Siege - Knowledge

2226: 84: 2572: 3725:. For many years, defensive and offensive tactics were well balanced, leading to protracted and costly wars such as Europe had never known, involving more and more planning and government involvement. The new fortresses ensured that war rarely extended beyond a series of sieges. Because the new fortresses could easily hold 10,000 men, an attacking army could not ignore a powerfully fortified position without serious risk of counterattack. As a result, virtually all towns had to be taken, and that was usually a long, drawn-out affair, potentially lasting from several months to years, while the members of the town were starved to death. Most battles in this period were between besieging armies and relief columns sent to rescue the besieged. 3658: 4460:. Despite its excellent performance, the garrison's food supply had been requisitioned for earlier offensives, a relief expedition was stalled by the weather, ethnic rivalries flared up between the defending soldiers, and a breakout attempt failed. When the commander of the garrison Hermann Kusmanek finally surrendered, his troops were eating their horses and the first attempt of large-scale air supply had failed. It was one of the few great victories obtained by either side during the war; 110,000 Austro-Hungarian prisoners were marched back to Russia. Use of aircraft for siege running, bringing supplies to areas under siege, would nevertheless prove useful in many sieges to come. 3931:, both to save on casualties, and to set an example for future defending cities. A city that was allowed to surrender with minimal loss of life was much better off than a city that held out for a long time and was brutally butchered at the end. Moreover, if an attacking army had a reputation of killing and pillaging regardless of a surrender, then other cities' defensive efforts would be redoubled. Usually, a city would surrender (with no honour lost) when its inner lines of defense were reached by the attacker. In case of refusal, however, the inner lines would have to be stormed by the attacker and the attacking troops would be seen to be justified in sacking the city. 4150: 5050: 4440: 4529: 4299: 4719: 44: 5496: 4483:, and the fortified city of Verdun itself. The Germans, through the use of huge artillery bombardments, flamethrowers, and infiltration tactics, were able to capture both Vaux and Douaumont, but were never able to take the city, and eventually lost most of their gains. It was a battle that, despite the French ability to fend off the Germans, neither side won. The German losses were not worth the potential capture of the city, and the French casualties were not worth holding the symbol of her defense. 2142: 3257:

from these smaller cities would flee to the last stronghold. The reports from these cities and the streaming hordes of refugees not only reduced the morale of the inhabitants and garrison of the principal city, it also strained their resources. Food and water reserves were taxed by the sudden influx of refugees. Soon, what was once a formidable undertaking became easy. The Mongols were then free to lay siege without interference of the field army, as it had been destroyed. At the siege of

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next line, which Vauban usually placed at about 600 metres (2,000 ft) from the target, would contain the main batteries of heavy cannons so that they could hit the target without being vulnerable themselves. Once this line was established, work crews would move forward, creating another line at 250 metres (1,000 ft). This line contained smaller guns. The final line would be constructed only 30 to 60 metres (100 to 200 ft) from the fortress. This line would contain the

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the enemy attack was backed by an entire artillery division. ARVN had no tanks, the NVA communist forces had two armoured regiments. ARVN prevailed after over two months of continuous fighting. As General Paul Vanuxem, a French veteran of the Indochina War, wrote in 1972 after visiting the liberated city of An Lộc: "An Lộc was the Verdun of Vietnam, where Vietnam received as in baptism the supreme consecration of her will."

8846: 5038:(regardless of whether such claims are true), and coax the hostage-takers into surrendering or at least releasing hostages. In the event a peaceful resolution is impossible—negotiations fail or do not proceed, hostages are released but the hostage-takers refuse to surrender, the hostage-takers resist violently, or hostages are killed—police may respond in force, generally being able to rely on 2661: 3721:(the Netherlands) were infamous for their high degree of fortification of cities. It made campaigns in these areas very hard to successfully conduct, considering even minor cities had to be captured by siege within the span of the campaigning season. In the Dutch case, the possibility of flooding large parts of the land provided an additional obstacle to besiegers, for example at the 2208:, a single fortified stronghold is no longer as decisive as it once was. While traditional sieges do still occur, they are not as common as they once were due to changes in modes of battle, principally the ease by which huge volumes of destructive power can be directed onto a static target. Modern sieges are more commonly the result of smaller hostage, militant, or extreme 2595:

attacker – aware of a prolonged siege's great cost in time, money, and lives – might offer generous terms to a defender who surrendered quickly. The defending troops would be allowed to march away unharmed, often retaining their weapons. However, a garrison commander who was thought to have surrendered too quickly might face execution by his own side for treason.

2788:) of the 5th century BC believed in aiding the defensive warfare of smaller Chinese states against the hostile offensive warfare of larger domineering states. The Mohists were renowned in the smaller states (and the enemies of the larger states) for the inventions of siege machinery to scale or destroy walls. These included traction trebuchet 3974:, anything which tended to prolong the struggle, or seemed like want of energy and avoidance of a decision, was bitterly resented by the men of both sides. In France and Germany, the prolongation of a war meant continued employment for the soldiers, but in England, both sides were looking to end the war quickly. Even when in the end the 3705:, spent so much money on fortifications that they were unable to maintain their armies properly, and so lost their wars anyway. Nonetheless, innumerable large and impressive fortresses were built throughout northern Italy in the first decades of the 16th century to resist repeated French invasions that became known as the 2606:) to completely encircle their target, preventing food, water, and other supplies from reaching the besieged city. If sufficiently desperate as the siege progressed, defenders and civilians might have been reduced to eating anything vaguely edible – horses, family pets, the leather from shoes, and even 2656:

account. Due to logistics, long-lasting sieges involving a minor force could seldom be maintained. A besieging army, encamped in possibly squalid field conditions and dependent on the countryside and its own supply lines for food, could very well be threatened with the disease and starvation intended

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Failing a military outcome, sieges can often be decided by starvation, thirst, or disease, which can afflict either the attacker or defender. This form of siege, though, can take many months or even years, depending upon the size of the stores of food the fortified position holds. The attacking force

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Vietnam occurred. ARVN troops and U.S. advisers and air power successfully defeated communist forces. The Battle of An Lộc pitted some 6,350 ARVN men against a force three times that size. During the peak of the battle, ARVN had access to only one 105 mm howitzer to provide close support, while

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This would be the first construction effort of a besieging army, built soon after a fortress or city had been invested. A line of circumvallation would also be constructed, facing in towards the besieged area, to protect against sorties by the defenders and to prevent the besieged from escaping. The

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surrounding towns and even cities with outlying defenses proved very difficult to capture, even for a well-equipped army. Fortresses built in this style throughout the 16th century did not become fully obsolete until the 19th century, and were still in use throughout World War I (though modified for

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In Jûzjânî, there are several episodes in which the Mongols constructed hundreds of siege machines in order to surpass the number which the defending city possessed. While Jûzjânî surely exaggerated, the improbably high numbers which he used for both the Mongols and the defenders do give one a sense

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Once siege guns were developed, the techniques for assaulting a town or fortress became well known and ritualized. The attacking army would surround a town. Then the town would be asked to surrender. If they did not comply, the besieging army would surround the town with temporary fortifications to

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The greatest advantage of cannons over other siege weapons was the ability to fire a heavier projectile, farther, faster, and more often than previous weapons. They could also fire projectiles in a straight line, so that they could destroy the bases of high walls. Thus, 'old fashioned' walls – that

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to destroy the towers, and captured the mole in a swarming frenzy, the city eventually fell to the Macedonians after a seven-month siege. In complete contrast to Tyre, Sogdian Rock was captured by stealthy attack. Alexander used commando-like tactics to scale the cliffs and capture the high ground,

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As in ages past, most sieges were decided with very little fighting between the opposing armies. An attacker's army was poorly served, incurring the high casualties that a direct assault on a fortress would entail. Usually, they would wait until supplies inside the fortifications were exhausted or

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In the 1530s and 1540s, the new style of fortification began to spread out of Italy into the rest of Europe, particularly to France, the Netherlands, and Spain. Italian engineers were in enormous demand throughout Europe, especially in war-torn areas such as the Netherlands, which became dotted by

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By concentrating on the field armies, the strongholds had to wait. Of course, smaller fortresses, or ones easily surprised, were taken as they came along. This had two effects. First, it cut off the principal city from communicating with other cities where they might expect aid. Secondly, refugees

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an attacker. Both engineers developed their ideas independently, but came to similar general rules regarding defensive construction and offensive action against fortifications. Both were skilled in conducting sieges and defenses themselves. Before Vauban and Van Coehoorn, sieges had been somewhat

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The most effective way to protect walls against cannon fire proved to be depth (increasing the width of the defenses) and angles (ensuring that attackers could only fire on walls at an oblique angle, not square on). Initially, walls were lowered and backed, in front and behind, with earth. Towers

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and support troops to get close enough to exploit the breach, more zigzag trenches could be dug even closer to the walls, with more parallel trenches to protect and conceal the attacking troops. After each step in the process, the besiegers would ask the besieged to surrender. If the forlorn hope

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China during the early 13th century, but did not become significant weapons for another 150 years or so. In early decades, cannons could do little against strong castles and fortresses, providing little more than smoke and fire. By the 16th century, however, they were an essential and regularized

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in 1627–1628). This resulted in extremely prolonged conflicts. The balance was that, while siege warfare was extremely expensive and very slow, it was very successful—or, at least, more so than encounters in the field. Battles arose through clashes between besiegers and relieving armies, but the

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and trench, surrounding it. During the process of circumvallation, the attacking force can be set upon by another force, an ally of the besieged place, due to the lengthy amount of time required to force it to capitulate. A defensive ring of forts outside the ring of circumvallated forts, called

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to King Charles, was that by abandoning the garrisoning of all but the most strategic locations in one's own territory, far more troops would be available for the field armies, and it was the field armies which would decide the conflict. The other argument was that by slighting potential strong

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The most common practice of siege warfare was to lay siege and just wait for the surrender of the enemies inside or, quite commonly, to coerce someone inside to betray the fortification. During the medieval period, negotiations would frequently take place during the early part of the siege. An

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were able to cut off the opposing army by capturing the surrounding rugged terrain. At Dien Bien Phu, the French were unable to use air power to overcome the siege and were defeated. However, at Khe Sanh, a mere 14 years later, advances in air power—and a reduction in Vietnamese anti-aircraft

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Railways, when they were introduced, made possible the movement and supply of larger armies than those that fought in the Napoleonic Wars. It also reintroduced siege warfare, as armies seeking to use railway lines in enemy territory were forced to capture fortresses which blocked these lines.

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armies, were flown deep behind Japanese front lines in the South-East Asian theatre to jungle clearings in Burma where they set up fortified airheads from which they sailed out to attack Japanese lines of communications, while defending the bases from Japanese counterattacks. The bases were

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siege mortars, one of the best siege mortars of the war, on loan from Austria-Hungary. These huge guns were the decisive weapon of siege warfare in the 20th century, taking part at Przemyśl, the Belgian sieges, on the Italian Front and Serbian Front, and even being reused in World War II.

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palace reliefs of the 9th to 7th centuries BC display sieges of several Near Eastern cities. Though a simple battering ram had come into use in the previous millennium, the Assyrians improved siege warfare and used huge wooden tower-shaped battering rams with archers positioned on top.

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briefly revived a form of siege warfare. Although siege warfare had moved out from an urban setting because city walls had become ineffective against modern weapons, trench warfare was nonetheless able to use many of the techniques of siege warfare in its prosecution (sapping, mining,

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from the stronghold or relief getting in. The attackers would next build a length of trenches parallel to the defenses (these are known as the "first parallel") and just out of range of the defending artillery. They would dig a trench (known as a forward) towards the town in a

3649:. As a result, he could defeat virtually any city or state, no matter how well defended. In a panic, military strategy was completely rethought throughout the Italian states of the time, with a strong emphasis on the new fortifications that could withstand a modern siege. 4249:

Advances in firearms technology without the necessary advances in battlefield communications gradually led to the defense again gaining the ascendancy. An example of siege during this time, prolonged during 337 days due to the isolation of the surrounded troops, was the

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river failed, and rationing was complicated by the refusal of many Indian troops to eat cattle products. By the time the garrison fell on 29 April 1916, starvation was rampant. Conditions did not improve greatly under Turkish imprisonment. Along with the battles of

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However, few rulers paid any attention to his theories. A few towns in Italy began building in the new style late in the 1480s, but it was only with the French invasion of the Italian peninsula in 1494–1495 that the new fortifications were built on a large scale.

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The Battle of Khe Sanh displays typical features of modern sieges, as the defender has greater capacity to withstand the siege, the attacker's main aim is to bottle operational forces or create a strategic distraction, rather than take the siege to a conclusion.

2913:. Great effort was expended to ensure a good water supply inside the city in case of siege. In some cases, long tunnels were constructed to carry water into the city. Complex systems of tunnels were used for storage and communications in medieval cities like 3352:

However, the Chinese were not completely defenseless, and from AD 1234 until 1279, the Southern Song Chinese held out against the enormous barrage of Mongol attacks. Much of this success in defense lay in the world's first use of gunpowder (i.e. with early

2625:. If the main objective of a campaign was not the conquest of a particular city, it could simply be passed by. When the main objective of the campaign had been fulfilled, the Hittite army returned to Carchemish and the city fell after an eight-day siege. 4064:, new techniques stressed the division of armies into all-arms corps that would march separately and only come together on the battlefield. The less-concentrated army could now live off the country and move more rapidly over a larger number of roads. 2271:. The walls were built of mudbricks, stone, wood, or a combination of these materials, depending on local availability. They may also have served the dual purpose of showing potential enemies the might of the kingdom. The great walls surrounding the 3322:: if the city surrendered, all would be spared. On the second day, he would use a red tent: if the city surrendered, the men would all be killed, but the rest would be spared. On the third day, he would use a black tent: no quarter would be given. 3600:

If necessary, using the first artillery fire for cover, the forces conducting the siege would repeat the process until they placed their guns close enough to be laid (aimed) accurately to make a breach in the fortifications. In order to allow the

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China, at the site of Ao, large walls were erected in the 15th century BC that had dimensions of 20 m (66 ft) in width at the base and enclosed an area of some 1,900 m (2,100 yd) squared. The ancient Chinese capital for the

4427:. All four would prove crushing German victories, at Liège and Namur against the Belgians, at Maubeuge against the French and at Antwerp against a combined Anglo-Belgian force. The weapon that made these victories possible were the German 2423:

Although there are depictions of sieges from the ancient Near East in historical sources and in art, there are very few examples of siege systems that have been found archaeologically. Of the few examples, several are noteworthy:

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In addition to launching projectiles at the fortifications or defenders, it was also quite common to attempt to undermine the fortifications, causing them to collapse. This could be accomplished by digging a tunnel beneath the

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in 1271, was very effective, allowing the Mongols to sweep through large areas. Even if they could not enter some of the more well-fortified cities, they used innovative battle tactics to grab hold of the land and the people:

3637:, which theorized methods of building fortifications capable of withstanding the new guns. He proposed that walls be "built in uneven lines, like the teeth of a saw". He proposed star-shaped fortresses with low, thick walls. 2631:

was another effective siege weapon, although the attackers were often as vulnerable as the defenders. In some instances, catapults or similar weapons were used to fling diseased animals over city walls in an early example of

2307:, founded in 386 BC, also had walls that were 20 m (66 ft) wide at the base; they were 15 m (49 ft) tall, with two separate sides of its rectangular enclosure at a length of 1,400 m (1,530 yd). 3876:

The trenches connecting the various lines of the besiegers could not be built perpendicular to the walls of the fortress, as the defenders would have a clear line of fire along the whole trench. Thus, these lines (known as

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known as the Cloud Bridge (the protractible, folded ramp slinging forward by means of a counterweight with rope and pulley), and wheeled 'hook-carts' used to latch large iron hooks onto the tops of walls to pull them down.

2712:, a substantial structure built to equal or greater height than the fortification's walls, could allow the attackers to fire down upon the defenders and also advance troops to the wall with less danger than using ladders. 3837:

slapdash operations. Vauban and Van Coehoorn refined besieging to a science with a methodical process that, if uninterrupted, would break even the strongest fortifications. Examples of their styles of fortifications are

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kept relief from reaching them. The Romans held the ground in between the two walls. The besieged Gauls, facing starvation, eventually surrendered after their relief force met defeat against Caesar's auxiliary cavalry.

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Although there are numerous ancient accounts of cities being sacked, few contain any clues to how this was achieved. Some popular tales existed on how the cunning heroes succeeded in their sieges. The best-known is the

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The optimal result of most standoffs is a peaceful resolution: the safe extraction of hostages and bystanders, and the peaceful surrender and arrest of the hostage-takers. To ensure this, police make use of trained

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from the besieged area and also any attack that may try to relieve the defenders. It was thus usual to construct lines of trenches and defenses facing in both directions. The outermost lines, known as the lines of

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However, the cost of building such vast modern fortifications was incredibly high, and was often too much for individual cities to undertake. Many were bankrupted in the process of building them; others, such as

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garrison showed an excellent knowledge of siege warfare, not only waiting for relief, but sending sorties into Russian lines and employing an active defense that resulted in the capture of the Russian General

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by defending fire. Once they were within artillery range, they would dig another parallel (the Second Parallel) trench and fortify it with gun emplacements. This technique is commonly called entrenchment.

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siege of a rebellious Anatolian vassal in the 14th century BC ended when the queen mother came out of the city and begged for mercy on behalf of her people. The Hittite campaign against the kingdom of

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was one of the first major sieges of the war, but the inability for significant resupply of the German garrison made it a relatively one-sided battle. The Germans and the crew of an Austro-Hungarian

3421:); and when they get there a sound like a thunder-clap is heard, and flashes of light appear. If ten of these shells are fired successfully into the enemy camp, the whole place will be set ablaze... 4702:

re-supplied by air with casualties flown out by returning aircraft. When the Japanese attacked in strength the Chindits abandoned the bases and either moved to new bases, or back to Allied lines.

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Experienced commanders on both sides in the English Civil War recommended the abandonment of garrisoned fortifications for two primary reasons. The first, as for example proposed by the Royalist

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points in one's own territory, an enemy expeditionary force, or local enemy rising, would find it more difficult to consolidate territorial gains against an inevitable counterattack. Sir

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would be the prime example of the failure of immobile, post–World War I fortifications. Although sieges would continue, it would be in a totally different style and on a reduced scale.

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to learn the hostage-takers' demands (and meet said demands if feasible or permissible), gain the hostage-takers' trust, clarify that police do not intend to kill them or will even

4188:), the attackers were usually able to defeat the defenses within a matter of days or weeks, rather than weeks or months as previously. The great Swedish white-elephant fortress of 3429:(AD 1368–1644), the Chinese were very concerned with city planning in regards to gunpowder warfare. The site for constructing the walls and the thickness of the walls in Beijing's 4219:. It also led to the introduction of tactics which sought to induce surrender by bombarding the civilian population within a fortress, rather than the defending works themselves. 3912:, but more often as a means of protecting the garrison from potential revolt in the city. The citadel was used in wartime and peacetime to keep the residents of the city in line. 2225: 2936:-based weapons (and the resulting higher-velocity projectiles), the balance of power and logistics definitely favored the defender. With the invention of gunpowder, cannon and 2583:

An attacker's first act in a siege might be a surprise attack, attempting to overwhelm the defenders before they were ready or were even aware there was a threat. This was how

5095:). The aforementioned worst-case scenarios often result from poor planning, tactics, or negotiations on the part of the authorities (e.g. accidental killings of hostages by 3553:'s army, although in the end the conquest was a long and extremely difficult siege with heavy Ottoman casualties due to the repeated attempts at taking the city by assault. 6404: 6394: 4497:

at the end of World War I swung the pendulum back in favor of maneuver, and with the advent of Blitzkrieg in 1939, the end of traditional siege warfare was at hand. The

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Most standoffs are much shorter than military sieges, often lasting hours or days at most. Lengthy sieges may still occur, albeit rarely, such as the 51-day-long 1993

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were clustered behind massive stone flood dikes and defensive walls, for neighbouring communities quarrelled constantly about the control of prime agricultural land.

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In some jurisdictions, depending on certain circumstances, standoffs that would usually be handled by police may be transferred to the military. For example, in the

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Advances in the prosecution of sieges in ancient and medieval times naturally encouraged the development of a variety of defensive countermeasures. In particular,

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proved that hastily constructed field defenses could resist attacks prepared without proper resources, and were a portent of the trench warfare of World War I.

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Siege warfare dominated in Western Europe for most of the 17th and 18th centuries. An entire campaign, or longer, could be used in a single siege (for example,

8641: 3873:, variations of which were used in sieges until the 19th century. It would also be from this line that miners working to undermine the fortress would operate. 5110:, standoffs with terrorists may be transferred to military responsibility for a military assault on the besieged. The threat of such an action ended the 1975 3824:, developed modern fortification to its pinnacle, refining siege warfare without fundamentally altering it: ditches would be dug; walls would be protected by 4067:

Fortresses commanding lines of communication could be bypassed and would no longer stop an invasion. Since armies could not live off the land indefinitely,

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The castles that in earlier years had been formidable obstacles were easily breached by the new weapons. For example, in Spain, the newly equipped army of

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Assyrians using siege ladders in a relief of attack on an enemy town during the reign of Tiglath-Pileser III 720–738 BCE from his palace at Kalhu (Nimrud)

2098:) is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict characterized by one party holding a strong, static, defensive position. Consequently, an opportunity for 5771: 5006:. Standoffs occur due to a variety of factors, most prominently the safety of police (against whom the besieged may have the upper hand), the besieged 4789: 4560:, the sieges were not on the same scale as those on the European Eastern front; however, there were several notable or critical sieges: the island of 3151:

are noted as being particularly skilled and determined in siege warfare. An astonishing number and variety of sieges, for example, formed the core of

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of the Second World War truly showed that fixed fortifications are easily defeated by manoeuvre instead of frontal assault or long sieges. The great

6804: 2766:, and became more practical, competitive, cut-throat, and efficient for gaining victory. The Chinese invention of the hand-held, trigger-mechanism 4750:

from June 1948 to September 1949, the Western Powers flew over 200,000 flights, providing to West Berlin up to 8,893 tons of necessities each day.

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was bypassed, and battles that would have taken weeks of siege could now be avoided with the careful application of air power (such as the German

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preferred to engage the enemy in pitched battles, rather than engage in siege warfare, although he was very proficient in both types of warfare.

3437:(r. 1402–1424) because they were in pristine position to resist cannon volley and were built thick enough to withstand attacks from cannon fire. 3076:'s army successfully besieged many powerful cities during his conquests. Two of his most impressive achievements in siegecraft took place in the 4544:, that lasted over 29 months, about half of the duration of the entire Second World War. The siege of Leningrad resulted in the deaths of some 3401:

recorded an earlier Song-era cast-iron cannon known as the 'flying-cloud thunderclap eruptor' (fei yun pi-li pao). The manuscript stated that (

7708: 7239: 4211:, due to the greatly increased firepower of the defending infantry, and the principle of detached or semi-detached forts with heavy-caliber 2672:

To end a siege more rapidly, various methods were developed in ancient and medieval times to counter fortifications, and a large variety of

2318:. These civilizations probably relied more on the defence of their outer borders or sea shores. Unlike the ancient Minoan civilization, the 3384:

The Chinese of the Song period also discovered the explosive potential of packing hollowed cannonball shells with gunpowder. Written later

2751:, to supplement natural features. A sufficient supply of food and water was also important to defeat the simplest method of siege warfare: 6287: 4203:, the battlefield front-lines moved rapidly through France. However, the Prussian and other German armies were delayed for months at the 4041: 5644: 4192:

was built in the tradition of Vauban and intended as a reserve capital for Sweden, but it was obsolete before it was completed in 1869.

8713: 6505: 4619:. Though a single shell could have disastrous local effect, the guns were susceptible to air attack in addition to being slow to move. 4411:

The largest sieges of the war, however, took place in Europe. The initial German advance into Belgium produced four major sieges: the

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for the besieging army was whether or not to allow the encamped city to surrender. Usually, it was preferable to graciously allow a

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that was originally 60 m (200 ft) wide and reached the range of his torsion-powered artillery, while his soldiers pushed

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A siege occurs when an attacker encounters a city or fortress that cannot be easily taken by a quick assault, and which refuses to

1007: 4026: 3143:, thus, while he was able to defeat Roman armies in the field, he was unable to capture Rome itself. The legionary armies of the 2113:. Sieges involve surrounding the target to block provision of supplies and reinforcement or escape of troops (a tactic known as " 1434: 3291:

from the bodies would then infest the city, and the plague would spread, allowing the city to be easily captured, although this

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gained a widespread reputation. The walls were 9.5 km (5.9 mi) in length, and up to 12 m (39 ft) in height.

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reduced the value of fortifications. In the 20th century, the significance of the classical siege declined. With the advent of

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The story of the great war: history of the European War from official sources; complete historical records of events to date

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disease had weakened the defenders to the point that they were willing to surrender. At the same time, diseases, especially

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in AD 73 were defeated by the Roman legions, who built a ramp 100 metres (330 ft) high up to the fortress's west wall.

6636: 5914: 5458: 4895: 3413:) are made of cast iron, as large as a bowl and shaped like a ball. Inside they contain half a pound of 'magic' gunpowder ( 2440:, consists of a 2.5 km (1.6 mi) long siege trench, towers, and other elements, and is the earliest evidence of a 4627:

Throughout the war both the Western Allies and the Germans tried to supply forces besieged behind enemy lines with ad-hoc

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Planning and maintaining a siege is just as difficult as fending one off. A besieging army must be prepared to repel both

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However, new fortifications, designed to withstand gunpowder weapons, were soon constructed throughout Europe. During the

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forces' decision to use the Khe Sanh siege as a strategic distraction to allow their mobile warfare offensive, the first

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The first siege equipment is known from Egyptian tomb reliefs of the 24th century BC, showing Egyptian soldiers storming

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put up a hopeless defense and, after holding out for more than a week, surrendered to the Japanese, forcing the German

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Roland, Alex (1992). "Secrecy, Technology, and War: Greek Fire and the Defense of Byzantium, Technology and Culture".

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The importance of siege warfare in the ancient period should not be underestimated. One of the contributing causes of

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showed that modern citadels, when improved by improvised defences, could still resist an enemy for many months. The

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always sought a quick end to any conflict by pitched battle. This military revolution was described and codified by

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for attack parties once the walls were breached. Van Coehoorn developed a small and easily movable mortar named the

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during this period revolutionized warfare, giving greater emphasis to infantry and cavalry and less to traditional

1517: 7730: 6626: 5092: 4828: 4636: 4215:. This resulted in the later construction of fortress works across Europe, such as the massive fortifications at 4002: 3685:

fortresses could still present a formidable challenge, for example, in the last days of World War II, during the

2755:. On occasion, the defenders would drive 'surplus' civilians out to reduce the demands on stored food and water. 1862: 1500: 1287: 132: 3657: 3054:

laid siege to and conquered several Egyptian cities by using battering rams, archers, and slingers and building

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Cromwell's Army: A History of the English Soldier During the Civil Wars, the Commonwealth and the Protectorate

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principle was a slow, grinding victory by the greater economic power. The relatively rare attempts at forcing

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created two huge fortified walls around the city. The inner circumvallation, 16 km (10 mi), held in

2823:

When enemies attempted to dig tunnels under walls for mining or entry into the city, the defenders used large

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in China (481–221 BC), warfare lost its honorable, gentlemen's duty that was found in the previous era of the

2525:

town walls on wheeled siege ladders. Later Egyptian temple reliefs of the 13th century BC portray the violent

2322:

emphasized the need for fortifications alongside natural defences of mountainous terrain, such as the massive

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capability—allowed the United States to withstand the siege. The resistance of US forces was assisted by the

4659: 4545: 4376: 4022: 2508: 2172:, there is both textual and archaeological evidence of prolonged sieges and siege machinery used against the 2043: 1490: 6449: 8822: 8532: 7788: 7389: 7340: 6762: 6631: 5068: 4553: 4472: 3164: 1980: 684: 444: 17: 5859: 4824:

to other government-held enclaves in an attempt to break the will of the government to continue fighting.

2724:. The defenders could dig counter-tunnels to cut into the attackers' works and collapse them prematurely. 8632: 8537: 8310: 8212: 7679: 7529: 7099: 6968: 6816: 4899: 4794: 4777: 4651: 3533:

is, high and, relatively, thin – were excellent targets, and, over time, easily demolished. In 1453, the

3318:

On the first night while laying siege to a city, the leader of the Mongol forces would lead from a white

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deployed large labour forces to build new palaces, temples, and defensive walls. Some settlements in the

2150: 1990: 1177: 979: 850: 388: 4044:'s militia conducted the last siege fought on the mainland of Great Britain against Jacobite members of 2944:(in modern times), the traditional methods of defense became less effective against a determined siege. 8875: 8743: 8718: 7171: 7082: 7053: 5140: 4959: 4368: 4282: 4015: 4011: 3979: 1454: 5099:

during the EgyptAir Flight 648 hijacking), or from violent acts committed by the hostage-takers (e.g.

5049: 8383: 7891: 7768: 7229: 7219: 7197: 7065: 7011: 6869: 6826: 6491: 6436: 5079:) or, in the worst-case scenarios, the deaths of authorities, hostage-takers, or hostages (i.e. 1985 4057: 3081: 2747:

The universal method for defending against siege is the use of fortifications, principally walls and

2238: 1564: 1072: 421: 295: 149: 35: 3689:, that saw some of the heaviest urban fighting of the war, the Soviets did not attempt to storm the 3107:

island-city about 1 km (1,100 yd) from the mainland, impregnable. The Macedonians built a

2708:

could be used to launch projectiles to break down a city's fortifications and kill its defenders. A

2475:

in 701 BC, is not only evident in the archaeological remains, but is described in Assyrian and

2310:

The cities of the Indus Valley Civilization showed less effort in constructing defences, as did the

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saw the use of the heaviest and most powerful individual siege engines ever to be used: the German

4263: 4185: 4149: 4099: 3749: 3470: 3121: 3070:, one hundred sieges were attempted and fifty-eight ended with the surrender of the besieged area. 2968: 2763: 2717: 2599: 2354: 2015: 1882: 1429: 1122: 940: 788: 5343: 4463:

The largest siege of the war, and arguably the roughest, most gruesome battle in history, was the

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built massive stone walls around their cities atop hillsides, taking advantage of the terrain. In

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Vauban Under Siege: Engineering Efficiency and Martial Vigor in the War of the Spanish Succession

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of the walls, and then deliberately collapsing or exploding the tunnel. This process is known as

2358: 2134: 1968: 1950: 1706: 1265: 1187: 1132: 730: 393: 6459: 6036: 5889: 4439: 8880: 8778: 8160: 8013: 7696: 7644: 7631: 7514: 7465: 7438: 7246: 7041: 6886: 6732: 6587: 6099: 5172: 5167: 5072: 4813: 4557: 4267: 4110: 3908:. Usually, a citadel was a "mini fortress" within the larger fortress, sometimes designed as a 3849: 3760: 3642: 3615: 3546: 3481: 3207: 3077: 2979: 2839: 2365: 2133:

can circumvallate the besieged place, which is to build a line of earth-works, consisting of a

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These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 14 January 2006

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Tactical airbridge methods were developed and, as planned, used extensively for supplying the

4467:. Whether the battle can be considered true siege warfare is debatable. Under the theories of 4161:

Advances in artillery made previously impregnable defenses useless. For example, the walls of

3956:

in 1630; the French against the Dutch in 1672 or 1688) were almost always expensive failures.

8684: 8295: 8262: 8170: 8003: 7798: 7551: 7426: 6989: 6752: 6444: 5931: 5849: 5794: 5115: 5111: 5076: 4840: 4628: 4452: 4428: 4416: 4389: 4259: 3983: 3694: 3630: 3311:. It has been speculated that this operation may have been responsible for the advent of the 3292: 3236: 2859: 2759: 2748: 2705: 2555: 2330:

and other adjacent Late Bronze Age (c. 1600–1100 BC) centers of central and southern Greece.

2165: 2114: 1424: 1357: 1310: 964: 927: 890: 808: 760: 644: 454: 262: 171: 6304: 6091: 5881: 5628:

One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

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were also fortified. By about 3500 BC, hundreds of small farming villages dotted the

8: 8850: 8285: 8242: 8137: 7923: 7913: 7861: 7763: 7753: 7703: 7674: 7048: 6669: 6664: 6552: 5853: 5088: 5084: 5035: 5031: 4929: 4758: 4698: 4397: 4298: 4281:, ships with the purpose of bringing cargo, e.g. food, to cities under blockade, as with 4231: 4200: 4072: 3576: 3228: 3108: 3073: 2588: 2311: 2185: 2070: 1666: 1651: 1527: 1414: 1392: 1367: 1327: 1237: 1047: 952: 902: 669: 659: 624: 416: 406: 176: 100: 2267:

City walls and fortifications were essential for the defence of the first cities in the

8552: 8368: 8280: 8247: 8113: 8088: 7988: 7973: 7958: 7918: 7886: 7758: 7609: 7568: 7357: 6799: 6592: 6477: 6357: 6192: 6069: 6061: 5882: 5869: 5027: 4925: 4876: 4773: 4718: 4690: 4650:

The logistics of strategic airbridge operations were developed by the Americans flying

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More traditional sieges of fortifications took place in addition to trench sieges. The

4235: 4189: 4068: 4033: 3821: 3315:

in Europe. The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30%–60% of Europe's population.

2894: 2735:, which contained additives that made it hard to extinguish. Combined with a primitive 2633: 2146: 2000: 1855: 1775: 1696: 1641: 1616: 1537: 1483: 1449: 1380: 1297: 1207: 1112: 1057: 947: 912: 865: 740: 711: 664: 602: 577: 411: 225: 144: 6030: 4891: 4412: 3115:

that extended underwater to the island, and although the Tyrians rallied by sending a

2886:

and other water defenses, whether natural or augmented, were also vital to defenders.

8783: 8693: 8373: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8320: 8252: 8222: 8202: 7851: 7793: 7616: 7477: 7369: 7345: 7335: 7290: 7006: 6963: 6906: 6831: 6597: 6310: 6272: 6265: 6197: 6167: 6143: 6103: 6092: 6073: 5979: 5956: 5935: 5893: 5835: 5800: 5704: 5553: 5464: 5349: 5311: 5080: 4914: 4869: 4675: 4644: 4420: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4254:, in which a reduced group of Spanish soldiers was besieged in a small church by the 4181: 3971: 3964: 3953: 3067: 3040: 2843: 2721: 2607: 2495: 2323: 2268: 2189: 2177: 2126: 2117:"). This is typically coupled with attempts to reduce the fortifications by means of 2036: 1945: 1892: 1795: 1785: 1780: 1750: 1733: 1728: 1701: 1646: 1347: 1337: 1332: 1322: 1242: 1232: 1227: 1202: 1172: 1062: 1032: 1027: 1017: 1012: 1002: 917: 870: 840: 679: 472: 449: 383: 8502: 5924: 5243: 2539:

In ancient China, sieges of city walls (along with naval battles) were portrayed on

2005: 8623: 8591: 8527: 8507: 8353: 8305: 8207: 8192: 8147: 8103: 8098: 8071: 7933: 7903: 7871: 7841: 7831: 7589: 7524: 7376: 7318: 7192: 7146: 7136: 7016: 6948: 6928: 6621: 6542: 6537: 6349: 6245:

Siege Warfare, Volume II: The Fortress in the Age of Vauban and Frederick the Great

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Reynolds, Francis Joseph; Churchill, Allen Leon; Miller, Francis Trevelyan (1916).

5221: 5160: 5155: 4883: 4865: 4836: 4731: 4597: 4593: 4494: 4464: 4367:. After a failed attempt to move on Baghdad, stopped by the Ottomans at the bloody 4216: 4162: 3889: 3686: 3584: 3542: 3270: 3173: 2728: 2319: 2209: 2205: 2102:

between combatants is common, as proximity and fluctuating advantage can encourage

2010: 1975: 1907: 1800: 1738: 1631: 1559: 1552: 1409: 1342: 1292: 1282: 1157: 1077: 1037: 1022: 989: 974: 845: 830: 783: 691: 649: 592: 587: 545: 368: 345: 252: 181: 110: 93: 43: 4400:, it would be one of Britain's numerous embarrassing colonial defeats of the war. 2518:. These show the symbolic destruction of city walls by divine animals using hoes. 2129:(also known as sapping), or the use of deception or treachery to bypass defenses. 8870: 8798: 8793: 8464: 8459: 8378: 8358: 8187: 8108: 8093: 8039: 7998: 7866: 7604: 7536: 7330: 6846: 6784: 6774: 6747: 6712: 6471: 6122: 5699: 5305: 5118:

ended in a military assault and the deaths of all but one of the hostage-takers.

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soldiers were forced to retreat to Kut, where the Ottomans under German General

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At the end of the 17th century, two influential military engineers, the French

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in 1482–1492 that had held out for centuries before the invention of cannons.

2652:

account, or when the Assyrian camp was struck by mass death, according to the

2245:

floodplain. Many of these settlements had fortifications and planned streets.

2138:

contravallation, is also sometimes used to defend the attackers from outside.

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Fire was often used as a weapon when dealing with wooden fortifications. The

2681: 2449: 2417: 2295: 2169: 1842: 1830: 1686: 1606: 1522: 1505: 1362: 1217: 1197: 880: 875: 855: 835: 750: 721: 696: 572: 550: 535: 510: 350: 272: 235: 230: 127: 6464: 4616: 3556: 3111:, a raised spit of earth across the water, by piling stones up on a natural 2529:, a Syrian city, with soldiers climbing scale ladders supported by archers. 2286:, reinforced by towers, moats, and ditches, gained a similar reputation. In 8839: 8582: 8454: 8429: 8132: 8051: 7626: 7494: 7484: 7445: 7421: 7166: 6891: 6789: 6201: 6183: 4694: 4565: 4514: 4498: 4364: 4314: 4045: 4007: 3866: 3807: 3706: 3602: 3525: 3426: 3354: 3329: 3296: 3248: 3240: 3177: 3148: 3020: 2808: 2736: 2673: 2576: 2429: 2404: 2300: 2118: 2086:, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or by well-prepared assault. 2029: 1955: 1935: 1930: 1825: 1770: 1404: 1399: 1222: 1137: 885: 619: 520: 317: 221: 4951: 4726: 4556:

was the deadliest siege of a city in history. In the west, apart from the

4403: 3857:, would surround the entire besieging army and protect it from attackers. 8758: 8434: 8217: 8023: 7953: 7654: 7401: 7121: 6916: 6859: 6794: 6779: 6702: 6121:. Works of the Camden Society. Vol. 74. The Camden Society. p. 4999: 4987: 4817: 4769: 4693:(February – May 1944). The Chindits, a specially trained division of the 4518: 4360: 4326: 4322: 4255: 4227: 3713:

towns encircled in modern fortifications. The densely populated areas of

3646: 3572: 3312: 3295:

was not known at the time. In 1346, the bodies of Mongol warriors of the

3262: 3244: 3112: 3093: 2926: 2890: 2855: 2709: 2543: 2468: 2433: 2257: 2242: 2181: 2157: 2099: 1940: 1691: 1656: 1495: 1182: 1147: 860: 803: 706: 490: 211: 206: 6480:(PBS) Informative and interactive webpages about medieval siege tactics. 6340:

Bachrach, Bernard S (1994). "Medieval siege warfare: a reconnaissance".

5648:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 403. 3579:, siege warfare continued to dominate the conduct of the European wars. 2196:

campaigns were generally designed around a succession of sieges. In the

8474: 8290: 7715: 7156: 7031: 7026: 6361: 6065: 5150: 5135: 5128: 5064: 4821: 4510: 4359:

The other major siege outside Europe during the First World War was in

3799: 3325: 3127: 3046:

A more detailed historical account from the 8th century BC, called the

3024: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2804: 2752: 2732: 2685: 2645: 2622: 2453: 1897: 1867: 1589: 958: 8768: 5676: 3606:

stormed the breach successfully, the defenders could expect no mercy.

3096:

housing stone throwers and light catapults to bombard the city walls.

2835:) to pump smoke into the tunnels in order to suffocate the intruders. 8444: 8417: 7908: 7846: 7563: 7352: 7266: 7251: 7089: 6923: 6881: 6692: 5015: 5003: 4798: 4785: 4585: 4577: 4480: 4334: 4274: 4212: 3884: 3677: 3670:

were reformed into triangular bastions. This design matured into the

3524:

brought about a new age in siege warfare. Cannons were first used in

3366: 3345: 3337: 3304: 3116: 3104: 2933: 2863: 2832: 2697: 2665: 2507:

The earliest representations of siege warfare have been dated to the

2413: 2161: 2122: 2103: 1887: 1711: 1661: 1611: 1601: 1596: 1461: 1252: 1247: 1212: 654: 340: 307: 196: 6353: 6292:

Explorations in Empire, Pre-Modern Imperialism Tutorial: the Mongols

6057: 5392: 5390: 4772:, airbridge proved crucial during the siege of the American base at 4088: 3989: 3959: 3738: 3459: 3035:

was conquered by the Egyptians in the 15th century BC. The Biblical

2957: 2676:

was developed for use by besieging armies. Ladders could be used to

2343: 8763: 8424: 7978: 7826: 7364: 7141: 7072: 6864: 6717: 6675: 6532: 6514: 6483: 5345:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology

5263: 5261: 5096: 5043: 4945: 4872: 4739: 4710: 4686: 4663: 4491: 4170: 3924: 3833: 3593: 3378: 3136: 3089: 3085: 3055: 2941: 2898: 2879: 2847: 2793: 2789: 2778: 2767: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2677: 2614: 2476: 2457: 2291: 2287: 2261: 2253: 2249: 2193: 2083: 2079: 2076: 1902: 1877: 1510: 1142: 1117: 735: 290: 164: 6309:. History of Warfare. Vol. 41 (illustrated ed.). Brill. 5071:), though some may end in a police or military assault (i.e. 1994 5059:

attempting to arrest a suspect during a simulated standoff in 2011

2914: 8175: 8165: 7983: 7928: 7621: 7584: 7507: 7489: 7472: 7455: 7106: 7060: 6901: 6874: 6727: 6722: 6697: 6567: 6119:

Diary of the Marches of the Royal Army During the Great Civil War

5772:"Ukraine says situation in besieged Mariupol is 'very difficult'" 5387: 5019: 5007: 4983: 4850: 3905: 3878: 3870: 3829: 3814: 3623: 3398: 3393: 3374: 3362: 3358: 3193: 2922: 2918: 2902: 2824: 2811:

in Ireland was besieged and captured three times: in 1599 by the

2771: 2649: 2628: 2618: 2551: 2547: 2532: 2480: 2472: 2464: 2327: 2283: 2234: 1912: 1872: 1636: 1470: 1466: 813: 798: 674: 335: 330: 300: 239: 201: 6094:

The Encyclopedia of World History: ancient, medieval, and modern

5258: 3417:). They are sent flying towards the enemy camp from an eruptor ( 3283:

Another Mongol tactic was to use catapults to launch corpses of

8479: 8408: 8227: 8182: 7836: 7821: 7313: 6953: 6836: 6577: 6572: 6211:

The Last Valley: Dien Bien Phu and the French defeat in Vietnam

5796:

A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective

5011: 4975: 4967: 4853:, to quickly realize their goals including the eviction of the 4846: 4631:. Sometimes these attempts failed, as happened to the besieged 4380: 4379:

laid siege. The British attempts to resupply the force via the

4341:), but on a much larger scale and on a greatly extended front. 3917: 3909: 3893: 3825: 3803: 3589: 3565: 3561: 3521: 3333: 3300: 3258: 3200: 3028: 2910: 2850:—and more dangerous to attackers—witness the increasing use of 2781: 2540: 2522: 2491: 2487: 2445: 2437: 2304: 2201: 1419: 820: 637: 373: 4600:, which was the high-water mark for the Japanese advance into 3665:, regarded as one of the longest sieges in history (1648–1669) 2668:

could sling about two projectiles per hour at enemy positions.

8738: 7778: 7773: 7111: 7036: 6227:

Fire & Stone: The Science of Fortress Warfare (1660–1860)

4655: 4561: 4372: 4303: 3838: 3702: 3619: 3032: 2842:

became progressively stronger—for example, the advent of the

2653: 2637: 2463:

The late 8th-century BC siege system surrounding the site of

2315: 2272: 431: 426: 6236:

Siege Warfare: Fortress in the Early Modern World, 1494–1660

5375: 5290: 5288: 4714:

French troops seeking cover in trenches, Dien Bien Phu, 1954

2660: 7224: 6687: 6682: 5721:"The History Press | Special Force: Legacy of the Chindits" 5636:

Great Rebellion: 2. The Royalist and Parliamentarian Armies

5532: 5056: 4722:

Sarajevo residents collecting firewood, winter of 1992–1993

4487: 3645:

invaded Italy with an army of 18,000 men and a horse-drawn

3319: 3288: 3156: 3047: 2906: 2883: 2785: 2276: 191: 186: 5602: 5324: 3210:, siege warfare was extensively being used by both sides. 2901:

is a well-preserved example—and more important cities had

2688:

could also be used to force through gates or walls, while

7816: 7808: 6518: 6460:

Three ancient Egyptian Sieges: Megiddo, Dapur, Hermopolis

5590: 5285: 4982:. Standoffs may result from crimes and incidents such as 4742:

the western powers had to use their airbridge expertise.

4310: 3299:

who had died of plague were thrown over the walls of the

2648:

bought them off with gifts and tribute, according to the

2192:

gained some of his renown from design of fortifications.

64: 5578: 5566: 5438: 4321:

Mainly as a result of the increasing firepower (such as

3970:

The exception to this rule were the English. During the

3279:

of the large numbers of machines used at a single siege.

2598:

As a siege progressed, the surrounding army would build

2188:, siege warfare dominated the conduct of war in Europe. 6028: 5682: 5484: 4010:

put forward just such an argument to the Parliamentary

5652: 5520: 5402: 4924:

in 2023-2024 contained multiple sieges, including the

4639:, and sometimes they succeeded as happened during the 4356:

to steam towards South America for a new coal source.

2621:

in the 14th century BC bypassed the fortified city of

2479:

sources and in the reliefs of Sennacherib's palace in

2444:

system known in the world. It was apparently built by

2176:. Siege machinery was also a tradition of the ancient 6117:

Symonds, Richard (1859). Long, Charles Edward (ed.).

5751: 5460:

The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World

5426: 5414: 5310:. Los Angeles, CA: J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 78. 5926:

The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia

5871:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

5508: 5273: 5067:. Most standoffs end in a peaceful resolution (i.e. 3529:

part of any campaigning army, or castle's defences.

2827:(the type the Chinese commonly used in heating up a 5879: 5866: 5818:. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company. pp. 5664: 5396: 5348:. Oxford University Press. 2010. pp. 266–267. 5267: 4827:In 1972, during the Easter offensive, the siege of 4812:In neighboring Cambodia, at that time known as the 4371:, the British and their large contingent of Indian 3287:victims into besieged cities. The disease-carrying 6264: 5923: 5868: 5770:Polityuk, Pavel; Zinets, Natalia (21 March 2022). 3728: 6294:. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Archived from 5884:Sir Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture 2428:The late 9th-century BC siege system surrounding 8862: 6098:(6th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Books. p. 5103:and executions during the Beslan school siege). 5022:(who may be injured or killed by the suspects). 3841:(Vauban) and the no-longer-existent fortress of 6168:"Biological warfare at the 1346 siege of Caffa" 5972:Dictionary of images and symbols in counselling 5450: 3993:British infantry attempt to scale the walls of 3227:'s campaign against China (then comprising the 5888:(20th ed.). Architectural Press. p. 5799:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 21. 5769: 5456: 4730:Map of destroyed infrastructure following the 2644:in the 8th century BC came to an end when the 2456:Gath in the late 9th century BC (mentioned in 2220: 30:"Besiege" redirects here. For other uses, see 6499: 5948: 5880:Fletcher, Banister; Cruickshank, Dan (1996). 5457:Campbell, Brian; Tritle, Lawrence A. (2013). 5381: 4970:contexts; such a siege is typically called a 4882:Numerous sieges haven taken place during the 3629:In the early 15th century, Italian architect 3520:The introduction of gunpowder and the use of 2037: 5700:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin 4820:used siege tactics to cut off supplies from 4169:in the mid-17th century were no obstacle to 3693:(built between 1559 and 1594), but chose to 3681:20th-century warfare). During World War II, 3139:'s inability to defeat Rome was his lack of 2893:, virtually all large cities had city walls— 2815:, in 1647 by Lord Inchiquin, and in 1650 by 2256:(c. 2500 BC) in present-day south-east 4776:in 1968. The resupply it provided kept the 4117:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3767:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3488:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2986:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2372:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2260:has defensive walls and square bastions of 6506: 6492: 6229:(2nd ed.). New York: Stackpole Books. 6178:(9). Center for Disease Control: 971–975. 5974:(1st ed.). Jessica Kingsley. p. 5906: 4753:Airbridge was used extensively during the 2333: 2044: 2030: 6191: 6129: 5910:Siege Operations for 21st Century Warfare 5858:. Sussex: Methurn & Company. p. 5584: 5572: 5303: 4966:Siege tactics continue to be employed in 4879:. The siege lasted from 1992 until 1996. 4532:Map showing Axis encirclement during the 4137:Learn how and when to remove this message 3787:Learn how and when to remove this message 3508:Learn how and when to remove this message 3006:Learn how and when to remove this message 2392:Learn how and when to remove this message 8329:List of military strategies and concepts 6414: 6339: 6156: 5921: 5744:See for example the challenges noted in 5633: 5547: 5490: 5463:. Oxford University Press. p. 644. 5408: 5338: 5336: 5048: 4962:truck at the scene of a standoff in 2009 4950: 4761:, but failed to prevent its fall to the 4725: 4717: 4709: 4527: 4438: 4402: 4309:shows the conditions of the garrison at 4297: 4148: 3988: 3958: 3883: 3798: 3656: 3555: 3324: 3126: 2866:(also called arrow loops or loopholes), 2803: 2659: 2570: 2403: 2224: 2140: 1008:List of military strategies and concepts 42: 6478:Secrets of Lost Empires: Medieval Siege 6302: 6208: 6165: 6116: 6089: 6080: 6024:. Vol. 5. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. 6019: 6015:. Vol. 5. Taiepi: Caves Books Ltd. 6010: 6006:. Vol. 4. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. 6001: 5992: 5969: 5955:. New Holland Publishers. p. 105. 5813: 5757: 5745: 5658: 5608: 5526: 5502: 5444: 5432: 5420: 5279: 2452:, as part of his siege and conquest of 2200:, increasing use of ever more powerful 2156:Ancient cities in the Middle East show 14: 8863: 6428:, and do not reflect subsequent edits. 6323: 6251: 6043: 5995:Thunder from Above: Air War, 1941–1968 5826: 5792: 5596: 5514: 5369: 5214: 4078: 3904:Another element of a fortress was the 3336:troops assault the Japanese forces of 3218: 3061: 2921:, similar to those used much later in 2554:in 1965, which have been dated to the 6487: 6242: 6233: 6224: 5949:Hoskin, John; Howland, Carol (2006). 5848: 5683:Reynolds, Churchill & Miller 1916 5670: 5550:Chinese Walled Cities 221 BC– AD 1644 5333: 4643:(5 – 23 February 1944) and the short 4546:one million of the city's inhabitants 4051: 4032:On 15 April 1746, the day before the 3099:Most conquerors before him had found 3039:contains the story of the miraculous 2467:(Tell el-Duweir) in Israel, built by 8845: 6513: 6262: 5997:. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. 5930:. Rutgers University Press. p. 4705: 4115:adding citations to reliable sources 4082: 3765:adding citations to reliable sources 3732: 3609: 3486:adding citations to reliable sources 3453: 3027:, and a similar story tells how the 2984:adding citations to reliable sources 2951: 2370:adding citations to reliable sources 2337: 27:Military land blockade of a location 8789:Idealism in international relations 6285: 6255:Recherches de poliorcétique grecque 6247:. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 5875:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 5634:Atkinson, Charles Francis (1911). " 4564:, for which the population won the 4525:, Belgium, early in World War II). 4176:Where sieges occurred (such as the 3963:Storming of Redoubt #10 during the 3449: 24: 6218: 6035:. P.F. Collier & Son. p. 5254:from the original on 5 April 2024. 5232:from the original on 6 April 2024. 5197:List of established military terms 5046:support if possible and required. 4909:Multiple sieges took place in the 3560:Late 16th-century illustration of 3265:used twenty catapults against the 3213: 3155:'s mid-1st-century BC conquest of 2248:The stone and mud brick houses of 25: 8892: 6369: 6022:Science and Civilization in China 6013:Science and Civilization in China 6004:Science and Civilization in China 5814:Baldock, Thomas Stanford (1809). 5397:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 5014:), bystanders (who may be in the 4855:Palestine Liberation Organization 4540:The most important siege was the 4325:) available to defensive forces, 4288: 4153:French Engineer Corps during the 3806:'s star-shaped fortified city of 3652: 3247:, who eventually established the 2947: 2640:to a disgruntled gatekeeper. The 2215: 8844: 8834: 8833: 6413: 6401: 6391: 6161:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd. 6132:The Oxford History of Modern War 5917:from the original on 6 May 2022. 5867:Ebrey; Walthall; Palais (2006). 5621: 5073:Air France Flight 8969 hijacking 5010:(who police generally intend to 4935: 4911:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 4896:Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017) 4552:, the siege of Leningrad on the 4273:Furthermore, the development of 4087: 3934: 3820:and the Dutch military engineer 3737: 3697:it and negotiate its surrender. 3592:pattern so that it could not be 3458: 3172:), Caesar describes how, at the 2956: 2342: 82: 6258:(in French). Paris: De Boccard. 5793:Alchon, Suzanne Austin (2003). 5763: 5738: 5713: 5688: 5614: 5541: 5538:Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 264. 5330:Needham, Volume 5, Part 6, 446. 5268:Fletcher & Cruickshank 1996 5093:Robb Elementary School shooting 4504: 4486:The development of the armored 4285:during the American Civil War. 3881:) needed to be sharply jagged. 3729:Marshal Vauban and Van Coehoorn 6445:Native American Siege Warfare. 5362: 5297: 5294:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 43. 5236: 4784:In both Vietnamese cases, the 4293: 4021:Sixty years later, during the 4014:, to justify his slighting of 3443:Technology of the Song dynasty 3170:Commentaries on the Gallic War 2784:(followers of the philosopher 13: 1: 6159:Siege Weapons of the Far East 6157:Turnbull, Stephen R. (2002). 5786: 5085:EgyptAir Flight 648 hijacking 4957:Los Angeles Police Department 4904:Siege of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya 4666:(1942–1945), to resupply the 4244:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 4023:War of the Spanish Succession 3433:were favoured by the Chinese 3385: 2858:, as well the preparation of 2512: 2509:Protodynastic Period of Egypt 2502: 2412:in the 13th century BC, from 6225:Duffy, Christopher (1996) . 5069:1973 Brooklyn hostage crisis 4622: 4258:rebels in the course of the 3369:) to fight back against the 3165:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 2860:hot or incendiary substances 2796:, a wheeled siege ramp with 2742: 2566: 7: 8311:Operational manoeuvre group 6342:Journal of Military History 6243:Duffy, Christopher (1985). 6238:. Routledge and Kegan Paul. 6234:Duffy, Christopher (1996). 6130:Townshend, Charles (2000). 5907:Funderburk, Jordan (2021). 5121: 4900:Siege of Nubl and al-Zahraa 4652:military transport aircraft 4407:The Skoda 305 mm Model 1911 4270:, the end of the conflict. 3184:'s forces, while the outer 2792:, 8-foot (2.4 m) high 2642:Assyrian siege of Jerusalem 2558:(5th to 3rd centuries BC). 2498:army in the 4th century BC. 2221:The necessity of city walls 2151:Chilean War of Independence 1501:Military–industrial complex 980:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 8897: 8744:Peace and conflict studies 8633:Infantry fighting vehicles 7172:Front; Russian land forces 6090:Stearns, Peter N. (2001). 5548:Turnbull, Stephen (2012). 5304:Schofield, Louise (2006). 5141:Breastwork (fortification) 4939: 4377:Baron Colmar von der Goltz 4283:Charleston, South Carolina 4012:Committee of Both Kingdoms 3709:. Many stand to this day. 3633:wrote a treatise entitled 2561: 29: 8831: 8799:International cooperation 8731: 8706: 8573: 8566: 8488: 8407: 8319: 8271: 8146: 8022: 7807: 7769:Combat information center 7746: 7667: 7577: 7306: 7299: 7230:Infantry fighting vehicle 7180: 7012:Unified combatant command 6982: 6845: 6657: 6525: 6326:Sieges of the Middle Ages 5970:Stewart, William (1998). 5832:Berlin: The Downfall 1945 5725:www.thehistorypress.co.uk 5382:Hoskin & Howland 2006 4738:Several times during the 4576:, there was the siege of 4277:availed greater speed to 4266:, until months after the 3896:had been besieged by the 3892:took place in 1683 after 3545:, were broken through in 3082:Siege of the Sogdian Rock 2239:Indus Valley civilization 1565:Loss-of-strength gradient 422:Combat information center 36:Besieged (disambiguation) 8714:Lists of wars by country 8156:List of military tactics 7274:Self-propelled artillery 7162:Special units by nation: 6605:Protocols and structure: 6209:Windrow, Martin (2005). 6020:Needham, Joseph (1986). 6011:Needham, Joseph (1986). 6002:Needham, Joseph (1986). 5834:. Viking-Penguin Books. 5207: 4940:Not to be confused with 4780:from capturing the base. 4617:600 mm siege mortar 4574:South-East Asian theatre 4186:Indian Rebellion of 1857 3923:An important element of 3381:, and then the Mongols. 3223:In the Middle Ages, the 2764:Spring and Autumn period 1883:Military science fiction 1368:Technology and equipment 789:List of military tactics 8811:International relations 8804:Crimes against humanity 7451:Other infantry weapons: 7167:Battle Fleet; U.S. Navy 6738:Functional specialties: 6455:Scenes of Siege Warfare 6324:Warner, Philip (1968). 6303:Ostwald, Jamel (2007). 6136:Oxford University Press 6081:Sellman, R. R. (1954). 5922:Grousset, René (1970). 5703:. Basic Books. p. 173. 5645:Encyclopædia Britannica 5132:(documentary TV series) 5054:Washington State Patrol 4974:or, in law enforcement 4755:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 4641:Battle of the Admin Box 4613:800 mm railway gun 4433:Skoda 305 mm Model 1911 4234:(1864–1865) during the 3124:defenders surrendered. 2932:Until the invention of 2846:from the period of the 2840:medieval fortifications 2579:in the mid-16th century 2334:Archaeological evidence 2174:defenders of city walls 2075:'to sit') is a 1951:Wartime sexual violence 1707:Full-spectrum dominance 1518:Supply-chain management 8779:Conscientious objector 6887:Special reconnaissance 6627:Awards and decorations 6474:Biblical perspectives. 6376:Listen to this article 6286:May, Timothy. (2004). 6263:Lynn, John A. (1999). 6184:10.3201/eid0809.010536 6083:Castles and Fortresses 6046:Technology and Culture 5993:Morocco, John (1984). 5244:"Definition of INVEST" 5168:Sangar (fortification) 5060: 4963: 4805:, to unfold securely. 4735: 4723: 4715: 4558:Battle of the Atlantic 4537: 4444: 4408: 4318: 4165:that had held off the 4158: 3998: 3997:, Peninsular War, 1812 3967: 3901: 3810: 3678:Star-shaped fortresses 3666: 3616:Ferdinand and Isabella 3568: 3423: 3349: 3293:transmission mechanism 3281: 3275: 3132: 2820: 2669: 2580: 2546:, like those found in 2420: 2230: 2160:evidence of fortified 2153: 2065: 1863:Awards and decorations 1836:Peace through strength 1811:Low-intensity conflict 1445:Conscientious objector 1318:Area of responsibility 52: 32:Siege (disambiguation) 7799:Torpedo Data Computer 7789:Ship gun fire-control 6465:The Siege Of The City 6328:. G. Bell & Sons. 6267:The Wars of Louis XIV 6252:Garlan, Yvon (1974). 5816:Cromwell as a Soldier 5222:"Definition of SIEGE" 5116:Iranian Embassy siege 5112:Balcombe Street siege 5077:Iranian Embassy siege 5052: 5040:police tactical units 4960:Metropolitan Division 4954: 4841:Israel Defence Forces 4778:North Vietnamese Army 4729: 4721: 4713: 4531: 4442: 4406: 4301: 4260:Philippine Revolution 4152: 3992: 3962: 3887: 3802: 3660: 3631:Leon Battista Alberti 3559: 3549:by the 62 cannons of 3541:, the capital of the 3407: 3397:, this manuscript of 3328: 3276: 3254: 3237:Southern Song dynasty 3130: 2807: 2760:Warring States period 2663: 2575:Depiction of various 2574: 2556:Warring States period 2407: 2228: 2166:Warring States period 2144: 455:Torpedo data computer 445:Ship gun fire-control 46: 8660:Specific modern wars 8608:Vehicles and weapons 8533:Military occupations 7132:Carrier strike group 6470:30 July 2008 at the 6437:More spoken articles 6166:Wheelis, M. (2002). 4770:the next Vietnam War 4680:Operation Matterhorn 4637:Battle of Stalingrad 4550:Battle of Stalingrad 4473:Crown Prince Wilhelm 4469:Erich von Falkenhayn 4264:Spanish–American War 4111:improve this section 4058:French Revolutionary 3761:improve this section 3618:was able to conquer 3482:improve this section 3131:Roman siege machines 2980:improve this section 2777:The philosophically 2366:improve this section 2282:Later, the walls of 1981:Military occupations 1816:Military engineering 1718:Unrestricted Warfare 1575:Force multiplication 473:Military manoeuvrers 8823:Peace organizations 8286:Operations research 7764:Director (military) 7754:Fire-control system 6665:Command and control 5748:, pp. 437, 438 5611:, pp. 515–520. 5599:, pp. 372–375. 5372:, pp. 660, 663 5089:Beslan school siege 4980:barricade situation 4930:Siege of Khan Yunis 4913:, most notably the 4759:First Indochina War 4674:, and to the USAAF 4609:Siege of Sevastopol 4369:Battle of Ctesiphon 4232:siege of Petersburg 4224:Siege of Sevastopol 4201:Franco-Prussian War 4173:in the early 19th. 4079:Industrial advances 4027:Duke of Marlborough 3980:Battle of the Dunes 3865:and would act as a 3635:De Re aedificatoria 3577:early modern period 3303:city of Kaffa (now 3229:Western Xia dynasty 3219:Mongols and Chinese 3074:Alexander the Great 3062:Classical antiquity 2680:over the defenses. 2589:Fotheringhay Castle 2516: 3000 BC 2312:Minoan civilization 2186:early modern period 1667:Penal military unit 1652:Rules of engagement 1328:Command and control 953:Operations research 417:Director (military) 407:Fire-control system 177:Command and control 58:Part of a series on 8281:Military operation 8248:Tactical objective 7759:Fire-control radar 7675:Military equipment 7617:Anti-ship missiles 6969:Electronic-warfare 6832:Military maneuvers 6817:Combat occupations 6593:Commanding officer 6553:Occupational roles 6213:. London: Cassell. 5061: 4964: 4926:Siege of Gaza City 4877:Bosnia-Herzegovina 4857:from the country. 4736: 4724: 4716: 4691:Operation Thursday 4668:Chinese war effort 4542:Siege of Leningrad 4538: 4534:siege of Leningrad 4445: 4409: 4354:East Asia Squadron 4319: 4236:American Civil War 4159: 4069:Napoleon Bonaparte 4052:Strategic concepts 4042:William Sutherland 4034:Battle of Culloden 4003:Sir Richard Willis 3999: 3968: 3902: 3822:Menno van Coehoorn 3811: 3667: 3569: 3350: 3208:Roman–Persian Wars 3133: 3050:, records how the 2821: 2670: 2657:for the besieged. 2634:biological warfare 2581: 2421: 2231: 2154: 1776:Counter-insurgency 1697:Command of the sea 1642:Jewish laws on war 1617:Geneva Conventions 1153:Divide and conquer 948:Military operation 913:Tactical objective 412:Fire-control radar 389:Electronic-warfare 53: 8876:Military strategy 8858: 8857: 8784:Anti-war movement 8727: 8726: 8719:Conflicts by time 8344:Counter-offensive 8334:Military campaign 8253:Target saturation 8203:Counterinsurgency 7852:International law 7794:Gun data computer 7663: 7662: 7000:Armies by country 6964:Close air support 6929:Aircraft carriers 6598:Executive officer 6406: 6396: 6316:978-90-04-15489-6 5962:978-1-84537-551-5 5447:, pp. 44–45. 5355:978-0-19-533403-6 5317:978-0-89236-867-9 5004:terrorist attacks 4915:Siege of Mariupol 4875:, the capital of 4849:, the capital of 4706:Post-World War II 4676:XX Bomber Command 4647:(December 1944). 4645:Siege of Bastogne 4633:German Sixth Army 4548:. Along with the 4449:Siege of Przemyśl 4443:Siege of Przemyśl 4421:Siege of Maubeuge 4350:protected cruiser 4346:Siege of Tsingtao 4182:Siege of Cawnpore 4147: 4146: 4139: 4018:in Lincolnshire. 3972:English Civil War 3965:Siege of Yorktown 3954:Gustavus Adolphus 3797: 3796: 3789: 3610:Emerging theories 3518: 3517: 3510: 3159:(modern France). 3068:Peloponnesian War 3041:Battle of Jericho 3016: 3015: 3008: 2844:concentric castle 2486:The Siege of Alt- 2402: 2401: 2394: 2269:ancient Near East 2190:Leonardo da Vinci 2178:Greco-Roman world 2147:siege of Rancagua 2074: 2054: 2053: 1946:Horses in warfare 1893:Anti-war movement 1796:Gunboat diplomacy 1786:Disaster response 1734:Philosophy of war 1729:Principles of war 1702:Deterrence theory 1647:Right of conquest 1570:Lanchester's laws 1338:Principles of war 1028:Counter-offensive 1013:Military campaign 918:Target saturation 841:Counterinsurgency 450:Gun data computer 384:Close air support 346:Aircraft carriers 47:Depiction of the 16:(Redirected from 8888: 8848: 8847: 8837: 8836: 8814: 8697: 8688: 8679: 8670: 8654: 8645: 8636: 8627: 8618: 8604: 8595: 8586: 8571: 8570: 8513:Military tactics 8354:Defence in depth 8208:Defeat in detail 7904:Armoured warfare 7842:Military science 7632:Close-in weapons 7304: 7303: 7215:Wheeled vehicles 7210:Tracked vehicles 7007:Chain of command 6670:Defense ministry 6508: 6501: 6494: 6485: 6484: 6427: 6425: 6417: 6416: 6408: 6407: 6398: 6397: 6385: 6383: 6377: 6365: 6329: 6320: 6299: 6282: 6270: 6259: 6248: 6239: 6230: 6214: 6205: 6195: 6172:Emerg Infect Dis 6162: 6153: 6126: 6113: 6097: 6086: 6077: 6040: 6025: 6016: 6007: 5998: 5989: 5966: 5945: 5929: 5918: 5903: 5887: 5876: 5874: 5863: 5845: 5823: 5810: 5780: 5779: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5717: 5711: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5545: 5539: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5340: 5331: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5301: 5295: 5292: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5256: 5255: 5250:. 10 June 2023. 5240: 5234: 5233: 5228:. 15 June 2023. 5218: 5161:Medieval warfare 5156:Maneuver warfare 5101:suicide bombings 4922:Israel–Hamas war 4884:Syrian Civil War 4866:Republika Srpska 4837:1982 Lebanon War 4465:Battle of Verdun 4453:Austro-Hungarian 4425:Siege of Antwerp 4337:and, of course, 4279:blockade runners 4155:Siege of Antwerp 4142: 4135: 4131: 4128: 4122: 4091: 4083: 3890:Battle of Vienna 3792: 3785: 3781: 3778: 3772: 3741: 3733: 3719:United Provinces 3687:Battle in Berlin 3535:Theodosian Walls 3513: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3493: 3462: 3454: 3450:Age of gunpowder 3390: 3387: 3174:Battle of Alesia 3011: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2991: 2960: 2952: 2889:In the European 2517: 2514: 2397: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2377: 2346: 2338: 2320:Mycenaean Greeks 2262:sun-dried bricks 2210:resisting arrest 2069: 2046: 2039: 2032: 1801:Humanitarian aid 1739:Security dilemma 1560:Power projection 1343:Economy of force 1323:Chain of command 1038:Defence in depth 1023:Commerce raiding 846:Defeat in detail 182:Defense ministry 86: 77: 76: 67: 55: 54: 21: 8896: 8895: 8891: 8890: 8889: 8887: 8886: 8885: 8861: 8860: 8859: 8854: 8827: 8808: 8794:Humanitarianism 8723: 8702: 8691: 8682: 8673: 8667:Napoleonic Wars 8664: 8648: 8642:Modern warships 8639: 8630: 8621: 8612: 8598: 8589: 8580: 8567:Other namespace 8562: 8484: 8403: 8315: 8267: 8233:Rapid dominance 8142: 8018: 7803: 7742: 7659: 7605:Naval artillery 7585:Guided missiles 7573: 7295: 7176: 6978: 6841: 6837:Combat training 6785:Security forces 6775:Military police 6713:Airborne forces 6653: 6521: 6512: 6472:Wayback Machine 6441: 6440: 6429: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6411: 6402: 6392: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6379:(2 parts, 6378: 6375: 6372: 6354:10.2307/2944182 6317: 6298:on 18 May 2008. 6279: 6221: 6219:Further reading 6150: 6110: 6058:10.2307/3106585 5986: 5963: 5942: 5900: 5842: 5807: 5789: 5784: 5783: 5768: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5743: 5739: 5729: 5727: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5693: 5689: 5681: 5677: 5669: 5665: 5657: 5653: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5607: 5603: 5595: 5591: 5583: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5560: 5546: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5525: 5521: 5513: 5509: 5501: 5497: 5489: 5485: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5431: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5395: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5367: 5363: 5356: 5342: 5341: 5334: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5286: 5278: 5274: 5266: 5259: 5248:Merriam-Webster 5242: 5241: 5237: 5226:Merriam-Webster 5220: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5178:Siege equipment 5124: 5114:, but the 1980 4996:arrest warrants 4949: 4938: 4892:Siege of Kobanî 4748:Berlin Blockade 4732:Siege of Marawi 4708: 4672:Chiang Kai-shek 4625: 4523:Fort Eben-Emael 4507: 4413:Battle of Liège 4327:First World War 4317:in World War I. 4296: 4291: 4268:Treaty of Paris 4240:Siege of Plevna 4143: 4132: 4126: 4123: 4108: 4092: 4081: 4062:Napoleonic Wars 4054: 4038:Dunrobin Castle 3950:pitched battles 3937: 3900:for two months. 3855:contravallation 3793: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3758: 3742: 3731: 3723:Siege of Leiden 3691:Spandau Citadel 3683:trace italienne 3673:trace italienne 3663:Siege of Candia 3655: 3622:strongholds in 3612: 3514: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3479: 3463: 3452: 3388: 3365:, cannons, and 3221: 3216: 3214:Medieval period 3186:contravallation 3064: 3012: 3001: 2995: 2992: 2977: 2961: 2950: 2817:Oliver Cromwell 2798:grappling hooks 2745: 2604:circumvallation 2585:William de Forz 2569: 2564: 2515: 2505: 2442:circumvallation 2398: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2363: 2347: 2336: 2324:Cyclopean walls 2223: 2218: 2145:Picture of the 2050: 2021: 2020: 1971: 1961: 1960: 1926: 1918: 1917: 1858: 1848: 1847: 1821:Multilateralism 1806:Law enforcement 1766: 1756: 1755: 1724:Just war theory 1682: 1672: 1671: 1622:Geneva Protocol 1592: 1582: 1581: 1555: 1545: 1544: 1486: 1476: 1475: 1383: 1373: 1372: 1313: 1303: 1302: 1268: 1258: 1257: 1188:Network-centric 1108: 1098: 1097: 1005: 995: 994: 943: 933: 932: 881:Rapid dominance 786: 776: 775: 731:Electromagnetic 640: 630: 629: 616: 569: 517: 493: 483: 482: 478:Combat training 459: 436: 402:Combat systems: 398: 360: 356:Auxiliary ships 322: 282: 278:Military police 244: 167: 157: 156: 96: 70: 69: 68: 63: 49:Siege of Lisbon 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8894: 8884: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8856: 8855: 8832: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8774:Global studies 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8749:Peace movement 8746: 8741: 8735: 8733: 8729: 8728: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8721: 8716: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8700: 8699: 8698: 8689: 8680: 8671: 8657: 8656: 8655: 8646: 8637: 8628: 8619: 8605: 8596: 8587: 8577: 8575: 8568: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8548:Related lists: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8518:History lists: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8498:Military lists 8494: 8492: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8465:Defense policy 8462: 8460:Defense budget 8457: 8452: 8450:Public policy: 8447: 8442: 8440:United Nations 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8413: 8411: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8401: 8399:Scorched earth 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8325: 8323: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8301:Deep operation 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8277: 8275: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8179: 8178: 8173: 8163: 8158: 8152: 8150: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8129: 8128: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8081: 8080: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8049: 8048: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8028: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8016: 8014:Unconventional 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7964:Disinformation 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7895: 7894: 7889: 7879: 7874: 7872:Post-classical 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7813: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7750: 7748: 7747:Combat systems 7744: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7738:Field hospital 7735: 7734: 7733: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7712: 7711: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7689: 7688: 7687: 7682: 7671: 7669: 7665: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7613: 7612: 7602: 7594: 7593: 7592: 7581: 7579: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7534: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7515:Shoulder-fired 7504: 7503: 7502: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7481: 7480: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7431: 7430: 7429: 7419: 7415:Service rifles 7411: 7410: 7409: 7399: 7394: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7350: 7349: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7328: 7323: 7322: 7321: 7310: 7308: 7301: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7293: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7281: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7264: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7243: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7190: 7184: 7182: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7097: 7087: 7086: 7085: 7080: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7058: 7057: 7056: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 7003: 7002: 6997: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6974:Reconnaissance 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6939:Auxiliary ship 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6851: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6827:Basic training 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6758:Reconnaissance 6755: 6750: 6745: 6743:Communications 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6708:Special forces 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6672: 6667: 6661: 6659: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6624: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6522: 6511: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6475: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6430: 6419: 6412: 6410: 6409: 6399: 6388: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370:External links 6368: 6367: 6366: 6348:(1): 119–133. 6334:Historiography 6331: 6330: 6321: 6315: 6300: 6283: 6277: 6260: 6249: 6240: 6231: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6206: 6163: 6154: 6148: 6127: 6114: 6108: 6087: 6078: 6052:(4): 655–679. 6041: 6026: 6017: 6008: 5999: 5990: 5984: 5967: 5961: 5946: 5940: 5919: 5904: 5898: 5877: 5864: 5846: 5840: 5828:Beevor, Antony 5824: 5811: 5805: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5762: 5750: 5737: 5712: 5695:Timothy Snyder 5687: 5685:, p. 406. 5675: 5663: 5661:, p. 270. 5651: 5640:Chisholm, Hugh 5613: 5601: 5589: 5587:, p. 212. 5585:Townshend 2000 5577: 5575:, p. 211. 5573:Townshend 2000 5565: 5558: 5552:. Bloomsbury. 5540: 5531: 5529:, p. 105. 5519: 5507: 5495: 5493:, p. 362. 5483: 5469: 5449: 5437: 5425: 5413: 5401: 5386: 5384:, p. 105. 5374: 5361: 5354: 5332: 5323: 5316: 5307:The Mycenaeans 5296: 5284: 5272: 5257: 5235: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5202:List of sieges 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5183:Tunnel warfare 5180: 5175: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5123: 5120: 5108:United Kingdom 4937: 4934: 4886:, such as the 4864:in the 1990s, 4814:Khmer Republic 4782: 4781: 4766: 4751: 4707: 4704: 4624: 4621: 4582:Burma campaign 4506: 4503: 4477:Fort Douaumont 4417:Siege of Namur 4330:trench warfare 4295: 4292: 4290: 4289:Modern warfare 4287: 4252:Siege of Baler 4209:Siege of Paris 4178:Siege of Delhi 4145: 4144: 4127:September 2022 4095: 4093: 4086: 4080: 4077: 4053: 4050: 3976:New Model Army 3943:in 1601–1604; 3936: 3933: 3898:Ottoman Empire 3843:Bergen op Zoom 3795: 3794: 3777:September 2022 3745: 3743: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3715:Northern Italy 3654: 3653:New fortresses 3651: 3611: 3608: 3547:just six weeks 3539:Constantinople 3516: 3515: 3498:September 2022 3466: 3464: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3441:For more, see 3435:Yongle Emperor 3431:Forbidden City 3342:Siege of Ulsan 3309:Siege of Caffa 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3145:Roman Republic 3063: 3060: 3058:across moats. 3037:Book of Joshua 3014: 3013: 2996:September 2022 2964: 2962: 2955: 2949: 2948:Siege accounts 2946: 2852:machicolations 2744: 2741: 2682:Battering rams 2577:siege machines 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2527:Siege of Dapur 2504: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2484: 2461: 2410:Siege of Dapur 2400: 2399: 2382:September 2022 2350: 2348: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2216:Ancient period 2214: 2206:mobile warfare 2198:Napoleonic era 2158:archaeological 2082:of a city, or 2052: 2051: 2049: 2048: 2041: 2034: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1986:Military terms 1983: 1978: 1972: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1859: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1767: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1744:Tripwire force 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1683: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1593: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1567: 1562: 1556: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1498: 1493: 1487: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1464: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1384: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1314: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1269: 1266:Administrative 1264: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1193:New generation 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1168:Fleet in being 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1109: 1106:Grand strategy 1104: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1093:Scorched earth 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1006: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 993: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 970:Deep operation 967: 962: 955: 950: 944: 939: 938: 935: 934: 931: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 899: 898: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 817: 816: 811: 806: 796: 787: 782: 781: 778: 777: 774: 773: 771:Unconventional 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 719: 717:Disinformation 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 688: 687: 682: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 641: 636: 635: 632: 631: 628: 627: 622: 615: 614: 613: 612: 611: 610: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 568: 567: 566: 565: 564: 563: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 516: 515: 514: 513: 508: 503: 494: 489: 488: 485: 484: 481: 480: 475: 470: 468:Basic training 465: 458: 457: 452: 447: 442: 435: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 397: 396: 394:Reconnaissance 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 359: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 321: 320: 315: 313:Special forces 310: 305: 304: 303: 293: 288: 281: 280: 275: 270: 268:Reconnaissance 265: 260: 255: 250: 243: 242: 233: 228: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 168: 163: 162: 159: 158: 155: 154: 153: 152: 147: 137: 136: 135: 130: 120: 119: 118: 111:Post-classical 108: 103: 97: 92: 91: 88: 87: 79: 78: 60: 59: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8893: 8882: 8881:Siege warfare 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8868: 8866: 8853: 8852: 8842: 8841: 8830: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8812: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8754:Peace process 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8730: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8705: 8695: 8690: 8686: 8681: 8677: 8672: 8668: 8663: 8662: 8661: 8658: 8652: 8647: 8643: 8638: 8634: 8629: 8625: 8620: 8616: 8611: 8610: 8609: 8606: 8602: 8597: 8593: 8588: 8584: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8572: 8569: 8565: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8487: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8419: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8406: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8296:Expeditionary 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8278: 8276: 8274: 8270: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8198:Counterattack 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8145: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8122: 8119: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8085: 8082: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8053: 8050: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8021: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8004:Psychological 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7944:Combined arms 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7806: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7739: 7736: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7727: 7726:Military base 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7705: 7702: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7693: 7690: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7666: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7627:Depth charges 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7576: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7538: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7474: 7471: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7461:Anti-tank gun 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7434:Assault rifle 7432: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7423: 7422:Battle rifles 7420: 7418: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7390:Infantry guns 7387: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7363: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7354: 7351: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7305: 7302: 7298: 7292: 7289: 7285: 7284:Anti-aircraft 7282: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7275: 7272: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7091: 7088: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7074: 7071: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7047: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7017:General staff 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6934:Landing craft 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6583:Enlisted rank 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6509: 6504: 6502: 6497: 6495: 6490: 6489: 6486: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6400: 6390: 6389: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6312: 6308: 6307: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6288:"Mongol Arms" 6284: 6280: 6274: 6269: 6268: 6261: 6257: 6256: 6250: 6246: 6241: 6237: 6232: 6228: 6223: 6222: 6212: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6160: 6155: 6151: 6149:0-19-285373-2 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6115: 6111: 6109:0-395-65237-5 6105: 6101: 6096: 6095: 6088: 6084: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6033: 6027: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6009: 6005: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5987: 5985:1-85302-351-5 5981: 5977: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5954: 5953: 5947: 5943: 5941:0-8135-1304-9 5937: 5933: 5928: 5927: 5920: 5916: 5913:. U.S. Army. 5912: 5911: 5905: 5901: 5899:0-7506-2267-9 5895: 5891: 5886: 5885: 5878: 5873: 5872: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5841:0-670-88695-5 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5812: 5808: 5806:0-8263-2871-7 5802: 5798: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5777: 5773: 5766: 5760:, p. 52. 5759: 5754: 5747: 5741: 5726: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5709:0-465-00239-0 5706: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5684: 5679: 5673:, p. 29. 5672: 5667: 5660: 5655: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5630:public domain 5617: 5610: 5605: 5598: 5593: 5586: 5581: 5574: 5569: 5561: 5559:9781846038921 5555: 5551: 5544: 5535: 5528: 5523: 5517:, p. 21. 5516: 5511: 5504: 5499: 5492: 5491:Grousset 1970 5487: 5472: 5470:9780199333806 5466: 5462: 5461: 5453: 5446: 5441: 5435:, p. 22. 5434: 5429: 5423:, p. 26. 5422: 5417: 5411:, p. 40. 5410: 5409:Turnbull 2002 5405: 5399:, p. 29. 5398: 5393: 5391: 5383: 5378: 5371: 5368:For example, 5365: 5357: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5339: 5337: 5327: 5319: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5300: 5291: 5289: 5282:, p. 17. 5281: 5276: 5270:, p. 20. 5269: 5264: 5262: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5213: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5173:Siege engines 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5032:psychologists 5029: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4961: 4958: 4953: 4947: 4943: 4942:Police action 4936:Police sieges 4933: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4888:Siege of Homs 4885: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4862:Yugoslav Wars 4858: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4830: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4806: 4804: 4803:Tet Offensive 4800: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4733: 4728: 4720: 4712: 4703: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4580:, and in the 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4554:Eastern Front 4551: 4547: 4543: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4490:and improved 4489: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4459: 4458:Lavr Kornilov 4454: 4450: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4405: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4300: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4205:Siege of Metz 4202: 4197: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4151: 4141: 4138: 4130: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4096:This section 4094: 4090: 4085: 4084: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4040:, a party of 4039: 4035: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4004: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3935:Siege warfare 3932: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3919: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3880: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3816: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3788: 3780: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3746:This section 3744: 3740: 3735: 3734: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3664: 3659: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3607: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3512: 3509: 3501: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3467:This section 3465: 3461: 3456: 3455: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3394:Huo Long Jing 3382: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3355:flamethrowers 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3321: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3307:) during the 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3225:Mongol Empire 3211: 3209: 3204: 3202: 3199:who defended 3198: 3195: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3182:Vercingetorix 3179: 3178:Roman legions 3175: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3153:Julius Caesar 3150: 3146: 3142: 3141:siege engines 3138: 3129: 3125: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3078:Siege of Tyre 3075: 3071: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3048:Piankhi stela 3044: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3010: 3007: 2999: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2965:This section 2963: 2959: 2954: 2953: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2831:for smelting 2830: 2829:blast furnace 2826: 2818: 2814: 2813:Earl of Essex 2810: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2674:siege engines 2667: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2573: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2510: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2450:Aram Damascus 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2408:The Egyptian 2406: 2396: 2393: 2385: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2351:This section 2349: 2345: 2340: 2339: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2301:State of Zhao 2297: 2296:Shang dynasty 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2227: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2180:. During the 2179: 2175: 2171: 2170:ancient China 2167: 2164:. During the 2163: 2159: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2130: 2128: 2125:bombardment, 2124: 2120: 2119:siege engines 2116: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2090:(also called 2089: 2088:Siege warfare 2085: 2081: 2078: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2024: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1965: 1964: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1873:Warrior caste 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1852: 1851: 1844: 1843:Show of force 1841: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1831:Peacebuilding 1829: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1760: 1759: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1687:Air supremacy 1685: 1684: 1681: 1676: 1675: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1627:Islamic rules 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1607:Court-martial 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1586: 1585: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1506:Arms industry 1504: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1480: 1479: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1377: 1376: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1307: 1306: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1262: 1261: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1123:Broken-backed 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1102: 1101: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1004: 999: 998: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 965:Expeditionary 963: 961: 960: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 945: 942: 937: 936: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 897: 894: 893: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 836:Counterattack 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 801: 800: 797: 795: 792: 791: 790: 785: 780: 779: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 761:Psychological 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 697:Combined arms 695: 693: 690: 686: 683: 681: 678: 677: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 642: 639: 634: 633: 626: 623: 621: 618: 617: 609: 606: 605: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 575: 574: 571: 570: 562: 559: 558: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 536:Fortification 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 523: 522: 519: 518: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 498: 496: 495: 492: 487: 486: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 460: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 437: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 399: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 361: 357: 354: 352: 351:Landing craft 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 323: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 302: 299: 298: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 245: 241: 237: 236:Standing army 234: 232: 229: 227: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 169: 166: 161: 160: 151: 148: 146: 143: 142: 141: 138: 134: 131: 129: 128:pike and shot 126: 125: 124: 121: 117: 114: 113: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 98: 95: 90: 89: 85: 81: 80: 74: 66: 62: 61: 57: 56: 50: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 8849: 8838: 8817: 8813:}} 8809:{{ 8696:}} 8692:{{ 8687:}} 8685:World War II 8683:{{ 8678:}} 8674:{{ 8669:}} 8665:{{ 8659: 8653:}} 8649:{{ 8644:}} 8640:{{ 8635:}} 8631:{{ 8626:}} 8622:{{ 8617:}} 8613:{{ 8607: 8603:}} 8599:{{ 8594:}} 8590:{{ 8585:}} 8581:{{ 8547: 8517: 8497: 8469: 8455:Conscription 8449: 8430:Peace treaty 8416: 8237: 8121:Subterranean 8009:Radiological 7949:Conventional 7898: 7877:Early modern 7856: 7783: 7720: 7636: 7596: 7558: 7541: 7506: 7495:Combat knife 7485:Flamethrower 7450: 7446:Sniper rifle 7413: 7402:Machine guns 7388: 7325: 7187: 7161: 7151: 7116: 7021: 6990:Organization 6943: 6897:Naval units: 6896: 6892:Signal corps 6854: 6822:Development: 6821: 6811: 6790:Border guard 6753:Intelligence 6737: 6676:Armed Forces 6674: 6643: 6604: 6562: 6345: 6341: 6333: 6332: 6325: 6305: 6296:the original 6291: 6266: 6254: 6244: 6235: 6226: 6210: 6175: 6171: 6158: 6131: 6118: 6093: 6082: 6049: 6045: 6031: 6021: 6012: 6003: 5994: 5971: 5951: 5925: 5909: 5883: 5870: 5854: 5850:Firth, C. H. 5831: 5815: 5795: 5775: 5765: 5758:Morocco 1984 5753: 5746:Windrow 2005 5740: 5728:. Retrieved 5724: 5715: 5698: 5690: 5678: 5666: 5659:Symonds 1859 5654: 5643: 5616: 5609:Baldock 1809 5604: 5592: 5580: 5568: 5549: 5543: 5534: 5527:Stewart 1998 5522: 5510: 5503:Wheelis 2002 5498: 5486: 5474:. 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Pearson. 6138:. pp. 5730:23 February 5597:Beevor 2002 5515:Alchon 2003 5505:, p. . 5370:Roland 1992 5036:let them go 5028:negotiators 4860:During the 4835:During the 4818:Khmer Rouge 4757:during the 4536:(1942–1943) 4521:capture of 4519:paratrooper 4429:Big Berthas 4390:Sandfontein 4361:Mesopotamia 4313:at the end 4294:World War I 4242:during the 4228:Crimean War 4226:during the 4199:During the 4184:during the 3984:Interregnum 3982:during the 3945:La Rochelle 3647:siege-train 3573:Renaissance 3425:During the 3405:spelling): 3389: 1350 3344:during the 3313:Black Death 3267:Bab al-Iraq 3245:Kublai Khan 3233:Jin dynasty 3206:During the 3122:demoralized 3113:land bridge 3066:During the 2927:Vietnam War 2925:during the 2891:Middle Ages 2872:drawbridges 2868:sally ports 2758:During the 2718:foundations 2710:siege tower 2686:siege hooks 2602:(a line of 2469:Sennacherib 2258:Afghanistan 2243:Indus River 2182:Renaissance 2149:during the 2100:negotiation 1941:War studies 1764:Non-warfare 1692:Appeasement 1657:Martial law 1496:War economy 1435:Transgender 1388:Recruitment 1148:Containment 1033:Culminating 941:Operational 861:Envelopment 804:Air assault 685:Air cavalry 645:Air defence 625:Information 526:Cold-region 491:Battlespace 440:Historical: 286:Land units: 212:Space force 207:Coast guard 140:Late modern 101:Prehistoric 8865:Categories 8707:Categories 8553:War crimes 8538:Operations 8475:Government 8291:Blitzkrieg 8263:Withdrawal 8114:Underwater 8089:Amphibious 8031:Aerospace 7974:Electronic 7924:Camouflage 7919:Biological 7892:fourth-gen 7887:industrial 7716:Body armor 7704:Camouflage 7685:By country 7530:By country 7341:By country 7326:Artillery: 7240:By country 7157:Combat box 7127:Task force 7095:By country 7078:By country 7032:Field army 7027:Army group 6995:By country 6944:Air units: 6924:Submarines 6805:By country 6632:By country 6548:Technology 6450:Siege Kits 6433:Audio help 6424:2006-01-14 6278:0582056292 6085:. Methuen. 5787:References 5671:Firth 1902 5151:Last stand 5136:Blitzkrieg 5129:Battleplan 5065:Waco siege 4822:Phnom Penh 4629:airbridges 4511:Blitzkrieg 4423:, and the 4275:steamships 4256:Philippine 4073:Clausewitz 3403:Wade–Giles 3367:land mines 3105:Phoenician 3025:Trojan War 2864:Arrowslits 2753:starvation 2733:Greek fire 2698:trebuchets 2666:trebuchets 2646:Israelites 2623:Carchemish 2608:each other 2600:earthworks 2503:Depictions 2454:Philistine 2162:city walls 2115:investment 2092:siegecraft 2001:War crimes 1991:Operations 1898:Foot drill 1868:Battle cry 1781:deterrence 1440:Harassment 1415:Specialism 1238:Technology 1233:Succession 1178:Liberation 1113:Asymmetric 1048:Empty fort 959:Blitzkrieg 928:Withdrawal 891:Investment 670:Camouflage 665:Biological 603:Underwater 578:Amphibious 497:Aerospace 364:Air units: 341:Submarines 150:fourth-gen 145:industrial 133:napoleonic 8574:Templates 8445:Mediation 8425:Alliances 8418:Diplomacy 8394:Offensive 8374:Defensive 8369:Deception 8339:Attrition 8223:Guerrilla 8171:Airbridge 7989:Loitering 7909:Artillery 7847:Diplomacy 7668:Equipment 7622:Torpedoes 7564:Land mine 7520:Anti-tank 7353:Field gun 7331:Artillery 7267:Gun truck 7252:Scout car 7090:Battalion 6983:Structure 6882:Artillery 6800:Logistics 6748:Engineers 6693:Air force 6074:113017993 5016:crossfire 4984:robberies 4786:Viet Minh 4763:Việt Minh 4623:Airbridge 4590:Admin Box 4586:Myitkyina 4578:Singapore 4572:. 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