571:
1566:
1551:
903:
338:
1249:
may refer to either the neighborhood itself, or to the neighborhood association. For a modern equivalent, see
1262:
In 67 BC, the
Compitalia was held on December 31; in 60 and 58, on January 1; and in 50, January 2 (Cicero,
1504:
The
Imperial Cult in the Latin West: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire
393:
73:
595:
or dedicating a major building. They were part of the most important holidays and festivals, such as the
541:
416:("crossroads games") were entertainments staged by the neighborhoods or community associations of Rome (
1002:
109:) also became part of the festivals. Because some of these entertainments are not competitive "games",
1576:
469:
of freedmen, and on the second is attached to the murky events later referred to misleadingly as the
365:, "games in honor of Caesar's victory," which ran July 20–28 in conjunction with a festival to honor
1250:
746:
510:
475:
392:
within his program of religious reform; public spectacles and entertainments were thus subsumed by
66:
1201:
1109:
1033:
506:
102:
418:
966:
514:
470:
20:
920:
was performed; and to mark important occasions such as the 800th and 900th anniversary of the
366:
778:
266:
84:
1418:
146:
53::games; plural of "ludus") were public games held for the benefit and entertainment of the
1172:
Staging the World: Spoils, Captives, and
Representations in the Roman Triumphal Procession
8:
1271:
836:
750:
299:
1474:
On Roman Time: The Codex
Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity
1138:
925:
549:
160:
137:
978:
908:
857:, established by Augustus in 30 BC, held every fourth year to commemorate Augustus's
725:, July 6–13, first celebrated in 211 BC in honor of Apollo to secure his aid against
574:
380:, which also served as funeral games, that the comet famously appeared to "announce"
152:
88:
1532:
Richard
Beacham, "The Emperor as Impresario: Producing the Pageantry of Power," in
1275:
960:
921:
912:
858:
772:
720:
439:
351:
319:
1167:
997:
894:
884:
826:
706:
694:
583:
252:
384:. Octavian recognized the value of the festivals in unifying the people, and as
1319:
1071:
974:
653:
614:
578:
502:
462:
303:
156:
133:
125:
1545:
1021:
890:
876:
832:
808:
777:, September 18–22 to commemorate the victory of Constantine over Licinius at
742:
592:
466:
342:
274:
176:
633:
are not exhaustive. Unless otherwise noted, the sources are
Matthew Bunson,
1291:
1222:
Ceremony and Power: Performing
Politics in Rome between Republic and Empire
1122:
991:
802:
730:
607:
552:
of
Augustus now stood between the Lares at the crossroads shrines, and the
484:
307:
121:
933:
758:
666:
600:
246:
237:
217:
454:
played a leading role, and even slaves participated in the festivities.
132:
were understood as part of the worship of the traditional gods, and the
898:
794:
431:
423:
407:
370:
207:
16:
Public games held for the benefit and entertainment of the Roman people
637:(Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 246–247, and Roland Auguet,
556:
once considered dangerously subversive became expressions of
Imperial
1406:
670:
235:
to a deity whose favor had been sought and evidenced. In 366 BC, the
192:
65:
were held in conjunction with, or sometimes as the major feature of,
1355:(University of North Carolina Press, 1999), p. 117. John Bert Lott,
1307:
1127:
Statius and Epic Games: Sport, Politics, and Poetics in the Thebaid
1079:
840:
790:
726:
698:
682:
596:
451:
427:
385:
356:
329:
28:
1429:(Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 208, is not convinced that
701:
May 1 and its "atmosphere of primitive license and pastoral orgy."
1433:, or theatrical performances, were part of the crossroads events.
970:
491:
279:
258:
212:
97:
1508:
Rome and Baetica: Urbanization in Southern Spain c. 50 BC–AD 150
1368:
1078:
on fixed dates, with many of the additional game days added by
917:
557:
311:
33:
938:, games featuring horse races in honor of the underworld gods.
544:
into 265 districts which replaced but which were still called
310:, but became most associated with the responsibilities of the
1232:(American Philological Association, 1997), and Ittai Gradel,
1113:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982, 1985 reprint), pp. 1048–1049.
907:); presented most famously in 17 BC under Augustus, when the
863:
764:
712:
457:
In 67 BC, the Compitalia had been disrupted by a riot at the
447:
435:
262:
242:
50:
928:, who permitted them to be conducted according to tradition.
513:
status to become one of the people's tribunes, restored the
54:
681:, April 12–19, established 202 BC in conjunction with the
249:
as a whole. Games in the circus were preceded by a parade
187:("theatrical"). The relation of gladiatorial games to the
314:. Although public money was allocated for the staging of
291:, for which he paid with booty displayed at his triumph.
1208:(University of North Carolina Press, 1999), pp. 198–199
450:
political expression by the neighborhood organizations.
889:, held infrequently but supposedly held soon after the
1224:(University of Michigan Press, 2005), p. 15. Brutus's
1070:(Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 246. In the late
789:, October 3–12, established 14 AD after the death of
542:
Augustus reorganized Rome for administrative purposes
369:, Caesar's patron deity and divine matriarch of the
113:may also be translated more generally as "shows".
1425:(London, 1908), pp. 279–280. Costas Panayotakis,
1423:The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic
901:(a 110-year cycle, as explicated by the Augustan
875:, a celebration of the 10-year anniversary of an
693:, April 28–May 3, established 173 BC in honor of
665:, April 4–10, established 204 BC in honor of the
257:featuring the competitors, mounted youths of the
1543:
517:, but even before his law was enacted, his aide
473:. Along with some forms of occupational guilds (
1506:(Brill, 2004), vol. 3, pp. 337–343; A.T. Fear,
1476:(University of California Press, 1990), p. 120.
1230:The Comet of 44 B.C. and Caesar's Funeral Games
1200:(see below). For an example, see discussion of
924:; last held in 397 under the Christian emperor
767:, and at first held occasionally, not annually.
652:Listed in order by month as they appear on the
283:(staged beast hunt) was presented in 186 BC by
32:Chariot races, as depicted on this 2nd-century
1534:The Cambridge Companion To The Age Of Augustus
1510:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996, 2002), p. 197.
1459:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 82.
1353:The Patrician Tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher
1335:Nicholas Purcell, "The City of Rome and the
1129:(Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 5–6.
893:, on a schedule determined variously by the
749:, in fulfillment of a vow made in 48 at the
521:had prepared the way by organizing new-year
1536:(Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 160.
994:, the equestrian event called the Troy Game
465:, who had backed reforms pertaining to the
430:festival held on movable dates between the
345:realized that a significant segment of the
241:became the first games to be placed on the
1298:(Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 46.
1040:(Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 66.
835:'s help in retaking the Capitol after the
641:(Routledge, 1972, 1994) pp. 212–213.
839:; held irregularly, and reestablished by
815:
639:Cruelty and Civilization: The Roman Games
591:were regularly featured in celebrating a
434:and January 5 in honor of the crossroads
355:, held annually July 6–13. Caesar's heir
72:, and were also presented as part of the
1174:(Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 169.
1057:(Indiana University Press, 1995), p. 25.
328:
202:
198:
27:
1326:(Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 80.
942:
140:not to participate in the festivities.
95:). Animal exhibitions with mock hunts (
1544:
1394:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
969:, by Augustus to mark the treaty with
269:. As the product of military victory,
40:presented at Roman religious festivals
1472:, pp. 82, 87; Michele Renee Salzman,
1296:Catullus and His World: A Reappraisal
479:) and neighborhood associations, the
965:, held August 23, 20 BC, within the
501:for 61 BC, but the consul-designate
399:
245:as an annual event sponsored by the
227:seem to have been votive offerings (
1204:'s aedileship in W. Jeffrey Tatum,
298:were organized at first by various
163:, however, classifies the forms of
13:
1357:The Neighborhoods of Augustan Rome
1234:Emperor worship and Roman religion
175:("held in the circus," mainly the
14:
1588:
1024:were part of religious festivals.
831:, established in 388 BC to honor
563:
505:squelched the attempt. In 58 BC,
210:plaque (1st century) depicting a
1444:An Introduction to Roman Tragedy
1236:(Oxford University Press, 2002).
1068:A Dictionary of the Roman Empire
1036:, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price,
635:A Dictionary of the Roman Empire
483:were consequently banned by the
1526:
1513:
1496:
1479:
1462:
1449:
1436:
1427:Decimus Laberius: The Fragments
1399:
1388:Cynthia Damon, "Sex. Cloelius,
1382:
1362:
1329:
1313:
1301:
1285:
1256:
1239:
1214:
1190:
1177:
1161:
729:, and made annual in 208 BC by
621:
497:supported efforts to stage the
341:at the Ides of March in 44 BC,
306:, they were later presented by
1470:A New Topographical Dictionary
1148:
1132:
1116:
1098:
1085:
1060:
1043:
1027:
1014:
843:in 86 AD on a four-year basis.
753:, and made annual by Augustus.
741:, held July 20–30 in 46 BC by
644:
339:assassination of Julius Caesar
261:, armed dancers, musicians, a
1:
1341:The Cambridge Ancient History
1274:(4th century AD) and that of
1156:The Roman Games: A Sourcebook
1008:
471:First Catilinarian Conspiracy
1038:Religions of Rome: A History
879:'s reign, begun by Augustus.
573:were games presented in the
382:Caesar's newly divine status
333:Octavian crowned as Augustus
7:
1396:94 (1992), pp. 228 and 232.
1324:Violence in Republican Rome
985:
10:
1593:
1446:(Routledge, 2006), p. 174.
1049:Betty Rose Nagle, (1995).
1003:Spectacles in ancient Rome
977:that had been lost at the
745:for the dedication of his
697:, in conjunction with the
669:, in conjunction with the
446:gave rise to often unruly
422:) in conjunction with the
405:
359:at once upstaged him with
18:
967:temple precinct of Vulcan
897:and the influence of the
294:As religious ceremonies,
1521:Cruelty and Civilization
1351:, see W. Jeffrey Tatum,
1251:Neighborhood association
1196:Overview based on Sumi,
1158:(Blackwell, 2006), p. 2.
1074:, 57 days were spent at
273:were often connected to
1562:Ancient Roman festivals
1339:in the late Republic,"
1278:(5th century AD) place
1110:Oxford Latin Dictionary
738:Ludi Victoriae Caesaris
629:The following lists of
509:, who had given up his
362:Ludi Victoriae Caesaris
103:theatrical performances
1557:Ancient Roman religion
1272:calendar of Philocalus
1185:Statius and Epic Games
973:and the return of the
891:expulsion of the kings
711:, June 7, in honor of
376:. It was during these
334:
265:chorus, and images of
220:
41:
21:Ludus (disambiguation)
1572:Ancient Roman theatre
1567:Sport in ancient Rome
1552:Ancient Roman leisure
1455:Lawrence Richardson,
1442:Anthony James Boyle,
1206:The Patrician Tribune
954:were held only once.
440:civil wars of the 80s
332:
277:. The first recorded
206:
199:Politics and religion
183:("gladiatorial") and
31:
1419:William Warde Fowler
515:right of association
233:fulfillment of a vow
19:For other uses, see
975:legionary standards
899:Etruscan Great Year
751:Battle of Pharsalus
300:colleges of priests
285:M. Fulvius Nobilior
1220:Geoffrey S. Sumi,
1198:Ceremony and Power
1139:Isidore of Seville
837:siege of the Gauls
611:("Plebeian Games")
548:. An image of the
335:
243:religious calendar
221:
216:, or human-animal
161:Isidore of Seville
143:The singular form
42:
1502:Duncan Fishwick,
1377:Patrician Tribune
1266:2.3.4 and 7.7.3;
1093:Religions of Rome
979:Battle of Carrhae
859:victory at Actium
848:Ludi Pontificales
819:not held annually
793:and based on the
481:ludi compitalicii
414:ludi compitalicii
401:Ludi compitalicii
231:), staged as the
153:Panhellenic Games
36:, were among the
1584:
1577:July observances
1537:
1530:
1524:
1517:
1511:
1500:
1494:
1483:
1477:
1466:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1440:
1434:
1403:
1397:
1386:
1380:
1375:7.25–26; Tatum,
1366:
1360:
1333:
1327:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1289:
1283:
1276:Polemius Silvius
1260:
1254:
1243:
1237:
1226:Ludi Apollinares
1218:
1212:
1194:
1188:
1181:
1175:
1165:
1159:
1154:Alison Futrell,
1152:
1146:
1136:
1130:
1120:
1114:
1102:
1096:
1089:
1083:
1066:Matthew Bunson,
1064:
1058:
1055:: Roman Holidays
1047:
1041:
1031:
1025:
1018:
961:Ludi Volcanalici
943:Single-occasion
922:founding of Rome
913:Carmen Saeculare
773:Ludi Triumphales
721:Ludi Apollinares
537:again in 46 BC.
352:Ludi Apollinares
320:public relations
223:Originally, all
191:is complex; see
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1531:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1501:
1497:
1484:
1480:
1467:
1463:
1457:of Ancient Rome
1454:
1450:
1441:
1437:
1417:30.2 and 31.4;
1404:
1400:
1387:
1383:
1367:
1363:
1334:
1330:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1290:
1286:
1282:on January 3–5.
1280:ludi compitales
1261:
1257:
1245:The Latin word
1244:
1240:
1219:
1215:
1202:Clodius Pulcher
1195:
1191:
1182:
1178:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1137:
1133:
1121:
1117:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1065:
1061:
1048:
1044:
1032:
1028:
1019:
1015:
1011:
998:Roman festivals
988:
948:
895:Sibylline books
885:Ludi Saeculares
872:Ludi Decennales
827:Ludi Capitolini
821:
786:Ludi Augustales
747:temple of Venus
707:Ludi Piscatorii
662:Ludi Megalenses
650:
627:
604:("Roman Games")
584:pompa circensis
568:
527:Calpurnius Piso
519:Sextus Cloelius
507:Clodius Pulcher
492:tribune of the
410:
404:
388:instituted new
287:as part of his
253:pompa circensis
201:
67:Roman religious
57:populus Romanus
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1590:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1539:
1538:
1525:
1512:
1495:
1478:
1461:
1448:
1435:
1405:Asconius 6–7;
1398:
1381:
1361:
1328:
1320:Andrew Lintott
1312:
1300:
1284:
1255:
1238:
1213:
1189:
1176:
1160:
1147:
1131:
1115:
1097:
1084:
1072:Roman Republic
1059:
1042:
1026:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1000:
995:
987:
984:
983:
982:
950:The following
947:
941:
940:
939:
929:
880:
868:
844:
820:
814:
813:
812:
798:
782:
768:
754:
734:
716:
702:
686:
674:
654:Roman calendar
649:
643:
626:
620:
589:Ludi circenses
579:Circus Maximus
571:Ludi circenses
567:
565:Ludi circenses
562:
503:Metellus Celer
403:
398:
367:Venus Genetrix
337:Following the
259:Roman nobility
200:
197:
171:("athletic"),
134:Church Fathers
126:late antiquity
116:Days on which
93:ludi circenses
55:Roman people (
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1589:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1535:
1529:
1522:
1516:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1492:
1488:
1487:On Roman Time
1482:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1458:
1452:
1445:
1439:
1432:
1431:ludi scaenici
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1186:
1180:
1173:
1169:
1168:Ida Östenberg
1164:
1157:
1151:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1022:chariot races
1017:
1013:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
993:
990:
989:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
963:
962:
957:
956:
955:
953:
946:
937:
936:
935:
930:
927:
923:
919:
915:
914:
910:
906:
905:
904:quindecimviri
900:
896:
892:
888:
887:
886:
881:
878:
874:
873:
869:
866:
865:
860:
856:
855:
850:
849:
845:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:
828:
823:
822:
818:
810:
809:Christian era
806:
805:
804:
799:
796:
792:
788:
787:
783:
780:
776:
775:
774:
769:
766:
762:
761:
760:
755:
752:
748:
744:
743:Julius Caesar
740:
739:
735:
732:
728:
724:
723:
722:
717:
714:
710:
709:
708:
703:
700:
696:
692:
691:
690:Ludi Florales
687:
684:
680:
679:
678:Ludi Ceriales
675:
672:
668:
664:
663:
659:
658:
657:
655:
648:
642:
640:
636:
632:
625:
619:
616:
612:
610:
605:
603:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:
580:
576:
572:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
525:. The consul
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:
488:
486:
482:
478:
477:
472:
468:
467:voting rights
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:
415:
409:
402:
397:
395:
394:Imperial cult
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:
368:
364:
363:
358:
354:
353:
348:
344:
343:Marcus Brutus
340:
331:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
302:; during the
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
281:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
254:
248:
244:
240:
239:
234:
230:
226:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:chariot races
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:
148:
141:
139:
136:thus advised
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
107:ludi scaenici
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:The earliest
77:
75:
74:cult of state
71:
68:
64:
60:
58:
52:
48:
47:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
1533:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1468:Richardson,
1464:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1411:Divus Julius
1410:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1337:plebs urbana
1336:
1331:
1323:
1315:
1303:
1295:
1292:T.P. Wiseman
1287:
1279:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1246:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1205:
1197:
1192:
1184:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1155:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1123:Helen Lovatt
1118:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1087:
1075:
1067:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1016:
992:Lusus Troiae
959:
958:
951:
949:
944:
932:
931:
911:
902:
883:
882:
871:
870:
862:
854:Ludi Actiaci
853:
852:
847:
846:
825:
824:
816:
803:Ludi Plebeii
801:
800:
785:
784:
771:
770:
765:Father Liber
757:
756:
737:
736:
719:
718:
713:Father Tiber
705:
704:
689:
688:
677:
676:
661:
660:
651:
646:
638:
634:
630:
628:
623:
609:Ludi Plebeii
608:
601:
588:
582:
570:
569:
564:
553:
545:
539:
534:
530:
522:
498:
493:
489:
480:
474:
458:
456:
443:
417:
413:
411:
400:
389:
377:
372:
360:
350:
346:
336:
323:
315:
295:
293:
288:
278:
270:
250:
236:
228:
224:
222:
211:
188:
184:
181:gladiatorius
180:
172:
168:
164:
157:late-antique
145:
144:
142:
129:
122:Imperial era
117:
115:
110:
106:
96:
92:
80:
78:
62:
56:
45:
44:
43:
37:
25:
1143:Etymologiae
934:Ludi Taurii
759:Ludi Romani
667:Magna Mater
602:Ludi Romani
490:An unnamed
289:ludi votivi
238:Ludi Romani
229:ludi votivi
218:blood sport
85:horse races
1546:Categories
1373:In Pisonem
1268:In Pisonem
1264:Ad Atticum
1034:Mary Beard
1009:References
795:Augustalia
731:senatorial
671:Megalensia
487:in 64 BC.
432:Saturnalia
424:Compitalia
408:Compitalia
406:See also:
208:Terracotta
138:Christians
98:venationes
1523:, p. 213.
1491:et passim
1489:, p. 126
1485:Salzman,
1413:42.3 and
1407:Suetonius
1095:, p. 262.
981:in 53 BC.
779:Chalcedon
685:April 12.
615:provinces
540:In 7 BC,
511:patrician
193:Gladiator
185:scaenicus
173:circensis
70:festivals
1519:Auguet,
1415:Augustus
1349:collegia
1347:and the
1308:Asconius
1270:8). The
1187:, p. 10.
1145:18.16.3.
1080:Augustus
1020:Not all
986:See also
926:Honorius
841:Domitian
791:Augustus
727:Hannibal
699:Floralia
683:Cerealia
622:List of
597:Floralia
531:collegia
476:collegia
463:Manilius
452:Freedmen
448:plebeian
442:, these
428:new year
386:Augustus
357:Octavian
304:Republic
275:triumphs
267:the gods
169:gymnicus
159:scholar
1379:p. 118.
1210:online.
1183:Lovat,
1091:Beard,
1051:Ovid's
971:Parthia
877:emperor
833:Jupiter
781:in 324.
733:decree.
645:Annual
593:triumph
371:Julian
347:populus
312:aediles
308:consuls
280:venatio
213:venatio
87:in the
1390:Scriba
1369:Cicero
918:Horace
909:choral
861:; see
606:, and
577:. The
575:circus
550:Genius
485:senate
426:, the
155:. The
101:) and
89:circus
34:relief
1247:vicus
1105:Ludus
1053:Fasti
864:Actia
695:Flora
558:piety
494:plebs
436:Lares
263:satyr
247:state
165:ludus
147:ludus
83:were
51:Latin
1345:vici
1310:45C.
1076:ludi
952:ludi
945:ludi
817:Ludi
647:ludi
631:ludi
624:ludi
554:ludi
546:vici
535:ludi
533:and
523:ludi
499:ludi
459:ludi
444:ludi
419:vici
412:The
390:ludi
378:ludi
373:gens
324:ludi
316:ludi
296:ludi
271:ludi
225:ludi
189:ludi
130:ludi
128:the
118:ludi
111:ludi
81:ludi
63:Ludi
46:Ludi
38:ludi
1392:,"
916:of
851:or
179:),
167:as
1548::
1421:,
1409:,
1371:,
1322:,
1294:,
1170:,
1141:,
1125:,
656:.
599:,
587:.
560:.
396:.
195:.
76:.
61:.
1493:.
1253:.
1082:.
867:.
811:.
797:.
715:.
673:.
255:)
251:(
105:(
91:(
59:)
49:(
23:.
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