Political philosophy

1820: 2349:, which also (in a fashion the Roman Catholic Church often decried angrily) preached in the vulgar or native language of each region. Free trade, as opposed to these religious theories, is a trade policy that does not restrict imports or exports. It can also be understood as the free market idea applied to international trade. In government, free trade is predominantly advocated by political parties that hold liberal economic positions while economically left-wing and nationalist political parties generally support protectionism, the opposite of free trade. However, the enlightenment was an outright attack on religion, particularly Christianity. The most outspoken critic of the church in France was 2251: 1900: 2493:

was participatory republican liberty, which gave the citizens the right to directly influence politics through debates and votes in the public assembly. In order to support this degree of participation, citizenship was a burdensome moral obligation requiring a considerable investment of time and energy. Generally, this required a sub-society of slaves to do much of the productive work, leaving the citizens free to deliberate on public affairs. Ancient Liberty was also limited to relatively small and homogenous societies, in which the people could be conveniently gathered together in one place to transact public affairs.

2406:, and much of early American literature emphasized the political philosophy of the natives. The Iroquois (/ˈɪrəkwɔɪ/ or /ˈɪrəkwɑː/) or Haudenosaunee are a historically powerful northeast Native American confederacy in North America. They were known during the colonial years to the French as the Iroquois League, and later as the Iroquois Confederacy, and to the English as the Five Nations, comprising the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca. After 1722, they accepted the Tuscarora people from the Southeast into their confederacy, as they were also Iroquoian-speaking, and became known as the Six Nations. 2474:

married her legal existence as an individual was suspended under "marital unity". While it is easy to presume that a woman would not marry under these circumstances, being unmarried had social consequences. A woman could only advance in social stature and wealth if she had a rich husband to do the groundwork. Mill uses his Utilitarian ethics to assess how gender equality would be the best way to achieve "the greatest good for the greatest number" : "The principle that regulates the existing social relations between the two sexes … and is now one of the chief obstacles to human improvement…"

1657: 3340:: He is widely recognized as having helped to spark the cognitive revolution in the human sciences, contributing to the development of a new cognitivistic framework for the study of language and the mind. Chomsky is a leading critic of U.S. foreign policy, neoliberalism and contemporary state capitalism, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and mainstream news media. His ideas have proven highly influential in the anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist movements, and aligns with anarcho-syndicalism and libertarian socialism; these labels are contentious however, given Chomsky's support of 1347:(2009), the field is described as: " an interdisciplinary endeavor whose center of gravity lies at the humanities end of the happily still undisciplined discipline of political science ... For a long time, the challenge for the identity of political theory has been how to position itself productively in three sorts of location: in relation to the academic disciplines of political science, history, and philosophy; between the world of politics and the more abstract, ruminative register of theory; between canonical political theory and the newer resources (such as 2363:

the most bloody religion which has ever infected this world. Your Majesty will do the human race an eternal service by extirpating this infamous superstition, I do not say among the rabble, who are not worthy of being enlightened and who are apt for every yoke; I say among honest people, among men who think, among those who wish to think. ... My one regret in dying is that I cannot aid you in this noble enterprise, the finest and most respectable which the human mind can point out." After Voltaire, religion would never be the same again in France.

2718: 1181: 11385: 609: 11346: 1914: 1643: 667: 3875:: German political theorist, tied to the Nazis, who developed the concepts of the Friend/Enemy Distinction and the State of exception. Though his most influential books were written in the 1920s, he continued to write prolifically until his death (in academic quasi-exile) in 1985. He heavily influenced 20th-century political philosophy both within the Frankfurt School and among others, not all of whom are philosophers, such as 3174: 1451: 3046:'s positive and negative forms of liberty, namely "liberty as non-domination." Unlike the American liberal movement which understands liberty as "non-interference," "non-domination" entails individuals not being subject to the arbitrary will of any other person. To a republican the mere status as a slave, regardless of how that slave is treated, is objectionable. Prominent republicans include historian 1806: 11373: 11333: 681: 2049:, or the "Book of Government" in English. In it, he details the role of the state in terms of political affairs (i.e. how to deal with political opponents without ruining the government's image), as well as its duty to protect the poor and reward the worthy. In his other work, he explains how the state should deal with other issues such as supplying jobs to immigrants like the 3929:: Famously rejected modernity, mostly on the grounds of what he perceived to be modern political philosophy's excessive self-sufficiency of reason and flawed philosophical grounds for moral and political normativity. He argued instead we should return to pre-modern thinkers for answers to contemporary issues. His philosophy was influential on the formation of 2305:

refer to a set of enduring institutions through which power would be distributed and its use justified. The term "government" would refer to a specific group of people who occupied the institutions of the state, and create the laws and ordinances by which the people, themselves included, would be bound. This conceptual distinction continues to operate in

3897:; explained emergence of economic benefits from the self-interested behavior ("the invisible hand") of artisans and traders. While praising its efficiency, Smith also expressed concern about the effects of industrial labor (e.g., repetitive activity) on workers. His work on moral sentiments sought to explain social bonds which enhance economic activity. 3815:

separated from economics the same way and for the same reasons it was separated from religion. Any governmental action not directed at the defense of individual rights would constitute the initiation of force (or threat of force), and therefore a violation not only of rights but also of the legitimate function of government.

3533:. He departed from Hobbes in that, based on the assumption of a society in which moral values are independent of governmental authority and widely shared, he argued for a government with power limited to the protection of personal property. His arguments may have been deeply influential to the formation of the 3374:

and other prohibitive institutions, such as those that designate sexuality, madness and knowledge as the roots of their infrastructure, a critique that demonstrated that subjection is the power formation of subjects in any linguistic forum and that revolution cannot just be thought as the reversal of

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Contemporaneously with the rise of analytic ethics in Anglo-American thought, in Europe, several new lines of philosophy directed at the critique of existing societies arose between the 1950s and 1980s. Most of these took elements of Marxist economic analysis but combined them with a more cultural or

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The main practical conclusion of Hobbes' political theory is that state or society can not be secure unless at the disposal of an absolute sovereign. From this follows the view that no individual can hold rights of property against the sovereign, and that the sovereign may therefore take the goods of

2210:) interpreted The Prince as a satire meant to be given to the Medici after their recapture of Florence and their subsequent expulsion of Machiavelli from Florence. Though the work was written for the di Medici family in order to perhaps influence them to free him from exile, Machiavelli supported the 1431:

provides an account of the science of politics for a wise ruler, policies for foreign affairs and wars, the system of a spy state and surveillance and economic stability of the state. Chanakya quotes several authorities including Bruhaspati, Ushanas, Prachetasa Manu, Parasara, and Ambi, and described

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Rousseau claimed that the state of nature was a primitive condition without law or morality, which human beings left for the benefits and necessity of cooperation. As society developed, the division of labor and private property required the human race to adopt institutions of law. In the degenerate

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is the most influential statement of his liberal principles. He begins by distinguishing old and new threats to liberty. The old threat to liberty is found in traditional societies in which there is rule by one (a monarchy) or a few (an aristocracy). Though one could be worried about restrictions on

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to the Church Fathers. In a letter to Frederick II, King of Prussia, dated 5 January 1767, he wrote about Christianity: La nôtre est sans contredit la plus ridicule, la plus absurde, et la plus sanguinaire qui ait jamais infecté le monde. "Ours is assuredly the most ridiculous, the most absurd and

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One of the first thinkers to go by the name of "liberal", Constant looked to Britain rather than to ancient Rome for a practical model of freedom in a large, commercial society. He drew a distinction between the "Liberty of the Ancients" and the "Liberty of the Moderns". The Liberty of the Ancients

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in ancient times demarcated a clear distinction between (1) nation and state (2) religion and state. The constitutions of Hindu states evolved over time and were based on political and legal treatises and prevalent social institutions. The institutions of state were broadly divided into governance,

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the utility of political philosophy might be found either in the intrinsic ability of the best of past political thought to sharpen the wits of contemporary political thinkers, much as any difficult intellectual exercise sharpens the mind and deepens the imagination, or in the ability of political

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did not subject reason to revelation but in the case of contradictions, subordinated reason to faith as the Asharite of Islam. The Scholastics by combining the philosophy of Aristotle with the Christianity of St. Augustine emphasized the potential harmony inherent in reason and revelation. Perhaps

2440:. For Locke, knowledge is neither innate, revealed nor based on authority but subject to uncertainty tempered by reason, tolerance and moderation. According to Locke, an absolute ruler as proposed by Hobbes is unnecessary, for natural law is based on reason and seeking peace and survival for man. 2304:

These theorists were driven by two basic questions: one, by what right or need do people form states; and two, what the best form for a state could be. These fundamental questions involved a conceptual distinction between the concepts of "state" and "government." It was decided that "state" would

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Beginning from a mechanistic understanding of human beings and their passions, Hobbes postulates what life would be like without government, a condition which he calls the state of nature. In that state, each person would have a right, or license, to everything in the world. This, Hobbes argues,

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Moreover, Constant believed that, in the modern world, commerce was superior to war. He attacked Napoleon's martial appetite, on the grounds that it was illiberal and no longer suited to modern commercial social organization. Ancient Liberty tended to be warlike, whereas a state organized on the

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The Liberty of the Moderns, in contrast, was based on the possession of civil liberties, the rule of law, and freedom from excessive state interference. Direct participation would be limited: a necessary consequence of the size of modern states, and also the inevitable result of having created a

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The 'chief obstacle' to Mill relates to women's intellectual capability. The Subjection of Women looks at this in the women of society and argues that diminishing their intellectual potential wastes the knowledge and skill of half of the population; such knowledge lost could formulate ideas that

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to discuss gender equality in society. To Mill, Utilitarianism was the perfect tool to justify gender equality in The Subjection of Women, referring to the political, lawful and social subjection of women. When a woman was married, she entered legally binding coverture with her husband; once she

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and prime mover of the Objectivist and Libertarian movements in mid-twentieth-century America. Advocated a complete, laissez-faire capitalism. Rand held that the proper role of government was exclusively the protection of individual rights without economic interference. The government was to be

2242:. Although neither Machiavelli nor Hobbes believed in the divine right of kings, they both believed in the inherent selfishness of the individual. It was necessarily this belief that led them to adopt a strong central power as the only means of preventing the disintegration of the social order. 2031:

in the context of the Islamic world. Abunaser, Avicenna and Ibn Rushd where part of this philosophical school who claimed that human reason surpassed mere coincidence and revelation. They believed, for example, that natural phenomena occur because of certain rules (made by god), not because god

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in the context of his sanction theory of duty, which is an indirect form of utilitarianism that identifies wrong actions as actions that it is useful to sanction. Mill then introduces justice as a proper part of the duty. Justice involves duties that are perfect duties—that is, duties that are

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became a passing fancy, exposed to the type of ridicule with which John Locke treated it. Unlike Machiavelli and Hobbes but like Aquinas, Locke would accept Aristotle's dictum that man seeks to be happy in a state of social harmony as a social animal. Unlike Aquinas's preponderant view on the

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commercial society in which there are no slaves but almost everybody must earn a living through work. Instead, the voters would elect representatives, who would deliberate in Parliament on behalf of the people and would save citizens from the necessity of daily political involvement.

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outlines the basis for a legitimate political order within a framework of classical republicanism. Published in 1762, it became one of the most influential works of political philosophy in the Western tradition. It developed some of the ideas mentioned in earlier work, the article

3070:, understands freedom under allied lines: the real-world ability to act. Both the capability approach and republicanism treat choice as something which must be resourced. In other words, it is not enough to be legally able to do something, but to have the real option of doing it. 3675:, and the person who named the system; he goes further than Bentham by laying the foundation for liberal democratic thought in general and modern, as opposed to classical, liberalism in particular. Articulated the place of individual liberty in an otherwise utilitarian framework. 2462:

liberty by benevolent monarchs or aristocrats, the traditional worry is that when rulers are politically unaccountable to the governed they will rule in their own interests, rather than the interests of the governed. Mill's explicit theory of rights is introduced in Chapter V of

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correlated with rights. Justice implies something which it is not only right to do, and wrong not to do, but which some individual person can claim from us as a matter of right. These perfect duties will thus create liberty and collective freedom within a state. He uses,

2519:, Hobbes set out his doctrine of the foundation of states and legitimate governments and creating an objective science of morality. Much of the book is occupied with demonstrating the necessity of a strong central authority to avoid the evil of discord and civil war. 2268:

period, new theories emerged about what the human was and is and about the definition of reality and the way it was perceived, along with the discovery of other societies in the Americas, and the changing needs of political societies (especially in the wake of the

2077:, "...an institution which prevents injustice other than such as it commits itself," the best in the history of political theory. For Ibn Khaldun, government should be restrained to a minimum for as a necessary evil, it is the constraint of men by other men. 2158:, viewed by many as a cornerstone of Anglo-American political liberty, explicitly proposes the right to revolt against the ruler for justice's sake. Other documents similar to Magna Carta are found in other European countries such as Spain and Hungary. 3012:) argue that, contra liberalism, communities are prior to individuals and therefore should be the center of political focus. Communitarians tend to support greater local control as well as economic and social policies which encourage the growth of 2756:, political philosophy declined in the Anglo-American academic world, as analytic philosophers expressed skepticism about the possibility that normative judgments had cognitive content, and political science turned toward statistical methods and 3574:: First systematic analysis of how politics necessitates expedient and evil actions. Gave an account of statecraft in a realistic point of view instead of relying on idealism. Machiavelli also relays recommendations on how to run a well ordered 1419:, the principal governing body of these states, consisted of the King, Prime Minister, Commander in chief of army, Chief Priest of the King. The Prime Minister headed the committee of ministers along with head of executive (Maha Amatya). 2313:

have argued that most political action in any given society occurs outside of its state, and that there are societies that are not organized into states that nevertheless must be considered in political terms. As long as the concept of

2630:'s theory of revolution towards the common good is partly based on Kant's view of history—Marx declared that he was turning Hegel's dialectic, which was "standing on its head", "the right side up again". Unlike Marx who believed in 3658:

in the sense of (true or false) beliefs that shape and control social actions. Analyzed the fundamental nature of class as a mechanism of governance and social interaction. Profoundly influenced world politics with his theory of

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in general gained increasing popular support, mostly from the urban working class. Without breaking entirely from the past, Marx established principles that would be used by future revolutionaries of the 20th century namely

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himself as a descendant of a lineage of political philosophers, with his father Chanaka being his immediate predecessor. Another influential extant Indian treatise on political philosophy is the Sukra Neeti. An example of a

2903:, in which representative parties choose principles of justice for the basic structure of society from behind a veil of ignorance. Rawls also offered a criticism of utilitarian approaches to questions of political justice. 1472:, specifically with Confucius in the 6th century BC. Chinese political philosophy was developed as a response to the social and political breakdown of the country characteristic of the Spring and Autumn period and the 1882:

view, reason above revelation, and as such are known to modern scholars as the first speculative theologians of Islam; they were supported by a secular aristocracy who sought freedom of action independent of the

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in which he laid out his political philosophy: citizens should be divided into three categories. One category of people are the rulers: they should be philosophers, according to Plato, this idea is based on his

3473:: Hume criticized the social contract theory of John Locke and others as resting on a myth of some actual agreement. Hume was a realist in recognizing the role of force to forge the existence of states and that 1943:, the words and practices of Muhammad—thus making it essentially theocratic. However, in Western thought, it is generally supposed that it was a specific area peculiar merely to the great philosophers of Islam: 2423:. In it, Locke proposes a state of nature theory that directly complements his conception of how political development occurs and how it can be founded through contractual obligation. Locke stood to refute Sir 3427:: He argued that central planning was inefficient because members of central bodies could not know enough to match the preferences of consumers and workers with existing conditions. Hayek further argued that 1579:. Ancient Greece was dominated by city-states, which experimented with various forms of political organization. Plato grouped forms of government into five categories of descending stability and morality: 2553:

phase of society, man is prone to be in frequent competition with his fellow men while also becoming increasingly dependent on them. This double pressure threatens both his survival and his freedom.

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thinking. Since the cultural revolution of the 17th century in England, which spread to France and the rest of Europe, society has been considered subject to natural laws akin to the physical world.

3909:, in which the rational interest of self is conformance with pure reason. To Spinoza's thinking, in a society in which each individual is guided by reason, political authority would be superfluous. 2549:. The treatise begins with the dramatic opening lines, "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. Those who think themselves the masters of others are indeed greater slaves than they." 2170:

secular political philosophy began to emerge after about a century of theological political thought in Europe. While the Middle Ages did see secular politics in practice under the rule of the

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debate is often considered valuable for generating a new set of philosophical problems, rather than a profound and illuminating clash of perspective. These and other communitarians (such as

2812:—encouraged continued study in political philosophy in the Anglo-American world, but in the 1950s and 1960s, they and their students remained at odds with the analytic establishment. 1268:

it should protect, what form it should take, what the law is, and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, if any, and when it may be legitimately overthrown, if ever.

3513:, but as a moral duty. First modern thinker who fully analyzed structure and meaning of obligation. Argued that an international organization was needed to preserve world peace. 3485:. Hume also coined the 'is/ought' problem i.e. the idea that just because something is does not mean that is how it ought to be. This was very influential on normative politics 2356:

Historians have described Voltaire's description of the history of Christianity as "propagandistic". Voltaire is partially responsible for the misattribution of the expression

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philosophy, in particular, gave much to Christian thought of the time and in many cases actually inspired some of the institutions adopted in the United States: for example,

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combined Marxian and Freudian perspectives. Along somewhat different lines, a number of other continental thinkers—still largely influenced by Marxism—put new emphases on

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or important thinkers, and especially philosophers whose central focus was in political philosophy and/or who are good representatives of a particular school of thought.

3298:: The first thinker to analyze social justice in terms of maximization of aggregate individual benefits. Founded the philosophical/ethical school of thought known as 5876: 3467:

that justifies the actions of rulers (even where contrary to the individual desires of governed citizens), can be reconciled with a conception of sovereignty.

9041: 2487: 3665:: One of the most important thinkers in the Confucian school, he is the first theorist to make a coherent argument for an obligation of rulers to the ruled. 2830:

approach to political issues, rather than a philosophical one. Much academic debate regarded one or both of two pragmatic topics: how (or whether) to apply

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philosophy to serve as a thought-saving device by providing the political scientist with a rich source of concepts, models, insights, theories, and methods.

3445:: Emphasized the "cunning" of history, arguing that it followed a rational trajectory, even while embodying seemingly irrational forces; influenced Marx, 3244:, Aquinas contends that God's gift of higher reason—manifest in human law by way of the divine virtues—gives way to the assembly of righteous government. 1232:, addressing questions about the nature, scope, and legitimacy of public agents and institutions and the relationships between them. Its topics include 7867: 4907:... there emerged groups of freethinkers intent on grounding knowledge on the exercise of critical reason, as opposed to ... established religion ... 5266: 3324:

is the most popular of his writings where he denounced the French revolution. Burke was one of the biggest supporters of the American Revolution.

6021: 4021:: French Enlightenment writer, poet, and philosopher famous for his advocacy of civil liberties, including freedom of religion and free trade. 5752: 3266:(Ancient Greek city state) existed to bring about the good life appropriate to such animals. His political theory is based upon an ethics of 729: 1714:

is an influential work of this period that attacked the thesis, held by many Christian Romans, that the Christian view could be realized on

1332:, within which a strong focus has historically been placed on both the history of political thought and contemporary political theory (from 4042: 3023:. The seminal work was done by Jurgen Habermas in Germany, but the most extensive literature has been in English, led by theorists such as 2230:

view of politics, whereby good and evil are mere means used to bring about an end—i.e., the acquisition and maintenance of absolute power.

1167: 1508:, focused on political unity and political stability as the basis of their political philosophies. Confucianism advocated a hierarchical, 9287: 7914: 10130: 6811: 6452: 2198: 691: 637: 4799: 10408: 3678: 3500: 3977:

Hard-lining on the individual citizen's right to seek justice over the state's, he was also an outspoken advocate and apologist for

2427:'s paternally founded political theory in favor of a natural system based on nature in a particular given system. The theory of the 6996: 7604: 6906: 3320: 1979:(deity)—is taken as the basis of an analysis. Hence, not only the ideas of the Muslim political philosophers but also many other 8552: 7025: 11045: 3654:: In large part, added the historical dimension to an understanding of society, culture and economics. Created the concept of 1271:

Political theory also engages questions of a broader scope, tackling the political nature of phenomena and categories such as

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while discussing possible ways to survive the inevitable collapse of the modern civilization and to bring forth a new order.

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in the 7th and 8th centuries had a genuine political character. Political thought was not purely rooted in theism, however.

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view of Islam had in general triumphed. According to the Asharites, reason must be subordinate to the Quran and the Sunna.

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in Cuba, as well as the events of May 1968, which led to increased interest in revolutionary ideology, especially by the

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political philosophy in Europe was heavily influenced by Christian thinking. It had much in common with the Mutazilite

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Dryzek, John S.; Honig, Bonnie; Phillips, Anne, eds. (2 September 2009). "The Oxford Handbook of Political Theory".

2760:. In continental Europe, on the other hand, the postwar decades saw a huge blossoming of political philosophy, with 11228: 9111: 9031: 9011: 7684: 6134: 3134: 3114: 2676: 2260:(1830, Louvre), a painting created at a time when old and modern political philosophies came into violent conflict. 1160: 1134: 111: 17: 11258: 9280: 7907: 6640: 6491: 5915: 4067: 3556: 996: 10866: 5934: 4307: 3630:", in which social control can operate not only by direct control, but also by manipulation of desire. His work 11284: 10444: 7841: 7694: 6580: 3597: 3224: 1780:. There is scholarly debate surrounding the place of canon law within the Thomistic jurisprudential framework. 869: 630: 500: 278: 126: 5096: 3634:

and notion of a non-repressive society was influential on the 1960s and its counter-cultural social movements.

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MacIntyre, A. (1959). Hume on "Is" and "Ought". The Philosophical Review, 68(4), 451–468. doi:10.2307/2182491

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to the realm of consumption, and looked at the relation between consumerism and dominant ideology formation.

2619: 1481: 739: 515: 4280: 3821:: Revitalized the study of normative political philosophy in Anglo-American universities with his 1971 book 2250: 1755:(the right way of living discoverable by natural reason; what cannot-not be known; internal to human nature) 11263: 11168: 10816: 9533: 9071: 8940: 7779: 7774: 7468: 6506: 6139: 4803: 4179:

Strauss, Leo (1959). An introduction to Political Philosophy. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, p. 10.

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was heavily influenced by Plato. A key change brought about by Christian thought was the moderation of the

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parties won elections and formed governments for the first time, often as a result of the introduction of

11425: 11067: 10781: 9410: 8373: 7794: 7789: 7574: 5985: 4057: 3993: 3801: 2419: 2142:, developed the idea that a king who is a tyrant is no king at all and could be overthrown. Others, like 1777: 1411: 1261: 1153: 815: 753: 568: 5981: 3697:: Philosopher who became a powerful influence on a broad spectrum of 20th-century political currents in 1700:. Augustine also preached that one was not a member of his or her city, but was either a citizen of the 11420: 11363: 10934: 10603: 9909: 9685: 9273: 9254: 7900: 6459: 6119: 5439: 4097: 3585: 3534: 3267: 2970: 2909: 2686: 2315: 2256: 2053:

who were coming from the north (present day southern Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan).

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Another important strand of contemporary political theory in North America draws on thinkers such as

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Political and economic relations were drastically influenced by these theories as the concept of the

1272: 881: 623: 228: 2953:". Within the (post-) structuralist line (though mostly not taking that label) are thinkers such as 1846:

strongly altered the power balances and perceptions of origin of power in the Mediterranean region.

11243: 10806: 10056: 9896: 9893: 9619: 9453: 9438: 9131: 9081: 8890: 8180: 7664: 5628: 4650: 4359: 4087: 3627: 3113:", have expanded the scope of political theory and issued a variety of arguments on topics such as 1847: 1512:

government based on empathy, loyalty, and interpersonal relationships. Legalism advocated a highly

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The importance of a scientific study of Confucian political philosophy could hardly be overstated.

2196:, written between 1511–12 and published in 1532, after Machiavelli's death. That work, as well as 10821: 10762: 10715: 10573: 10536: 9904: 9819: 9809: 9733: 9599: 9571: 9211: 8522: 7644: 7564: 6981: 6570: 6481: 5842: 5509: 3920: 3763: 3688: 3601: 3474: 3345: 2636: 2514: 1563:, State Confucianism remained the dominant political philosophy of China up to the 20th century. 1364: 1292: 1280: 1109: 1032: 780: 273: 8875: 7378: 5944: 5569: 10954: 10886: 9966: 9804: 9382: 9357: 9347: 8497: 8409: 6971: 6951: 6801: 6471: 6099: 5384: 5358: 5306: 4928: 4339:. Calcutta, Printed by order of the government, London reprinted, for J. Sewell and J. Debrett. 3974: 3826: 3793: 3529:: Like Hobbes, described a social contract theory based on citizens' fundamental rights in the 3492: 3414: 3289: 3281: 3102: 3020: 2835: 2660: 2631: 1879: 1124: 1077: 1042: 790: 770: 706: 510: 452: 398: 6838: 4860: 4830: 4739: 4679: 4548: 4198: 3571: 3193: 3042:. The resurgent republican movement aims to provide an alternative definition of liberty from 2984:

Another debate developed around the (distinct) criticisms of liberal political theory made by

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is considered one of the greatest political theorists. The British philosopher-anthropologist

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for the purpose of abolitionist efforts, writing two pieces with one pleading for his mercy-

3854: 3631: 3565: 3509:: Argued that participation in civil society is undertaken not for self-preservation, as per 2843: 2578: 2463: 2428: 2310: 2298: 2207: 1489: 1473: 1376: 1104: 1096: 1082: 1037: 862: 847: 711: 696: 330: 163: 6941: 4978: 4890: 4477: 4447: 4351: 4226: 3943:: Influential American thinker on such diverse later political positions and topics such as 3034:

A pair of overlapping political perspectives arising toward the end of the 20th century are

2689:(and similar, albeit less successful, revolutions in many other European countries) brought 1874:" as it had real implications for governance. This view was challenged by the "rationalist" 11208: 11163: 11125: 11072: 11001: 10757: 10553: 10464: 10287: 10257: 9998: 9526: 9372: 9021: 8482: 7634: 7514: 7283: 7090: 6931: 6858: 6550: 6511: 6496: 5929: 4807: 4124: 4082: 4077: 4005: 3781: 3746: 3593: 3410: 3252: 3089:, among others, to develop critiques and articulate alternatives to the sufficiency of the 2590: 2403: 2265: 2211: 1677: 1616: 1599:. One of the first, extremely important classical works of political philosophy is Plato's 1380: 1284: 1209: 1193: 953: 934: 820: 440: 311: 286: 213: 8820: 8607: 8542: 7105: 3431:—a mainstay of socialism—would lead to a "total" state with dangerous power. He advocated 2651:

were established members of the political landscape. In addition, the various branches of

8: 11349: 11304: 11294: 11253: 11201: 11186: 11115: 11095: 11077: 10909: 10876: 10737: 10724: 10531: 10328: 10239: 10194: 10100: 9986: 9799: 9647: 9061: 8622: 8567: 8487: 8429: 8312: 8207: 7937: 7824: 7704: 7674: 7594: 7120: 7060: 6381: 6301: 4352: 3940: 3822: 3754: 3694: 3681:: Analyzed protection of the people by a "balance of powers" in the divisions of a state. 3561: 3364:

and analyzed the essential role of education in the maintenance of democratic government.

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secured the two Greek philosophers as two of the most influential political philosophers.

1139: 943: 898: 852: 785: 765: 716: 701: 552: 462: 316: 218: 168: 106: 38: 30:"Political Theory" and "political treatise" redirect here. For the academic journal, see 10061: 6868: 5847:

The Hebrew Republic: Jewish Sources and the Transformation of European Political Thought

3196:

by defining clear inclusion criteria to contain only subjects that fit those criteria.

2685:

was a watershed event in human history, changing views of governments and politics. The

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to problems of political policy, or how (or whether) to apply economic models (such as

2706: 2282: 2024: 1928: 1710: 1701: 1681: 1648: 1611: 1356: 1300: 1265: 1057: 963: 923: 918: 903: 893: 886: 837: 832: 810: 748: 590: 183: 8790: 7268: 4434:... Western philosophical tradition can be traced back as early as Plato (427–347 BC). 4336:

Institutes of Hindu Law: Or, The Ordinances of Menu, According to the Gloss of Cullúca

3402: 3125:, secularism, and more recently the Anthropocene and the non-human turn. The works of 2942: 2784:. A number of continental European émigrés to Britain and the United States—including 11410: 11377: 11337: 11238: 11233: 11218: 11158: 11120: 11105: 11062: 10633: 10593: 10511: 10439: 10422: 10400: 10028: 10003: 9814: 9634: 9377: 8970: 8870: 8835: 8660: 8637: 8632: 8507: 8123: 8113: 7962: 7947: 7923: 7799: 7744: 7584: 7373: 7035: 6961: 6936: 6738: 6540: 5895: 5863: 5828: 5809: 5785: 5775: 5756: 5733: 5714: 5695: 5673: 5647: 5285: 5248: 5238: 5215: 5205: 5178: 5168: 5143: 5082: 5062: 5018: 4984: 4943:... the three-tier system of federalism ... is an inheritance of Iroquois inspiration 4932: 4896: 4866: 4865:. Volker Caspari ed., Bertram Schefold ed. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 206–07. 4836: 4775: 4745: 4715: 4685: 4552: 4541: 4513: 4483: 4453: 4423: 4390: 4363: 4313: 4286: 4259: 4232: 4202: 4155: 4072: 3758: 3750: 3520: 3454: 2934: 2900: 2847: 2730: 2399: 2375: 2306: 2294: 2278: 2270: 2171: 1736: 1329: 1306: 1288: 1119: 1114: 1047: 978: 973: 913: 908: 857: 842: 825: 775: 685: 585: 259: 121: 116: 77: 50: 8740: 8434: 6853: 5198: 3238:: In synthesizing Christian theology and Peripatetic (Aristotelian) teaching in his 2206:, did much to influence modern political thought in the West. A minority (including 11289: 11223: 11213: 10914: 10861: 10811: 10791: 10752: 10747: 10588: 10516: 10234: 10145: 10036: 10008: 9993: 9956: 9662: 9642: 9609: 9514: 9476: 9226: 8900: 8860: 8850: 8800: 8785: 8775: 8735: 8695: 8685: 8562: 8532: 8492: 8378: 8214: 8192: 7982: 7972: 7804: 7734: 7504: 7423: 7418: 7343: 7318: 7263: 7253: 7243: 7213: 7193: 7183: 7050: 7045: 7003: 6946: 6743: 6426: 6421: 6396: 6341: 6316: 5409: 5135: 5100: 5054: 4194: 3952: 3668: 3615: 3488: 3418: 3094: 2966: 2926: 2863: 2765: 2702: 2672: 2566: 2448: 2227: 2138: 1601: 1580: 1496:, each had a political aspect to their philosophical schools. Philosophers such as 1321:, respectively) is used, perhaps a reflection of the discipline's eclectic nature. 1296: 1276: 1203: 958: 874: 535: 291: 145: 8895: 7408: 5534: 4625: 4334: 2846:

and the end of colonial rule and of the political exclusion of such minorities as

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were important issues that arose. In general, there was a marked trend towards a

2789: 2769: 2664: 2656: 2319: 2235: 2020: 1727: 1352: 1348: 1337: 968: 613: 595: 420: 405: 10135: 4877:

Economic theory as political philosophy: the example of the French Enlightenment

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His most lasting political contribution is in his work on political philosophy.

4052: 3970: 3900: 3834: 3732: 3728: 3714: 3584:: American politician and protege of Jefferson considered to be "Father of the 3547:

theorist, aesthetician, literary historian, and critic. One of the founders of

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Hospers, John (1973). Rule-Egoism. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 54 (4):391.

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Barens, Ingo; Caspari, Volker; Schefold, Bertram (2004). Barens, Ingo (ed.).

4222: 4134: 4109: 3880: 3769: 3724: 3619: 3581: 3575: 3519:: One of the classic anarchist thinkers and the most influential theorist of 3506: 3496: 3460: 3406: 3305: 3126: 3101:

discourse. Since the 1990s, these political theorists, broadly engaging the "

3098: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3035: 3001: 2962: 2946: 2904: 2855: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2757: 2623: 2424: 2286: 2231: 2175: 2143: 2126: 2036: 1763: 1697: 1513: 1372: 1368: 415: 393: 368: 198: 5772:

Aryan Unconscious : Archetype of Discrimination, History & Politics

2882:

that the social contract excluded persons of colour and women respectively.

2285:). These new theories led to new questions and insights by such thinkers as 2129:

political philosophy dominated European thought for centuries even unto the

1180: 10990: 10980: 10939: 10919: 10691: 10654: 10613: 10499: 10449: 10110: 10088: 10066: 10013: 9981: 9853: 9713: 9624: 9420: 8915: 8910: 8885: 8815: 8750: 8710: 8680: 8675: 8587: 8577: 8467: 8202: 8197: 8185: 8106: 8092: 8016: 7764: 7448: 7438: 7428: 7293: 7288: 7228: 7203: 7173: 7168: 7075: 7070: 6916: 6796: 6530: 6466: 6336: 6326: 6321: 6240: 6230: 6174: 6064: 5687: 5014:

Importance of Christian and Social Democratic movements in welfare politics

4464:

To understand and assess Aristotle's contributions to political thought ...

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state, as he viewed them to be better forms of government than autocracies.

3337: 3331: 3315: 3311: 3142: 2921:

perspective and gained academic respectability for libertarian viewpoints.

2851: 2777: 2743: 2698: 2615: 2582: 2433: 2346: 1477: 1427: 1313:, is generally used in the singular, but in French and Spanish the plural ( 1004: 948: 178: 4835:. Vol. 3. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 310–12. 3227:

is intended to be closer to exhaustive. Listed below are some of the most

2577:, one of the defining ideological movements of the twentieth century. The 2501:

principles of Modern Liberty would be at peace with all peaceful nations.

2238:, goes on to expand this view at the start of the 17th century during the 1692:

of the Roman world, as well emphasis on the role of the state in applying

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in particular exemplified this new age of political theory with his work

2167: 2155: 2130: 2066: 2045: 2012: 1919: 1784: 1752: 1556:

aspects as well that played into how they viewed fairness in governance.

1545: 1541: 1509: 1433: 1360: 1019: 482: 447: 350: 338: 203: 11384: 3790:. His interpreters have debated the content of his political philosophy. 3721:. His interpreters have debated the content of his political philosophy. 3262:. Notable for the theories that humans are social animals, and that the 608: 10831: 10659: 10608: 10598: 10469: 10373: 10318: 10125: 10105: 9971: 9738: 9652: 9481: 9428: 9392: 9296: 9201: 9161: 8730: 8720: 8597: 8527: 8414: 8383: 8363: 8307: 8302: 8257: 8152: 7846: 7654: 7554: 7403: 7323: 7095: 6986: 6828: 6771: 6748: 6713: 6662: 6652: 6620: 6565: 6391: 6371: 6296: 6260: 6164: 6149: 6074: 5999: 5948: 5130:

Asad, Talal; Brown, Wendy; Butler, Judith; Mahmood, Saba (9 May 2013).

5074: 4536: 3890: 3818: 3526: 3470: 3405:: Philosopher and social critic. He has pioneered such concepts as the 3361: 3357: 3090: 2997: 2974: 2886: 2827: 2773: 2747: 2607: 2586: 2570: 2453: 2414: 2342: 2334: 2290: 2223: 2192: 2097: 2074: 2023:

flourished as the Islamic Golden Age saw rise to a continuation of the

2016: 2004: 1988: 1963:(Averroes). The political conceptions of Islam such as kudrah (power), 1956: 1875: 1746: 1525: 1325: 1229: 1225: 1027: 658: 572: 562: 557: 296: 158: 5043:"Political Theory and the Study of Politics: A Report of a Conference" 4744:. Vol. 3. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 346. 4600: 3463:: Generally considered to have first articulated how the concept of a 2105:

the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe was St.

10846: 10841: 10701: 10628: 10563: 10434: 10368: 10180: 10170: 10165: 10140: 9936: 9496: 9458: 9241: 9191: 8955: 8830: 8557: 8328: 8252: 8159: 8133: 8053: 7544: 7483: 7040: 6683: 6610: 6595: 6516: 6436: 6431: 6356: 6311: 6291: 6270: 6255: 6235: 6220: 6084: 6044: 5516:(Summer 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 5365:(Summer 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 5313:(Summer 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 5200:

Facing the planetary. Entangled humanism and the politics of swarming

4696:

Ibn Khaldun's definition of government probably remains the best: ...

3948: 3916: 3894: 3862: 3797: 3710: 3702: 3651: 3641: 3623: 3450: 3351: 3285: 3247: 3228: 2815: 2690: 2652: 2644: 2627: 2598: 2562: 2367: 2215: 2110: 2028: 1996: 1948: 1936: 1905: 1884: 1839: 1811: 1606: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1560: 1537: 1521: 1497: 1455: 1384: 1333: 1257: 1188: 457: 355: 238: 193: 173: 10071: 7892: 5058: 3019:

A prominent subject in recent political philosophy is the theory of

2885:

In Anglo-American academic political philosophy, the publication of

2186:

One of the most influential works during this burgeoning period was

2011:

are considered proofs of political thought. The clashes between the

666: 10676: 10583: 10548: 10506: 10494: 10282: 10076: 9976: 9919: 9723: 9677: 9561: 9166: 8642: 8368: 8338: 8297: 8292: 8058: 8033: 7819: 7398: 7135: 6728: 6693: 6667: 6647: 6600: 6411: 6366: 6250: 6154: 6144: 6109: 6079: 5576:(Fall 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 5391:(Fall 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 5339:(Fall 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 5116:(Princeton University Press, 1996). Also see Gutmann and Thompson, 4018: 3944: 3923:. He was also the founder of ethical egoism which endorses anarchy. 3807: 3736: 3611: 3600:

that are necessary to protect the rights of an individual from the

3396: 3383: 3327: 2839: 2818:

remained an important focus especially during the 1950s and 1960s.

2781: 2694: 2395: 2391: 2323: 2309:, although some political scientists, philosophers, historians and 2122: 2114: 2101: 2085: 2050: 1971:, cemaa (obligation)-and even the "core" terms of the Qur'an—i.e., 1960: 1952: 1944: 1888: 1855: 1843: 1825: 1685: 1549: 1422: 1310: 1245: 1233: 1062: 580: 540: 223: 208: 188: 57: 5476:"Noam Chomsky: Philosophy, Anarco-Syndicalism, and Truth to Power" 4524:

In political philosophy, St. Augustine was a follower of Plato ...

4309:

Politics in India: Ancient India, Politics of Change, Modern India

3435:

capitalism in which the main role of the state is to maintain the

3308:: Developed the distinction between positive and negative liberty. 2850:

and sexual minorities in the developed world has led to feminist,

1987:

posed political ideas and theories. For example, the ideas of the

10303: 10277: 10272: 10214: 10209: 10041: 9929: 9924: 9883: 9705: 9551: 9433: 8404: 8267: 8048: 8006: 7989: 7856: 7769: 6657: 6625: 6615: 6386: 6346: 6179: 6104: 6089: 6069: 5963: 5461: 4003:: A French political scientist and diplomat, known for his works 3830: 3706: 3698: 3662: 3544: 3478: 3392: 3118: 2761: 2594: 2574: 2383: 2089: 1859: 1851: 1705: 1689: 1596: 1501: 1450: 1241: 1237: 1198: 495: 153: 5232: 4923:

Native American political systems and the evolution of democracy

4282:

The White Umbrella: Indian Political Thought from Manu to Gandhi

4228:

The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and His Arthashastra

3592:" of the United States. As a political theorist, he believed in 2733:, political philosophy as a discipline had utility in two ways: 2152:, categorically denied this right to overthrow an unjust ruler. 10568: 10489: 10219: 9878: 9868: 9566: 9468: 9186: 8277: 8247: 8099: 8011: 7942: 6605: 6406: 6194: 6169: 6159: 6129: 6114: 5860:

Deliberative Systems: Deliberative Democracy at the Large Scale

5644:

Kierkegaard, Metaphysics and Political Theory Unfinished selves

4726:...the Medieval Scholastics revived the concept of natural law. 3510: 3370:: Critiqued the modern conception of power on the basis of the 2823: 2219: 2118: 2040: 2008: 1972: 1964: 1940: 1626: 1622: 1517: 1493: 1485: 1249: 1009: 545: 487: 385: 5692:

Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities

4332: 3919:

and the main representative of the anarchist current known as

3687:: Eponymous founder of the Mohist school, advocated a form of 3495:. Expanded on the philosophy of Thomas Paine by instrumenting 10384: 10046: 9332: 9265: 8287: 8282: 8262: 8070: 6635: 6124: 6059: 5749:

Filosofia politica. Gli autori, i concetti. Edizione ampliata

5606:

Academic journals dedicated to political philosophy include:

3965:- who influenced later important political activists such as 3776: 3284:, Bakunin became the most important political philosopher of 3263: 2950: 2858:

thought becoming significant. This led to a challenge to the

2371: 2330: 2136:

Some medieval political philosophers, such as Aquinas in his

2000: 1984: 1968: 1932: 1863: 1835: 1715: 1693: 1576: 1571:

Western political philosophy originates in the philosophy of

1184: 1014: 4957:"Capital Volume One, Afterword to the Second German Edition" 3618:, and generally important in efforts to fuse the thought of 3354:: The first thinker to relate ethics to the political order. 1887:. By the late ancient period, however, the "traditionalist" 8272: 6630: 6054: 4601:"Avicenna (Ibn Sina) | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" 3684: 3477:

was merely hypothetical. He also introduced the concept of

3271: 2379: 2062: 2032:

interfered directly (unlike Al-Ghazali and his followers).

1980: 1976: 1553: 1520:

advocated a communal, decentralized government centered on

1505: 4756:

There was, however, at least one department of thought ...

2671:

also gained some prominence. In the Anglo-American world,

10229: 6199: 6094: 5774:. Cambridge: Cambridge International Science Publishing. 5491:"Noam Chomsky: Neoliberalism is Destroying Our Democracy" 3933:, and a number of his students later were members of the 2366:

As well, there was no spread of this doctrine within the

2035:

Other notable political philosophers of the time include

1759: 1253: 4786:

The two starting points of most medieval discussions ...

2679:

began gaining currency at the turn of the 20th century.

1776:

Aquinas never discusses the nature or categorization of

1749:(having been "posited" by God; external to human nature) 1540:. Legalism was the dominant political philosophy of the 5304: 4479:

Cicero: a study in the origins of republican philosophy

3857:: Analyzed the social contract as an expression of the 3334:, some of earliest political thinkers in Asian history. 2589:

greatly reshaped society. During this same period, the

2556: 1425:

was a 4th-century BC Indian political philosopher. The

5235:

New materialisms : ontology, agency, and politics

5129: 11361: 9042:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

5670:

Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics

4858: 4771:

The theory and practice of revolt in medieval England

3152: 2581:

produced a parallel revolution in political thought.

2488:

The Liberty of Ancients Compared with that of Moderns

2436:, Locke believes man's mind comes into this world as 2341:

dominance of theology was increasingly challenged by

1783:

Aquinas was an incredibly influential thinker in the

1739:. According to Aquinas, there are four kinds of law: 5195: 5162: 4999:

made him seem like a sort of communist Descartes ...

4847:...we witness the growth of political absolutism ... 4626:"Al-Ghazālī | Muslim jurist, theologian, and mystic" 1575:, where political philosophy dates back to at least 5881:

History of political and legal Teachings of Ukraine

5853: 5711:

A Theory of Republican Character and Related Essays

5662:

Towards a Postmodern Understanding of the Political

4411: 4409: 4188: 3640:: Called for a return to Pre-Renaissance values of 3058:. The capability approach, pioneered by economists 1743:

Eternal law ("the divine government of everything")

1621:. Roman political philosophy was influenced by the 1436:in ancient India is the Manusmṛti or Laws of Manu. 1415:diplomacy, administration, defense, law and order. 1387:) on which political theorists increasingly draw." 5197: 4920: 4540: 3861:, and controversially argued in favor of absolute 3399:to gain the consent of the classes they rule over. 2701:(gradually)—on the world stage. At the same time, 2402:was a great admirer of some of the methods of the 1260:: what they are, if they are needed, what makes a 11397: 5535:"John Dewey | American philosopher and educator" 5507: 4406: 4349: 3997:- describing the life that had been lived fully. 2895:in 1971 is considered a milestone. Rawls used a 2353:, a representative figure of the enlightenment. 1544:, but was replaced by State Confucianism in the 5822: 5796: 3491:: Politician and political theorist during the 3417:. His early work was heavily influenced by the 1468:Chinese political philosophy dates back to the 5462:"On Linguistics and Politics, by Noam Chomsky" 4306:Sankhdher, Madan Mohan; Kaur, Gurdeep (2005). 3288:. His specific version of anarchism is called 1790: 9281: 7908: 6015: 5410:"A Guide to Edmund Burke's Political Thought" 5382: 4895:. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 1–2. 4422:. Barnes & Noble Publishing. p. 59. 4305: 3731:, by appeal to a hypothetical history of the 2977:, in particular, moved a Marxist analysis of 2113:'s works, which had only been transmitted to 1931:, was, indeed, rooted in the very sources of 1161: 631: 8150: 8104: 8090: 6521: 5664:. Basingstoke, New York: Palgrave-Macmillan. 5646:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 5265:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5029:The pressing need for universal suffrage ... 4684:. University of Chicago Press. p. 239. 4043:Consequentialist justifications of the state 2222:family. At any rate, Machiavelli presents a 2125:. Aquinas's use of them set the agenda, for 1975:(worship), din (religion), rab (master) and 1476:. The major philosophies during the period, 6457: 5730:The Activity of Politics and Related Essays 5305:McInerny, Ralph; O'Callaghan, John (2018), 3796:: Commonly considered the father of modern 3614:. One of the principal thinkers within the 3181:This list of "famous" or "notable" people 3149:have been highly pertinent in this regard. 2764:dominating the field. This was the time of 2693:—and in particular the political theory of 9288: 9274: 7915: 7901: 6022: 6008: 5746: 5727: 5708: 5667: 5567: 4983:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 1–4. 4711:Natural Law and Calvinist Political Theory 4350:Deutsch, Eliot; Bontekoei, Ronald (1999). 4312:. Deep and Deep Publications. p. 95. 4251: 3499:in the United States. Most famous for the 2523:would lead to a "war of all against all". 2451:'s work on political philosophy begins in 2027:philosophers who implemented the ideas of 1795: 1168: 1154: 638: 624: 5886: 5233:Coole, Diana H., Frost, Samantha (2010). 4828: 4737: 4333:Manu ((Lawgiver)); Kullūkabhaṭṭa (1796). 3501:United States Declaration of Independence 3211:Learn how and when to remove this message 3038:(or neo- or civic-republicanism) and the 2245: 1735:meticulously dealt with the varieties of 1328:, but it has also played a major part in 6029: 5686: 5668:Bohman, James F.; Rehg, William (1997). 5356: 5040: 5010: 4918: 4797: 4707: 4415: 4386:The political philosophy of Confucianism 2716: 2593:began to form. In the mid-19th century, 2526: 2249: 1632: 1449: 1179: 7605:Reflections on the Revolution in France 5823:Gutmann, Amy; Thompson, Dennis (2004). 5638: 5574:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5514:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5389:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5383:Cherniss, Joshua; Hardy, Henry (2020), 5363:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5337:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5330: 5311:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4767: 4674: 4475: 4221: 4199:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548439.001.0001 3865:where the people at large would act as 3321:Reflections on the Revolution in France 3066:and further developed by legal scholar 2622:'s philosophy of history is similar to 2161: 2073:considered Ibn Khaldun's definition of 14: 11398: 5841: 5769: 5279: 5140:10.5422/fordham/9780823251681.001.0001 4927:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 4774:. Ashgate Publishing Ltd. p. 14. 4505: 4452:. Oxford University Press. p. 3. 3829:to answer fundamental questions about 3481:, later picked up on and developed by 2565:critique of capitalism—developed with 2370:and the advanced civilizations of the 2181: 2121:Spain, along with the commentaries of 2043:of the Seljuq Empire who composed the 1850:emphasized an inexorable link between 37:. For the work by Baruch Spinoza, see 11027: 9769: 9307: 9269: 7922: 7896: 6003: 5488: 5097:Robert Nozick and the Coast of Utopia 4888: 4800:"Lecture on Machiavelli's The Prince" 4535: 4509:At the Limits of Political Philosophy 4445: 4278: 3560:, he developed the Marxist theory of 2478:could maximize pleasure for society. 1721: 1401: 27:Philosophy of governance and politics 5982:Introduction to Political Philosophy 5747:Gatti, Roberto; Alici, Luca (2018). 5694:. The University of Michigan Press. 4976: 3893:: Often said to have founded modern 3596:and proposed a comprehensive set of 3167: 2557:Industrialization and the modern era 2510:its subjects without their consent. 2481: 1528:. The Agrarians advocated a peasant 1324:Political philosophy is a branch of 7715:The End of History and the Last Man 7625:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 5969:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5958:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project 5120:(Princeton University Press, 2002). 5112:Gutmann, Amy, and Dennis Thompson, 4862:Political events and economic ideas 4714:. Trafford Publishing. p. 19. 4563:By the ninth and tenth centuries... 4382: 3727:: Criticized Rawls, and argued for 2838:) to political issues. The rise of 2443: 2234:, well known for his theory of the 2178:and therefore Christian in nature. 1704:(Civitas Dei) or the Earthly City ( 1345:Oxford Handbook of Political Theory 24: 5600: 5489:Lydon, Christopher (2 June 2017). 4995:Some of his texts, especially the 3903:: Set forth the first analysis of 3439:and let spontaneous order develop. 3153:Influential political philosophers 2539:Discours sur l'oeconomie politique 2333:was subordinated to the theory of 2322:could not evolve independently of 2080: 1758:Human law (what we commonly call " 1671: 25: 11437: 5909: 5728:Coats, Jr., Wendell John (1989). 5709:Coats, Jr., Wendell John (1994). 5047:American Political Science Review 4354:A companion to world philosophies 4012:The Old Regime and the Revolution 2925:ideological emphasis. Out of the 2727:American Political Science Review 2351:François Marie Arouet de Voltaire 1566: 1446:Ancient Chinese political systems 1256:, and the enforcement of laws by 1135:Social and political philosophers 506:Biology and political orientation 11383: 11371: 11345: 11344: 11331: 9112:The Closing of the American Mind 9032:Civilization and Its Discontents 9012:A Vindication of Natural Society 7685:The Open Society and Its Enemies 5732:. Susquehanna University Press. 5713:. Susquehanna University Press. 4980:Marx and modern political theory 4954: 4919:Johansen, Bruce Elliott (1996). 4576:"Al-Fārābī | Muslim philosopher" 3959:- notably with his written work 3172: 2504: 2174:, the academic field was wholly 1912: 1898: 1818: 1804: 1655: 1641: 1439: 1406: 679: 665: 607: 6492:Family as a model for the state 5770:Glinka, Lukasz Andrzej (2014). 5634:Journal of Political Philosophy 5587: 5561: 5552: 5527: 5508:Csikszentmihalyi, Mark (2020), 5501: 5482: 5468: 5454: 5427: 5402: 5376: 5350: 5324: 5298: 5273: 5226: 5189: 5156: 5123: 5106: 5089: 5034: 5017:. Nova Publishers. p. 70. 5004: 4970: 4948: 4912: 4882: 4852: 4822: 4798:Johnston, Ian (February 2002). 4791: 4761: 4731: 4701: 4668: 4651:"Niẓām al-Mulk | Seljuq vizier" 4643: 4618: 4593: 4568: 4529: 4499: 4469: 4449:Aristotle: political philosophy 4439: 4419:Ideas of the great philosophers 4389:. Routledge. pp. xvii–xx. 4376: 4285:. Greenwood Press. p. 64. 3564:and introduced the concept of " 3557:History and Class Consciousness 2973:were more influenced by Hegel; 2712: 9295: 7842:Separation of church and state 7740:Collectivism and individualism 7695:The Origins of Totalitarianism 5862:. Cambridge University Press. 5827:. Princeton University Press. 5167:. Minnesota University Press. 4892:Religion and the Enlightenment 4416:Sahakian, Mabel Lewis (1993). 4383:Hsü, Leonard Shihlien (2005). 4343: 4326: 4299: 4272: 4245: 4231:. Lexington Books. p. 7. 4215: 4182: 4173: 4148: 3225:list of political philosophers 2697:, but also on a smaller level 2543:Discourse on Political Economy 2056: 1878:philosophers, who held a more 501:Theories of political behavior 127:Political history of the world 13: 1: 11028: 9002:Oration on the Dignity of Man 7882:Category:Political philosophy 7755:Critique of political economy 5619:Contemporary Political Theory 5613:Philosophy and Public Affairs 5572:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 5512:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 5387:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 5361:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 5335:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 5331:Shields, Christopher (2020), 5309:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 5196:Connolly, William E. (2017). 5163:Connolly, William E. (2010). 4829:Copleston, Frederick (1999). 4738:Copleston, Frederick (1999). 4141: 3988:A Plea for Captain John Brown 3626:. Introduced the concept of " 2409: 2345:churches subordinate to each 1559:Prior to China's adoption of 1459: 516:Critique of political economy 11416:Philosophy of social science 10817:Ordinary language philosophy 9308: 9072:The Society of the Spectacle 7780:Institutional discrimination 7775:History of political thought 6507:Negative and positive rights 5935:Resources in other libraries 5808:. Harvard University Press. 5284:. London: . pp. 71–78. 5134:. Fordham University Press. 5011:Aspalter, Christian (2001). 4804:Malaspina University College 4547:. Random House Inc. p. 4279:Brown, D. Mackenzie (1982). 4120:Rule according to higher law 4033:Anarchist schools of thought 3381:: Instigated the concept of 3054:, and political philosopher 2917:, responded to Rawls from a 1929:Islamic political philosophy 1397:History of political thought 97:Outline of political science 7: 10867:Contemporary utilitarianism 10782:Internalism and externalism 7790:Justification for the state 7575:Two Treatises of Government 5849:. Harvard University Press. 5825:Why Deliberative Democracy? 5357:Crimmins, James E. (2020), 5282:The Return of the Political 5118:Why Deliberative Democracy? 4476:Radford, Robert T. (2002). 4358:. Wiley Blackwell. p. 4058:Justification for the state 4025: 3994:The Last Days of John Brown 3915:: Important thinker within 3779:: Wrote a lengthy dialogue 3610:: Called the father of the 2432:salvation of the soul from 2420:Two Treatises of Government 1991:in the very early years of 1791:Islamic Political Evolution 1536:. Taoism advocated a proto- 1412:Indian political philosophy 10: 11442: 10131:Svatantrika and Prasangika 9770: 6460:Bellum omnium contra omnes 5892:Geschichte der Staatsideen 5806:Democracy and Disagreement 5568:Van Norden, Bryan (2019), 5440:World History Encyclopedia 5114:Democracy and Disagreement 4258:. Penguin UK. p. 95. 3843:: The central theorist of 3825:, which uses a version of 3535:United States Constitution 2910:Anarchy, State, and Utopia 2687:Russian Revolution of 1917 2643:By the late 19th century, 2485: 2257:Liberty Leading the People 1725: 1443: 1394: 1390: 1334:normative political theory 1309:, the scientific study of 1191:(right), from a detail of 102:Index of politics articles 29: 11325: 11277: 11177: 11139: 11086: 11053: 11044: 11040: 11023: 10973: 10885: 10723: 10714: 10647: 10430: 10421: 10399: 10354: 10296: 10248: 10202: 10193: 10156: 10027: 9892: 9839: 9830: 9780: 9776: 9765: 9704: 9676: 9633: 9585: 9542: 9495: 9467: 9419: 9391: 9353:Philosophy of mathematics 9343:Philosophy of information 9318: 9314: 9303: 9250: 9154: 9142:Intellectuals and Society 9092:The Culture of Narcissism 8983: 8651: 8443: 8392: 8321: 8235: 8228: 8168: 7930: 7877: 7727: 7496: 7144: 6877: 6757: 6676: 6588: 6579: 6445: 6279: 6208: 6037: 5930:Resources in your library 5237:. Duke University Press. 5204:. Duke University Press. 5165:Why I am not a secularist 4512:. CUA Press. p. 40. 4506:Schall, James V. (1998). 4038:Consensus decision-making 3429:central economic planning 3391:and the ruling class use 3330:: Wrote influential text 2202:, a rigorous analysis of 882:Middle Eastern philosophy 9132:The Malaise of Modernity 9082:The History of Sexuality 8181:Catholic social teaching 7665:The Revolt of the Masses 5976:Video lectures (require 5660:Bielskis, Andrius 2005. 5280:Mouffe, Chantal (1993). 5041:Eckstein, Harry (1956). 4977:Kain, Philip J. (1993). 4889:Byrne, James M. (1997). 4768:Valente, Claire (2003). 4252:Rangarajan, L N (2000). 4088:Political sophistication 3628:repressive desublimation 2655:, with thinkers such as 2634:, Hegel believed in the 2318:was not introduced, the 2311:cultural anthropologists 2039:, a Persian scholar and 1848:Early Islamic philosophy 1625:and the Roman statesman 1605:, which was followed by 1470:Spring and Autumn period 1293:human-nonhuman relations 10822:Postanalytic philosophy 10763:Experimental philosophy 9212:Philosophy of education 7645:The Communist Manifesto 6571:Tyranny of the majority 6482:Consent of the governed 5539:Encyclopedia Britannica 4832:A history of philosophy 4741:A history of philosophy 4708:Koetsier, L.S. (2004). 4681:Plough, Sword, and Book 4655:Encyclopædia Britannica 4630:Encyclopedia Britannica 4580:Encyclopedia Britannica 4446:Kraut, Richard (2002). 4191:Oxford Handbooks Online 4160:Encyclopedia Britannica 3921:individualist anarchism 3602:tyranny of the majority 3475:consent of the governed 3346:Bosnian Genocide denial 3256:as an extension of his 2772:; and the victories of 2637:Phenomenology of Spirit 2109:who helped reintroduce 1796:Mutazilite vs. Asharite 1367:and political culture, 511:Political organisations 274:International relations 112:Politics by subdivision 10955:Social constructionism 9967:Hellenistic philosophy 9383:Theoretical philosophy 9358:Philosophy of religion 9348:Philosophy of language 8151: 8105: 8091: 6522: 6472:Clash of civilizations 6458: 5964:"Political philosophy" 5307:"Saint Thomas Aquinas" 5095:David Lewis Schaefer, 3983:raid on Harper's Ferry 3975:Martin Luther King Jr. 3827:social contract theory 3794:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 3493:American Enlightenment 3415:deliberative democracy 3375:power between classes. 3290:collectivist anarchism 3282:Pierre Joseph Proudhon 3274:'s, on some readings). 3021:deliberative democracy 2836:rational choice theory 2740: 2722: 2661:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 2632:historical materialism 2547:Diderot's Encyclopédie 2261: 2246:European Enlightenment 2096:thought subordinating 1708:Terrena). Augustine's 1465: 1214: 1105:Aesthetic philosophers 11338:Philosophy portal 10857:Scientific skepticism 10837:Reformed epistemology 9363:Philosophy of science 9217:Philosophy of history 9207:Philosophy of culture 9102:A Conflict of Visions 6487:Divine right of kings 5877:Alexander F. Tsvirkun 4482:. Rodopi. p. 1. 4130:State-centered theory 4001:Alexis de Tocqueville 3855:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 3632:Eros and Civilization 3588:" and "Father of the 3344:and participation in 3123:gender performativity 3103:genealogical approach 3031:and Dennis Thompson. 2844:LGBT social movements 2735: 2720: 2579:Industrial Revolution 2527:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 2429:divine right of kings 2299:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 2253: 2208:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 2092:thinking in that the 1858:, and the process of 1785:Natural Law tradition 1633:Medieval Christianity 1474:Warring States period 1453: 1395:Further information: 1377:environmental studies 1262:government legitimate 1183: 686:Philosophy portal 591:Political campaigning 331:Public administration 164:Collective leadership 11406:Political philosophy 10758:Critical rationalism 10465:Edo neo-Confucianism 10309:Acintya bheda abheda 10288:Renaissance humanism 9999:School of the Sextii 9373:Practical philosophy 9368:Political philosophy 9222:Political philosophy 9022:Democracy in America 7635:Democracy in America 7014:political philosophy 6997:political philosophy 6812:political philosophy 6641:political philosophy 6551:Separation of powers 6512:Night-watchman state 6497:Monopoly on violence 6031:Political philosophy 5954:Political philosophy 5945:Political philosophy 5921:Political philosophy 5132:Is Critique Secular? 4125:Semiotics of culture 4083:Political journalism 4078:Political ideologies 4006:Democracy in America 3749:writer who defended 3594:separation of powers 3411:communicative action 3194:improve this article 2949:and on a "return to 2404:Iroquois Confederacy 2212:Republic of Florence 2162:European Renaissance 1838:, based on both the 1678:Christian philosophy 1218:Political philosophy 1194:The School of Athens 1130:Philosophers of mind 441:Separation of powers 312:Political psychology 287:Comparative politics 265:political scientists 252:Academic disciplines 132:Political philosophy 10329:Nimbarka Sampradaya 10240:Korean Confucianism 9987:Academic Skepticism 9062:One-Dimensional Man 7825:Right-wing politics 7705:A Theory of Justice 7675:The Road to Serfdom 7595:The Social Contract 6302:Christian democracy 5888:Zippelius, Reinhold 5802:Thompson, Dennis F. 4997:Communist Manifesto 4810:on 18 February 2012 4156:"Political science" 3941:Henry David Thoreau 3935:Bush administration 3823:A Theory of Justice 3755:American Revolution 3695:Friedrich Nietzsche 3598:checks and balances 3572:Niccolò Machiavelli 3562:class consciousness 3342:Serbian nationalism 3131:William E. Connolly 3075:Friedrich Nietzsche 3040:capability approach 2979:commodity fetishism 2915:National Book Award 2892:A Theory of Justice 2879:The Sexual Contract 2869:The Racial Contract 2753:A Theory of Justice 2729:report authored by 2597:was developed, and 2533:The Social Contract 2390:and especially the 2359:Credo quia absurdum 2275:American Revolution 2254:Eugène Delacroix's 2240:English Renaissance 2204:classical antiquity 2188:Niccolò Machiavelli 2182:Niccolò Machiavelli 2149:Livre de Politiques 1769:Communitas Perfecta 1747:Divine positive law 1530:utopian communalism 1338:critical approaches 1315:sciences politiques 1266:rights and freedoms 1140:Women in philosophy 870:Indigenous American 653:Part of a series on 614:Politics portal 463:Election commission 434:Government branches 317:Political sociology 169:Confessional system 107:Politics by country 40:Tractatus Politicus 11426:Political theories 10950:Post-structuralism 10852:Scientific realism 10807:Quinean naturalism 10787:Logical positivism 10743:Analytical Marxism 9962:Peripatetic school 9874:Chinese naturalism 9401:Aesthetic response 9328:Applied philosophy 9182:Cultural pessimism 9177:Cultural criticism 8076:National character 7837:Political violence 7832:Political theology 7815:Left-wing politics 7810:Political spectrum 5624:Theory & Event 4105:Post-structuralism 4093:Political spectrum 3962:Civil Disobedience 3957:civil disobedience 3845:anarcho-capitalism 3387:. Argued that the 3259:Nicomachean Ethics 3189:exclusion criteria 3006:Alasdair MacIntyre 2897:thought experiment 2723: 2721:Political spectrum 2707:universal suffrage 2591:socialist movement 2283:Haitian Revolution 2262: 2007:on the concept of 1722:St. Thomas Aquinas 1682:Augustine of Hippo 1649:Augustine of Hippo 1612:Nicomachean Ethics 1466: 1402:Ancient traditions 1381:behavioral science 1369:mass media studies 1357:discourse analysis 1319:ciencias políticas 1215: 833:Eastern philosophy 297:Political analysis 229:Semi-parliamentary 11421:Social philosophy 11359: 11358: 11321: 11320: 11317: 11316: 11313: 11312: 11019: 11018: 11015: 11014: 11011: 11010: 10738:Analytic feminism 10710: 10709: 10672:Kierkegaardianism 10634:Transcendentalism 10594:Neo-scholasticism 10440:Classical Realism 10417: 10416: 10189: 10188: 10004:Neopythagoreanism 9761: 9760: 9757: 9756: 9378:Social philosophy 9263: 9262: 8979: 8978: 8124:Spontaneous order 8114:Social alienation 7963:Cultural heritage 7924:Social philosophy 7890: 7889: 7800:Philosophy of law 7745:Conflict theories 7585:The Spirit of Law 7492: 7491: 6541:Original position 5916:Library resources 5901:978-3-406-49494-9 5869:978-1-107-02539-4 5854:Parkinson, John; 5834:978-0-691-12019-5 5815:978-0-674-19766-4 5781:978-1-907343-59-9 5762:978-8-828-40006-6 5679:978-0-262-52241-0 5653:978-0-8264-9831-1 5024:978-1-56072-975-4 4990:978-0-8476-7866-2 4938:978-0-313-30010-3 4902:978-0-664-25760-6 4872:978-1-84542-152-6 4842:978-0-86012-296-8 4781:978-0-7546-0901-8 4751:978-0-86012-296-8 4721:978-1-4122-1440-7 4691:978-0-226-28702-7 4558:978-1-58836-445-6 4519:978-0-8132-0922-7 4489:978-90-420-1467-1 4459:978-0-19-878200-1 4429:978-1-56619-271-2 4396:978-0-415-36154-5 4238:978-0-7391-0401-9 4073:Philosophy of law 3991:- and the other- 3833:and to criticise 3759:French Revolution 3751:liberal democracy 3521:anarcho-communism 3318:thought. Burke's 3221: 3220: 3213: 2935:Theodor W. Adorno 2901:original position 2848:African Americans 2746:until 1971, when 2703:social democratic 2482:Benjamin Constant 2400:Benjamin Franklin 2307:political science 2295:Benjamin Constant 2279:French Revolution 2271:English Civil War 2172:Holy Roman Empire 2061:The 14th-century 1766:; the law of the 1737:philosophy of law 1330:political science 1307:Political science 1178: 1177: 986: 985: 648: 647: 596:Political parties 536:Electoral systems 260:Political science 234:Semi-presidential 146:Political systems 122:Political history 117:Political economy 16:(Redirected from 11433: 11388: 11387: 11376: 11375: 11374: 11367: 11348: 11347: 11336: 11335: 11334: 11051: 11050: 11042: 11041: 11025: 11024: 10915:Frankfurt School 10862:Transactionalism 10812:Normative ethics 10792:Legal positivism 10768:Falsificationism 10753:Consequentialism 10748:Communitarianism 10721: 10720: 10589:New Confucianism 10428: 10427: 10235:Neo-Confucianism 10200: 10199: 10009:Second Sophistic 9994:Middle Platonism 9837: 9836: 9778: 9777: 9767: 9766: 9610:Epiphenomenalism 9477:Consequentialism 9411:Institutionalism 9316: 9315: 9305: 9304: 9290: 9283: 9276: 9267: 9266: 9227:Social criticism 9147: 9137: 9127: 9117: 9107: 9097: 9087: 9077: 9067: 9057: 9047: 9037: 9027: 9017: 9007: 8997: 8233: 8232: 8215:Frankfurt School 8193:Communitarianism 8156: 8110: 8096: 7917: 7910: 7903: 7894: 7893: 7805:Political ethics 7795:Machiavellianism 7735:Authoritarianism 7720: 7710: 7700: 7690: 7680: 7670: 7660: 7650: 7640: 7630: 7620: 7610: 7600: 7590: 7580: 7570: 7560: 7550: 7540: 7530: 7520: 7510: 6586: 6585: 6527: 6463: 6453:Balance of power 6427:Social democracy 6422:Social Darwinism 6397:Multiculturalism 6342:Environmentalism 6317:Communitarianism 6024: 6017: 6010: 6001: 6000: 5992:and provided by 5973: 5905: 5873: 5856:Mansbridge, Jane 5850: 5838: 5819: 5793: 5766: 5743: 5724: 5705: 5701:978-0-47211315-6 5683: 5657: 5608:Political Theory 5594: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5565: 5559: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5478:. 20 March 2018. 5472: 5466: 5465: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5359:"Jeremy Bentham" 5354: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5264: 5256: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5203: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5127: 5121: 5110: 5104: 5103:, 30 April 2008. 5101:The New York Sun 5093: 5087: 5086: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4926: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4806:. 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Mills 2862:by philosophers 2766:Jean-Paul Sartre 2742:From the end of 2673:anti-imperialism 2569:—was, alongside 2567:Friedrich Engels 2449:John Stuart Mill 2444:John Stuart Mill 2228:consequentialist 2214:rather than the 2139:Summa Theologica 1916: 1915: 1902: 1901: 1870:philosophy was " 1822: 1821: 1808: 1807: 1659: 1658: 1645: 1644: 1464: 1461: 1222:political theory 1207:and Aristotle's 1170: 1163: 1156: 875:Aztec philosophy 754:Ancient Egyptian 736: 735: 688: 684: 683: 682: 669: 650: 649: 640: 633: 626: 612: 611: 402: 347: 302:Political theory 292:Election science 282: 268: 46: 45: 33:Political Theory 21: 18:Political theory 11441: 11440: 11436: 11435: 11434: 11432: 11431: 11430: 11396: 11395: 11394: 11382: 11372: 11370: 11362: 11360: 11355: 11332: 11330: 11309: 11273: 11173: 11135: 11082: 11036: 11035: 11007: 10996:Russian cosmism 10969: 10965:Western Marxism 10930:New Historicism 10895:Critical theory 10881: 10877:Wittgensteinian 10773:Foundationalism 10706: 10643: 10624:Social contract 10480:Foundationalism 10413: 10395: 10379:Illuminationism 10364:Aristotelianism 10350: 10339:Vishishtadvaita 10292: 10244: 10185: 10152: 10023: 9952:Megarian school 9947:Eretrian school 9888: 9849:Agriculturalism 9826: 9772: 9753: 9700: 9672: 9629: 9581: 9538: 9522:Incompatibilism 9491: 9463: 9415: 9387: 9310: 9299: 9294: 9264: 9259: 9246: 9172:Critical theory 9150: 9145: 9135: 9125: 9115: 9105: 9095: 9085: 9075: 9065: 9055: 9045: 9035: 9025: 9015: 9005: 8995: 8975: 8653: 8647: 8445: 8439: 8388: 8317: 8224: 8176:Budapest School 8164: 7953:Cosmopolitanism 7926: 7921: 7891: 7886: 7873: 7862:Totalitarianism 7723: 7718: 7708: 7698: 7688: 7678: 7668: 7658: 7648: 7638: 7628: 7618: 7608: 7598: 7588: 7578: 7568: 7558: 7548: 7538: 7535:Treatise on Law 7528: 7518: 7508: 7488: 7146: 7140: 6879: 6873: 6759: 6753: 6672: 6575: 6561:State of nature 6556:Social contract 6536:Ordered liberty 6524:Noblesse oblige 6441: 6275: 6204: 6033: 6028: 5990:Yale University 5962: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5924: 5923: 5919: 5912: 5902: 5870: 5835: 5816: 5782: 5763: 5740: 5721: 5702: 5680: 5654: 5640:Assiter, Alison 5603: 5601:Further reading 5598: 5597: 5592: 5588: 5579: 5577: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5553: 5543: 5541: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5519: 5517: 5506: 5502: 5487: 5483: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5445: 5443: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5418: 5416: 5408: 5407: 5403: 5394: 5392: 5385:"Isaiah Berlin" 5381: 5377: 5368: 5366: 5355: 5351: 5342: 5340: 5329: 5325: 5316: 5314: 5303: 5299: 5292: 5278: 5274: 5258: 5257: 5245: 5231: 5227: 5212: 5194: 5190: 5175: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5128: 5124: 5111: 5107: 5094: 5090: 5059:10.2307/1951680 5039: 5035: 5025: 5009: 5005: 4991: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4959: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4917: 4913: 4903: 4887: 4883: 4873: 4857: 4853: 4843: 4827: 4823: 4813: 4811: 4796: 4792: 4782: 4766: 4762: 4752: 4736: 4732: 4722: 4706: 4702: 4692: 4676:Gellner, Ernest 4673: 4669: 4659: 4657: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4634: 4632: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4609: 4607: 4605:www.iep.utm.edu 4599: 4598: 4594: 4584: 4582: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4559: 4534: 4530: 4520: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4474: 4470: 4460: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4414: 4407: 4397: 4381: 4377: 4370: 4348: 4344: 4331: 4327: 4320: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4164: 4162: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4063:Majoritarianism 4048:Critical theory 4028: 3931:neoconservatism 3906:rational egoism 3885:Giorgio Agamben 3877:Jacques Derrida 3849:Austrian School 3841:Murray Rothbard 3800:, specifically 3788:Theory of Forms 3608:Herbert Marcuse 3549:Western Marxism 3531:state of nature 3517:Peter Kropotkin 3465:social contract 3425:Friedrich Hayek 3403:Jürgen Habermas 3379:Antonio Gramsci 3368:Michel Foucault 3278:Mikhail Bakunin 3241:Treatise on Law 3217: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3083:Jacques Derrida 3079:Michel Foucault 3068:Martha Nussbaum 3048:Quentin Skinner 3025:Jane Mansbridge 2959:Michel Foucault 2943:Jürgen Habermas 2931:Herbert Marcuse 2860:social contract 2790:Friedrich Hayek 2770:Louis Althusser 2715: 2665:Peter Kropotkin 2657:Mikhail Bakunin 2559: 2545:), featured in 2529: 2507: 2490: 2484: 2446: 2412: 2320:social sciences 2248: 2236:social contract 2184: 2164: 2117:Europe through 2094:Roman Catholics 2083: 2081:Medieval Europe 2059: 1993:Islamic history 1959:(Avempace) and 1926: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1798: 1793: 1730: 1728:Treatise on Law 1724: 1674: 1672:Saint Augustine 1669: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1635: 1569: 1462: 1448: 1442: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1393: 1353:critical theory 1174: 1145: 1144: 1110:Epistemologists 1100: 1099: 1088: 1087: 1024: 1000: 999: 988: 987: 733: 732: 721: 680: 678: 677: 644: 606: 601: 600: 531: 530: 521: 520: 478: 477: 468: 467: 436: 435: 426: 425: 421:Public interest 406:Domestic policy 396: 389: 388: 377: 376: 341: 334: 333: 322: 321: 283: 276: 269: 262: 254: 253: 244: 243: 149: 148: 137: 136: 92: 91: 82: 51:Politics series 44: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11439: 11429: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11393: 11392: 11380: 11357: 11356: 11354: 11353: 11341: 11326: 11323: 11322: 11319: 11318: 11315: 11314: 11311: 11310: 11308: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11281: 11279: 11275: 11274: 11272: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11205: 11204: 11194: 11189: 11183: 11181: 11175: 11174: 11172: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11145: 11143: 11141:Middle Eastern 11137: 11136: 11134: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11092: 11090: 11084: 11083: 11081: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11059: 11057: 11048: 11038: 11037: 11034: 11033: 11029: 11021: 11020: 11017: 11016: 11013: 11012: 11009: 11008: 11006: 11005: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10977: 10975: 10971: 10970: 10968: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10905:Existentialism 10902: 10900:Deconstruction 10897: 10891: 10889: 10883: 10882: 10880: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10733:Applied ethics 10729: 10727: 10718: 10712: 10711: 10708: 10707: 10705: 10704: 10699: 10697:Nietzscheanism 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10668: 10667: 10657: 10651: 10649: 10645: 10644: 10642: 10641: 10639:Utilitarianism 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10540: 10539: 10537:Transcendental 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10504: 10503: 10502: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10475:Existentialism 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10431: 10425: 10419: 10418: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10411: 10405: 10403: 10397: 10396: 10394: 10393: 10388: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10360: 10358: 10352: 10351: 10349: 10348: 10343: 10342: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10300: 10298: 10294: 10293: 10291: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10263:Augustinianism 10260: 10254: 10252: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10206: 10204: 10197: 10191: 10190: 10187: 10186: 10184: 10183: 10178: 10176:Zoroastrianism 10173: 10168: 10162: 10160: 10154: 10153: 10151: 10150: 10149: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10098: 10097: 10096: 10091: 10081: 10080: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10033: 10031: 10025: 10024: 10022: 10021: 10019:Church Fathers 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9990: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9933: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9901: 9899: 9890: 9889: 9887: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9845: 9843: 9834: 9828: 9827: 9825: 9824: 9823: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9792: 9786: 9784: 9774: 9773: 9763: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9710: 9708: 9702: 9701: 9699: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9682: 9680: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9639: 9637: 9631: 9630: 9628: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9591: 9589: 9583: 9582: 9580: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9548: 9546: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9536: 9534:Libertarianism 9531: 9530: 9529: 9519: 9518: 9517: 9507: 9501: 9499: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9473: 9471: 9465: 9464: 9462: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9425: 9423: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9397: 9395: 9389: 9388: 9386: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9338:Metaphilosophy 9335: 9330: 9324: 9322: 9312: 9311: 9301: 9300: 9293: 9292: 9285: 9278: 9270: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9251: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9232:Social science 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9158: 9156: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9148: 9138: 9128: 9122:Gender Trouble 9118: 9108: 9098: 9088: 9078: 9068: 9058: 9052:The Second Sex 9048: 9038: 9028: 9018: 9008: 8998: 8987: 8985: 8981: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8657: 8655: 8649: 8648: 8646: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8449: 8447: 8441: 8440: 8438: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8396: 8394: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8325: 8323: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8239: 8237: 8230: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8211: 8210: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8178: 8172: 8170: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8102: 8097: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8044:Invisible hand 8041: 8036: 8031: 8030: 8029: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7934: 7932: 7928: 7927: 7920: 7919: 7912: 7905: 7897: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7884: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7871: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7852:Social justice 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7828: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7760:Egalitarianism 7757: 7752: 7750:Contractualism 7747: 7742: 7737: 7731: 7729: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7711: 7701: 7691: 7681: 7671: 7661: 7651: 7641: 7631: 7621: 7611: 7601: 7591: 7581: 7571: 7561: 7551: 7541: 7531: 7521: 7511: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7150: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7017: 7016: 7006: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6883: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6763: 6761: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6592: 6590: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6546:Overton window 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6455: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6377:Libertarianism 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6283: 6281: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6027: 6026: 6019: 6012: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5994:Academic Earth 5986:Steven B Smith 5974: 5960: 5951: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5910:External links 5908: 5907: 5906: 5900: 5884: 5874: 5868: 5851: 5839: 5833: 5820: 5814: 5794: 5780: 5767: 5761: 5744: 5738: 5725: 5719: 5706: 5700: 5684: 5678: 5665: 5658: 5652: 5636: 5629:Constellations 5602: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5586: 5560: 5551: 5526: 5500: 5481: 5467: 5453: 5426: 5401: 5375: 5349: 5323: 5297: 5290: 5272: 5243: 5225: 5210: 5188: 5173: 5155: 5148: 5122: 5105: 5088: 5053:(2): 475–487. 5033: 5023: 5003: 4989: 4969: 4947: 4937: 4911: 4901: 4881: 4871: 4851: 4841: 4821: 4790: 4780: 4760: 4750: 4730: 4720: 4700: 4690: 4667: 4642: 4617: 4592: 4567: 4557: 4543:No god but God 4528: 4518: 4498: 4488: 4468: 4458: 4438: 4428: 4405: 4395: 4375: 4368: 4342: 4325: 4318: 4298: 4292:978-0313232107 4291: 4271: 4264: 4244: 4237: 4223:Boesche, Roger 4214: 4207: 4181: 4172: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4053:Engaged theory 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4016: 3998: 3981:following his 3971:Mahatma Gandhi 3938: 3924: 3910: 3901:Baruch Spinoza 3898: 3888: 3870: 3852: 3838: 3835:utilitarianism 3816: 3805: 3791: 3774: 3740: 3729:libertarianism 3722: 3715:libertarianism 3692: 3682: 3676: 3666: 3660: 3649: 3642:Traditionalism 3635: 3605: 3590:Bill of Rights 3579: 3569: 3538: 3524: 3514: 3504: 3486: 3483:Jeremy Bentham 3468: 3458: 3443:G. W. F. Hegel 3440: 3422: 3400: 3376: 3372:prison complex 3365: 3355: 3349: 3335: 3325: 3309: 3303: 3300:utilitarianism 3296:Jeremy Bentham 3293: 3275: 3245: 3236:Thomas Aquinas 3219: 3218: 3192:. Please help 3180: 3178: 3171: 3154: 3151: 3147:Chantal Mouffe 3111:"weak ontology 3107:deconstruction 3087:Gilles Deleuze 3014:social capital 3010:Daniel A. Bell 2994:Charles Taylor 2990:Michael Sandel 2986:Michael Walzer 2955:Gilles Deleuze 2939:Max Horkheimer 2913:, which won a 2874:Carole Pateman 2832:utilitarianism 2731:Harry Eckstein 2714: 2711: 2604:Vladimir Lenin 2558: 2555: 2528: 2525: 2506: 2503: 2486:Main article: 2483: 2480: 2465:Utilitarianism 2445: 2442: 2411: 2408: 2339:Roman Catholic 2247: 2244: 2199:The Discourses 2183: 2180: 2163: 2160: 2107:Thomas Aquinas 2082: 2079: 2071:Ernest Gellner 2058: 2055: 2021:Aristotleanism 1918: 1911: 1910: 1904: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1824: 1817: 1816: 1810: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1774: 1773: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1733:Thomas Aquinas 1726:Main article: 1723: 1720: 1688:and theory of 1673: 1670: 1663:Thomas Aquinas 1661: 1654: 1653: 1647: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1573:ancient Greece 1568: 1567:Ancient Greece 1565: 1534:egalitarianism 1441: 1438: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1392: 1389: 1197:, a fresco by 1176: 1175: 1173: 1172: 1165: 1158: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1125:Metaphysicians 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1101: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1053:Metaphilosophy 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1001: 995: 994: 993: 990: 989: 984: 983: 982: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 938: 937: 931: 930: 929: 928: 927: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 891: 890: 889: 879: 878: 877: 867: 866: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 830: 829: 828: 823: 818: 805: 804: 798: 797: 796: 795: 794: 793: 788: 778: 773: 768: 763: 762: 761: 756: 743: 742: 734: 728: 727: 726: 723: 722: 720: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 674: 671: 670: 662: 661: 655: 654: 646: 645: 643: 642: 635: 628: 620: 617: 616: 603: 602: 599: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 577: 576: 560: 555: 550: 549: 548: 538: 532: 528: 527: 526: 523: 522: 519: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 485: 479: 476:Related topics 475: 474: 473: 470: 469: 466: 465: 460: 455: 450: 444: 443: 437: 433: 432: 431: 428: 427: 424: 423: 418: 413: 411:Foreign policy 408: 403: 390: 384: 383: 382: 379: 378: 375: 374: 373: 372: 358: 353: 348: 335: 329: 328: 327: 324: 323: 320: 319: 314: 309: 307:Policy studies 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 272: 270: 258: 255: 251: 250: 249: 246: 245: 242: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 150: 144: 143: 142: 139: 138: 135: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 93: 90:Primary topics 89: 88: 87: 84: 83: 81: 80: 75: 70: 64: 61: 60: 54: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11438: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11379: 11369: 11368: 11365: 11352: 11351: 11342: 11340: 11339: 11328: 11327: 11324: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11278:Miscellaneous 11276: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11203: 11200: 11199: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11184: 11182: 11180: 11176: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11146: 11144: 11142: 11138: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11093: 11091: 11089: 11085: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11060: 11058: 11056: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11031: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11004: 11003: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10978: 10976: 10974:Miscellaneous 10972: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10960:Structuralism 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10945:Postmodernism 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10935:Phenomenology 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10892: 10890: 10888: 10884: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10872:Vienna Circle 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10802:Moral realism 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10730: 10728: 10726: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10713: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10666: 10663: 10662: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10652: 10650: 10646: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10604:Phenomenology 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10544:Individualism 10542: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10509: 10508: 10505: 10501: 10498: 10497: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10432: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10420: 10410: 10409:Judeo-Islamic 10407: 10406: 10404: 10402: 10398: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10386: 10385:ʿIlm al-Kalām 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10357: 10353: 10347: 10344: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10334:Shuddhadvaita 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10306: 10305: 10302: 10301: 10299: 10295: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10268:Scholasticism 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10253: 10251: 10247: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10192: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10163: 10161: 10159: 10155: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10103: 10102: 10099: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10086: 10085: 10082: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10039: 10038: 10035: 10034: 10032: 10030: 10026: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9969: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9907: 9906: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9891: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9846: 9844: 9842: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9829: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9797: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9768: 9764: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9719:Conceptualism 9717: 9715: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9707: 9703: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9683: 9681: 9679: 9675: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9648:Particularism 9646: 9644: 9641: 9640: 9638: 9636: 9632: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9615:Functionalism 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9600:Eliminativism 9598: 9596: 9593: 9592: 9590: 9588: 9584: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9541: 9535: 9532: 9528: 9525: 9524: 9523: 9520: 9516: 9513: 9512: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9505:Compatibilism 9503: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9494: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9466: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9444:Particularism 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9422: 9418: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9394: 9390: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9291: 9286: 9284: 9279: 9277: 9272: 9271: 9268: 9256: 9253: 9252: 9249: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9237:Social theory 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9144: 9143: 9139: 9134: 9133: 9129: 9124: 9123: 9119: 9114: 9113: 9109: 9104: 9103: 9099: 9094: 9093: 9089: 9084: 9083: 9079: 9074: 9073: 9069: 9064: 9063: 9059: 9054: 9053: 9049: 9044: 9043: 9039: 9034: 9033: 9029: 9024: 9023: 9019: 9014: 9013: 9009: 9004: 9003: 8999: 8994: 8993: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8982: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8891:Radhakrishnan 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8652:20th and 21st 8650: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8444:18th and 19th 8442: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8391: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8320: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8234: 8231: 8227: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8167: 8161: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8149: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8065: 8062: 8061: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7991: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7918: 7913: 7911: 7906: 7904: 7899: 7898: 7895: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7876: 7870: 7869: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7785:Jurisprudence 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7726: 7717: 7716: 7712: 7707: 7706: 7702: 7697: 7696: 7692: 7687: 7686: 7682: 7677: 7676: 7672: 7667: 7666: 7662: 7657: 7656: 7652: 7647: 7646: 7642: 7637: 7636: 7632: 7627: 7626: 7622: 7617: 7616: 7615:Rights of Man 7612: 7607: 7606: 7602: 7597: 7596: 7592: 7587: 7586: 7582: 7577: 7576: 7572: 7567: 7566: 7562: 7557: 7556: 7552: 7547: 7546: 7542: 7537: 7536: 7532: 7527: 7526: 7525:De re publica 7522: 7517: 7516: 7512: 7507: 7506: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7145:20th and 21st 7143: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6878:18th and 19th 6876: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6756: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6734:Nizam al-Mulk 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6578: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6417:Republicanism 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6025: 6020: 6018: 6013: 6011: 6006: 6005: 6002: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5984:delivered by 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5903: 5897: 5894:. C.H. Beck. 5893: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5830: 5826: 5821: 5817: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5773: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5741: 5739:0-941664-95-3 5735: 5731: 5726: 5722: 5720:0-945636-58-X 5716: 5712: 5707: 5703: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5688:Barzilai, Gad 5685: 5681: 5675: 5672:. MIT Press. 5671: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5590: 5575: 5571: 5564: 5555: 5540: 5536: 5530: 5515: 5511: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5485: 5477: 5471: 5463: 5457: 5442: 5441: 5436: 5430: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5338: 5334: 5327: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5293: 5291:0-86091-486-0 5287: 5283: 5276: 5268: 5262: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5244:9780822392996 5240: 5236: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5211:9780822363309 5207: 5202: 5201: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5174:9780816633326 5170: 5166: 5159: 5151: 5149:9780823251681 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5037: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5007: 5000: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4982: 4981: 4973: 4958: 4951: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4924: 4915: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4885: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4864: 4863: 4855: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4825: 4809: 4805: 4801: 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3570: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3541:György Lukács 3539: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3511:Thomas Hobbes 3508: 3507:Immanuel Kant 3505: 3502: 3498: 3497:republicanism 3494: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3461:Thomas Hobbes 3459: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3407:public sphere 3404: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3306:Isaiah Berlin 3304: 3301: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3268:perfectionism 3265: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3215: 3212: 3204: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3183:has no clear 3179: 3170: 3169: 3161: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3127:Judith Butler 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3099:republicanism 3096: 3095:communitarian 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3060:Mahbub ul Haq 3057: 3056:Philip Pettit 3053: 3052:Cass Sunstein 3049: 3045: 3044:Isaiah Berlin 3041: 3037: 3036:republicanism 3032: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3002:communitarian 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2971:Situationists 2968: 2964: 2963:Claude Lefort 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2947:structuralism 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2907:'s 1974 book 2906: 2905:Robert Nozick 2902: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2881: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2856:multicultural 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2811: 2810:Judith Shklar 2807: 2806:Eric Voegelin 2803: 2802:Isaiah Berlin 2799: 2798:Hannah Arendt 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2776:in China and 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2758:behavioralism 2755: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2719: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2624:Immanuel Kant 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2554: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2534: 2524: 2520: 2518: 2517: 2511: 2505:Thomas Hobbes 2502: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2467: 2466: 2460: 2456: 2455: 2450: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2425:Robert Filmer 2422: 2421: 2416: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316:natural order 2312: 2308: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2287:Thomas Hobbes 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2266:Enlightenment 2259: 2258: 2252: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2232:Thomas Hobbes 2229: 2226:and somewhat 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2144:Nicole Oresme 2141: 2140: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2037:Nizam al-Mulk 2033: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2003:, or that of 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1921: 1907: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1827: 1813: 1788: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1764:customary law 1761: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1698:moral example 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1664: 1650: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1564: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1514:authoritarian 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1440:Ancient China 1437: 1435: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1413: 1407:Ancient India 1398: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1226:philosophical 1223: 1219: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1152: 1151: 1149: 1148: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1068:Phenomenology 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1002: 998: 992: 991: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 941: 940: 939: 936: 933: 932: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 896: 895: 892: 888: 885: 884: 883: 880: 876: 873: 872: 871: 868: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 835: 834: 831: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 813: 812: 809: 808: 807: 806: 803: 800: 799: 792: 789: 787: 784: 783: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 760: 759:Ancient Greek 757: 755: 752: 751: 750: 747: 746: 745: 744: 741: 738: 737: 731: 725: 724: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 687: 676: 675: 673: 672: 668: 664: 663: 660: 657: 656: 652: 651: 641: 636: 634: 629: 627: 622: 621: 619: 618: 615: 610: 605: 604: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 574: 570: 566: 565: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 547: 544: 543: 542: 539: 537: 534: 533: 525: 524: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 493: 489: 486: 484: 481: 480: 472: 471: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 445: 442: 439: 438: 430: 429: 422: 419: 417: 416:Civil society 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 400: 395: 394:Public policy 392: 391: 387: 381: 380: 370: 366: 362: 361: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 345: 340: 337: 336: 332: 326: 325: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 280: 275: 271: 266: 261: 257: 256: 248: 247: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 214:Parliamentary 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 199:Hybrid regime 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 151: 147: 141: 140: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 94: 86: 85: 79: 76: 74: 71: 69: 66: 65: 63: 62: 59: 56: 55: 52: 48: 47: 42: 41: 36: 34: 19: 11343: 11329: 11000: 10991:Postcritique 10981:Kyoto School 10940:Posthumanism 10920:Hermeneutics 10775: / 10716:Contemporary 10692:Newtonianism 10655:Cartesianism 10614:Reductionism 10450:Conservatism 10445:Collectivism 10383: 10111:Sarvāstivadā 10089:Anekantavada 10014:Neoplatonism 9982:Epicureanism 9915:Pythagoreans 9854:Confucianism 9820:Contemporary 9810:Early modern 9714:Anti-realism 9668:Universalism 9625:Subjectivism 9421:Epistemology 9367: 9221: 9140: 9130: 9120: 9110: 9100: 9090: 9080: 9070: 9060: 9050: 9040: 9030: 9020: 9010: 9000: 8990: 8410:Guicciardini 8393:Early modern 8229:Philosophers 8203:Conservatism 8198:Confucianism 8186:Distributism 8119:Social norms 8107:Sittlichkeit 8093:Ressentiment 8039:Institutions 8017:Human nature 7866: 7765:Elite theory 7713: 7703: 7693: 7683: 7673: 7663: 7653: 7643: 7633: 7623: 7613: 7603: 7593: 7583: 7573: 7563: 7553: 7543: 7533: 7523: 7513: 7503: 6802:Guicciardini 6758:Early modern 6581:Philosophers 6531:Open society 6467:Body politic 6337:Distributism 6327:Conservatism 6322:Confucianism 6241:Gerontocracy 6231:Dictatorship 6185:Sovereignty‎ 6175:Ruling class 6065:Emancipation 6050:Citizenship‎ 6030: 5967: 5920: 5891: 5880: 5859: 5846: 5843:Nelson, Eric 5824: 5805: 5798:Gutmann, Amy 5771: 5748: 5729: 5710: 5691: 5669: 5661: 5643: 5633: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5607: 5589: 5578:, retrieved 5573: 5563: 5554: 5542:. Retrieved 5538: 5529: 5518:, retrieved 5513: 5503: 5494: 5484: 5470: 5456: 5444:. Retrieved 5438: 5429: 5417:. Retrieved 5414:Edmund Burke 5413: 5404: 5393:, retrieved 5388: 5378: 5367:, retrieved 5362: 5352: 5341:, retrieved 5336: 5326: 5315:, retrieved 5310: 5300: 5281: 5275: 5234: 5228: 5199: 5191: 5164: 5158: 5131: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5091: 5050: 5046: 5036: 5028: 5013: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4979: 4972: 4962:24 September 4960:. Retrieved 4955:Marx, Karl. 4950: 4942: 4922: 4914: 4906: 4891: 4884: 4876: 4861: 4854: 4846: 4831: 4824: 4812:. Retrieved 4808:the original 4793: 4785: 4770: 4763: 4755: 4740: 4733: 4725: 4710: 4703: 4695: 4680: 4670: 4658:. Retrieved 4654: 4645: 4633:. Retrieved 4629: 4620: 4608:. Retrieved 4604: 4595: 4583:. Retrieved 4579: 4570: 4562: 4542: 4531: 4523: 4508: 4501: 4493: 4478: 4471: 4463: 4448: 4441: 4433: 4418: 4400: 4385: 4378: 4353: 4345: 4335: 4328: 4308: 4301: 4281: 4274: 4254: 4247: 4227: 4217: 4190: 4184: 4175: 4163:. Retrieved 4159: 4150: 4098: 4010: 4004: 3992: 3986: 3961: 3904: 3873:Carl Schmitt 3859:general will 3782:The Republic 3780: 3768: 3764:Common Sense 3762: 3743:Thomas Paine 3719:conservatism 3655: 3638:Julius Evola 3586:Constitution 3555: 3552: 3543:: Hungarian 3382: 3338:Noam Chomsky 3332:Arthashastra 3319: 3316:conservative 3312:Edmund Burke 3257: 3251: 3250:: Wrote his 3239: 3222: 3207: 3198: 3182: 3143:Bonnie Honig 3139:Jane Bennett 3072: 3033: 3018: 2983: 2923: 2908: 2890: 2884: 2877: 2876:in her book 2867: 2866:in his book 2852:postcolonial 2814: 2778:Fidel Castro 2751: 2744:World War II 2741: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2713:Contemporary 2699:Luxemburgism 2681: 2649:trade unions 2642: 2635: 2616:Fidel Castro 2583:Urbanization 2560: 2551: 2542: 2538: 2531: 2530: 2521: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2447: 2434:original sin 2418: 2413: 2386:, Delaware, 2365: 2357: 2355: 2347:nation-state 2328: 2303: 2263: 2255: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2165: 2154: 2147: 2137: 2135: 2084: 2060: 2044: 2034: 1955:(Avicenna), 1951:(Abunaser), 1947:(Alkindus), 1927: 1867: 1834:The rise of 1833: 1782: 1775: 1767: 1762:"—including 1731: 1709: 1675: 1617: 1610: 1600: 1570: 1558: 1516:government. 1510:meritocratic 1478:Confucianism 1467: 1454:Portrait of 1428:Arthashastra 1426: 1421: 1416: 1410: 1373:neuroscience 1344: 1342: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1305: 1303:, and more. 1270: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1208: 1202: 1192: 1097:Philosophers 1072: 1005:Epistemology 826:South Africa 781:Contemporary 730:Philosophies 344:street-level 301: 219:Presidential 179:Dictatorship 131: 49:Part of the 39: 32: 10986:Objectivism 10925:Neo-Marxism 10887:Continental 10797:Meta-ethics 10777:Coherentism 10682:Hegelianism 10619:Rationalism 10579:Natural law 10559:Materialism 10485:Historicism 10455:Determinism 10346:Navya-Nyāya 10121:Sautrāntika 10116:Pudgalavada 10052:Vaisheshika 9905:Presocratic 9805:Renaissance 9744:Physicalism 9729:Materialism 9635:Normativity 9620:Objectivism 9605:Emergentism 9595:Behaviorism 9544:Metaphysics 9510:Determinism 9449:Rationalism 9197:Historicism 9026:(1835–1840) 8992:De Officiis 8716:de Beauvoir 8686:Baudrillard 8638:Vivekananda 8628:Tocqueville 8543:Kierkegaard 8359:Ibn Khaldun 8329:Alpharabius 8220:Personalism 8129:Stewardship 8086:Reification 8081:Natural law 8002:Familialism 7968:Culturalism 7639:(1835–1840) 7519:(c. 350 BC) 7509:(c. 375 BC) 7126:Tocqueville 7091:Saint-Simon 7056:Montesquieu 6907:Bolingbroke 6839:Machiavelli 6719:Ibn Khaldun 6684:Alpharabius 6677:Middle Ages 6502:Natural law 6477:Common good 6402:Nationalism 6362:Imperialism 6332:Corporatism 6307:Colonialism 6287:Agrarianism 6266:Technocracy 6246:Meritocracy 6226:Bureaucracy 6216:Aristocracy 5978:Adobe Flash 5753:Morcelliana 5510:"Confucius" 5446:28 November 5333:"Aristotle" 4814:20 February 4537:Aslan, Reza 4115:Rechtsstaat 3967:Leo Tolstoy 3927:Leo Strauss 3913:Max Stirner 3812:Objectivism 3679:Montesquieu 3673:utilitarian 3646:Aristocracy 3566:reification 3553:magnum opus 3447:Kierkegaard 3437:rule of law 3433:free-market 3135:Wendy Brown 3097:debate and 3064:Amartya Sen 3029:Amy Gutmann 2919:libertarian 2820:Colonialism 2794:Leo Strauss 2786:Karl Popper 2683:World War I 2669:syndicalism 2612:Ho Chi Minh 2438:tabula rasa 2264:During the 2168:Renaissance 2166:During the 2156:Magna Carta 2131:Renaissance 2067:Ibn Khaldun 2057:Ibn Khaldun 2046:Siyasatnama 2025:peripatetic 2013:Ehl-i Sunna 1935:—i.e., the 1920:Ibn Khaldun 1866:—in effect 1753:Natural law 1711:City of God 1702:City of God 1548:. Each had 1546:Han dynasty 1542:Qin dynasty 1490:Agrarianism 1463: 1770 1434:code of law 1361:film theory 1359:, film and 1336:to various 1187:(left) and 1020:Metaphysics 935:By religion 791:Continental 771:Renaissance 483:Sovereignty 448:Legislature 351:Technocracy 339:Bureaucracy 204:Meritocracy 184:Directorial 11400:Categories 11378:Philosophy 11285:Amerindian 11192:Australian 11131:Vietnamese 11111:Indonesian 10660:Kantianism 10609:Positivism 10599:Pragmatism 10574:Naturalism 10554:Liberalism 10532:Subjective 10470:Empiricism 10374:Avicennism 10319:Bhedabheda 10203:East Asian 10126:Madhyamaka 10106:Abhidharma 9972:Pyrrhonism 9739:Nominalism 9734:Naturalism 9663:Skepticism 9653:Relativism 9643:Absolutism 9572:Naturalism 9482:Deontology 9454:Skepticism 9439:Naturalism 9429:Empiricism 9393:Aesthetics 9297:Philosophy 9202:Humanities 9162:Agnotology 8821:Kołakowski 8384:Ibn Tufayl 8364:Maimonides 8308:Thucydides 8303:Tertullian 8258:Lactantius 8153:Volksgeist 8134:Traditions 7948:Convention 7847:Separatism 7655:On Liberty 7555:The Prince 7284:Huntington 6787:Campanella 6714:al-Ghazali 6663:Thucydides 6621:Lactantius 6566:Statolatry 6392:Monarchism 6372:Liberalism 6297:Capitalism 6280:Ideologies 6261:Plutocracy 6209:Government 6165:Revolution 6150:Propaganda 6100:Legitimacy 6075:Government 5949:PhilPapers 5883:. Kharkiv. 5580:15 October 5544:15 October 5495:The Nation 5435:"Chanakya" 5419:15 October 5395:15 October 5369:15 October 5343:15 October 5317:15 October 4142:References 3979:John Brown 3891:Adam Smith 3851:economist. 3819:John Rawls 3757:, and the 3659:communism. 3576:republican 3527:John Locke 3471:David Hume 3362:pragmatism 3358:John Dewey 2975:Guy Debord 2887:John Rawls 2774:Mao Zedong 2750:published 2748:John Rawls 2725:In a 1956 2608:Mao Zedong 2587:capitalism 2571:liberalism 2471:On Liberty 2459:On Liberty 2454:On Liberty 2415:John Locke 2410:John Locke 2343:Protestant 2335:free trade 2291:John Locke 2281:, and the 2193:The Prince 2176:scholastic 2127:scholastic 2098:philosophy 2075:government 2005:Shia Islam 1957:Ibn Bajjah 1876:Mutazilite 1676:The early 1526:asceticism 1444:See also: 1326:philosophy 1230:government 1201:. 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Though 2599:socialism 2516:Leviathan 2368:New World 2224:pragmatic 2216:oligarchy 2111:Aristotle 2029:Aristotle 1961:Ibn Rushd 1949:al-Farabi 1906:Ibn Rushd 1885:Caliphate 1872:political 1812:Al Farabi 1778:canon law 1607:Aristotle 1593:democracy 1589:oligarchy 1585:timocracy 1561:communism 1550:religious 1538:anarchism 1522:frugality 1498:Confucius 1456:Confucius 1417:Mantranga 1385:economics 1281:sexuality 1258:authority 1228:study of 1189:Aristotle 1120:Logicians 1115:Ethicists 1073:Political 1033:Education 954:Christian 949:Confucian 848:Indonesia 802:By region 740:By period 553:Unitarism 541:Elections 529:Subseries 458:Judiciary 453:Executive 356:Adhocracy 239:Theocracy 194:Feudalism 174:Democracy 35:(journal) 11411:Politics 11390:Politics 11350:Category 11305:Yugoslav 11295:Romanian 11202:Scottish 11187:American 11116:Japanese 11096:Buddhist 11078:Africana 11068:Egyptian 10910:Feminist 10832:Rawlsian 10827:Quietism 10725:Analytic 10677:Krausism 10584:Nihilism 10549:Kokugaku 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