Peninsular War - Knowledge

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behalf, with his last precious half-dollar, to buy brandy for both, and had left his musket in pledge till his return. The French officer going his rounds on the other side of the brook then turned up, and explained that he had caught his sentry, without arms and carrying two bottles, a long way to the rear. If either of them reported what had happened to their colonels, both sentries would be court-martialled and shot. Wherefore both subalterns agreed to hush up the matter". The weather had become bad, and the Nive unfordable; but there were additional and serious causes of delay. The Portuguese and Spanish authorities were neglecting the payment and supply of their troops. Wellington had also difficulties of a similar kind with his own government, and also the Spanish soldiers, in revenge for many French outrages, had become guilty of grave excesses in France, so that Wellington took the extreme step of sending 25,000 of them back to Spain and resigning the command of their army (though his resignation was subsequently withdrawn). So great was the tension at this crisis that a rupture with Spain seemed possible, but this did not happen.

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the French rear. The French were forced back from their prepared positions, and despite attempts to regroup and hold were driven into a rout. This led to the abandonment of all of the French artillery as well as King Joseph's extensive baggage train and personal belongings. The latter led to many Anglo-Allied soldiers abandoning the pursuit of the fleeing troops, to instead loot the wagons. This delay, along with the French managing to hold the east road out of Vitoria towards Salvatierra, allowed the French to partially recover. The Allies chased the retreating French, reaching the Pyrenees in early July, and began operations against

6517:—recruited mainly from French deserters—lost 150 men in a single night. Wellington wrote, "The desertion is terrible, and is unaccountable among the British troops. I am not astonished that the foreigners should go ... but, unless they entice away the British soldiers, there is no accounting for their going away in such numbers as they do." Spain's "ragged and ill-fed soldiers" were also suffering with the onset of winter, the fear that they would likely "fall on the populace with the utmost savagery" in revenge attacks and looting was a growing concern to Wellington as the Allied forces pushed to the French border. 4023: 6152:

were killed and wounded at the Huebra where many stragglers died in woodland, and 3,520 allied prisoners were taken to Salamanca up to 20 November. Napier estimated that the double retreat cost the allies around 9,000, including the loss in the siege, and said French writers said 10,000 were taken between the Tormes and the Agueda. But Joseph's dispatches said the whole loss was 12,000, including the garrison of Chinchilla, whereas English authors mostly reduced the British loss to hundreds. As a consequence of the Salamanca campaign, the French were forced to evacuate the provinces of Andalusia and Asturias.

279: 3810: 7525: 4276: 6886:, where Soult barred his way across the road to Bayonne. The allied army was now divided into two portions by the Nive; and Soult from Bayonne at once took advantage of his central position to attack it with all his available force, first on the left bank and then on the right. Desperate fighting now ensued, but owing to the intersected ground, Soult was compelled to advance slowly, and Wellington coming up with Beresford from the right bank, the French retired baffled. Renewed French attacks on 13 December were also stopped. The losses in the four days' fighting in the battles before Bayonne (or 5905: 623: 82: 5358: 4990: 3905: 4222: 266: 7344: 1132: 913: 591: 579: 559: 547: 535: 516: 502: 488: 474: 923: 8644: 3991:, and went to northern Germany to perform garrison duty. Junot did his best to calm the situation by trying to keep his troops under control. While the Portuguese authorities were generally subservient toward their French occupiers, the ordinary Portuguese were angry, and the harsh taxes caused bitter resentment among the population. By January 1808, there were executions of persons who resisted the exactions of the French. The situation was dangerous, but it would need a trigger from outside to transform unrest into revolt. 4909: 296: 6459: 7537: 523: 388: 376: 364: 350: 210: 6655: 6096: 5391: 309: 6897: 7171: 5207: 3160: 7205: 5287:'s men fled eastwards and southwards, leaving town after town to fall into the hands of the enemy. The result was revolution. On 23 January the Junta Central at Seville decided to flee to the safety of Cádiz. It then dissolved itself on 29 January 1810 and set up a five-person Regency Council of Spain and the Indies, charged with convening the Cortes. Soult cleared all of southern Spain except Cádiz, which he left Victor to blockade. The system of juntas was replaced by a regency and the 235: 7120: 7103: 6074:. The town was stormed on 6 April, after a constant artillery barrage had breached the curtain wall in three places. Tenaciously defended, the final assault and the earlier skirmishes left the allies with some 4,800 casualties. These losses appalled Wellington who said of his troops in a letter, "I greatly hope that I shall never again be the instrument of putting them to such a test as that to which they were put last night." The victorious troops massacred 200–300 Spanish civilians. 7137: 4577: 7188: 7091: 7154: 4754: 7074: 3926: 7036: 7043: 4053:. The Spanish government demanded explanations from their French allies, but these did not satisfy and in response Godoy pulled Spanish troops out of Portugal. Since Spanish fortress commanders had not received instructions from the central government, they were unsure how to treat the French troops, who marched openly as allies with flags flying and bands announcing their arrival. Some commanders opened their fortresses to them, while others resisted. General 7504: 5373: 4473: 6112: 11489: 5125: 5269: 7050: 3311: 5654: 3359: 5462: 3327: 5510: 5494: 5478: 3263: 3247: 3343: 11527: 5638: 5622: 5606: 5590: 5398: 4735:, in which Moore was killed. Some 26,000 troops reached Britain, with 7,000 men lost over the course of the expedition. The French occupied the most populated region in Spain, including the important towns of Lugo and La Corunna. The Spanish were shocked by the British retreat. Napoleon returned to France on 19 January 1809 to prepare for war with Austria, giving the Spanish command back to his marshals. 3391: 3375: 3295: 3167: 5574: 5542: 5526: 5558: 5689: 3442: 3424: 3279: 5446: 5430: 5701: 5677: 5414: 3454: 3448: 3436: 3412: 3199: 3231: 3215: 3183: 5695: 3430: 5683: 3418: 6439:

Europe could not be taken for granted. Napoleon might yet inflict defeats on Austria, Russia and Prussia, and with the divisions between the allies there was no guarantee that one power would not make a separate peace. It was a major victory and gave Britain more credibility on the continent, but the thought of Napoleon descending on the Pyrenees with the

5012:, the French advanced in three columns and were repulsed several times, but at a heavy cost to the Anglo-Allied force, which lost 7,500 men for French losses of 7,400. Wellesley withdrew from Talavera on 4 August to avoid being cut off by Soult's converging army, which defeated a Spanish blocking force in an assault crossing at the River Tagus near 6135:

unusable to the Spanish and British. Although the cannons were useless, the Allied forces captured 30 gunboats and a large quantity of stores. The French were forced to abandon Andalusia for fear of being cut off by the allied armies. Marshals Suchet and Soult joined Joseph and Jourdan at Valencia. Spanish armies defeated the French garrisons at

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over a wide area with a much lower expenditure of men, energy, and supplies and facilitated the conventional victories of Wellington and his Anglo-Portuguese army and the subsequent liberation of Portugal and Spain. Mass resistance by the people of Spain inspired the war efforts of Austria, Russia and Prussia against Napoleon.

6004:, which functioned as a port, a fortress, and a resource base that sustained the Spanish field forces in Catalonia. Suchet was given a third of the Army of Catalonia and the city fell to a surprise attack on 29 June. Suchet's troops massacred 2,000 civilians. Napoleon rewarded Suchet with a Marshal's baton. On 25 July, Suchet 6081:, during which Marmont was wounded. The battle established Wellington as an offensive general and it was said that he "defeated an army of 40,000 men in 40 minutes." The Battle of Salamanca was a damaging defeat for the French in Spain, and while they regrouped, Anglo-Portuguese forces moved on Madrid, which surrendered on 14 3776:. The southern portion, as the Principality of the Algarves, would fall to Godoy. The rump of the country, centered on Lisbon, was to be administered by the French. According to the Treaty of Fontainebleau, Junot's invasion force was to be supported by 25,500 Spanish troops. On 12 October, Junot's corps began crossing the 3878:, Godoy quickly withdrew the proclamation. However, it was too late to avert Napoleon's suspicions. Napoleon planned from that moment to deal with his inconstant ally at some future time. In the meantime, the Emperor forced Godoy and Charles IV into providing a division of Spanish troops to serve in northern Europe. The 5886:(3–5 May). Both sides claimed victory but the British maintained the blockade and the French retired without being attacked. After this battle, the Almeida garrison escaped through the British lines in a night march. Masséna was forced to withdraw, having lost a total of 25,000 men in Portugal, and was replaced by 6426:

on 21 June, Joseph's 65,000-man army was defeated decisively by Wellington's army of 57,000 British, 16,000 Portuguese and 8,000 Spanish. Wellington split his army into four attacking "columns" and attacked the French defensive position from south, west and north while the last column cut down across

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In 1813, Wellington marched 121,000 troops (53,749 British, 39,608 Spanish, and 27,569 Portuguese) from northern Portugal across the mountains of northern Spain and the Esla River, skirting Jourdan's army of 68,000 strung out between the Douro and the Tagus. Wellington shortened his communications by

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Joseph contented himself with working within the apparatus extant under the old regime, while placing responsibility for local government in many provinces in the hands of royal commissioners. After much preparation and debate, on 2 July 1809 Spain was divided into 38 new provinces, each headed by an

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The catastrophe was total. With the loss of 24,000 troops, Napoleon's military machine in Spain collapsed. Stunned by the defeat, on 1 August Joseph evacuated the capital for Old Castile, while ordering Verdier to abandon the siege of Zaragoza and Bessières to retire from Leon; the entire French army

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The Allies heard that Suchet was hemorrhaging men and mistakenly thought that his army was smaller than it was, so on 16 January they attacked. Suchet had not yet started the process of sending more men back to France and was able to stop the Sicilians (and a small contingent of British artillery in

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The war was not over. Although Bonapartist Spain had effectively collapsed, most of France's troops had retreated in order and fresh troops were soon gathering beyond the Pyrenees. By themselves, such forces were unlikely to score more than a few local victories, but French troop losses elsewhere in

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and retreat to Portugal in the autumn of 1812, pursued by the French and losing several thousand men. Napier wrote that about 1,000 allied troops were killed, wounded and missing in action, and that Hill lost 400 between the Tagus and the Tormes, and another 100 in the defence of Alba de Tormes. 300

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The Peninsular War is regarded as one of the first people's wars, significant for the emergence of large-scale guerrilla warfare. It is from this conflict that the English language borrowed the word. The guerrillas troubled the French troops, but they also frightened their own countrymen with forced

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on 14 July, Bessières defeated Cuesta and Old Castile returned to French control. Blake escaped, but the Spaniards lost 2,200 men and thirteen guns. French losses were minimal at 400 men. Bessières's victory salvaged the French army's strategic position in northern Spain. Joseph entered Madrid on 20

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The Prince Regent John escaped, loading his family, courtiers, state papers and treasure aboard the fleet, protected by the British, and fled to Brazil. He was joined in flight by many nobles, merchants and others. With 15 warships and more than 20 transports, the fleet of refugees weighed anchor on

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By 1800, Spain was in a state of social unrest. Townsfolk and peasants all over the country, who had been forced to bury family members in new municipal cemeteries rather than churches or other consecrated ground, took back their bodies at night and tried to restore them to their old resting-places.

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In the meantime, because the Allies underestimated the size of Suchet's force and believed that 3,000 more men had left for Lyon and that Suchet, with the remnant of his army, was crossing the Pyrenees to join Soult in the Atlantic theatre, the Allies began to redeploy their forces. The best of the

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to Valencia, they were still vulnerable to assault, and had abandoned hopes of victory. According to Esdaile, the best policy would have been to have fallen back to the Ebro, but the political situation in 1813 made this impossible; Napoleon wanted to avoid being seen as weak by the German princes,

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and the Kingdom of Prussia joining his opponents, Napoleon withdrew more troops from Spain, including some foreign units and three battalions of sailors sent to assist with the siege of Cádiz. In total, 20,000 men were withdrawn; the numbers were not overwhelming, but the occupying forces were left

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both in the conduct of the war and administration of the country. Napoleon removed all feudal and clerical privileges but most Spanish liberals soon came to oppose the occupation because of the violence and brutality it brought. Marxians wrote that there was a positive identification on the part of

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where Napoleon was greatly outnumbered. This reduced Suchet's French Catalonian army from 87,000 to 60,000 of whom 10,000 were on garrison duty. By the end of January through redeployment and wastage (through disease and desertion) the number had fallen to 52,000 of whom only 28,000 were available

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to the astonishment of the enemy, who in view of the width of the river and the shifting sands, had thought the crossing impossible at that point. The French right was then rolled back, and Soult was unable to reinforce his right in time to retrieve the day. His works fell in succession after hard

6532:(25 July). Pushing on into Spain, by 27 July the Roncesvalles wing of Soult's army was within ten miles of Pamplona but found its way blocked by a substantial allied force posted on a high ridge in between the villages of Sorauren and Zabaldica, lost momentum, and was repulsed by the Allies at the 6512:

wrote, "We paint the conduct of the French in this country in very ... harsh colours, but be assured we injure the people much more than they do ... Wherever we move devastation marks our steps". With the army poised on the borders of France, desertion had become a problem. The

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wrote, "I should think that much must depend upon proceedings in the north: I begin to apprehend ... that Boney may avail himself of the jealousy of the Allies to the material injury of the cause." But the defeat or defection of Austria, Russia and Prussia was not the only danger. It was

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The guerrilla style of fighting was the Spanish military's single most effective tactic. Most organized attempts by regular Spanish forces to take on the French ended in defeat. Once a battle was lost and the soldiers reverted to their guerrilla roles, they tied down large numbers of French troops

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on 29 March, the Portuguese defenders panicked and lost between 6,000 and 20,000 men dead, wounded or captured and immense quantities of supplies. Suffering fewer than 500 casualties, Soult had secured Portugal's second city with its valuable dockyards and arsenals intact. Soult halted at Porto to

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that had commenced on 20 December. Lannes and Moncey committed two army corps of 45,000 men and considerable artillery firepower. Palafox's second defence brought the city enduring national and international fame. The Spaniards fought with determination, endured disease and starvation, entrenching

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during this period of inaction, told in his biography of an "Irish sentry who was found with a French and an English musket on his two shoulders, guarding a bridge over a brook on behalf of both armies. For he explained to the officer going the rounds that his French neighbour had gone off on his

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In fact, Suchet remained in Figueras with his army until after the amnesty signed by Wellington and Soult. He spent his time arguing with Soult that he had only 4,000 troops available to march (although his army numbered around 14,000) and that they could not march with artillery, so he could not

6736:. On 14 January he received further orders that because the situation was so grave on the eastern front he was to immediately send further forces to the east, even though ratification of the Treaty of Valençay had not been received. This would reduce the size of Suchet's field army to 18,000 men. 6134:

retreated there. Soult, realising he would soon be cut off from his supplies, ordered a retreat from Cádiz set for 24 August; the French were forced to end the two-and-a-half-year-long siege. After a long artillery barrage, the French placed together the muzzles of over 600 cannons to render them

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would emerge. From 1 February 1810, the implementation of these decrees had been in the hands of the new regency council selected by the Junta Central. The viceroyalties and independent captaincies general of the overseas territories would each send one representative. This scheme was resented in

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The Junta took over direction of the Spanish war effort and established war taxes, organized an Army of La Mancha, signed a treaty of alliance with Britain on 14 January 1809 and issued a royal decree on 22 May to convene at Cortes. An attempt by the Spain's Army of the Centre to recapture Madrid

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policy: they were denuded of food, forage and shelter. 200,000 inhabitants of neighbouring districts were relocated inside the lines. Wellington exploited the facts that the French could conquer Portugal only by conquering Lisbon, and that they could in practice reach Lisbon only from the north.

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army and the Voluntarios Distinguidos had been reinforced by 3,000 soldiers who had fled Seville, and a strong Anglo-Portuguese brigade commanded by General William Stewart. Shaken by their experiences, the Spaniards had abandoned their earlier scruples about a British garrison. Victor's French

6642:, and Wellington was now anxious to drive Suchet from Catalonia before invading France. The British government, however, in the interests of the continental powers, urged an immediate advance over the northern Pyrenees into south-eastern France. Napoleon had just suffered a major defeat at the 6146:

As the French regrouped, the allies advanced towards Burgos. Wellington besieged Burgos between 19 September and 21 October, but failed to capture it. Together, Joseph and the three marshals planned to recapture Madrid and drive Wellington from central Spain. The French counteroffensive caused

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on 27 September. Suffering heavy casualties, the French failed to dislodge the Anglo-Portuguese army. Masséna outmaneuvered Wellington after the battle, who steadily fell back to the prepared positions in the Lines. Wellington manned the fortifications with "secondary troops"—25,000 Portuguese

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Wellington soon appeared before Ciudad Rodrigo. In September, Marmont repelled him and re-provisioned the fortress. Sorties continued to be made out of Cádiz from April to August 1811, and British naval gunboats destroyed French positions at St. Mary's. An attempt by Victor to crush the small

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in preparation to attack. After a fierce skirmish on 14 October in which the strength of the Lines became apparent, the French dug themselves in rather than launch a full-scale assault and Masséna's men began to suffer from the acute shortages in the region. In late October, after holding his

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Soult at Toulouse on 10 April. Spanish attacks on Soult's heavily fortified positions were repulsed but Beresford's assault compelled the French to fall back. On 12 April Wellington entered the city, Soult having retreated the previous day. The Allied loss was about 5,000, the French 3,000.

3738:. Meanwhile, the Portuguese government's resolve was stiffening, and shortly afterward Napoleon was once again told that Portugal would not go beyond its original agreements. Napoleon now had all the pretext that he needed, while his force, the First Corps of Observation of the Gironde with 4088:

were frequent. On 23 March, Murat entered Madrid with pomp. Ferdinand VII arrived on 27 March and asked Murat to get Napoleon's confirmation of his accession. Charles IV, however, was persuaded to protest his abdication to Napoleon, who summoned the royal family, both kings included, to

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fighting an intense guerrilla war of raids and ambushes. The Spanish armies were repeatedly beaten and driven to the peripheries, but they would regroup and relentlessly hound and demoralize the French troops. This drain on French resources led Napoleon, who had unwittingly provoked a

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On 10 January 1814 Suchet received orders from the French War Ministry that he withdraw his field force to the foothills of the Pyrenees and to make a phased withdraw from the outlying garrisons. On ratification of the Treaty of Valençay he was to move his force to the French city of

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was appointed lieutenant of the emperor and commander of all French troops in Spain, which now numbered 60,000–100,000. On 24 February, Napoleon declared that he no longer considered himself bound by the Treaty of Fontainebleau. In early March, Murat established his headquarters in

5824:. This brought the French numbers down to between 20,000 and 15,000 and encouraged the defenders of Cádiz to attempt a breakout, in conjunction with the arrival of an Anglo-Spanish relief army of around 12,000 infantry and 800 cavalry under the overall command of Spanish General 6774:, Suchet abandoned all the remaining fortresses in Catalonia that the French garrisoned (and that were not closely besieged by Allied forces), and in doing so was able to create a new field force of about 14,000 men, which were concentrated in front of Figueras in early April. 5317:

would open on 1 March 1810. Suffrage was to be extended to all male householders over 25. After public voting, representatives from district-level assemblies would choose deputies to send to the provincial meetings that would be the bodies from which the members of the

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were unable to pay their existing retainers and domestic servants, and could not take on new staff. Hunger and despair reigned on all sides. Because the military record was so dismal, many Spanish politicians and publicists exaggerated the activities of the guerrillas.

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in command of sufficient forces to prevent sorties from the city and any relief getting in); and from 22 to 31 August 1813. The British incurred heavy losses during assaults. The city in turn was sacked and burnt to the ground by the Anglo-Portuguese: see

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The deteriorating strategic situation led France to increase its military commitments. By 1 June, over 65,000 troops were rushing into the country to control the crisis. The main French army of 80,000 held a narrow strip of central Spain from

4454:. Europe welcomed this first check to the hitherto unbeatable Imperial armies—a Bonaparte had been chased from his throne; tales of Spanish heroism inspired Austria and showed the force of national resistance. Bailén set in motion the rise of the 5309:

grew and persuaded them that they were heroes. With food abundant and falling in price, the bombardment was hopeless despite both hurricane and epidemic—a storm destroyed many ships in the spring of 1810 and the city was ravaged by yellow fever.

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were not the only reason to join the Partisans. The French imposed restrictions on movement and on many traditional aspects of street life, so opportunities to find alternative sources of income were limited—industry was at a standstill and many

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on 23 February; the French sallied out of Barcelona to test the besiegers' lines, as they thought (wrongly) that the Anglo-Sicilian forces had departed. They failed to break through the lines, and forces under the command of the Spanish General

6033:. The redeployment of a substantial part of his troops for the invasion of Russia ground Suchet's operations to a halt. The victorious Marshal had established a secure base in Aragon and was ennobled by Napoleon as the Duke of Albufera, after a 6583:, which after a heavy bombardment their governor surrendered on 8 September, with the garrison marching out the next day with full military honours. Upon the day that San Sebastián fell Soult attempted to relieve it, but in the battles of 4483:

Britain's involvement in the Peninsular War was the start of a prolonged campaign in Europe to increase British military power on land and liberate the Iberian peninsula from the French. In August 1808, 15,000 British troops—including the

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Examen Histórico de la Reforma Constitucional que Hicieron las Cortes Generates y Extraordinarias Desde que se Instalaron en la Isla de León el Dia 24 de Septiembre de 1810 Hasta que Cerraron en Cadiz sus Sesiones en 14 del Propio Mes de

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Convinced by intelligence that a new French assault on Portugal was imminent, Wellington created a powerful defensive position near Lisbon, to which he could fall back if necessary. To protect the city, he ordered the construction of the

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Portugal's position was more favorable than Spain's. Revolt had not spread to Brazil, there was no colonial struggle and there had been no attempt at political revolution. The Portuguese Court's transfer to Rio de Janeiro initiated the

4175:, which cast out its French governor on 25 May and declared war on Napoleon. Within weeks, all the Spanish provinces followed suit. After hearing of the Spanish uprising, Portugal erupted in revolt in June. A French detachment under 6028:

Blake's entire army of 28,044 men in the city of Valencia on 26 December and forced it to surrender on 9 January 1812 after a brief siege. Blake lost 20,281 men dead or captured. Suchet advanced south, capturing the port town of

5734:, allowing immediate response to any threat. The work began in the autumn of 1809 and the main defences were finished just in time one year later. To further hamper the enemy, the areas in front of the lines were subjected to a 5282:

The French invaded Andalusia on 19 January 1810. 60,000 French troops—the corps of Victor, Mortier and Sebastiani together with other formations—advanced southwards to assault the Spanish positions. Overwhelmed at every point,

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shifting his base of operations to the northern Spanish coast, and the Anglo-Portuguese forces swept northwards in late May and seized Burgos, outflanking the French army and forcing Joseph Bonaparte into the Zadorra valley.

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By November 1808, the British army led by Moore was advancing into Spain with orders to assist the Spanish armies' fight against Napoleon's forces. Moore decided to attack Soult's scattered and isolated 16,000-man corps' at

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troops camped at the shoreline and tried to bombard the city into surrender. Thanks to British naval supremacy, a naval blockade of the city was impossible. The French bombardment was ineffectual and the confidence of the

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conscription and looting. Many of the partisans were either fleeing the law or trying to get rich. Later in the war the authorities tried to make the guerrillas reliable, and many of them formed regular army units such as

3626:. While the French enjoyed several victories in battle, they were eventually defeated, as their communications and supplies were severely tested and their units were frequently isolated, harassed or overwhelmed by Spanish 5996:

the city to starve the defenders into surrender. With the help of a relief operation on 3 May, the fortress held out until 17 August, when lack of food prompted a surrender after a last-ditch breakout attempt failed.

5169:). For many imperial officers, life could be comfortable. Among the liberal, republican and radical segments of the Spanish and Portuguese populations there was much support for a potential French invasion. The term 5100:

on 23 November. The next day, Del Parque received news of the Ocaña disaster and fled south, intending to shelter in the mountains of central Spain. On the afternoon of 28 November, Kellermann attacked Del Parque at

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on 19 November. The Spanish lost 19,000 men compared to French losses of 2,000. Albuquerque soon abandoned his efforts near Talavera. Del Parque moved on Salamanca again, hustling one of the VI Corps brigades out of

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was a wet one, with the army drenched by incessant rain, and the decision to strip the men of their greatcoats was looking unwise. Sickness was widespread—at one point a third of Wellington's British troops were

3734:, to order Portugal to declare war on Britain, close its ports to British ships, detain British subjects on a provisional basis and sequester their goods. After a few days, a large force started concentrating at 7552: 5904: 7524: 6712:(11 December 1813), during the last month of 1813 and the early months of 1814 Suchet was ordered by the French War office to relinquish command of many of his infantry and cavalry regiments for use in the 7004:, and the practical conclusion of peace; and on 18 April a convention, which included Suchet's force, was entered into between Wellington and Soult. After Toulouse had fallen, the Allies and French, in a 5230:

had made less progress in Spain and Portugal than elsewhere, and that resistance was the product of a century's worth of what the French perceived as backwardness in knowledge and social habits, Catholic

3790: 3874:, which pitted the Kingdom of Prussia against Napoleon, Godoy issued a proclamation that was obviously aimed at France, even though it did not specify an enemy. After Napoleon's decisive victory at the 6481:

In August 1813, British headquarters still had misgivings about the eastern powers moving into France. Austria had now joined the Allies, but the Allied armies had suffered a significant defeat at the

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The allied army subsequently took Salamanca on 17 June, just as Marshal Marmont approached. The two forces met on 22 July, after weeks of maneuver, when Wellington soundly defeated the French at the

4097:. Napoleon then had the Junta de Gobierno—the council of regency in Madrid—formally ask him to appoint his brother Joseph as King of Spain. The abdication of Ferdinand was only publicised on 20 May. 8649: 8647: 5923: 4296: 11741:

The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington, K. G. During His Various Campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries, and France: France and the Low Countries, 1814–1815

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The war now fell into a temporary lull, with the superior French unable to find an advantage and coming under increasing pressure from Spanish guerrillas. The French had over 350,000 soldiers in

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that recaptured Montserrat and took 1,000 prisoners from scattered French garrisons in the area. In September, Suchet launched an invasion of the province of Valencia. He besieged the castle of

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In March 1811, with supplies exhausted, Masséna retreated from Portugal to Salamanca. Wellington went over to the offensive later that month. An Anglo-Portuguese army led by the British general

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in the summer of 1809. The Junta came up with what it hoped would be a war-winning strategy, a two-pronged offensive to recapture Madrid, involving over 100,000 troops in three armies under the

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assist Soult in his battles with Wellington. The military historian Sir Charles Oman puts this refusal to help Soult down to Suchet's personal animosity rather than strong strategic reasons.

5848:, capturing 16,000 prisoners, before returning to Andalusia with most of his army. Soult was relieved at the operation's speedy conclusion, for intelligence received on 8 March told him that 5836:. However, the Allies failed to exploit their success and Victor soon renewed the blockade. From January through March 1811, Soult with 20,000 men besieged and captured the fortress towns of 4669: 380: 7805:, under which he would release and recognize Ferdinand in exchange for a complete cessation of hostilities. But the Spanish had no intention of trusting Napoleon and the fighting continued. 7762:

There were a further 13,000 French troops besieged in Barcelona, Tortosa, Saguntun and other fortresses, who were under siege and not able to extract themselves to join Suchet at Figueras (

6951:. An amphibious landing with 8,000 troops at the mouth of the Adour secured a crossing over the river as a preliminary to the siege of Bayonne. On 27 February, Wellington attacked Soult at 2710: 7753:

By 1813, Spanish guerrillas had tied down over 75% of the French occupying army, leaving only a small fraction free to concentrate and face the conventional allied forces under Wellington.

6508:—and fears about the army's discipline and general reliability grew. By 9 July, Wellington reported that 12,500 men were absent without leave, while plundering was rife. Major General Sir 6955:

and forced him to retreat towards Saint-Sever, which he reached on 28 February. The allied loss was about 2,000; the French 4,000 and 6 guns. Beresford, with 12,000 men, was now sent to

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by assault on 19 January and opening up the northern invasion corridor from Portugal into Spain. This also allowed Wellington to proceed to move to capture the southern fortress town of

5871:

to the French garrison Soult had left behind. Soult regathered his army and marched to relieve the siege. Beresford lifted the siege and his army intercepted the marching French. At the

7822:—ordering them to surrender to the Allies. In addition, Soult and Suchet lost the rest of their German units—another 3,000 men—as it was felt that they became unreliable. This left the 3784:. Junot was selected because he had served as ambassador to Portugal in 1805. He was known as a good fighter and an active officer, although he had never exercised independent command. 6556: 12293:. Translated by Mallender, Janet S.; Clements, John R. based on the notes and documents of the late Commandant Henry Lachouque (1883–1971) (reprint ed.). Arms and Armour Press. 6595:. The Citadel surrendered on 9 September, the losses in the entire siege having been about—Allies 4,000, French 2,000. Wellington next determined to throw his left across the river 5343:). Throughout early 1809 the governments of the capitals of the viceroyalties and captaincies general elected representatives to the Junta, but none arrived in time to serve on it. 5852:' Spanish army was menacing Seville, that Victor had been defeated at Barrosa and that Masséna had retreated from Portugal. Soult redeployed his forces to deal with these threats. 6186: 7367:

were exiled to France. The whole country had been pillaged by Napoleon's troops. The Catholic Church had been ruined by its losses and society subjected to destabilizing change.

5105:

and routed him after inflicting losses of 3,000 men. Del Parque's army fled into the mountains, its strength greatly reduced through combat and non-combat causes by mid-January.

4711:

into the plains of Old Castile to encircle the British Army. Moore retreated for the safety of the British fleet at La Coruna and Soult failed to intercept him. The rearguard of

7211: 5016:. Lack of supplies and the threat of French reinforcement in the spring led Wellington to retreat into Portugal. A Spanish attempt to capture Madrid after Talavera failed at 6130:

After the allied victory at Salamanca on 22 July 1812, King Joseph Bonaparte abandoned Madrid on 11 August. Because Suchet had a secure base at Valencia, Joseph and Marshal

6971:

behind the Garonne. He endeavored also to rouse the French peasantry against the Allies, but in vain, for Wellington's justice and moderation afforded them no grievances.

2036: 1616: 6755: 2945: 1739: 1489: 6915: 2097: 1715: 11764:

The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington during his various Campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries and France from 1789 to 1815

3972:

valley to Portugal, a distance of only 120 miles (193 km). On 19 November 1807, the French troops under Junot set out for Lisbon and occupied it on 30 November.

1679: 5192:

the people with the Napoleonic revolution, but this is probably impossible to substantiate by the reasons for collaboration being practical rather than ideological.

4221: 3144: 2703: 2521: 2488: 4976:(12 May), and the other northern cities were recaptured by General Silveira. Soult escaped without his heavy equipment by marching through the mountains to Orense. 4519:

in August. In early October 1808, following the scandal in Britain over the Convention of Cintra and the recall of the generals Dalrymple, Burrard, and Wellesley,

7404:

on 4 May 1814. Military officers forced Ferdinand to accept the Cádiz Constitution again in 1820, and was in effect until April 1823, during what is known as the

6847:

was about 2,700; that of the French, 4,000, 51 guns, and all their magazines. The next day Wellington closed in upon Bayonne from the sea to the left bank of the

6570:

after two sieges that lasted from 7 to 25 July (While Wellington departed with sufficient forces to deal with Marshal Soult's counter-offensive, he left General

1460: 10227: 6931: 5299: 5053: 4137:, the French army shot hundreds of Madrid's citizens. Similar reprisals occurred in other cities and continued for days. Bloody, spontaneous fighting known as 1885: 5898:

over the winter of 1811–1812 was frustrated by torrential rains and an obstinate defence, marking an end to French operations against the city's outer works.

2263: 1766: 1640: 6751:

and evacuating some minor outposts. However his field army was now down to 15,000 cavalry and infantry (and excluding the garrisons in northern Catalonia).

4207:'s corps in Portugal was cut off by 300 miles (480 km) of hostile territory, but within days of the outbreak of revolt, French columns in Old Castile, 12727: 10249: 6179: 2915: 2858: 2696: 1839: 1197: 5076:'s force. Kellermann marched on Del Parque's position at Salamanca, who promptly abandoned it and retreated south. In the meantime, the guerrillas in the 6271: 5989: 5021: 4809: 3072: 2170: 2014: 867: 3650:. Though victorious in war, the burden of war destroyed the social and economic fabric of both Portugal and Spain; and the following civil wars between 10927: 10557: 6435:. On 11 July, Soult was given command of all French troops in Spain and in consequence Wellington decided to halt his army to regroup at the Pyrenees. 6278: 5864: 5037: 4443: 3079: 2177: 2102: 430: 6770:

On 1 March Suchet received orders to send 10,000 more men to Lyons. On 7 March Beurmann's division of 9,661 men left for Lyons. With the exception of

4813: 6552: 2107: 2075: 11501: 7536: 2809: 14284: 11358:

A British Rifle Man: The Journals and Correspondence of Major George Simmons, Rifle Brigade, During the Peninsular War and the Campaign of Waterloo

11133: 10426: 10403: 5940: 3614:, no longer getting sufficient support from a depleted France, led the exhausted and demoralized French forces in a fighting withdrawal across the 3134: 6559:(2 August) during its retreat into France. Total losses during this counter-offensive being about 7,000 for the Allies and 10,000 for the French. 4864:

on 9 June while being harassed by Spanish guerrillas. Ney's troops joined up with those of Soult and these forces withdrew for the last time from

466: 14608: 14581: 12047: 6172: 1438: 6407:

who were watching the advancing Russians and wondering whether they should change sides. French prestige suffered another blow when on 17 March

14698: 12127: 11777: 11754: 10763: 5856: 4591:

After the surrender of a French army corps at Bailén and the loss of Portugal, Napoleon was convinced of the peril he faced in Spain. With his

3809: 3745:

in command, was prepared to march on Lisbon. After he received the Portuguese answer, he ordered Junot's corps to cross the frontier into the

6767:

tried another sortie on 16 April and the French were again stopped with about 300 of them killed. Habert eventually surrendered on 25 April.

2514: 6747:

After Suchet sent many men to Lyons, he left an isolated garrison in Barcelona and concentrated his forces on the town of Gerona calling in

3904: 14668: 14279: 11531: 5159:, who remained in Madrid throughout the French occupation, painted Joseph's picture and documented the war in a series of 82 prints called 4512: 4508: 85: 4948:'s 12,000 Portuguese troops unraveling amid riot and disorder, and within two days of crossing the border Soult had taken the fortress of 88: 86: 12596: 6939:

Operation resumed on French soil in February 1814 and Wellington went quickly over to the offensive. Hill on 14 and 15 February, after a

6095: 4791:. On 20 February 1809, the garrison capitulated, leaving behind burnt-out ruins filled with 64,000 corpses, of which 10,000 were French. 3483: 1131: 912: 590: 583: 578: 558: 546: 534: 515: 501: 487: 473: 240: 11510: 5890:. Wellington joined Beresford and renewed the siege of Badajoz. Marmont joined Soult with strong reinforcements and Wellington retired. 4723:

the next day. Moore's retreat was marked by a breakdown of discipline in many regiments and punctuated by stubborn rearguard actions at

14718: 4275: 4004: 3977: 3958: 3866:

in October 1805, which had decimated Spain's navy, had removed the reason for alliance with France. Manuel Godoy, the favorite of King

2438: 12524: 4952:. Swinging west, 16,000 of Soult's professional troops attacked and killed 4,000 of 25,000 unprepared and undisciplined Portuguese at 4808:. The French lost 200 men while their Spanish opponents lost 6,887. King Joseph made a triumphant entry into Madrid after the battle. 12544: 12404: 6875: 5740: 4965: 3715:

used Lisbon's port in its operations against France, and he wanted to deny the British the use of the Portuguese fleet. Furthermore,

2256: 527: 11336: 6469: 4944:

muskets, which were used to re-equip the French infantry. In March 1809, Soult invaded Portugal through the northern corridor, with

4781:

themselves in convents and burning their own homes. The garrison of 44,000 was left with 8,000 survivors—1,500 of them ill— but the

3731: 14189: 6744:

because he still had a local preponderance of men. The allies suffered 68 casualties; the French, 30 killed and about 150 wounded.

6342: 6059: 4492: 3572: 2655: 2507: 1190: 507: 87: 4896:

on 15 June, crushing Blake's right wing and inflicting 5,000 casualties. Three days later, Blake lost 2,000 more men to Suchet at

4625:

from 16 December 1808 until 23 January 1810. Madrid surrendered on 1 December and Joseph Bonaparte was restored to his throne. In

3587:

tied down vast numbers of Napoleon's troops. In 1812, when Napoleon set out with a massive army on what proved to be a disastrous

14551: 14209: 12586: 6883: 5201: 5004:

retreated before them from Talavera. Cuesta's pursuing forces fell back after Victor's reinforced army, now commanded by Marshal

4467: 4057:, who occupied Barcelona with 12,000 troops, soon found himself besieged in the citadel; he was not relieved until January 1809. 3855:: shopkeepers, artisans, tavern keepers, and laborers who dressed in traditional style, and took pleasure in picking fights with 493: 7814:

On the evening of 10 December, some 1,400 troops from three German battalions deserted in response to a secret message from the

14658: 7381:

British troops were partly sent to England, and partly embarked at Bordeaux for America for service in the final months of the

6854:

After this there was a period of comparative inaction, though during it the French were driven from the bridges at Urdains and

6540: 3753: 3505:

in 1807 by transiting through Spain, and it escalated in 1808 after Napoleonic France occupied Spain, which had been its ally.

5791:—keeping his main field army of British and Portuguese regulars dispersed to meet a French assault on any point of the Lines. 14693: 14409: 14309: 14229: 12201: 12144: 11217: 10907: 10189: 6870:

Wellington occupied the right as well as the left bank of the Nive on 9 December 1813 with a portion of his force only under

4687: 4561: 3659: 1324: 783: 392: 331: 185: 10974: 7530:

Despite losing the war at a heavy price, French battle victories of the Peninsular War were inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe

14673: 14114: 6959:, which opened its gates as promised to the Allies. Driven by Hill from Aire-sur-l'Adour on 2 March 1814, Soult retired by 6801: 6795: 6713: 4712: 4553: 4549:, entered Corunna Harbour on 13 October. Logistical and administrative problems prevented any immediate British offensive. 3139: 2677: 2468: 2249: 4964:

Wellesley returned to Portugal in April 1809 to command the British army, reinforced with Portuguese regiments trained by

2759: 14663: 14204: 12646: 6717:

for field operations; the others were either on garrison duties or guarding the lines of communication back into France.

6610:

in seven columns, attacked the entire French position, which stretched in two heavily entrenched lines from north of the

6140: 5758:

after a siege lasting from 26 April to 9 July 1810. The French re-invaded Portugal with an army of around 65,000, led by

5080:

increased their activity. Kellermann left the VI Corps holding Salamanca and returned to León to stamp out the uprising.

5069: 4552:

Meanwhile, the British had made a substantial contribution to the Spanish cause by helping to evacuate some 9,000 men of

3988: 2720: 2478: 1183: 214: 13842: 4605:

of the Spanish lines in November 1808. Napoleon struck with overwhelming strength and the Spanish defense evaporated at

14485: 13086: 12504: 12298: 12279: 12182: 11967: 11911: 11813: 11675: 11366: 11184: 11156: 11110: 10956: 10884: 10830: 10728: 10681: 10491: 10445: 10361: 10286: 9148: 6859: 3925: 2836: 2608: 2458: 2443: 1430: 1358: 7503: 6782:

in France. They left to do so on 31 March, leaving the Spanish to mop up the remaining French garrisons in Catalonia.

3532:. Most Spaniards rejected French rule and fought a bloody war to oust them. The war on the peninsula lasted until the 14638: 14404: 14399: 14384: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14224: 14199: 13827: 12656: 6571: 5829: 5727: 5390: 4674: 4520: 2377: 2360: 2348: 2336: 2316: 2299: 2294: 563: 551: 14683: 4037:

Between 9 and 12 February, the French divisions of the eastern and western Pyrenees crossed the border and occupied

14708: 14414: 14269: 14249: 12758: 11825: 6547:

was ordered by Soult to attack and seize the Roncesvalles Pass with his corps and the corps of General of Division

6046:, but over 200,000 were deployed to protect the French lines of supply, rather than as substantial fighting units. 4928:

After Corunna, Soult turned his attention to the invasion of Portugal. Discounting garrisons and the sick, Soult's

4820:

on 27 March, inflicting 2,000 casualties and suffering negligible losses. Victor invaded southern Spain and routed

4123:

of Napoleon fought residents of Madrid, wearing turbans and using curved scimitars, thus provoking memories of the

3833: 2588: 2406: 2401: 1472: 226: 14274: 12529: 11659:. Vol. (3 vols) Vol 1. The Peninsular War 1808–1811, Vol. 2. The Peninsular War 1812–1814. The Folio Society. 5580: 4584: 2814: 1229: 14490: 14319: 14194: 13550: 12955: 11051: 6871: 6725: 6494: 6379: 5092:

and occupying Salamanca on 20 November. Hoping to get between Kellermann and Madrid, Del Parque advanced towards

4828:

near Badajoz on 28 March, where Cuesta lost 10,000 men in a staggering defeat, while the French lost only 1,000.

4430:

by the Spanish. Dupont was disturbed enough to curtail his march at Cordoba, and then on 16 June to fall back to

4120: 3964:

Napoleon instructed Junot, with the cooperation of Spanish military troops, to invade Portugal, moving west from

3159: 2070: 539: 10895: 6943:, drove the French posts beyond the Joyeuse; and Wellington then pressed these troops back over the Bidouze and 5820:

During 1811, Victor's force was diminished because of requests for reinforcement from Soult to aid his siege of

5045: 4821: 442: 14703: 14643: 14530: 14214: 14159: 14154: 13510: 13388: 13031: 12909: 12732: 12338: 12319: 12163: 11883: 11794: 11729: 11703: 11645: 11626: 11603: 11561: 11385: 11318: 10935: 10851: 10803: 10780: 10702: 10651: 10586: 10523: 10387: 10333: 7588: 7021: 6415:, a nickname many Spanish had for King Joseph) left Madrid in the company of another vast caravan of refugees. 6063: 5948: 5868: 5755: 4427: 4413:'s militia. Moncey's push to take Valencia ended in failure, with 1,000 French recruits dying in an attempt to 3317: 2987: 2967: 2788: 2781: 2463: 2047: 1959: 1789: 1278: 14596: 11273:

A Peninsular brigadier: letters of Major General Sir F. P. Robinson, K.C.B., dealing with the campaign of 1813

11202: 7008:

on 14 April, each lost about 1,000 men, so that some 10,000 men fell after peace had virtually been made. The

4880:

on 25 February. Reding was killed and his army lost 3,000 men for French losses of 1,000. Saint-Cyr began the

4341: 14713: 14586: 14556: 13217: 12509: 12397: 11148: 7637:. Those terms are usually rendered in English as "guerrilla warfare" and "guerrilla (fighter)", respectively. 6811:

On the night of 9 November 1813 Wellington brought up his right from the Pyrenean passes to the northward of

6728:

amounted to 70,000 men (in fact they only had about as many as he did), so Suchet remained on the defensive.

6529: 6261: 5837: 5821: 5669: 3983:

As one of Junot's first acts, the property of those who had fled to Brazil was sequestered and a 100-million-

3769: 3580: 3062: 2957: 2650: 2603: 2551: 2473: 2453: 2160: 1940: 711: 283: 278: 34: 14164: 13897: 13796: 13464: 10561: 5883: 5660: 4390: 3662:

and the beginning of an era of social turbulence, increased political instability, and economic stagnation.

2940: 1865: 14576: 14314: 13489: 13237: 13152: 12864: 12576: 11929:

Morgan, John (2009). "War Feeding War? The Impact of Logistics on the Napoleonic Occupation of Catalonia".

7401: 7239: 7001: 6678: 5340: 5292: 5119: 4773: 4642: 4524: 4402: 4200: 3875: 3639: 3575:, the future Duke of Wellington, guarded Portugal and campaigned against the French alongside the reformed 3406: 3365: 3022: 3002: 2982: 2769: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2561: 2556: 2546: 2092: 1982: 1977: 1448: 795: 771: 735: 622: 271: 5331:, which saw themselves as the capitals of kingdoms and resented being subsumed in the larger "kingdom" of 5313:

Once Cádiz was secured, attention turned to the political situation. The Junta Central announced that the

4258: 1561: 14678: 13615: 13317: 13051: 13005: 13000: 12773: 12717: 12432: 11595: 11340: 7293: 7235: 7187: 6509: 6062:

renewed the allied advance into Spain in early 1812, besieging and capturing the border fortress town of

5404: 4703:

Abandoning plans to immediately conquer Seville and Portugal, Napoleon rapidly amassed 80,000 troops and

4418: 4394: 4357: 4070: 4054: 3948: 3871: 3688: 3537: 3502: 3173: 2802: 2566: 2310: 1306: 1224: 879: 368: 12929: 7042: 5956: 4634: 4515:. Dalrymple granted Junot an unmolested evacuation from Portugal by the Royal Navy in the controversial 4496: 4015: 3756:

had been signed between France and Spain. The document was drawn up by Napoleon's marshal of the palace

2053: 2026: 699: 14561: 14372: 14254: 13988: 13393: 13277: 12980: 12712: 12534: 12460: 12446: 12425: 7317: 7303: 7275: 7136: 7102: 7090: 7035: 6919: 6896: 5028:

inflicted 5,500 casualties on the Spanish, forcing them to retreat at the cost of 2,400 French losses.

4455: 4321: 3917: 3533: 2618: 2395: 2366: 2326: 2288: 1795: 1537: 288: 14294: 14119: 13686: 6111: 5284: 5061: 5049: 5025: 4929: 4597:

of 278,670 men drawn up on the Ebro, facing 80,000 raw, disorganized Spanish troops, Napoleon and his

4434:. Cowed by the mass hostility of the Andalusians, he broke off his offensive and was then defeated at 4410: 4349: 651: 405: 14455: 14124: 13917: 13696: 13640: 13590: 13469: 13222: 13202: 13046: 12995: 12970: 12899: 12879: 12798: 12699: 12453: 12369: 7801:

On 11 December, Napoleon, beleaguered and desperate, agreed to a separate peace with Spain under the

7775:

The Anglo-Italian battalions, the Calabrians and the Sicilian "Estero" regiment were sent to Sicily (

7289: 7119: 6988: 6686: 6325: 6220: 4897: 4777: 4630: 4414: 4236: 4115:

against the French occupation; the uprising was put down by Joachim Murat's elite Imperial Guard and

3773: 3708: 3588: 3397: 3205: 3116: 3027: 2724: 2388: 2229: 2119: 1761: 1750: 1704: 1634: 1300: 30: 13711: 13342: 13322: 13132: 12818: 12554: 10992:

History of the War in the Peninsula, and in the South of France: From the Year 1807 to the Year 1814

10823:

The Lines of Torres Vedras: The Cornerstone of Wellington's Strategy in the Peninsular War 1809–1812

10472: 7000:

On 13 April 1814 officers arrived with the announcement to both armies of the capture of Paris, the

6576: 6243: 5795: 5420: 5001: 4805: 4801: 4765: 4334: 4180: 3047: 2819: 2688: 2142: 1663: 1507: 1234: 14688: 14653: 14648: 14450: 14234: 14074: 13892: 13691: 13635: 13630: 13565: 13494: 13362: 13262: 13101: 13041: 12889: 12390: 7559: 7480: 6721: 6639: 6592: 6485:. They had recovered somewhat, but the situation was still precarious. Wellington's brother-in-law 6237: 6067: 6025: 6013: 5993: 5748: 5102: 4853: 4757: 3980:. The flight had been so chaotic that 14 carts loaded with treasure were left behind on the docks. 3042: 2774: 2136: 1733: 1720: 1697: 1657: 1584: 1494: 1383: 1289: 1273: 55: 14149: 13822: 13157: 6544: 6402:—the remaining presence was a few scattered garrisons. Trying to hold a front line in an arc from 5860: 5832:. Marching towards Cádiz on 28 February, this force defeated two French divisions under Victor at 4989: 4683: 4022: 1518: 14633: 14500: 14169: 14023: 13595: 13515: 13403: 13272: 13257: 13192: 13187: 12960: 12894: 12788: 12671: 11034: 10874: 7493: 6741: 6232: 6136: 6102: 5739:

Until these changes occurred the Portuguese administration was free to resist British influence,

5532: 4658: 4485: 4406: 4398: 3037: 2992: 2925: 2885: 2754: 2593: 2483: 2428: 2131: 2058: 1988: 1922: 1912: 1849: 1805: 1685: 1390: 1295: 14475: 13761: 13726: 12813: 10437:

Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1494–2007

7472: 5144:

appointed by King Joseph, and on 17 April 1810 these provinces were converted into French-style

3576: 1268: 14535: 14495: 14480: 14460: 14435: 14289: 14033: 13948: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13882: 13872: 13776: 13731: 13716: 13247: 12965: 12869: 12844: 12803: 12753: 12737: 7426: 7321: 7250: 7170: 7009: 6632: 6521: 6514: 6474: 6462: 6337: 6295: 6250: 5971: 5895: 5711: 5596: 5516: 5484: 5352: 5227: 5223: 4994: 4973: 4953: 4845: 4451: 4282: 4199:

in the centre. The French in Madrid sheltered behind an additional 30,000 troops under Marshal

4094: 4081: 3618:

during the winter of 1813–1814. The years of fighting in Spain were a heavy burden on France's

3513: 3509: 3091: 3052: 2868: 2848: 2749: 2321: 2194: 2149: 1917: 1823: 1483: 1454: 1319: 174: 14440: 13127: 12212: 12015:

Neale, Adam; Hopetoun, John Hope (4th earl); Malcolm, John; Rocca, Albert Jean Michel (1828).

11901: 11356: 10990: 10481: 7789: 7396:("the Desired One"; later "the Traitor King") revoked all the changes made by the independent 5875:, Soult outmaneuvered Beresford but could not win the battle. He retired his army to Seville. 1411: 14239: 14139: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13943: 13832: 13756: 13746: 13580: 13520: 13449: 13282: 13232: 13167: 13162: 12839: 12666: 12549: 11618: 7564: 7485: 6690: 6588: 6370: 6290: 6131: 6086: 6009: 5849: 5365: 5210: 5057: 5005: 5000:

With Portugal secured, Wellesley advanced into Spain to unite with Cuesta's forces. Victor's

4957: 4945: 4917: 4881: 4817: 4638: 4557: 4303: 4133: 3912: 3879: 3680: 3012: 2853: 2764: 2189: 2009: 1994: 1953: 1895: 1610: 1524: 1466: 1346: 663: 454: 101: 13172: 12768: 11693: 7844:

Contemporary British military sources and some secondary sources call this river the "Ers" (

7802: 7568: 7489: 7358: 6709: 5800: 5323:

America for providing unequal representation to the overseas territories. Unrest erupted in

4825: 4622: 2977: 2041: 1531: 14520: 14470: 14084: 13973: 13963: 13938: 13837: 13771: 13585: 13575: 13555: 13535: 13444: 13424: 13302: 13096: 13021: 12823: 7510: 7442: 7388:

After the Peninsular War, the pro-independence traditionalists and liberals clashed in the

7382: 7225: 7204: 6764: 6646:

on 19 October and was in retreat, so Wellington left the clearance of Catalonia to others.

6543:

commanding one corps of 21,000 men to attack and secure the Maya Pass. General of Division

6005: 5917:(1824) captures the fight between British redcoats and the French troops for Barrosa Ridge. 5176: 5161: 5132: 4885: 4708: 4618: 4516: 4353: 4112: 4106: 3800: 3555:, considered the first open-field defeat of the Napoleonic army on a European battlefield. 3529: 3189: 2920: 2448: 2087: 2031: 1947: 1890: 1844: 1710: 1691: 1371: 1258: 855: 843: 116: 106: 14144: 13398: 13267: 13207: 13106: 13036: 10278:

In the legions of Napoleon: the memoirs of a Polish officer in Spain and Russia, 1808–1813

6365:, had ceased to exist. Unable to resist the oncoming Russians, the French had to evacuate 5763: 4889: 4697: 2880: 1800: 1621: 1396: 1283: 8: 14525: 14304: 14299: 14028: 13978: 13862: 13847: 13751: 13645: 13545: 13459: 13347: 13307: 13227: 13197: 13177: 13111: 13076: 13026: 12990: 12985: 12945: 12808: 12793: 12778: 12763: 12722: 12499: 11722:

A History of the Peninsular War: Modern Studies of the War in Spain and Portugal, 1808–14

7697: 7456:

was inaugurated in Paris with the French victories of the Peninsular War inscribed on it.

6887: 6537: 6118: 6078: 5879: 5332: 5298:

Cádiz was heavily fortified, while the harbour was full of British and Spanish warships.

5072:, who brought up reinforcements in the form of his own men as well as General of Brigade 5017: 5013: 5008:, drove upon them. Two British divisions advanced to help the Spanish. On 27 July at the 4728: 4724: 4208: 3867: 3863: 3720: 3716: 3700: 3647: 3627: 3592: 3564: 3517: 3487: 3475: 3333: 3007: 2935: 2742: 2660: 2640: 2064: 1859: 1744: 1674: 1669: 1555: 1549: 1416: 1401: 1341: 1154: 1095: 1080: 1065: 1050: 1035: 1020: 1005: 990: 922: 874: 862: 850: 838: 826: 814: 802: 790: 778: 766: 754: 742: 730: 718: 706: 694: 682: 670: 658: 646: 634: 608: 355: 257: 252: 180: 13766: 13061: 13056: 12904: 11997: 11297: 7599:

Some accounts mark the Franco-Spanish invasion of Portugal as the beginning of the war (

6399: 5779: 5436: 5357: 5077: 4500: 4435: 4330: 4155:, the Spanish population rejected Napoleon's plans. The first wave of uprisings were in 3711:, Britain was finding new opportunities for trade with Portugal's colony in Brazil, the 3552: 3221: 2824: 1313: 1239: 14571: 14566: 14510: 14465: 14394: 14264: 14109: 14099: 14094: 14013: 13953: 13801: 13721: 13681: 13665: 13655: 13625: 13610: 13600: 13560: 13530: 13484: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13212: 13147: 12919: 12884: 12859: 12661: 12611: 12561: 12539: 12519: 12514: 12121: 12041: 11978: 11946: 11860: 11771: 11748: 11247: 11127: 10757: 10515: 10435: 10420: 10397: 10351: 10304: 7468: 7357:

remained King of Spain having been acknowledged on 11 December 1813 by Napoleon in the

7335: 6689:. The siege was abandoned after a time, but was later on renewed by Lieutenant General 6682: 6659: 6567: 6533: 6305: 6266: 6021: 5983: 5975: 5912: 5244: 5009: 4913: 4716: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4614: 4602: 4528: 4489: 4381: 4204: 4176: 4148: 4077: 3742: 3739: 3730:

Events moved rapidly. The Emperor sent orders on 19 July 1807 to his Foreign Minister,

3724: 3692: 3676: 3611: 3506: 3269: 3101: 3067: 2795: 2645: 2304: 2207: 2165: 2004: 1756: 1726: 1543: 1513: 1406: 1377: 1263: 831: 759: 747: 675: 327: 313: 13357: 13287: 13252: 13242: 11873: 6823:'s army (about 79,000), in three entrenched lines, stretched from the sea in front of 5288: 5084: 5041: 4969: 4893: 4266: 4242: 4227: 4143:(literally "little war") broke out in much of Spain against the French as well as the 4030: 3643: 3560: 2863: 1907: 1627: 1572: 1477: 13922: 13887: 13857: 13817: 13791: 13781: 13736: 13706: 13660: 13605: 13525: 13474: 13454: 13439: 13429: 13408: 13352: 13312: 13137: 13071: 13066: 12924: 12854: 12707: 12626: 12621: 12334: 12315: 12294: 12275: 12252: 12233: 12197: 12178: 12159: 12140: 12094: 12075: 12056: 12022: 11963: 11950: 11907: 11879: 11864: 11809: 11790: 11725: 11699: 11671: 11665: 11641: 11622: 11599: 11557: 11453: 11434: 11415: 11396: 11381: 11362: 11314: 11308: 11277: 11251: 11241: 11180: 11152: 11142: 11106: 11081: 11062: 11028: 11009: 10952: 10946: 10931: 10880: 10868: 10847: 10826: 10799: 10776: 10724: 10698: 10677: 10647: 10612: 10582: 10579:

Galloping at Everything: The British Cavalry in the Peninsula and at Waterloo 1808–15

10519: 10509: 10487: 10441: 10383: 10357: 10329: 10323: 10282: 10243: 9574: 9144: 7819: 7687: 7629:

In Spanish, the form of asymmetric warfare waged by the Spanish partisans was termed

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and Cambo-les-Bains, his loss being slight, and thence pushed down the river towards

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consisting of 150 transports carrying between 12,000 and 13,000 men, convoyed by HMS

4504: 4477: 4423: 4368: 3883: 3655: 3604: 3541: 3471: 3381: 3301: 3253: 3121: 3096: 3032: 2997: 2962: 2930: 2910: 2890: 2829: 2630: 2423: 2372: 2218: 2200: 2125: 1999: 1966: 1934: 1901: 1854: 1834: 1811: 1566: 1422: 1336: 1245: 723: 150: 111: 13378: 10606: 5825: 5336: 5263: 4731:. The British troops escaped to the sea after fending off a strong French attack at 3556: 3285: 1879: 1591: 14445: 14329: 14129: 13968: 13867: 13852: 13701: 13650: 13570: 13479: 13434: 13383: 13297: 13182: 13091: 13081: 12975: 12914: 12676: 11938: 11852: 10792: 10641: 7711: 7663: 7432:

The war against Napoleon remains as the bloodiest event in Spain's modern history.

7397: 7279: 6952: 6948: 6940: 6622:

2,800 feet (850 m) high. The decisive movement was a passage in strength near

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during the Peninsular War: The Campaign of Wellington's Portuguese Troops, 1809–11

10258: 6563: 6458: 6428: 5759: 5068:

on 18 October 1809 and occupied Salamanca on 25 October. Marchand was replaced by

4192: 4144: 3862:

Spain was an ally of Napoleon's First French Empire; however, defeat in the naval

418: 14324: 14259: 14244: 14134: 14018: 14008: 13983: 13958: 13786: 13620: 13142: 12950: 12874: 12849: 12601: 12489: 12413: 12016: 11542: 11271: 11100: 10692: 10276: 7788:

The bridge crosses the Urdains brook (a tributary of the Nive) just north of the

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starving army before Lisbon for a month, Masséna fell back to a position between

5788: 5767: 5744: 5468: 5073: 4933: 4877: 4865: 4066: 3491: 3349: 3017: 2895: 2843: 2728: 2613: 2598: 2273: 2081: 1817: 1771: 1604: 1443: 639: 595: 301: 155: 72: 14591: 10739: 6778:

British forces in Catalonia were ordered to join Wellington's army on the river

6654: 6360: 6024:

Blake's relief attempt. The Spanish defenders capitulated on 25 October. Suchet

5774:

after which Masséna moved to attack the held British position on the heights of

4119:

cavalry, which crashed into the city and trampled the rioters. In addition, the

3757: 3707:

was open to trade with Britain. Pretexts were plentiful; Portugal was Britain's

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Letters from Portugal and Spain: An Account of the Operations of the Armies ...

11856: 7815: 7515: 6960: 6584: 6525: 6504: 6391: 6354: 6256: 5944: 5771: 5735: 5731: 5149: 5089: 4900:. Saint-Cyr was relieved of his command in September for deserting his troops. 4308: 4287: 4128: 3935: 3819: 3746: 3696: 3057: 2418: 2155: 1651: 12651: 7460: 7343: 4720: 4621:. The Junta was forced to abandon Madrid in November 1808, and resided in the 4151:, had accepted Napoleon's decision to grant the Spanish crown to his brother, 14627: 14079: 12783: 12641: 12571: 12356: 11505: 11495: 11281: 10673: 10616: 7393: 7354: 6820: 6748: 5784: 5206: 4921: 4857: 4196: 4061: 807: 11615:

Fighting Napoleon: Guerrillas, Bandits & Adventurers in Spain, 1808–1814

11296:

Rocca, Albert Jean Michel; Rocca, M. de (1815). Callcott, Lady Maria (ed.).

10541: 7543: 5155:

The French obtained a measure of acquiescence among the propertied classes.

4576: 12631: 12467: 12360: 12309: 12026: 11514:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–98. 10841: 7413: 7363: 7331: 7073: 6812: 6705: 6681:, Commander of a British expedition from the Mediterranean islands at the 6623: 6600: 6490:

also uncertain that Wellington could continue to count on Spanish support.

6366: 5232: 4753: 4543: 4422:

July; and on 25 July he was crowned King of Spain. On 10 June, five French

4326: 4124: 4010: 3761: 2670: 2541: 2412: 11255: 6164: 3965: 14419: 14389: 14377: 14334: 14089: 12213:"Buscando a mi general: el periplo asturiano de Andrew Leith Hay en 1808" 11174: 10207: 7389: 7375: 5845: 5361: 5171: 3887: 3845: 3525: 2382: 2343: 2331: 687: 308: 10177: 6720:

Suchet thought that the armies under the command of the Spanish General

5929:

Marshal Beresford disarming a Polish officer at La Albuera (16 May 1811)

4564:, except three regiments that failed to escape, back to Spain by way of 4401:

and was forced to return to Barcelona. Six thousand French troops under

3579:

and provided whatever supplies they could get to the Spanish, while the

14104: 12364: 11942: 11762:

Gurwood, J., ed. (1852b). "Wellington to Liverpool, 21 December 1810".

11200: 10633:

Napoleon's Cursed War: Popular Resistance in the Spanish Peninsular War

7496:, and lit the fuse, shredding a wave of attackers at point-blank range. 6832: 5715: 5180: 5145: 4941: 4932:

had 20,000 men for the operation. He stormed the Spanish naval base at

4849: 4841: 4565: 4523:

took command of the 30,000-man British force in Portugal. In addition,

4262: 3712: 3651: 3584: 2623: 819: 614: 11739:

Gurwood, J., ed. (1852). "Wellington to Liverpool, 14 November 1809".

7826:'s defenders much depleted and incapable of further offensive action. 6378:

in a difficult position. In much of the area under French control—the

4431: 2499: 6984: 6863: 6666: 6395: 6387: 6070:, which would prove to be one of the bloodiest siege assaults of the 6001: 5804: 5305: 5141: 4626: 4472: 4372: 4352:

moved into Aragon and Old Castile with 25,000 men, aiming to capture

4212: 4139: 4093:

in France. There on 5 May, under French pressure, the two kings both

4050: 4042: 3632: 3548: 2718: 14069: 12291:

Napoleon's War in Spain: The French Peninsular Campaigns, 1807–1814

11221: 11201:

Prados de la Escosura, Leandro; Santiago-Caballero, Carlos (2018).

6968: 6956: 6879: 6771: 6677:(11 April 1813), but was subsequently routed by Lieutenant General 6607: 6596: 6562:

With 18,000 men, Wellington captured the French-garrisoned city of

6432: 5979: 5960: 5124: 4417:. After defeating Spanish counterattacks, Moncey retreated. At the 4376: 4232: 4188: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4046: 3859:, the young who styled themselves with French fashion and manners. 3704: 3684: 3615: 12382: 11544:

Mémoires du General Bigarré, aide de camp du roi Joseph: 1775–1813

11494:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

6839:. Wellington on 10 November 1813 attacked and drove the French to 6030: 5268: 4686:, opening his attack with a successful raid by Lieutenant-General 4397:'s Franco-Italian division of almost 6,000 troops failed to storm 4356:

and Zaragoza. Moncey marched toward Valencia with 29,350 men, and

3568: 3559:

by 70,000 French troops, a reconstituted national government, the

2241: 11638:

Peninsular War; Aspects of the Struggle for the Iberian Peninsula

11401:. Vol. III (New, in 6 volumes ed.). London: John Murray 7818:—one of the many German rulers who had surrendered following the 7612:

Denotes the date of the general armistice between France and the

7445:, visualize the efforts and horror of the reality of the Spanish 6980: 6840: 6779: 6674: 6628: 6615: 6580: 6498: 6383: 6017: 5952: 5775: 5754:

As a prelude to invasion, Ney took the Spanish fortified town of

5730:. The various parts of the lines communicated with each other by 5723: 5719: 4937: 4704: 4345: 4090: 4038: 3895: 3777: 3735: 3607:

paving the way for victory in the war in the Iberian Peninsula.

3599:. In the following year the Coalition scored a victory over King 1175: 12257:. Vol. II (New, in 6 volumes ed.). London: John Murray 11574:

A History of the English-speaking Peoples: The age of revolution

11458:. Vol. VI (New, in 6 volumes ed.). London: John Murray 11420:. Vol. IV (New, in 6 volumes ed.). London: John Murray 10867: 6649: 5743:'s position being rendered tolerable by the firm support of the 5372: 3764:. The treaty proposed to carve up Portugal into three entities. 12238:. Vol. I (New, in 6 volumes ed.). London: John Murray 11526: 11439:. Vol. V (New, in 6 volumes ed.). London: John Murray 7348:

Horace Vernet: Napoleon on the Island of Elba Awaiting the brig

6964: 6697:, evacuated Tarragona (17 August) but defeated Bentinck in the 6403: 6034: 5762:, and forced Wellington back through Almeida to Busaco. At the 4450:

sheltered behind the Ebro. By this time, Girona had resisted a

4361: 4168: 4116: 3840: 3596: 3536:

defeated Napoleon in 1814, and is regarded as one of the first

10896:"The Spanish Ulcer: Napoleon, Britain, and the Siege of Cádiz" 6935:

The sortie from the besieged city of Bayonne, on 14 April 1814

6551:

of 40,000 men. Reille's right wing suffered further losses at

5828:, with the British contingent being led by Lieutenant-General 4568:

in Sweden. The division arrived in Santander in October 1808.

4560:

from Denmark. In August 1808, the British Baltic fleet helped

3610:

Pursued by the armies of Britain, Spain and Portugal, Marshal

974:

121,000 (53,749 British, 39,608 Spanish and 27,569 Portuguese)

11843:

Laqueur, Walter (1975). "The Origins of Guerrilla Doctrine".

11144:

A History of Spain and Portugal: Eighteenth Century to Franco

11083:

A History of the Peninsular War: August 1813 – April 14, 1814

10129: 10032: 9942: 9412: 9093: 9091: 7823: 7633:("little war"), while the practitioner of such tactics was a 6828: 6733: 6708:

wrote that because of " absurdly optimistic reliance on" the

6670: 6619: 5955:

from the Spanish in Catalonia on 2 January 1811. MacDonald's

5328: 5324: 5175:("turned French") was used to denote those who supported the 4936:

on 26 January 1809, capturing eight ships of the line, three

4856:

in Pontevedra by Spanish forces under the command of Colonel

4800:

ended with the complete destruction of the Spanish forces at

4649:

near Barcelona on 16 December and routed the Spaniards under

4503:

on 17 August and smashed Junot's main force of 14,000 men at

4439: 4147:'s officials. Although the Spanish government, including the 3984: 3969: 3765: 3479: 11554:

Life in Napoleon's army: the memoirs of Captain Elzéar Blaze

11270:

Robinson, F. P. (1956). Atkinson, Christopher Thomas (ed.).

11099:

Pakenham, Edward Michael; Pakenham Longford, Thomas (2009).

10213:(in Spanish). London: En la imprenta de Carlos Wood e Hijos 9424: 8683: 8365: 8009: 8007: 8005: 8003: 8001: 7999: 7997: 5726:

with fortified artillery positions—under the supervision of

4080:

and Charles IV was forced to abdicate in favour of his son,

3679:, negotiated during a meeting in July 1807 between Emperors 3638:

War and revolution against Napoleon's occupation led to the

12311:

Rifles: Six years with Wellington's legendary sharpshooters

11337:"The Edinburgh Annual Register: Volume 1; Volume 2, Part 1" 9896: 9402: 9400: 8319: 8317: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8281: 7931: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7371: 6848: 6836: 6611: 4892:

by Blake on 23 May, losing 2,000 men. Suchet retaliated at

4861: 4837: 4788: 3781: 12096:

A History of the Peninsular War: Sep. 1 1812 – 5 Aug. 1813

10119: 10117: 10115: 10113: 10111: 10109: 10107: 10092: 9894: 9892: 9890: 9888: 9886: 9884: 9882: 9880: 9878: 9876: 9861: 9849: 9837: 9825: 9803: 9801: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9793: 9696: 9694: 9631: 9607: 9385: 9157: 9088: 8377: 8304: 8302: 8300: 7835:"Gave" in the Pyrenees means a mountain stream or torrent. 6591:

was repulsed by the Spanish Army of Galicia under General

6453: 5934: 5882:. Masséna advanced to its relief, attacking Wellington at 3540:. It is also significant for the emergence of large-scale 12379:

Retrieval of fictional cannon during Peninsular Campaign.

12077:

A History of the Peninsular War: Oct. 1811 – Aug. 31 1812

12014: 11355:

Simmons, George; Verner, William Willoughby Cole (2012).

10464:

The Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon, 1792–1815

10056: 9906: 8560: 7994: 7970: 3870:, began to seek some form of escape. At the start of the 3467: 11552:

Blaze, Elzéar (1995). Haythornthwaite, Philip J. (ed.).

10773:

The Peninsular War 1807–1814: A Concise Military History

10188:

sfn error: no target: CITEREFPrados_de_la_Escosura2018 (

10044: 9742: 9718: 9655: 9583: 9556: 9484: 9472: 9460: 9448: 9397: 9337: 9289: 9241: 9181: 8977: 8965: 8941: 8478: 8476: 8425: 8314: 8278: 8060: 7941: 7920: 7875: 6631:. The losses were about—Allies, 800; French, 1,600. The 6353:

By the end of 1812, the large army that had invaded the

4360:

marshalled 12,710 troops in Catalonia and moved against

10165: 10153: 10141: 10104: 10080: 10010: 10008: 9971: 9969: 9873: 9790: 9778: 9766: 9730: 9706: 9691: 9679: 9619: 9532: 9520: 9373: 9349: 9325: 9301: 9277: 9265: 9253: 9229: 9217: 9205: 9193: 9103: 8917: 8893: 8881: 8775: 8773: 8736: 8734: 8632: 8608: 8584: 8536: 8461: 8413: 8353: 8297: 8234: 8096: 8084: 8072: 7960: 7958: 7956: 7488:

because, with the French troops only a few yards away,

7467:, who became a guerrilla fighter, when she smashed her 6599:

to strengthen his own position, and secure the port of

4968:. These new forces turned Soult out of Portugal at the 4527:, in command of an expedition of reinforcements out of 4333:

was the French Empire's first land defeat. Painting by

12219:(in Spanish). Universidad de Oviedo. GGKEY:T6X2X3HZ2PQ 11695:

Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat

11203:"The Napoleonic Wars: A Watershed in Spanish History?" 11064:

A History of the Peninsular War: Dec. 1810 – Dec. 1811

9918: 9667: 9643: 9595: 9544: 9361: 9115: 8869: 8845: 8758: 8746: 8719: 8707: 8695: 8596: 8038: 8036: 8034: 7896: 6806: 136:

2 May 1808 (sometimes 27 October 1807) – 17 April 1814

11983:. London: John Murray (Vol 1), and private (Vols 2–6) 11670:. Vol. I. Editorial Visión Libros. p. 292. 10183: 10020: 9508: 9496: 9436: 9169: 9076: 9042: 9040: 9001: 8797: 8548: 8524: 8512: 8488: 8473: 8449: 8341: 8329: 8268: 8266: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8162: 8019: 7982: 6606:

At daylight on 7 October 1813 Wellington crossed the

5291:, which established a permanent government under the 5096:. Kellermann counterattacked and was repulsed at the 4476:

Portuguese and British troops fighting the French at

2489:

Portuguese invasion of the Banda Oriental (1811–1812)

11310:

Recollections of Marshal Macdonald, Duke of Tarentum

10380:

Spanish Army of the Napoleonic Wars : 1812–1815

10275:

Brandt, Heinrich von (1999). North, Jonathan (ed.).

10068: 10005: 9993: 9981: 9966: 9954: 9930: 9064: 9052: 9013: 8989: 8953: 8905: 8857: 8833: 8821: 8809: 8770: 8731: 8671: 8620: 8500: 8401: 8174: 8128: 8126: 8113: 8111: 8048: 7953: 7908: 6579:. Meanwhile, the French garrison retreated into the 5778:—a 10-mile (16 km)-long ridge—resulting in the 5226:'s "Cazadores de Navarra". The French believed that 964:

160,000 regulars (1/3 fighting alongside Wellington)

11806:

With Moore at Corunna: A Tale of the Peninsular War

9313: 8929: 8659: 8437: 8389: 8186: 8031: 6012:mountain range. In October, the Spanish launched a 4884:on 6 May and the city finally fell on 12 December. 4840:, recaptured most of the cities in the province of 4836:On 27 March, Spanish forces defeated the French at 3501:The war started when the French and Spanish armies 10791: 10721:The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War 10694:The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War 10670:The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War 9037: 9025: 8572: 8263: 8246: 8222: 8210: 8198: 8150: 7865: 7863: 5714:—three strong lines of mutually supporting forts, 5038:Supreme Central and Governing Junta of the Kingdom 4641:from an Anglo-Spanish garrison, destroyed part of 12288: 12058:A History of the Peninsular War: Jan. – Sep. 1809 11906:(reprint ed.). Routledge. pp. 417–420. 11276:. London: Army Historical Research. p. 165. 10643:The Napoleonic Wars: The Peninsular War 1807–1814 9754: 8138: 8123: 8108: 6967:, where there was a severe action (20 March), to 6754:The last actions in this theatre happened at the 4876:In Catalonia, Saint-Cyr defeated Reding again at 4084:. In the aftermath of the abdication, attacks on 3494:. In Spain, it is considered to overlap with the 3486:against the invading and occupying forces of the 14625: 12289:Tranié, Jean; Carmigniani, Juan Carlos (1994) . 10608:A History of The British Army. Vol. IV 1807–1809 10248:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 9813: 9141:Spanish Guerrillas in the Peninsular War 1808–14 8785: 7411:The experience in self-government led the later 4183:on 29 July and massacred the town's population. 3591:, a combined allied army defeated the French at 231: 14582:England expects that every man will do his duty 11784: 11179:. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers. 10260:Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905) 7860: 7471:in the heads of the French soldiers during the 6890:) were-Allies about 5,000, French about 7,000. 6665:In the northern Mediterranean region of Spain ( 6101:British infantry attempt to scale the walls of 5974:captured in a coup-de-main the key fortress of 5859:and a Spanish army led by the Spanish generals 5794:Masséna's Army of Portugal concentrated around 4743: 4571: 4076:On 19 March 1808, Godoy fell from power in the 84: 10639: 10230:. Archived from the original on 6 October 2009 8689: 8371: 6125: 5083:Aréizaga's army was destroyed by Soult at the 4979: 4871: 4664: 1159:180,000–240,000 dead (91,000 killed in action) 12398: 11960:Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, 1807–1815 11354: 11176:History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I 10924:Historia de España: La España de Fernando VII 10135: 7012:was formally signed at Paris on 30 May 1814. 6650:Campaign in the northern Mediterranean region 6520:Marshal Soult began a counter-offensive (the 6180: 5195: 5040:was forced by popular pressure to set up the 4903: 2704: 2515: 2257: 1191: 11851:(3). Society for Military History: 341–382. 11132:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 10425:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 10411:Chartrand, Rene; Younghusband, Bill (2000). 10402:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 10378:Chartrand, Rene; Younghusband, Bill (1999). 7417:(Liberators) to promote the independence of 6627:fighting, and he withdrew towards the river 6440: 6358: 6041: 6000:On 5 May, Suchet besieged the vital city of 5346: 5273:The Proclamation of the Constitution of 1812 4782: 4592: 3851:(Francophiles) at court were opposed by the 3635:, to call the conflict the "Spanish Ulcer". 3619: 12046:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 11011:English Battles and Sieges in the Peninsula 10555: 9589: 7740:Levantamiento y revolución de los españoles 7640: 6963:, where there was a combat (19 March), and 6194: 6085:August; 20,000 muskets, 180 cannon and two 6054: 5783:militia, 8,000 Spaniards and 2,500 British 4961:refit his army before advancing on Lisbon. 4762:The assault on the Santa Engracia monastery 4069:and received 6,000 reinforcements from the 15: 12405: 12391: 12126:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11776:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11753:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11295: 11239: 11030:A History of the Peninsular War: 1807–1809 10762:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 10433: 10413:The Portuguese Army of the Napoleonic Wars 9163: 8566: 8013: 7976: 7935: 7890: 7742:("Rising and Revolution of the Spaniards") 6635:"was a general's not a soldier's battle". 6448: 6187: 6173: 6008:the Spanish out of their positions on the 5031: 3987:indemnity imposed. The army formed into a 2711: 2697: 2522: 2508: 2264: 2250: 1873:The siege of Cádiz and Andalusia 1810–1812 1198: 1184: 1123:215,000–375,000 military and civilian dead 16: 12210: 12134: 11899: 11570: 11299:Memoirs of the War of the French in Spain 11056:. Vol. III. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 10604: 10595: 10539: 10410: 10377: 10206:Argüelles, A. (1970). J. Longares (ed.). 10205: 9562: 9295: 9138: 9121: 7947: 7902: 6995: 6669:) Suchet had defeated Elio's Murcians at 5368:, 1910 – commemorating the Peninsular War 5257: 4794: 4488:—landed in Portugal under the command of 4215:were searching for the insurgent forces. 12250: 12231: 12153: 11761: 11719: 11654: 11635: 11499: 11451: 11432: 11413: 11394: 11269: 11098: 11086:. Vol. VII. Oxford: Clarendon Press 11008:Napier, William Francis Patrick (1879). 10989:Napier, William Francis Patrick (1867). 10921: 10839: 10576: 10461: 10349: 10321: 10123: 10098: 9900: 9867: 9807: 9748: 9724: 9661: 9625: 9490: 9478: 9466: 9454: 9430: 9418: 9406: 9343: 9247: 9187: 8923: 8899: 8887: 8725: 8653: 8638: 8590: 8542: 8467: 8419: 8359: 8308: 8240: 8102: 8090: 8078: 7845: 7342: 6930: 6653: 6468: 6457: 6343:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 6336: 6160: 5867:, attempted to retake Badajoz by laying 5815: 5371: 5356: 5267: 5205: 5187:. Napoleon relied on support from these 5123: 4988: 4940:, several thousand prisoners and 20,000 4907: 4848:. On 7 June, the French army of Marshal 4831: 4752: 4668: 4575: 4471: 4320: 4021: 4003: 3952: 3768:and the northern part was to become the 3752:While all this was going on, the secret 3670: 3567:—fortified itself in the secure port of 2184:Campaign in south-west France, 1813–1814 51:1808–1814 war against Napoleon in Iberia 24:This is an accepted version of this page 12272:Memoirs of the War in Spain (2 volumes) 12175:The Peninsular War. A Battlefield Guide 12112:Palafox, J. de (1994). H. Lafoz (ed.). 12111: 12099:. Vol. VI. Oxford: Clarendon Press 12093:Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1922). 12074:Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1914). 12061:. Vol. II. Oxford: Clarendon Press 12055:Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1903). 11842: 11738: 11663: 11612: 11589: 11540: 11306: 11080:Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1930). 11067:. Vol. IV. Oxford: Clarendon Press 11061:Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1911). 11049:Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1908). 11027:Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1902). 10893: 10507: 10440:. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. 10171: 10159: 10147: 10086: 9784: 9772: 9736: 9712: 9700: 9685: 9538: 9526: 9355: 9331: 9307: 9283: 9271: 9259: 9235: 9223: 9211: 9199: 9109: 8875: 8851: 8764: 8752: 8713: 8701: 8602: 8554: 8530: 8518: 8494: 8482: 8455: 8383: 8347: 8335: 8323: 8291: 8168: 8042: 6454:Campaign in the eastern Atlantic region 6285:Campaign in south-west France 1813–1814 5935:French conquest of Aragon and Catalonia 5235:, superstition and counter-revolution. 5202:Guerrilla warfare in the Peninsular War 4468:British Army during the Napoleonic Wars 4461: 4316: 3942: 2529: 2439:Linois's expedition to the Indian Ocean 1929:Extremadura and central Spain 1811-1812 138:(5 years, 11 months, 2 weeks and 1 day) 14: 14626: 12728:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom 12269: 12172: 12080:. Vol. V. Oxford: Clarendon Press 11976: 11928: 11875:Napoleon and the Birth of Modern Spain 11871: 11592:The Spanish Army in the Peninsular War 11577:. Vol. 3. Dodd, Mead. p. 257 11470: 11243:A dictionary of Napoleon and his times 11172: 11007: 10988: 10944: 10820: 10770: 10630: 10306:The Annual Register, for the year 1810 10274: 10256: 9924: 9855: 9843: 9831: 9673: 9649: 9637: 9613: 9601: 9550: 9391: 9367: 9319: 9175: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9097: 9082: 8803: 8779: 8626: 8506: 8025: 7988: 7914: 7617: 7600: 7370:With Napoleon exiled to the island of 5653: 4860:, and Ney and his forces retreated to 4719:on 30 December by Soult, who captured 4307:French soldiers execute civilians (by 3732:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 3310: 81: 14410:Spanish American wars of independence 12386: 12328: 12307: 11995: 11830:. Vol. V. Harding, Lepard and Co 11823: 11803: 11743:. Vol. III. London. p. 583. 11691: 11667:Memorias de D, Antonio Alcalá Galiano 11551: 11375: 11334: 11218:European Historical Economics Society 11140: 10908:National Endowment for the Humanities 10718: 10690: 10667: 10479: 10302: 10026: 9514: 9502: 9442: 9379: 9058: 9019: 8995: 8983: 8971: 8959: 8947: 8935: 8911: 8863: 8839: 8827: 8815: 8740: 8677: 8443: 8431: 8407: 8395: 8180: 8066: 8054: 7964: 7435: 6974: 6789: 6168: 5242:Hatred of the French and devotion to 4956:at the cost of 200 Frenchmen. At the 4507:. Wellesley was replaced at first by 3723:, had declined to join the emperor's 3703:, Napoleon expressed irritation that 2692: 2503: 2245: 1179: 1170:1,000,000+ military and civilian dead 12191: 12092: 12073: 12054: 11957: 11766:. Vol. VII. London. p. 54. 11313:. Vol. II. London: Nabu Press. 11079: 11060: 11048: 11026: 10972: 10789: 10775:. Penguin Classic Military History. 10225: 10074: 10062: 10050: 10038: 10014: 9999: 9987: 9975: 9960: 9948: 9936: 9912: 9760: 9070: 9046: 9031: 9007: 8791: 8665: 8614: 8272: 8257: 8228: 8216: 8204: 8192: 8156: 8144: 8132: 8117: 7869: 7776: 7763: 7680:("War in Spain and in Portugal") or 7571:, fires a gun on the French invaders 7546:, by sculptor Francisco Javier Galán 6802:Campaign in north-east France (1814) 6796:Campaign in south-west France (1814) 5589: 5113: 4984: 4844:and forced the French to retreat to 3760:and Eugenio Izquierdo, an agent for 2875:Third invasion of Portugal 1810–1811 2803:First invasion of Portugal 1807–1808 2469:British invasions of the River Plate 2021:Castile and northern Spain 1811–1813 1599:Aragón and northeast Spain 1809–1813 14395:Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War) 12412: 10922:Martínez, Ángel de Velasco (1999). 10737: 10470: 9819: 9127: 8578: 7378:was restored to the French throne. 6979:On 8 April, Wellington crossed the 6807:Battles of the Nivelle and the Nive 6541:Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon 5939:After a two-week siege, the French 5335:. The revolts were suppressed (See 4748: 4715:'s retreating force was overrun at 4127:. The next day, as immortalized by 4100: 3797:Portrait of Prince John of Braganza 3358: 2271: 48: 12331:The Man who Broke Napoleon's Codes 11903:Reader's Guide to Military History 11827:The Naval History of Great Britain 11789:. Campaign 83. Osprey Publishing. 11519: 11500:Robinson, Charles Walker (1911). " 11210:Working Papers on Economic History 10906:(January/February 2010 Number 1). 10598:The Lines of Torres Vedras 1809–11 10309:(2nd ed.). London: Rivingtons 6862:, a junior British officer in the 6618:road, along mountain spurs to the 6445:was not regarded with equanimity. 4438:, where he surrendered his entire 4095:abdicated their claims to Napoleon 3827: 1778:3rd Invasion of Portugal 1810–1811 1219:1st invasion of Portugal 1807–1808 1205: 332:Evacuation of La Romana's division 80: 49: 14730: 14719:Wars involving the United Kingdom 14699:Portugal–United Kingdom relations 12211:Rodríguez, Alicia Lastra (1956). 11980:The War in the Peninsula (6 vols) 11900:Messenger, Charles, ed. (2013) . 11240:Richardson, Hubert N. B. (1921). 10825:. Pen & Sword Books Limited. 7224:Third Coalition: Germany 1803:... 6831:and thence, behind the river, to 6763:stopped them. The French General 6524:) and defeated the Allies at the 4776:'s bombardments that summer, was 4111:On 2 May, the citizens of Madrid 3978:set sail for the colony of Brazil 3882:spent the winter of 1807–1808 in 3571:in 1810. The British army, under 3326: 14270:Frederick William III of Prussia 14250:Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly 12270:Suchet, Duke D'Albufera (2007). 11996:Neale, Adam (1809). "Appendix". 11785:Haythornthwaite, Philip (2001). 11724:. Vol. 9. Greenhill Books. 11664:Galiano, Antonio Alcalá (2009). 11556:. Greenhill Books. p. 102. 11541:Bigarré, Auguste Julien (1893). 11525: 11487: 10640:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2002). 10558:"Military General Service Medal" 9568: 7838: 7829: 7808: 7795: 7782: 7769: 7756: 7692:Guerra da Independencia española 7551: 7535: 7523: 7502: 7249:Peninsular War: Portugal 1807... 7203: 7186: 7169: 7152: 7135: 7118: 7101: 7089: 7072: 7048: 7041: 7034: 6907: 6895: 6110: 6094: 5922: 5903: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5652: 5636: 5620: 5604: 5588: 5573: 5572: 5556: 5540: 5524: 5508: 5492: 5476: 5460: 5444: 5428: 5412: 5396: 5389: 4295: 4274: 4250: 4220: 3924: 3903: 3894:and Spanish troops marched into 3808: 3789: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3390: 3389: 3373: 3357: 3341: 3325: 3309: 3293: 3277: 3262: 3261: 3245: 3229: 3213: 3198: 3197: 3181: 3165: 3158: 2837:Second invasion of Portugal 1809 1153: 1130: 1117: 1094: 1079: 1064: 1049: 1034: 1019: 1004: 989: 958: 938: 921: 911: 901: 873: 861: 849: 837: 825: 813: 801: 789: 777: 765: 753: 741: 729: 717: 705: 693: 681: 669: 657: 645: 633: 621: 607: 589: 577: 557: 545: 533: 521: 514: 500: 486: 472: 460: 448: 436: 424: 412: 398: 386: 374: 362: 348: 320: 307: 294: 277: 264: 251: 233: 220: 208: 14669:France–United Kingdom relations 14390:Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War) 14320:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 12333:. London: Faber and Faber Ltd. 11925:; evaluation of the major books 11845:Journal of Contemporary History 11052:A History of the Peninsular War 7747: 7694:("War of Spanish Independence") 7678:Guerre d'Espagne et du Portugal 7660:("Spanish War of Independence") 7658:Espainiako Independentzia Gerra 6536:(28 and 30 July) Soult ordered 5637: 5621: 5541: 5525: 5445: 4772:Zaragoza, already scarred from 4171:on 24 May; and the province of 4121:Mamelukes of the Imperial Guard 3719:, regent for his insane mother 3520:and then installed his brother 3374: 3294: 3246: 1501:Castile and Andalusia 1809–1810 14305:Prince Regent John of Portugal 14215:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 14160:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony 14155:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria 12349: 11480: 11361:. Cambridge University Press. 7656:("Iberian Peninsular War") or 7623: 7606: 7593: 7582: 7449:as part of the Peninsular War. 7441:The 82 prints of Goya, called 5878:In April, Wellington besieged 5605: 5557: 5461: 5429: 5397: 5070:François Étienne de Kellermann 4562:transport the Spanish division 4499:'s 4,000-strong detachment at 3999: 3342: 3230: 3214: 3182: 3166: 13: 1: 14330:Prince Charles John of Sweden 12314:. London: Faber & Faber. 12254:History of the Peninsular War 12235:History of the Peninsular War 11455:History of the Peninsular War 11436:History of the Peninsular War 11417:History of the Peninsular War 11398:History of the Peninsular War 11378:The Napoleonic Wars Data Book 11149:University of Wisconsin Press 10199: 9143:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 7262:Peninsular War: Spain 1808... 6843:. The allied loss during the 6714:campaign in north-east France 6210:Vitoria and the Pyrenees 1813 5509: 5493: 5477: 5413: 4888:'s III Corps was defeated at 4585:Louis-François, Baron Lejeune 3770:Kingdom of Northern Lusitania 3547:In 1808, the Spanish army in 3503:invaded and occupied Portugal 3278: 2743:War of the Pyrenees 1793-1795 2454:Second Archipelago Expedition 2449:British conquest of Cape Town 2114:Vitoria and the Pyrenees 1813 1331:Napoleon's campaign 1808–1809 712:Julien Augustin Joseph Mermet 12177:. Pen & Sword Military. 11613:Esdaile, Charles J. (2004). 11590:Esdaile, Charles J. (1988). 10434:Clodfelter, Micheal (2008). 7854: 7714:: Many names, including the 7459:A sculpture was erected for 7015: 5341:Bolivian War of Independence 5120:Spain under Joseph Bonaparte 4744:Spanish campaign, early 1809 4643:Juan Miguel de Vives y Feliu 4572:Napoleon's invasion of Spain 4403:Charles Lefebvre-Desnouettes 4344:led 24,430 men south toward 4201:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey 4045:, including the citadels of 3957:The Portuguese royal family 3834:History of Spain (1700–1810) 3640:Spanish Constitution of 1812 796:Pierre Hugues Victoire Merle 736:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr 443:Gregorio García de la Cuesta 54:Not to be confused with the 7: 14674:19th-century guerrilla wars 11931:Journal of Military History 11872:Lovett, Gabriel H. (1965). 11808:. Independently Published. 11657:The Campaigns of Wellington 11655:Fletcher, Ian, ed. (2007). 11596:Manchester University Press 11571:Churchill, Winston (1958). 11532:Spanish War of Independence 11473:Wellington in the Peninsula 11102:Pakenham Letters: 1800–1815 10581:. Staplehurst: Spellmount. 10350:Chandler, David G. (1974). 10322:Chandler, David G. (1995). 6827:along commanding ground to 6704:The military historian Sir 6126:French autumn counterattack 4980:Spanish campaign, late 1809 4872:French advance in Catalonia 4787:did not advance beyond the 4665:Corunna campaign, 1808–1809 4419:Battle of Medina de Rioseco 4395:Guillaume Philibert Duhesme 4358:Guillaume Philibert Duhesme 4195:in the north to Madrid and 4055:Guillaume Philibert Duhesme 3949:Invasion of Portugal (1807) 3872:War of the Fourth Coalition 3689:War of the Fourth Coalition 3551:defeated the French at the 3538:wars of national liberation 3496:Spanish War of Independence 2782:Mediterranean Campaign 1798 369:Bernardim Freire de Andrade 10: 14735: 14165:Frederick I of Württemberg 12535:Confederation of the Rhine 12021:. Vol. I. Edinburgh. 11857:10.1177/002200947501000301 11173:Porter, Whitworth (1889). 11141:Payne, Stanley G. (1973). 11105:. Ken Trotman Publishing. 10894:Hindley, Meredith (2010). 10846:. Hodder & Stoughton. 10840:Guedalla, Philip (2005) . 10353:The Art of Warfare on Land 10184:Prados de la Escosura 2018 7716:Guerra de la Independencia 7654:Iberiar Penintsulako Gerra 7022:History of Spain (1810–73) 7019: 6799: 6793: 6493:The summer of 1813 in the 5894:Anglo-Spanish garrison at 5350: 5261: 5199: 5196:Emergence of the guerrilla 5162:Los Desastres de la Guerra 5117: 4993:The Battle of Talavera by 4904:Second Portuguese campaign 4804:on 13 January by Victor's 4465: 4391:François Xavier de Schwarz 4340:To defeat the insurgency, 4259:the defenders of Monteleón 4104: 3946: 3831: 3524:on the Spanish throne and 289:Confederation of the Rhine 53: 14659:France–Portugal relations 14544: 14428: 14343: 14325:Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden 14315:William, Prince of Orange 14178: 14125:Pierre-Charles Villeneuve 14058: 14051: 13931: 13810: 13674: 13503: 13417: 13371: 13120: 13014: 12938: 12832: 12746: 12698: 12689: 12585: 12486: 12477: 12454:French Invasion of Russia 12420: 12370:The Pride and the Passion 12251:Southey, Robert (1828b). 12232:Southey, Robert (1828a). 12154:Rathbone, Julian (1984). 12135:Parkinson, Roger (1973). 12018:Memorials of the Late War 11962:. Yale University Press. 11640:. Spellmount Publishers. 11452:Southey, Robert (1828f). 11433:Southey, Robert (1828e). 11414:Southey, Robert (1828d). 11395:Southey, Robert (1828c). 11307:Rousset, Camille (1892). 10871:; Mayne, William (2014). 10771:Glover, Michael (2001) . 10605:Fortescue, J. W. (1915). 10508:Esdaile, Charles (2003). 10325:The Campaigns of Napoleon 10136:Simmons & Verner 2012 7542:Statue of Juana Galán in 7290:French invasion of Russia 6206: 5673:Peninsular war: Portugal 5347:Third Portuguese campaign 4690:'s cavalry on the French 4631:Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr 4581:La bataille de Somosierra 3843:, the growing numbers of 3774:Charles II, Duke of Parma 3646:, later a cornerstone of 3589:French invasion of Russia 2738: 2537: 2389:French invasion of Russia 2283: 1215: 1169: 1107: 888: 431:Francisco Javier Castaños 338: 198: 128: 78: 70: 65: 14694:Portugal–Spain relations 14639:19th century in Portugal 14235:Archduke John of Austria 14230:Prince von Schwarzenberg 14075:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 12139:. Hart-Davis MacGibbon. 11977:Napier, William (1862). 11720:Griffith, Paddy (1999). 11220:: 18, 31. Archived from 11147:. Vol. 2. Madison: 10790:Goya, Francisco (1967). 10480:Ellis, Geoffrey (2014). 10328:. Simon & Schuster. 10041:, pp. 424–425, 431. 9951:, pp. 308–311, 402. 9575:"1812 Siege of Badajoz." 9139:Chartrand, Rene (2004). 7704:("French Invasions") or 7670:("War of the Frenchman") 7576: 7569:Agustina, maid of Aragón 7560:The Defence of Saragossa 7481:The Defence of Saragossa 6916:Battle of St Jean de Luz 6724:and the British General 6566:under Brigadier-General 6055:Allied campaign in Spain 5988:on 10 April. The French 5749:Miguel de Pereira Forjaz 5245:God, King and Fatherland 5217:, a key guerrilla leader 4497:Henri François Delaborde 4342:Pierre Dupont de l'Étang 4016:Francisco Bayeu y Subías 3932:King Charles IV of Spain 3876:Battle of Jena–Auerstedt 3660:revolts in Latin America 1431:2nd invasion of Portugal 1126:25,000 guerrillas killed 700:François Joseph Lefebvre 96:Clockwise from top left: 56:French invasion of Spain 31:latest accepted revision 14709:Wars involving Portugal 14170:Frederick VI of Denmark 14120:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 12910:Greater Poland uprising 12733:Duc d'Enghien Execution 12173:Rawson, Andrew (2009). 12116:. Zaragoza. p. 54. 12002:London: Richard Philips 11824:James, William (1826). 11511:Encyclopædia Britannica 11054:: Sep. 1809 – Dec. 1810 11033:. Vol. I. Oxford: 10875:Loyal Lusitanian Legion 10631:Fraser, Ronald (2008). 10596:Fletcher, Ian (2003a). 10462:Connelly, Owen (2006). 10257:Bodart, Gaston (1908). 10226:Bell, David A. (2009). 9578:Encyclopædia Britannica 7736:Guerra de los Seis Años 7734:("War of the French"), 7494:first siege of Zaragoza 7492:loaded a cannon at the 7463:(1787–1812), nicknamed 6926: 6742:Battle of Molins de Rey 6633:passage of the Bidassoa 6449:End of the war in Spain 6386:, Aragon, Old Castile, 6155: 6147:Wellington to lift the 6049: 5810: 5108: 5050:Juan Carlos de Aréizaga 5032:Second Madrid offensive 4738: 4426:anchored at Cádiz were 4411:José de Palafox y Melci 4409:and were beaten off by 4350:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 3994: 3890:, and towns of the old 3754:Treaty of Fontainebleau 3727:against British trade. 3717:Prince John of Braganza 3665: 2796:War of the Oranges 1801 2760:Sant Llorenç de la Muga 2429:Minor campaigns of 1815 1433:and northern Spain 1809 652:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 406:Miguel Ricardo de Álava 14664:France–Spain relations 14290:Ferdinand VII of Spain 12738:Coronation of Napoleon 11698:. Dorling Kindersley. 11636:Fletcher, Ian (2003). 11335:Scott, Walter (1811). 10945:McLynn, Frank (1997). 10798:. Dover Publications. 10738:Gay, Susan E. (1903). 10719:Gates, David (2009) . 10691:Gates, David (2002) . 10577:Fletcher, Ian (1999). 10303:Burke, Edmund (1825). 10228:"Napoleon's Total War" 9164:Rocca & Rocca 1815 7718:("Independence War"), 7701: 7691: 7677: 7667: 7653: 7427:independence of Brazil 7351: 7002:abdication of Napoleon 6996:Abdication of Napoleon 6936: 6918:, 10 December 1813 by 6662: 6577:Siege of San Sebastián 6557:Echallar and Ivantelly 6530:Battle of Roncesvalles 6522:Battle of the Pyrenees 6515:Chasseurs Britanniques 6478: 6475:Battle of the Bidassoa 6466: 6463:Battle of the Pyrenees 6441: 6359: 6350: 6087:French Imperial Eagles 6042: 5970:The Spanish commander 5766:the French drove back 5712:Lines of Torres Vedras 5384: 5369: 5353:Lines of Torres Vedras 5279: 5258:Revolution under siege 5228:enlightened absolutism 5218: 5136: 5056:. Del Parque defeated 4997: 4974:Second Battle of Porto 4925: 4846:Santiago de Compostela 4795:First Madrid offensive 4783: 4769: 4766:Louis-François Lejeune 4678: 4637:besieged and captured 4601:carried out a massive 4593: 4588: 4480: 4367:At the two successive 4337: 4335:José Casado del Alisal 4283:The Second of May 1808 4179:crushed the rebels at 4034: 4019: 3961: 3620: 3510:forced the abdications 2322:First Serbian Uprising 1139:24,053 died of disease 339:Commanders and leaders 92: 14704:Wars involving France 14644:19th century in Spain 14577:Conference of Dresden 14486:Paris (February 1812) 14415:Swedish–Norwegian War 14240:Alexander I of Russia 12196:. Faber & Faber. 11804:Henty, G. A. (1898). 11619:Yale University Press 11380:. London: Greenhill. 11376:Smith, Digby (1998). 10948:Napoleon: A Biography 10821:Grehan, John (2015). 10668:Gates, David (2001). 10382:. Osprey Publishing. 7346: 6934: 6902:The Battle of Nivelle 6691:Lord William Bentinck 6685:(13 April), who then 6657: 6472: 6461: 6371:Grand Duchy of Warsaw 6340: 6161:Defeat of King Joseph 6132:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 5943:under its commander, 5850:Francisco Ballesteros 5816:Stalemate in the west 5375: 5366:Manuel II of Portugal 5360: 5351:Further information: 5271: 5262:Further information: 5209: 5127: 5058:Jean Gabriel Marchand 5006:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 4992: 4958:First Battle of Porto 4946:Francisco da Silveira 4918:First Battle of Porto 4911: 4882:third siege of Girona 4832:Liberation of Galicia 4822:Gregorio de la Cuesta 4768:, oil on canvas, 1827 4756: 4672: 4587:(oil on canvas, 1810) 4579: 4558:Division of the North 4475: 4466:Further information: 4324: 4304:The Third of May 1808 4134:The Third of May 1808 4105:Further information: 4025: 4007: 3956: 3918:Vicente López Portaña 3913:Fernando VII of Spain 3880:Division of the North 3832:Further information: 3709:oldest ally in Europe 3681:Alexander I of Russia 3671:Extortion of Portugal 3642:, promulgated by the 3595:and took the capital 2407:Swedish-Norwegian War 1253:Spanish uprising 1808 1108:Casualties and losses 664:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 393:Miguel Pereira Forjaz 381:Francisco da Silveira 102:The Third of May 1808 90: 14714:Wars involving Spain 14684:King's German Legion 14531:Fontainebleau (1814) 14085:Louis-Nicolas Davout 13006:Invasion of Portugal 12329:Urban, Mark (2001). 12308:Urban, Mark (2003). 12194:War in the Peninsula 11820:– historical fiction 11534:at Wikimedia Commons 11471:Weller, Jac (1962). 10794:The Disasters of War 10600:. Osprey Publishing. 10556:Fitzwilliam (2007). 10065:, pp. 432, 500. 9915:, pp. 535, 536. 9421:, pp. 165, 170. 7738:("Six Years' War"), 7726:("Peninsular War"), 7684:("Spanish campaign") 7511:The Disasters of War 7473:Battle of Valdepeñas 7452:On 29 July 1836 the 7443:the Disasters of War 7402:Constitution of 1812 7383:American War of 1812 6765:Pierre-Joseph Habert 6693:. Suchet, after the 6640:Pamplona surrendered 6555:(1 August); and the 6043:L'Armée de l'Espagne 5728:Sir Richard Fletcher 5670:class=notpageimage| 5293:Constitution of 1812 5167:The Disasters of War 5054:Duke of Alburquerque 5014:Puente del Arzobispo 4972:(10–11 May) and the 4886:Louis-Gabriel Suchet 4778:under a second siege 4709:Sierra de Guadarrama 4517:Convention of Cintra 4493:Sir Arthur Wellesley 4486:King's German Legion 4462:British intervention 4317:Conventional warfare 4257:Second of May 1808: 4107:Dos de Mayo Uprising 3943:Invasion of Portugal 3801:Jean-Baptiste Debret 3780:River into Spain at 3658:factions ushered in 3530:Bayonne Constitution 3466:(1807–1814) was the 3407:class=notpageimage| 2444:West Indies campaign 1225:Invasion of Portugal 856:Claude Victor-Perrin 844:Louis-Gabriel Suchet 772:Bon-Adrien de Moncey 188:break out in America 107:Battle of Somosierra 14557:Bourbon Restoration 14300:Maria I of Portugal 14285:Prince of Hohenlohe 14275:Gebhard von Blücher 13218:Neumarkt-Sankt Veit 12525:Swiss Confederation 11958:Muir, Rory (1996). 11692:Grant, Reg (2005). 11248:Funk & Wagnalls 11014:. London: J. Murray 10973:Muir, Rory (2021). 10951:. London: Pimlico. 10473:"Battle Name:Yanzi" 10281:. Greenhill Books. 10053:, pp. 431–432. 9858:, pp. 280–287. 9846:, pp. 334–343. 9834:, pp. 321–325. 9640:, pp. 210–212. 9616:, pp. 207–208. 9433:, pp. 172–180. 9394:, pp. 145–146. 9100:, pp. 396–406. 8986:, pp. 197–199. 8974:, pp. 333–334. 8950:, pp. 194–196. 8690:Fremont-Barnes 2002 8617:, pp. 367–375. 8434:, pp. 181–182. 8386:, pp. 302–303. 8372:Fremont-Barnes 2002 8069:, pp. 432–433. 7006:sortie from Bayonne 6888:battles of the Nive 6538:General of Division 6119:Battle of Salamanca 6079:Battle of Salamanca 6037:south of Valencia. 4645:'s Spanish army at 4348:and Cádiz; Marshal 3868:Charles IV of Spain 3864:Battle of Trafalgar 3701:First French Empire 3695:shattered, and the 3648:European liberalism 3565:government-in-exile 3488:First French Empire 2815:Padrões de Teixeira 2531:Franco-Spanish wars 1230:Padrões de Teixeira 954:Wellington: 172,000 181:First French Empire 21:Page version status 14679:Invasions of Spain 14572:Continental System 14567:Congress of Erfurt 14491:Paris (March 1812) 14265:Peter Wittgenstein 14190:Duke of Wellington 14145:Prince Poniatowski 14110:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 14095:Auguste de Marmont 13490:Arroyo dos Molinos 13338:Walcheren Campaign 13328:Armistice of Znaim 13223:Dalmatian Campaign 13148:Tyrolean Rebellion 12192:Read, Jan (1977). 12158:. Michael Joseph. 12137:The Peninsular War 11943:10.1353/jmh.0.0183 10869:Lillie, John Scott 10540:etymology (2021). 10516:Palgrave Macmillan 10511:The Peninsular War 10186:, pp. 18, 31. 7803:Treaty of Valençay 7732:Guerra del Francés 7730:("War of Spain"), 7708:("Peninsular War") 7702:Invasões Francesas 7682:Campagne d'Espagne 7668:Guerra del Francès 7490:Agustina de Aragón 7469:cast-iron stew pan 7436:In popular culture 7359:Treaty of Valençay 7352: 7350:Inconstant. (1863) 7306:: Germany 1813:... 7278:: Austria 1809:... 7238:: Prussia 1806:... 6975:Battle of Toulouse 6937: 6790:Invasion of France 6756:siege of Barcelona 6710:Treaty of Valençay 6687:besieged Tarragona 6683:battle of Castalla 6663: 6660:Battle of Castalla 6568:Louis Emmanuel Rey 6534:Battle of Sorauren 6510:Frederick Robinson 6479: 6467: 6351: 5976:Sant Ferran Castle 5959:was defeated in a 5913:Battle of Chiclana 5865:Francisco Castaños 5789:Royal Artillerymen 5385: 5370: 5280: 5219: 5137: 5010:Battle of Talavera 4998: 4926: 4914:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 4770: 4679: 4655:Theodor von Reding 4651:Conde de Caldagues 4623:Alcázar of Seville 4603:double envelopment 4589: 4490:Lieutenant-General 4481: 4369:Combats of El Bruc 4338: 4205:Jean-Andoche Junot 4177:Louis Henri Loison 4149:Council of Castile 4078:Mutiny of Aranjuez 4035: 4020: 3962: 3959:escaping to Brazil 3816:Napoleon Bonaparte 3743:Jean-Andoche Junot 3740:divisional general 3725:Continental System 3677:Treaties of Tilsit 3612:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 3507:Napoleon Bonaparte 2983:Arroyo dos Molinos 2305:Franco-Swedish War 2098:2nd Alba de Tormes 2048:2nd Ciudad Rodrigo 1983:Navas de Membrillo 1978:Arroyo dos Molinos 1790:1st Ciudad Rodrigo 1585:1st Alba de Tormes 1325:La Romana's Escape 832:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 748:Auguste de Marmont 676:Jean-Andoche Junot 314:Kingdom of Holland 170:Coalition victory 93: 27: 14621: 14620: 14617: 14616: 14609:Types of military 14405:Russo-Turkish War 14400:Russo-Persian War 14368:Anglo-Turkish War 14363:Anglo-Swedish War 14358:Anglo-Spanish War 14353:Anglo-Russian War 14280:Duke of Brunswick 14183:political leaders 14063:political leaders 14047: 14046: 13052:Medina de Rioseco 12774:Haslach-Jungingen 12708:French Revolution 12685: 12684: 12468:Seventh Coalition 12203:978-0-57110-645-5 12146:978-0-24664-096-3 11530:Media related to 10723:. Da Capo Press. 10101:, pp. 96–97. 9870:, pp. 95–96. 9382:, pp. 32–33. 9010:, pp. 97–98. 8326:, pp. 34–35. 8294:, pp. 30–31. 7820:Battle of Leipzig 7724:Guerra Peninsular 7706:Guerra Peninsular 7589:The Dutch Brigade 7320:: France 1814:... 6920:Thomas Sutherland 6845:Battle of Nivelle 6825:Saint-Jean-de-Luz 6695:Battle of Vitoria 6644:Battle of Leipzig 6483:Battle of Dresden 6424:Battle of Vitoria 6334: 6333: 5990:Army of Catalonia 5873:Battle of Albuera 5857:William Beresford 5830:Sir Thomas Graham 5764:Battle of the Côa 5277:Salvador Viniegra 5185:French Revolution 5157:Francisco de Goya 5129:Joseph I of Spain 5114:Joseph I's régime 5066:Battle of Tamames 4985:Talavera campaign 4966:General Beresford 4677:, 17 January 1809 4633:'s 17,000-strong 4513:Sir Hew Dalrymple 4509:Sir Harry Burrard 4495:, who drove back 4424:ships of the line 4393:'s 4,000 troops. 4027:Joseph I of Spain 3989:Portuguese Legion 3884:Swedish Pomerania 3605:Battle of Vitoria 3542:guerrilla warfare 3472:Iberian Peninsula 3468:military conflict 3153: 3152: 2686: 2685: 2497: 2496: 2459:Adriatic campaign 2424:Waterloo campaign 2413:Seventh Coalition 2378:Anglo-Swedish War 2373:Austro-Polish War 2361:Anglo-Russian War 2349:Anglo-Turkish War 2317:Russo-Turkish War 2300:Russo-Persian War 2295:Anglo-Spanish War 2239: 2238: 1716:Cerdagne (France) 1307:Medina de Rioseco 1174: 1173: 944:55,000 guerrillas 880:Guillaume Duhesme 868:Horace Sébastiani 724:Jacques MacDonald 552:Sir Thomas Graham 528:William Beresford 194: 193: 151:Iberian Peninsula 112:Battle of Bayonne 18: 14726: 14385:Dano-Swedish War 14373:Anglo-Danish War 14225:Archduke Charles 14140:Jérôme Bonaparte 14056: 14055: 13989:Castel di Sangro 13898:Fère-Champenoise 13551:García Hernández 13465:Fuentes de Oñoro 12981:Guttstadt-Deppen 12718:Second Coalition 12696: 12695: 12677:French Royalists 12484: 12483: 12433:Fourth Coalition 12407: 12400: 12393: 12384: 12383: 12378: 12344: 12325: 12304: 12285: 12266: 12264: 12262: 12247: 12245: 12243: 12228: 12226: 12224: 12207: 12188: 12169: 12156:Wellington's War 12150: 12131: 12125: 12117: 12108: 12106: 12104: 12089: 12087: 12085: 12070: 12068: 12066: 12051: 12045: 12037: 12035: 12033: 12011: 12009: 12007: 11992: 11990: 11988: 11973: 11954: 11924: 11922: 11920: 11896: 11894: 11892: 11868: 11839: 11837: 11835: 11819: 11800: 11781: 11775: 11767: 11758: 11752: 11744: 11735: 11716: 11714: 11712: 11688: 11686: 11684: 11660: 11651: 11632: 11609: 11586: 11584: 11582: 11567: 11548: 11529: 11515: 11493: 11491: 11490: 11476: 11475:. Nicholas Vane. 11467: 11465: 11463: 11448: 11446: 11444: 11429: 11427: 11425: 11410: 11408: 11406: 11391: 11372: 11351: 11349: 11347: 11331: 11329: 11327: 11303: 11292: 11290: 11288: 11266: 11264: 11262: 11236: 11234: 11232: 11227:on 29 April 2018 11226: 11207: 11197: 11195: 11193: 11169: 11167: 11165: 11137: 11131: 11123: 11121: 11119: 11095: 11093: 11091: 11076: 11074: 11072: 11057: 11045: 11043: 11041: 11023: 11021: 11019: 11004: 11002: 11000: 10985: 10983: 10981: 10969: 10967: 10965: 10941: 10918: 10916: 10914: 10890: 10864: 10862: 10860: 10836: 10816: 10814: 10812: 10797: 10786: 10767: 10761: 10753: 10751: 10749: 10734: 10715: 10713: 10711: 10687: 10664: 10662: 10660: 10636: 10627: 10625: 10623: 10601: 10592: 10573: 10571: 10569: 10560:. Archived from 10552: 10550: 10548: 10536: 10534: 10532: 10504: 10502: 10500: 10476: 10467: 10458: 10456: 10454: 10430: 10424: 10416: 10407: 10401: 10393: 10374: 10372: 10370: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10318: 10316: 10314: 10299: 10297: 10295: 10271: 10269: 10267: 10253: 10247: 10239: 10237: 10235: 10222: 10220: 10218: 10194: 10193: 10181: 10175: 10169: 10163: 10157: 10151: 10145: 10139: 10133: 10127: 10121: 10102: 10096: 10090: 10084: 10078: 10072: 10066: 10060: 10054: 10048: 10042: 10036: 10030: 10024: 10018: 10012: 10003: 9997: 9991: 9985: 9979: 9973: 9964: 9958: 9952: 9946: 9940: 9934: 9928: 9922: 9916: 9910: 9904: 9898: 9871: 9865: 9859: 9853: 9847: 9841: 9835: 9829: 9823: 9817: 9811: 9805: 9788: 9782: 9776: 9770: 9764: 9758: 9752: 9746: 9740: 9734: 9728: 9722: 9716: 9710: 9704: 9698: 9689: 9683: 9677: 9671: 9665: 9659: 9653: 9647: 9641: 9635: 9629: 9623: 9617: 9611: 9605: 9599: 9593: 9590:Fitzwilliam 2007 9587: 9581: 9572: 9566: 9560: 9554: 9548: 9542: 9536: 9530: 9524: 9518: 9512: 9506: 9500: 9494: 9488: 9482: 9476: 9470: 9464: 9458: 9452: 9446: 9440: 9434: 9428: 9422: 9416: 9410: 9404: 9395: 9389: 9383: 9377: 9371: 9365: 9359: 9353: 9347: 9341: 9335: 9329: 9323: 9317: 9311: 9305: 9299: 9293: 9287: 9281: 9275: 9269: 9263: 9257: 9251: 9245: 9239: 9233: 9227: 9221: 9215: 9209: 9203: 9197: 9191: 9185: 9179: 9173: 9167: 9161: 9155: 9154: 9136: 9125: 9119: 9113: 9107: 9101: 9095: 9086: 9080: 9074: 9068: 9062: 9056: 9050: 9044: 9035: 9029: 9023: 9017: 9011: 9005: 8999: 8993: 8987: 8981: 8975: 8969: 8963: 8957: 8951: 8945: 8939: 8933: 8927: 8921: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8855: 8849: 8843: 8837: 8831: 8825: 8819: 8813: 8807: 8801: 8795: 8789: 8783: 8777: 8768: 8762: 8756: 8750: 8744: 8738: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8711: 8705: 8699: 8693: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8669: 8663: 8657: 8651: 8642: 8636: 8630: 8624: 8618: 8612: 8606: 8600: 8594: 8588: 8582: 8576: 8570: 8564: 8558: 8552: 8546: 8540: 8534: 8528: 8522: 8516: 8510: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8471: 8465: 8459: 8453: 8447: 8441: 8435: 8429: 8423: 8417: 8411: 8405: 8399: 8393: 8387: 8381: 8375: 8369: 8363: 8357: 8351: 8345: 8339: 8333: 8327: 8321: 8312: 8306: 8295: 8289: 8276: 8270: 8261: 8255: 8244: 8238: 8232: 8226: 8220: 8214: 8208: 8202: 8196: 8190: 8184: 8178: 8172: 8166: 8160: 8154: 8148: 8142: 8136: 8130: 8121: 8115: 8106: 8100: 8094: 8088: 8082: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8029: 8023: 8017: 8011: 7992: 7986: 7980: 7974: 7968: 7962: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7933: 7918: 7912: 7906: 7900: 7894: 7888: 7873: 7867: 7849: 7842: 7836: 7833: 7827: 7812: 7806: 7799: 7793: 7790:Château d'Urdain 7786: 7780: 7773: 7767: 7760: 7754: 7751: 7745: 7728:Guerra de España 7644: 7638: 7627: 7621: 7610: 7604: 7597: 7591: 7586: 7555: 7539: 7527: 7506: 7398:Cortes Generales 7361:. The remaining 7329: 7315: 7301: 7287: 7273: 7260: 7247: 7236:Fourth Coalition 7233: 7222: 7213: 7207: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7098: 7093: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7052: 7051: 7045: 7038: 6941:battle of Garris 6911: 6899: 6815:and towards the 6740:support) at the 6701:(13 September). 6549:Bertrand Clausel 6444: 6373:. With both the 6364: 6201: 6189: 6182: 6175: 6166: 6165: 6114: 6098: 6084: 6045: 5992:under MacDonald 5926: 5915:, 5th March 1811 5907: 5884:Fuentes de Oñoro 5780:Battle of Buçaco 5703: 5702: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5678: 5656: 5655: 5640: 5639: 5624: 5623: 5608: 5607: 5592: 5591: 5576: 5575: 5560: 5559: 5544: 5543: 5528: 5527: 5512: 5511: 5496: 5495: 5480: 5479: 5464: 5463: 5448: 5447: 5432: 5431: 5416: 5415: 5400: 5399: 5393: 5381:Battle of Sobral 5377:Fort of Olheiros 5211:Juan Martín Díez 5098:Battle of Carpio 5094:Medina del Campo 5078:Province of León 4852:was defeated at 4786: 4749:Fall of Zaragoza 4700:on 21 December. 4596: 4299: 4278: 4254: 4224: 4153:Joseph Bonaparte 4131:in his painting 4101:Iberia in revolt 4060:On 20 February, 3976:29 November and 3928: 3907: 3892:Hanseatic League 3812: 3793: 3699:allied with the 3687:, concluded the 3625: 3601:Joseph Bonaparte 3573:Arthur Wellesley 3553:Battle of Bailén 3522:Joseph Bonaparte 3456: 3455: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3393: 3392: 3377: 3376: 3361: 3360: 3345: 3344: 3329: 3328: 3313: 3312: 3297: 3296: 3281: 3280: 3265: 3264: 3249: 3248: 3233: 3232: 3217: 3216: 3201: 3200: 3185: 3184: 3169: 3168: 3162: 3086:France 1813-1814 2941:Fuentes de Oñoro 2901:Battle of Sobral 2733: 2731: 2713: 2706: 2699: 2690: 2689: 2532: 2524: 2517: 2510: 2501: 2500: 2402:Dano-Swedish War 2337:Dano-Swedish War 2311:Fourth Coalition 2278: 2276: 2266: 2259: 2252: 2243: 2242: 2071:García Hernández 1866:Fuentes de Oñoro 1210: 1200: 1193: 1186: 1177: 1176: 1158: 1157: 1135: 1134: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1099: 1098: 1084: 1083: 1069: 1068: 1054: 1053: 1039: 1038: 1024: 1023: 1009: 1008: 994: 993: 963: 962: 961: 943: 942: 941: 926: 925: 916: 915: 906: 905: 904: 878: 877: 866: 865: 854: 853: 842: 841: 830: 829: 818: 817: 806: 805: 794: 793: 782: 781: 770: 769: 758: 757: 746: 745: 734: 733: 722: 721: 710: 709: 698: 697: 686: 685: 674: 673: 662: 661: 650: 649: 638: 637: 626: 625: 612: 611: 594: 593: 582: 581: 572: 562: 561: 550: 549: 538: 537: 526: 525: 524: 519: 518: 508:Arthur Wellesley 505: 504: 494:Robert Jenkinson 491: 490: 480:Spencer Perceval 477: 476: 465: 464: 463: 455:Juan Martín Díez 453: 452: 451: 441: 440: 439: 429: 428: 427: 417: 416: 415: 403: 402: 401: 391: 390: 389: 379: 378: 377: 367: 366: 365: 353: 352: 351: 326: 324: 323: 312: 311: 300: 298: 297: 284:Kingdom of Italy 282: 281: 272:Napoleonic Spain 270: 268: 267: 256: 255: 243: 239: 237: 236: 225: 224: 223: 213: 212: 211: 179:Collapse of the 130: 129: 118:Disasters of War 83: 63: 62: 39:2 September 2024 14734: 14733: 14729: 14728: 14727: 14725: 14724: 14723: 14689:Napoleonic Wars 14654:1810s conflicts 14649:1800s conflicts 14624: 14623: 14622: 14613: 14540: 14424: 14345: 14339: 14295:Miguel de Álava 14260:Pyotr Bagration 14255:Count Bennigsen 14245:Mikhail Kutuzov 14210:Thomas Cochrane 14182: 14180: 14174: 14135:Louis Bonaparte 14062: 14060: 14059:French and ally 14043: 13927: 13843:Château-Thierry 13806: 13670: 13641:Maloyaroslavets 13499: 13413: 13367: 13158:Yevenes/Yébenes 13116: 13032:Rosily Squadron 13010: 12934: 12900:Waren-Nossentin 12828: 12759:Cape Finisterre 12742: 12713:First Coalition 12691: 12681: 12588: 12581: 12492: 12488: 12479: 12473: 12461:Sixth Coalition 12447:Fifth Coalition 12426:Third Coalition 12416: 12414:Napoleonic Wars 12411: 12373:(film). Spain: 12355: 12352: 12347: 12341: 12322: 12301: 12282: 12260: 12258: 12241: 12239: 12222: 12220: 12204: 12185: 12166: 12147: 12119: 12118: 12102: 12100: 12083: 12081: 12064: 12062: 12039: 12038: 12031: 12029: 12005: 12003: 11986: 11984: 11970: 11918: 11916: 11914: 11890: 11888: 11886: 11878:. New York UP. 11833: 11831: 11816: 11797: 11769: 11768: 11746: 11745: 11732: 11710: 11708: 11706: 11682: 11680: 11678: 11648: 11629: 11606: 11580: 11578: 11564: 11522: 11520:Further reading 11488: 11486: 11483: 11461: 11459: 11442: 11440: 11423: 11421: 11404: 11402: 11388: 11369: 11345: 11343: 11341:John Ballantyne 11325: 11323: 11321: 11286: 11284: 11260: 11258: 11230: 11228: 11224: 11205: 11191: 11189: 11187: 11163: 11161: 11159: 11125: 11124: 11117: 11115: 11113: 11089: 11087: 11070: 11068: 11039: 11037: 11035:Clarendon Press 11017: 11015: 10998: 10996: 10979: 10977: 10963: 10961: 10959: 10938: 10912: 10910: 10887: 10879:. Leonaur Ltd. 10858: 10856: 10854: 10833: 10810: 10808: 10806: 10783: 10755: 10754: 10747: 10745: 10731: 10709: 10707: 10705: 10684: 10658: 10656: 10654: 10621: 10619: 10589: 10567: 10565: 10546: 10544: 10530: 10528: 10526: 10498: 10496: 10494: 10452: 10450: 10448: 10418: 10417: 10395: 10394: 10390: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10340: 10338: 10336: 10312: 10310: 10293: 10291: 10289: 10265: 10263: 10241: 10240: 10233: 10231: 10216: 10214: 10202: 10197: 10187: 10182: 10178: 10170: 10166: 10158: 10154: 10146: 10142: 10134: 10130: 10122: 10105: 10097: 10093: 10085: 10081: 10073: 10069: 10061: 10057: 10049: 10045: 10037: 10033: 10025: 10021: 10013: 10006: 9998: 9994: 9986: 9982: 9974: 9967: 9959: 9955: 9947: 9943: 9939:, pp. 310. 9935: 9931: 9923: 9919: 9911: 9907: 9899: 9874: 9866: 9862: 9854: 9850: 9842: 9838: 9830: 9826: 9818: 9814: 9806: 9791: 9783: 9779: 9771: 9767: 9759: 9755: 9747: 9743: 9735: 9731: 9723: 9719: 9711: 9707: 9699: 9692: 9684: 9680: 9672: 9668: 9660: 9656: 9648: 9644: 9636: 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8601: 8597: 8589: 8585: 8577: 8573: 8567:Richardson 1921 8565: 8561: 8553: 8549: 8541: 8537: 8529: 8525: 8517: 8513: 8505: 8501: 8493: 8489: 8481: 8474: 8466: 8462: 8454: 8450: 8442: 8438: 8430: 8426: 8418: 8414: 8406: 8402: 8394: 8390: 8382: 8378: 8370: 8366: 8358: 8354: 8346: 8342: 8334: 8330: 8322: 8315: 8307: 8298: 8290: 8279: 8271: 8264: 8256: 8247: 8239: 8235: 8227: 8223: 8215: 8211: 8203: 8199: 8191: 8187: 8183:, pp. 6–7. 8179: 8175: 8167: 8163: 8155: 8151: 8143: 8139: 8131: 8124: 8116: 8109: 8101: 8097: 8089: 8085: 8077: 8073: 8065: 8061: 8053: 8049: 8041: 8032: 8024: 8020: 8014:Clodfelter 2008 8012: 7995: 7987: 7983: 7977:Clodfelter 2008 7975: 7971: 7963: 7954: 7950:, pp. 3–5. 7946: 7942: 7936:Clodfelter 2008 7934: 7921: 7913: 7909: 7901: 7897: 7891:Clodfelter 2008 7889: 7876: 7868: 7861: 7857: 7852: 7843: 7839: 7834: 7830: 7813: 7809: 7800: 7796: 7787: 7783: 7779:, p. 429). 7774: 7770: 7766:, p. 425). 7761: 7757: 7752: 7748: 7645: 7641: 7628: 7624: 7620:, p. 335). 7614:Sixth Coalition 7611: 7607: 7598: 7594: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7572: 7556: 7547: 7540: 7531: 7528: 7519: 7507: 7484:was created by 7454:Arc de Triomphe 7438: 7419:Spanish America 7406:Trienio Liberal 7341: 7340: 7339: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7318:Sixth Coalition 7316: 7313: 7311: 7304:Sixth Coalition 7302: 7299: 7297: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7276:Fifth Coalition 7274: 7271: 7269: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7210: 7208: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7039: 7031: 7029:Napoleonic Wars 7024: 7018: 6998: 6977: 6945:Gave de Mauleon 6929: 6922: 6912: 6903: 6900: 6856:Cambo-les-Bains 6833:Mont Mondarrain 6809: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6761:Pedro Sarsfield 6699:battle of Ordal 6679:Sir John Murray 6652: 6487:Edward Pakenham 6456: 6451: 6394:, and parts of 6375:Austrian Empire 6348:Thomas Lawrence 6335: 6330: 6202: 6200:1813–1814 6199: 6195: 6193: 6163: 6158: 6149:siege of Burgos 6128: 6121: 6115: 6106: 6099: 6089:were captured. 6082: 6072:Napoleonic Wars 6057: 6052: 5972:Francesc Rovira 5937: 5930: 5927: 5918: 5908: 5888:Auguste Marmont 5818: 5813: 5768:Robert Crauford 5760:Marshal Masséna 5745:Minister of War 5707: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5657: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5641: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5625: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5609: 5601: 5600: 5599: 5593: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5577: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5561: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5545: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5529: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5513: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5497: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5481: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5465: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5449: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5433: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5417: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5401: 5355: 5349: 5289:Cortes of Cádiz 5266: 5260: 5204: 5198: 5150:sub-prefectures 5133:François Gérard 5122: 5116: 5111: 5085:Battle of Ocaña 5074:Nicolas Godinot 5046:Duke del Parque 5042:Cortes of Cádiz 5034: 4987: 4982: 4970:Battle of Grijó 4906: 4874: 4834: 4797: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4667: 4594:Armée d'Espagne 4574: 4525:Sir David Baird 4470: 4464: 4456:Fifth Coalition 4385:(also known as 4319: 4312: 4300: 4291: 4279: 4270: 4267:Joaquín Sorolla 4255: 4246: 4243:Joaquín Sorolla 4228:Joaquín Sorolla 4225: 4109: 4103: 4031:François Kinson 4002: 3997: 3951: 3945: 3938: 3929: 3920: 3908: 3898:in early 1808. 3836: 3830: 3828:Spanish dilemma 3823: 3813: 3804: 3794: 3673: 3668: 3644:Cortes of Cádiz 3603:'s army at the 3577:Portuguese Army 3534:Sixth Coalition 3516:and his father 3492:Napoleonic Wars 3460: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3400: 3394: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3378: 3370: 3369: 3368: 3362: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3346: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3330: 3322: 3321: 3320: 3314: 3306: 3305: 3304: 3298: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3282: 3274: 3273: 3272: 3266: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3250: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3234: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3218: 3210: 3209: 3208: 3202: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3186: 3178: 3177: 3176: 3170: 3154: 3149: 3126: 3003:Salamanca Forts 2952:Spain 1811-1813 2946:Aldeia da Ponte 2734: 2730:Napoleonic Wars 2729: 2719: 2717: 2687: 2682: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2498: 2493: 2435: 2396:Sixth Coalition 2367:Fifth Coalition 2289:Third Coalition 2279: 2275:Napoleonic Wars 2274: 2272: 2270: 2240: 2235: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1165: 1162:237,000 wounded 1152: 1146: 1145: 1129: 1118: 1116: 1103: 1093: 1078: 1063: 1048: 1033: 1018: 1003: 988: 977: 969:Coalition 1813: 959: 957: 939: 937: 920: 910: 902: 900: 884: 872: 860: 848: 836: 824: 812: 800: 788: 784:Édouard Mortier 776: 764: 752: 740: 728: 716: 704: 692: 680: 668: 656: 644: 640:Pierre Augereau 632: 620: 606: 600: 596:Edward Pakenham 588: 576: 568: 556: 544: 532: 522: 520: 513: 499: 485: 471: 467:José de Palafox 461: 459: 449: 447: 437: 435: 425: 423: 413: 411: 399: 397: 387: 385: 375: 373: 363: 361: 349: 347: 321: 319: 318: 306: 302:Duchy of Warsaw 295: 293: 276: 265: 263: 260: 250: 246: 234: 232: 221: 219: 209: 207: 175:Treaty of Paris 161: 160: 156:Southern France 137: 124: 97: 95: 94: 89: 73:Napoleonic Wars 59: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 14732: 14722: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14634:Peninsular War 14619: 14618: 14615: 14614: 14612: 14611: 14606: 14604:Longwood House 14601: 14600: 14599: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14548: 14546: 14542: 14541: 14539: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14503: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14432: 14430: 14426: 14425: 14423: 14422: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14381: 14380: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14349: 14347: 14341: 14340: 14338: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14310:Count of Feira 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14237: 14232: 14227: 14222: 14217: 14212: 14207: 14205:Horatio Nelson 14202: 14197: 14192: 14186: 14184: 14176: 14175: 14173: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14115:Marshal Victor 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14066: 14064: 14053: 14049: 14048: 14045: 14044: 14042: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13935: 13933: 13929: 13928: 13926: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13893:Arcis-sur-Aube 13890: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13814: 13812: 13808: 13807: 13805: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13678: 13676: 13672: 13671: 13669: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13636:Venta del Pozo 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13513: 13511:Ciudad Rodrigo 13507: 13505: 13501: 13500: 13498: 13497: 13492: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13421: 13419: 13415: 13414: 13412: 13411: 13406: 13401: 13396: 13391: 13389:Ciudad Rodrigo 13386: 13381: 13375: 13373: 13369: 13368: 13366: 13365: 13363:Alba de Tormes 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13263:Aspern-Essling 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13124: 13122: 13118: 13117: 13115: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13018: 13016: 13012: 13011: 13009: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12948: 12942: 12940: 12936: 12935: 12933: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12865:Jena–Auerstedt 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12836: 12834: 12830: 12829: 12827: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12750: 12748: 12744: 12743: 12741: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12704: 12702: 12693: 12687: 12686: 12683: 12682: 12680: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12637:Ottoman Empire 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12597:United Kingdom 12593: 12591: 12583: 12582: 12580: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12567:Ottoman Empire 12564: 12562:Denmark–Norway 12559: 12558: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12505:Polish Legions 12502: 12496: 12494: 12481: 12475: 12474: 12472: 12471: 12464: 12457: 12450: 12443: 12440:Peninsular War 12436: 12429: 12421: 12418: 12417: 12410: 12409: 12402: 12395: 12387: 12381: 12380: 12375:United Artists 12351: 12348: 12346: 12345: 12339: 12326: 12320: 12305: 12300:978-1854092199 12299: 12286: 12281:978-1858184777 12280: 12274:. Pete Kautz. 12267: 12248: 12229: 12208: 12202: 12189: 12184:978-1844159215 12183: 12170: 12164: 12151: 12145: 12132: 12109: 12090: 12071: 12052: 12012: 11993: 11974: 11969:978-0300064438 11968: 11955: 11926: 11913:978-1135959708 11912: 11897: 11884: 11869: 11840: 11821: 11815:979-8574537800 11814: 11801: 11795: 11782: 11759: 11736: 11730: 11717: 11704: 11689: 11677:978-8499835037 11676: 11661: 11652: 11646: 11633: 11627: 11610: 11604: 11587: 11568: 11562: 11549: 11547:. p. 277. 11537: 11536: 11535: 11521: 11518: 11517: 11516: 11506:Chisholm, Hugh 11502:Peninsular War 11482: 11479: 11478: 11477: 11468: 11449: 11430: 11411: 11392: 11386: 11373: 11368:978-1108054096 11367: 11352: 11332: 11319: 11304: 11293: 11267: 11237: 11198: 11186:978-0665550966 11185: 11170: 11158:978-0299062705 11157: 11138: 11112:978-1905074969 11111: 11096: 11077: 11058: 11046: 11024: 11005: 10986: 10970: 10958:978-1559706315 10957: 10942: 10936: 10919: 10891: 10886:978-1782823674 10885: 10865: 10852: 10837: 10832:978-1473852747 10831: 10818: 10804: 10787: 10781: 10768: 10735: 10730:978-0786747320 10729: 10716: 10703: 10688: 10683:978-0786747320 10682: 10665: 10652: 10637: 10628: 10602: 10593: 10587: 10574: 10564:on 7 June 2008 10553: 10537: 10524: 10505: 10493:978-1317874706 10492: 10477: 10468: 10459: 10447:978-0786433193 10446: 10431: 10408: 10388: 10375: 10363:978-0600301370 10362: 10347: 10334: 10319: 10300: 10288:978-1853673801 10287: 10272: 10254: 10223: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10195: 10176: 10174:, p. 507. 10164: 10162:, p. 508. 10152: 10150:, p. 505. 10140: 10138:, p. 340. 10128: 10103: 10091: 10089:, p. 481. 10079: 10077:, p. 295. 10067: 10055: 10043: 10031: 10029:, p. 459. 10019: 10017:, p. 431. 10004: 10002:, p. 415. 9992: 9990:, p. 412. 9980: 9978:, p. 411. 9965: 9963:, p. 406. 9953: 9941: 9929: 9927:, p. 367. 9917: 9905: 9872: 9860: 9848: 9836: 9824: 9812: 9789: 9787:, p. 462. 9777: 9775:, p. 457. 9765: 9753: 9751:, p. 165. 9741: 9739:, p. 455. 9729: 9727:, p. 221. 9717: 9715:, p. 454. 9705: 9703:, p. 429. 9690: 9688:, p. 428. 9678: 9676:, p. 155. 9666: 9664:, p. 122. 9654: 9652:, p. 441. 9642: 9630: 9618: 9606: 9604:, p. 318. 9594: 9582: 9567: 9563:Fletcher 2003a 9555: 9553:, p. 204. 9543: 9541:, p. 360. 9531: 9529:, p. 211. 9519: 9517:, p. 174. 9507: 9505:, p. 172. 9495: 9493:, p. 327. 9483: 9481:, p. 252. 9471: 9469:, p. 160. 9459: 9457:, p. 241. 9447: 9445:, p. 248. 9435: 9423: 9411: 9409:, p. 165. 9396: 9384: 9372: 9370:, p. 144. 9360: 9358:, p. 327. 9348: 9346:, p. 440. 9336: 9334:, p. 313. 9324: 9312: 9310:, p. 217. 9300: 9296:Argüelles 1970 9288: 9286:, p. 284. 9276: 9274:, p. 283. 9264: 9262:, p. 282. 9252: 9250:, p. 396. 9240: 9238:, p. 220. 9228: 9226:, p. 280. 9216: 9214:, p. 271. 9204: 9202:, p. 270. 9192: 9190:, p. 746. 9180: 9168: 9166:, p. 126. 9156: 9150:978-1841766294 9149: 9126: 9122:etymology 2021 9114: 9112:, p. 239. 9102: 9087: 9075: 9073:, p. 101. 9063: 9061:, p. 204. 9051: 9036: 9024: 9022:, p. 336. 9012: 9000: 8998:, p. 199. 8988: 8976: 8964: 8962:, p. 494. 8952: 8940: 8928: 8926:, p. 186. 8916: 8914:, p. 177. 8904: 8902:, p. 418. 8892: 8890:, p. 250. 8880: 8878:, p. 179. 8868: 8866:, p. 142. 8856: 8854:, p. 178. 8844: 8842:, p. 138. 8832: 8830:, p. 768. 8820: 8818:, p. 123. 8808: 8806:, p. 395. 8796: 8784: 8769: 8767:, p. 156. 8757: 8755:, p. 155. 8745: 8743:, p. 114. 8730: 8718: 8716:, p. 150. 8706: 8704:, p. 146. 8694: 8682: 8680:, p. 108. 8670: 8668:, p. 492. 8658: 8643: 8641:, p. 631. 8631: 8619: 8607: 8605:, p. 106. 8595: 8593:, p. 628. 8583: 8581:, p. 231. 8571: 8569:, p. 343. 8559: 8547: 8545:, p. 617. 8535: 8523: 8511: 8499: 8487: 8472: 8470:, p. 614. 8460: 8448: 8436: 8424: 8422:, p. 611. 8412: 8410:, p. 162. 8400: 8388: 8376: 8364: 8362:, p. 610. 8352: 8340: 8328: 8313: 8311:, p. 145. 8296: 8277: 8262: 8245: 8243:, p. 599. 8233: 8221: 8209: 8197: 8195:, p. 367. 8185: 8173: 8161: 8149: 8137: 8122: 8107: 8105:, p. 597. 8095: 8093:, p. 596. 8083: 8081:, p. 588. 8071: 8059: 8057:, p. 100. 8047: 8030: 8028:, p. 365. 8018: 8016:, p. 167. 7993: 7991:, p. 476. 7981: 7979:, p. 165. 7969: 7967:, p. 521. 7952: 7948:Chartrand 1999 7940: 7938:, p. 166. 7919: 7917:, p. 394. 7907: 7903:Chartrand 2000 7895: 7893:, p. 164. 7874: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7850: 7848:, p. 97). 7837: 7828: 7816:Duke of Nassau 7807: 7794: 7781: 7768: 7755: 7746: 7744: 7743: 7709: 7695: 7685: 7671: 7661: 7639: 7622: 7605: 7603:, p. 45). 7592: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7573: 7557: 7550: 7548: 7541: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7522: 7520: 7516:Francisco Goya 7508: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7476: 7457: 7450: 7437: 7434: 7400:in Cádiz, the 7326: 7312: 7298: 7284: 7270: 7257: 7244: 7230: 7219: 7216: 7209: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7100: 7095: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7054: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7017: 7014: 7010:Peace of Paris 6997: 6994: 6976: 6973: 6961:Vic-en-Bigorre 6928: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6913: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6894: 6808: 6805: 6794:Main article: 6791: 6788: 6749:flying columns 6651: 6648: 6638:On 31 October 6526:Battle of Maya 6505:hors de combat 6497:provinces and 6465:, 25 July 1813 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6409:el rey intruso 6355:Russian Empire 6332: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6287: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6247: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6223: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6197:Peninsular War 6192: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6169: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6116: 6109: 6107: 6100: 6093: 6064:Ciudad Rodrigo 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 5945:General Suchet 5941:Army of Aragon 5936: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5928: 5921: 5919: 5909: 5902: 5826:Manuel La Peña 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5772:Light Division 5756:Ciudad Rodrigo 5736:scorched earth 5668: 5667: 5661:FuentesDeOñoro 5659: 5658: 5651: 5650: 5643: 5642: 5635: 5634: 5627: 5626: 5619: 5618: 5611: 5610: 5603: 5602: 5595: 5594: 5587: 5586: 5579: 5578: 5571: 5570: 5563: 5562: 5555: 5554: 5547: 5546: 5539: 5538: 5531: 5530: 5523: 5522: 5515: 5514: 5507: 5506: 5499: 5498: 5491: 5490: 5483: 5482: 5475: 5474: 5467: 5466: 5459: 5458: 5451: 5450: 5443: 5442: 5435: 5434: 5427: 5426: 5419: 5418: 5411: 5410: 5403: 5402: 5395: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5379:, site of the 5348: 5345: 5337:Luz de América 5300:Alburquerque's 5264:Siege of Cádiz 5259: 5256: 5200:Main article: 5197: 5194: 5181:secular ideals 5118:Main article: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5103:Alba de Tormes 5090:Alba de Tormes 5033: 5030: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4924:(1840 or 1843) 4905: 4902: 4873: 4870: 4868:in July 1809. 4854:Puente Sanpayo 4833: 4830: 4796: 4793: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4675:Sir John Moore 4666: 4663: 4573: 4570: 4521:Sir John Moore 4463: 4460: 4415:storm the city 4329:'s triumph at 4318: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4301: 4294: 4292: 4280: 4273: 4271: 4256: 4249: 4247: 4226: 4219: 4129:Francisco Goya 4102: 4099: 4071:Imperial Guard 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3947:Main article: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3936:Francisco Goya 3930: 3923: 3921: 3909: 3902: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3824: 3820:Andrea Appiani 3814: 3807: 3805: 3795: 3788: 3747:Spanish Empire 3697:Russian Empire 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3581:Spanish armies 3484:United Kingdom 3470:fought in the 3464:Peninsular War 3405: 3404: 3396: 3395: 3388: 3387: 3380: 3379: 3372: 3371: 3364: 3363: 3356: 3355: 3348: 3347: 3340: 3339: 3332: 3331: 3324: 3323: 3318:Ciudad Rodrigo 3316: 3315: 3308: 3307: 3300: 3299: 3292: 3291: 3284: 3283: 3276: 3275: 3268: 3267: 3260: 3259: 3252: 3251: 3244: 3243: 3236: 3235: 3228: 3227: 3220: 3219: 3212: 3211: 3204: 3203: 3196: 3195: 3188: 3187: 3180: 3179: 3172: 3171: 3164: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3145:Banda Oriental 3142: 3137: 3135:Guerra de 1801 3131: 3130: 3125: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2988:Ciudad Rodrigo 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2716: 2715: 2708: 2701: 2693: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2680: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2656:Coalition Wars 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2627: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2527: 2526: 2519: 2512: 2504: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2419:Neapolitan War 2409: 2404: 2399: 2392: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2363: 2358: 2355:Peninsular War 2351: 2346: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2269: 2268: 2261: 2254: 2246: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2233: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2204: 2197: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2146: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1963: 1956: 1951: 1944: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1820: 1815: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1730: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1701: 1694: 1689: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1660: 1655: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1631: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1588: 1581: 1576: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1552: 1547: 1540: 1535: 1528: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1463: 1458: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1427: 1426: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1387: 1380: 1375: 1368: 1361: 1356: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1310: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1208:Peninsular War 1203: 1202: 1195: 1188: 1180: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1142:32,429 wounded 1140: 1137: 1127: 1124: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1102: 1101: 1091: 1086: 1076: 1071: 1061: 1056: 1046: 1041: 1031: 1026: 1016: 1014:February 1809: 1011: 1001: 999:November 1808: 996: 986: 980: 978: 976: 975: 966: 965: 955: 946: 945: 929: 928: 918: 908: 896:November 1808: 894: 891: 890: 886: 885: 883: 882: 870: 858: 846: 834: 822: 810: 798: 786: 774: 762: 750: 738: 726: 714: 702: 690: 678: 666: 654: 642: 630: 618: 603: 601: 599: 598: 586: 574: 554: 542: 530: 511: 497: 483: 469: 457: 445: 433: 421: 409: 395: 383: 371: 359: 344: 341: 340: 336: 335: 328:Denmark-Norway 317: 316: 304: 291: 286: 274: 249: 247: 245: 244: 241:United Kingdom 229: 217: 204: 201: 200: 196: 195: 192: 191: 190: 189: 183: 177: 167: 163: 162: 159: 158: 153: 147: 146: 144: 140: 139: 134: 126: 125: 123: 122: 120:prints by Goya 114: 109: 104: 98: 91:Peninsular war 79: 76: 75: 68: 67: 66:Peninsular War 50: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14731: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14631: 14629: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14598: 14595: 14594: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14549: 14547: 14545:Miscellaneous 14543: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14433: 14431: 14427: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14379: 14376: 14375: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14350: 14348: 14342: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14220:Manuel Lapeña 14218: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14187: 14185: 14177: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14150:Prince Eugène 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14100:André Masséna 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14080:Joachim Murat 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14067: 14065: 14057: 14054: 14050: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14024:Rocheserviere 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13936: 13934: 13930: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13815: 13813: 13809: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13712:San Sebastián 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13679: 13677: 13673: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13508: 13506: 13502: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13422: 13420: 13416: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13376: 13374: 13370: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13273:Sankt Michael 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13188:Teugen-Hausen 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13125: 13123: 13119: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13019: 13017: 13013: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12943: 12941: 12937: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12837: 12835: 12831: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12751: 12749: 12745: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12705: 12703: 12701: 12697: 12694: 12688: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12594: 12592: 12590: 12584: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12537: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12497: 12495: 12491: 12490:client states 12485: 12482: 12476: 12470: 12469: 12465: 12463: 12462: 12458: 12456: 12455: 12451: 12449: 12448: 12444: 12442: 12441: 12437: 12435: 12434: 12430: 12428: 12427: 12423: 12422: 12419: 12415: 12408: 12403: 12401: 12396: 12394: 12389: 12388: 12385: 12376: 12372: 12371: 12366: 12362: 12358: 12357:Frank Sinatra 12354: 12353: 12342: 12336: 12332: 12327: 12323: 12317: 12313: 12312: 12306: 12302: 12296: 12292: 12287: 12283: 12277: 12273: 12268: 12256: 12255: 12249: 12237: 12236: 12230: 12218: 12214: 12209: 12205: 12199: 12195: 12190: 12186: 12180: 12176: 12171: 12167: 12161: 12157: 12152: 12148: 12142: 12138: 12133: 12129: 12123: 12115: 12110: 12098: 12097: 12091: 12079: 12078: 12072: 12060: 12059: 12053: 12049: 12043: 12028: 12024: 12020: 12019: 12013: 12001: 12000: 11994: 11982: 11981: 11975: 11971: 11965: 11961: 11956: 11952: 11948: 11944: 11940: 11937:(1): 83–116. 11936: 11932: 11927: 11915: 11909: 11905: 11904: 11898: 11887: 11881: 11877: 11876: 11870: 11866: 11862: 11858: 11854: 11850: 11846: 11841: 11829: 11828: 11822: 11817: 11811: 11807: 11802: 11798: 11792: 11788: 11783: 11779: 11773: 11765: 11760: 11756: 11750: 11742: 11737: 11733: 11727: 11723: 11718: 11707: 11701: 11697: 11696: 11690: 11679: 11673: 11669: 11668: 11662: 11658: 11653: 11649: 11643: 11639: 11634: 11630: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11611: 11607: 11601: 11597: 11593: 11588: 11576: 11575: 11569: 11565: 11559: 11555: 11550: 11546: 11545: 11539: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11524: 11523: 11513: 11512: 11507: 11503: 11497: 11496:public domain 11485: 11484: 11474: 11469: 11457: 11456: 11450: 11438: 11437: 11431: 11419: 11418: 11412: 11400: 11399: 11393: 11389: 11383: 11379: 11374: 11370: 11364: 11360: 11359: 11353: 11342: 11338: 11333: 11322: 11316: 11312: 11311: 11305: 11301: 11300: 11294: 11283: 11279: 11275: 11274: 11268: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11245: 11244: 11238: 11223: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11204: 11199: 11188: 11182: 11178: 11177: 11171: 11160: 11154: 11150: 11146: 11145: 11139: 11135: 11129: 11114: 11108: 11104: 11103: 11097: 11085: 11084: 11078: 11066: 11065: 11059: 11055: 11053: 11047: 11036: 11032: 11031: 11025: 11013: 11012: 11006: 10994: 10993: 10987: 10976: 10971: 10960: 10954: 10950: 10949: 10943: 10939: 10933: 10929: 10926:. Barcelona: 10925: 10920: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10892: 10888: 10882: 10878: 10876: 10870: 10866: 10855: 10849: 10845: 10844: 10838: 10834: 10828: 10824: 10819: 10807: 10801: 10796: 10795: 10788: 10784: 10778: 10774: 10769: 10765: 10759: 10743: 10742: 10736: 10732: 10726: 10722: 10717: 10706: 10700: 10696: 10695: 10689: 10685: 10679: 10675: 10674:Da Capo Press 10671: 10666: 10655: 10649: 10645: 10644: 10638: 10634: 10629: 10618: 10614: 10611:. MacMillan. 10610: 10609: 10603: 10599: 10594: 10590: 10584: 10580: 10575: 10563: 10559: 10554: 10543: 10538: 10527: 10521: 10517: 10513: 10512: 10506: 10495: 10489: 10486:. Routledge. 10485: 10484: 10478: 10474: 10469: 10465: 10460: 10449: 10443: 10439: 10438: 10432: 10428: 10422: 10414: 10409: 10405: 10399: 10391: 10385: 10381: 10376: 10365: 10359: 10355: 10354: 10348: 10337: 10331: 10327: 10326: 10320: 10308: 10307: 10301: 10290: 10284: 10280: 10279: 10273: 10262: 10261: 10255: 10251: 10245: 10229: 10224: 10212: 10211: 10204: 10203: 10191: 10185: 10180: 10173: 10168: 10161: 10156: 10149: 10144: 10137: 10132: 10126:, p. 97. 10125: 10124:Robinson 1911 10120: 10118: 10116: 10114: 10112: 10110: 10108: 10100: 10099:Robinson 1911 10095: 10088: 10083: 10076: 10071: 10064: 10059: 10052: 10047: 10040: 10035: 10028: 10023: 10016: 10011: 10009: 10001: 9996: 9989: 9984: 9977: 9972: 9970: 9962: 9957: 9950: 9945: 9938: 9933: 9926: 9921: 9914: 9909: 9903:, p. 96. 9902: 9901:Robinson 1911 9897: 9895: 9893: 9891: 9889: 9887: 9885: 9883: 9881: 9879: 9877: 9869: 9868:Robinson 1911 9864: 9857: 9852: 9845: 9840: 9833: 9828: 9821: 9816: 9810:, p. 95. 9809: 9808:Robinson 1911 9804: 9802: 9800: 9798: 9796: 9794: 9786: 9781: 9774: 9769: 9762: 9757: 9750: 9749:Robinson 1956 9745: 9738: 9733: 9726: 9725:Pakenham 2009 9721: 9714: 9709: 9702: 9697: 9695: 9687: 9682: 9675: 9670: 9663: 9662:Southey 1828f 9658: 9651: 9646: 9639: 9634: 9628:, p. 68. 9627: 9626:Southey 1828f 9622: 9615: 9610: 9603: 9598: 9591: 9586: 9579: 9576: 9571: 9565:, p. 81. 9564: 9559: 9552: 9547: 9540: 9535: 9528: 9523: 9516: 9511: 9504: 9499: 9492: 9491:Southey 1828e 9487: 9480: 9479:Southey 1828e 9475: 9468: 9467:Southey 1828e 9463: 9456: 9455:Southey 1828e 9451: 9444: 9439: 9432: 9431:Southey 1828e 9427: 9420: 9419:Southey 1828e 9415: 9408: 9407:Southey 1828e 9403: 9401: 9393: 9388: 9381: 9376: 9369: 9364: 9357: 9352: 9345: 9344:Southey 1828d 9340: 9333: 9328: 9321: 9316: 9309: 9304: 9298:, p. 90. 9297: 9292: 9285: 9280: 9273: 9268: 9261: 9256: 9249: 9248:Southey 1828d 9244: 9237: 9232: 9225: 9220: 9213: 9208: 9201: 9196: 9189: 9188:Chandler 1995 9184: 9178:, p. 10. 9177: 9172: 9165: 9160: 9152: 9146: 9142: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9123: 9118: 9111: 9106: 9099: 9094: 9092: 9085:, p. 87. 9084: 9079: 9072: 9067: 9060: 9055: 9049:, p. 99. 9048: 9043: 9041: 9034:, p. 98. 9033: 9028: 9021: 9016: 9009: 9004: 8997: 8992: 8985: 8980: 8973: 8968: 8961: 8956: 8949: 8944: 8938:, p. 94. 8937: 8932: 8925: 8924:Guedalla 2005 8920: 8913: 8908: 8901: 8900:Southey 1828c 8896: 8889: 8888:Southey 1828c 8884: 8877: 8872: 8865: 8860: 8853: 8848: 8841: 8836: 8829: 8824: 8817: 8812: 8805: 8800: 8793: 8788: 8782:, p. 89. 8781: 8776: 8774: 8766: 8761: 8754: 8749: 8742: 8737: 8735: 8728:, p. 97. 8727: 8726:Fletcher 1999 8722: 8715: 8710: 8703: 8698: 8692:, p. 35. 8691: 8686: 8679: 8674: 8667: 8662: 8655: 8654:Martínez 1999 8650: 8648: 8640: 8639:Chandler 1995 8635: 8629:, p. 55. 8628: 8623: 8616: 8611: 8604: 8599: 8592: 8591:Chandler 1995 8587: 8580: 8575: 8568: 8563: 8557:, p. 87. 8556: 8551: 8544: 8543:Chandler 1995 8539: 8533:, p. 84. 8532: 8527: 8521:, p. 77. 8520: 8515: 8509:, p. 53. 8508: 8503: 8497:, p. 74. 8496: 8491: 8485:, p. 73. 8484: 8479: 8477: 8469: 8468:Chandler 1995 8464: 8458:, p. 67. 8457: 8452: 8446:, p. 61. 8445: 8440: 8433: 8428: 8421: 8420:Chandler 1995 8416: 8409: 8404: 8398:, p. 12. 8397: 8392: 8385: 8380: 8374:, p. 71. 8373: 8368: 8361: 8360:Chandler 1995 8356: 8350:, p. 49. 8349: 8344: 8338:, p. 37. 8337: 8332: 8325: 8320: 8318: 8310: 8309:Connelly 2006 8305: 8303: 8301: 8293: 8288: 8286: 8284: 8282: 8275:, p. 32. 8274: 8269: 8267: 8260:, p. 31. 8259: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8242: 8241:Chandler 1995 8237: 8231:, p. 30. 8230: 8225: 8219:, p. 28. 8218: 8213: 8207:, p. 27. 8206: 8201: 8194: 8189: 8182: 8177: 8171:, p. 22. 8170: 8165: 8159:, p. 26. 8158: 8153: 8146: 8141: 8134: 8129: 8127: 8119: 8114: 8112: 8104: 8103:Chandler 1995 8099: 8092: 8091:Chandler 1995 8087: 8080: 8079:Chandler 1995 8075: 8068: 8063: 8056: 8051: 8044: 8039: 8037: 8035: 8027: 8022: 8015: 8010: 8008: 8006: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7990: 7985: 7978: 7973: 7966: 7961: 7959: 7957: 7949: 7944: 7937: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7916: 7911: 7905:, p. 16. 7904: 7899: 7892: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7879: 7871: 7866: 7864: 7859: 7847: 7846:Robinson 1911 7841: 7832: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7811: 7804: 7798: 7791: 7785: 7778: 7772: 7765: 7759: 7750: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7720:la Francesada 7717: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7689: 7686: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7672: 7669: 7665: 7662: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7646:Other names: 7643: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7619: 7615: 7609: 7602: 7596: 7590: 7585: 7581: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7561: 7554: 7549: 7545: 7538: 7533: 7526: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7512: 7505: 7500: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7478:The painting 7477: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7455: 7451: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7422: 7420: 7416: 7415: 7409: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7394:Ferdinand VII 7391: 7386: 7384: 7379: 7377: 7373: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7356: 7355:Ferdinand VII 7349: 7345: 7337: 7333: 7323: 7319: 7309: 7305: 7295: 7291: 7281: 7277: 7267: 7266: 7254: 7253: 7252:Torres Vedras 7241: 7237: 7227: 7212: 7206: 7189: 7172: 7155: 7138: 7121: 7104: 7092: 7075: 7044: 7037: 7030: 7023: 7013: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6993: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6949:Gave d'Oloron 6946: 6942: 6933: 6921: 6917: 6910: 6905: 6898: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6868: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6821:Marshal Soult 6818: 6814: 6803: 6797: 6787: 6783: 6781: 6775: 6773: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6750: 6745: 6743: 6737: 6735: 6729: 6727: 6723: 6718: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6656: 6647: 6645: 6641: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6593:Manuel Freire 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6564:San Sebastián 6560: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6545:Honoré Reille 6542: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6518: 6516: 6511: 6507: 6506: 6500: 6496: 6491: 6488: 6484: 6476: 6471: 6464: 6460: 6446: 6443: 6436: 6434: 6430: 6429:San Sebastian 6425: 6420: 6416: 6414: 6413:Intruder King 6410: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6363: 6362: 6356: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6339: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6244:San Sebastián 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6198: 6190: 6185: 6183: 6178: 6176: 6171: 6170: 6167: 6153: 6150: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6133: 6120: 6113: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6080: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6047: 6044: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6014:counterattack 6011: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5925: 5920: 5916: 5914: 5906: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5861:Joaquín Blake 5858: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5785:Royal Marines 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5671: 5662: 5646: 5630: 5614: 5598: 5582: 5566: 5550: 5534: 5518: 5502: 5486: 5470: 5454: 5438: 5422: 5406: 5392: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5301: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5255: 5252: 5247: 5246: 5240: 5236: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5216: 5215:El Empecinado 5212: 5208: 5203: 5193: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5177:Enlightenment 5174: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5121: 5106: 5104: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4995:William Heath 4991: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4923: 4922:Joseph Beaume 4919: 4915: 4910: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4858:Pablo Morillo 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4792: 4790: 4785: 4779: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4676: 4671: 4662: 4660: 4659:Molins de Rei 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4379:militia, the 4378: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4223: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4211:, Aragon and 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4193:San Sebastián 4190: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4145:Ancien Régime 4142: 4141: 4136: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4082:Ferdinand VII 4079: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4062:Joachim Murat 4058: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4013: 4012: 4006: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3979: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3922: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3906: 3901: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3849: 3848: 3842: 3835: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3787: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3748: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3721:Queen Maria I 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3623: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3563:—in effect a 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3514:Ferdinand VII 3511: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3408: 3399: 3383: 3367: 3351: 3335: 3319: 3303: 3287: 3271: 3255: 3239: 3223: 3207: 3191: 3175: 3161: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3048:San Sebastián 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2926:Foz de Arouce 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2737: 2732: 2726: 2725:Revolutionary 2722: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2474:Spice Islands 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2277: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2248: 2247: 2244: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2145: 2144: 2143:San Sebastián 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1850:Foz de Arouce 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1825: 1824:Torres Vedras 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1762:2nd Tarragona 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1706: 1705:1st Tarragona 1702: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1392: 1391:Molins de Rey 1388: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1279:Cádiz harbour 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1209: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1168: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1150: 1148: 1141: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1125: 1115: 1114: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1074:October 1812: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1029:January 1810: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1007: 1002: 1000: 997: 992: 987: 985: 982: 981: 979: 973: 972: 971: 970: 956: 953: 952: 951: 950: 936: 935: 934: 933: 924: 919: 914: 909: 899: 898: 897: 893: 892: 887: 881: 876: 871: 869: 864: 859: 857: 852: 847: 845: 840: 835: 833: 828: 823: 821: 816: 811: 809: 808:Joachim Murat 804: 799: 797: 792: 787: 785: 780: 775: 773: 768: 763: 761: 760:André Masséna 756: 751: 749: 744: 739: 737: 732: 727: 725: 720: 715: 713: 708: 703: 701: 696: 691: 689: 684: 679: 677: 672: 667: 665: 660: 655: 653: 648: 643: 641: 636: 631: 629: 624: 619: 617: 616: 610: 605: 604: 602: 597: 592: 587: 585: 580: 575: 573: 571: 565: 560: 555: 553: 548: 543: 541: 536: 531: 529: 517: 512: 510: 509: 503: 498: 496: 495: 489: 484: 482: 481: 475: 470: 468: 458: 456: 446: 444: 434: 432: 422: 420: 419:Joaquín Blake 410: 408: 407: 396: 394: 384: 382: 372: 370: 360: 358: 357: 346: 345: 343: 342: 337: 333: 329: 315: 310: 305: 303: 292: 290: 287: 285: 280: 275: 273: 262: 261: 259: 254: 248: 242: 230: 228: 218: 216: 206: 205: 203: 202: 197: 187: 184: 182: 178: 176: 173: 172: 171: 168: 165: 164: 157: 154: 152: 149: 148: 145: 142: 141: 135: 132: 131: 127: 121: 119: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 99: 77: 74: 69: 64: 61: 57: 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 14592:Grande Armée 14552:Bibliography 14536:Paris (1815) 14496:Paris (1814) 14481:Paris (1810) 14461:Finckenstein 14436:Campo Formio 14195:Rowland Hill 14181:military and 14061:military and 14034:Rocquencourt 13903:Saint-Dizier 13873:Bar-sur-Aube 13828:Mincio River 13323:Schöngrabern 13102:2nd Zaragoza 13042:1st Zaragoza 12996:Stralsund II 12845:Campo Tenese 12819:Schöngrabern 12804:Cape Ortegal 12754:Diamond Rock 12632:Papal States 12466: 12459: 12452: 12445: 12439: 12438: 12431: 12424: 12368: 12361:Sophia Loren 12330: 12310: 12290: 12271: 12259:. 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Retrieved 10208: 10179: 10172:Esdaile 2003 10167: 10160:Esdaile 2003 10155: 10148:Esdaile 2003 10143: 10131: 10094: 10087:Esdaile 2003 10082: 10070: 10058: 10046: 10034: 10022: 9995: 9983: 9956: 9944: 9932: 9920: 9908: 9863: 9851: 9839: 9827: 9815: 9785:Esdaile 2003 9780: 9773:Esdaile 2003 9768: 9756: 9744: 9737:Esdaile 2003 9732: 9720: 9713:Esdaile 2003 9708: 9701:Esdaile 2003 9686:Esdaile 2003 9681: 9669: 9657: 9645: 9633: 9621: 9609: 9597: 9585: 9577: 9570: 9558: 9546: 9539:Esdaile 2003 9534: 9527:Rousset 1892 9522: 9510: 9498: 9486: 9474: 9462: 9450: 9438: 9426: 9414: 9387: 9375: 9363: 9356:Esdaile 2003 9351: 9339: 9332:Esdaile 2003 9327: 9315: 9308:Esdaile 2003 9303: 9291: 9284:Esdaile 2003 9279: 9272:Esdaile 2003 9267: 9260:Esdaile 2003 9255: 9243: 9236:Esdaile 2003 9231: 9224:Esdaile 2003 9219: 9212:Esdaile 2003 9207: 9200:Esdaile 2003 9195: 9183: 9171: 9159: 9140: 9117: 9110:Esdaile 2003 9105: 9078: 9066: 9054: 9027: 9015: 9003: 8991: 8979: 8967: 8955: 8943: 8931: 8919: 8907: 8895: 8883: 8876:Esdaile 2003 8871: 8859: 8852:Esdaile 2003 8847: 8835: 8823: 8811: 8799: 8787: 8765:Esdaile 2003 8760: 8753:Esdaile 2003 8748: 8721: 8714:Esdaile 2003 8709: 8702:Esdaile 2003 8697: 8685: 8673: 8661: 8634: 8622: 8610: 8603:Esdaile 2003 8598: 8586: 8574: 8562: 8555:Esdaile 2003 8550: 8538: 8531:Esdaile 2003 8526: 8519:Esdaile 2003 8514: 8502: 8495:Esdaile 2003 8490: 8483:Esdaile 2003 8463: 8456:Esdaile 2003 8451: 8439: 8427: 8415: 8403: 8391: 8384:Esdaile 2003 8379: 8367: 8355: 8348:Esdaile 2003 8343: 8336:Esdaile 2003 8331: 8324:Esdaile 2003 8292:Esdaile 2003 8236: 8224: 8212: 8200: 8188: 8176: 8169:Esdaile 2003 8164: 8152: 8147:, p. 9. 8140: 8135:, p. 8. 8120:, p. 7. 8098: 8086: 8074: 8062: 8050: 8043:Hindley 2010 8021: 7984: 7972: 7943: 7910: 7898: 7840: 7831: 7810: 7797: 7784: 7771: 7758: 7749: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7705: 7681: 7657: 7642: 7634: 7630: 7625: 7608: 7595: 7584: 7565:David Wilkie 7558: 7509: 7486:David Wilkie 7479: 7464: 7447:people's war 7431: 7423: 7414:Libertadores 7412: 7410: 7390:Carlist Wars 7387: 7380: 7369: 7364:afrancesados 7362: 7353: 7347: 7332:Hundred Days 7264: 7251: 6999: 6978: 6938: 6884:Villefranque 6872:Rowland Hill 6869: 6853: 6810: 6784: 6776: 6769: 6753: 6746: 6738: 6730: 6719: 6706:Charles Oman 6703: 6664: 6637: 6624:Fuenterrabia 6605: 6601:Fuenterrabia 6561: 6519: 6503: 6492: 6480: 6442:Grande Armée 6437: 6421: 6417: 6412: 6408: 6367:East Prussia 6361:Grande Armée 6352: 6341: 6262:Roncesvalles 6249: 6242: 6225: 6196: 6145: 6129: 6076: 6058: 6039: 5999: 5984: 5969: 5963:skirmish at 5951:the town of 5938: 5911: 5892: 5877: 5854: 5819: 5793: 5753: 5708: 5597:TorresVedras 5500: 5364:: 1000 reis 5319: 5314: 5312: 5304: 5297: 5281: 5272: 5250: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5233:obscurantism 5224:Espoz y Mina 5220: 5214: 5189:afrancesados 5188: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5138: 5082: 5036:The Spanish 5035: 4999: 4963: 4927: 4875: 4835: 4798: 4784:Grande Armée 4771: 4761: 4702: 4692: 4680: 4590: 4580: 4551: 4545: 4538: 4532: 4482: 4452:Second Siege 4448: 4389:), defeated 4386: 4380: 4366: 4339: 4327:Spanish Army 4302: 4281: 4239:the invaders 4231: 4185: 4138: 4132: 4125:Muslim Spain 4110: 4085: 4075: 4059: 4036: 4011:Manuel Godoy 4009:Portrait of 4008: 3982: 3974: 3963: 3931: 3910: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3847:afrancesados 3846: 3844: 3837: 3815: 3796: 3762:Manuel Godoy 3758:Géraud Duroc 3751: 3729: 3674: 3637: 3622:Grande Armée 3609: 3546: 3500: 3495: 3463: 3461: 3063:Roncesvalles 2896:Trant's raid 2665: 2542:Italian Wars 2479:Indian Ocean 2411: 2394: 2387: 2365: 2354: 2353: 2327:English Wars 2309: 2287: 2228: 2206: 2199: 2161:Roncesvalles 2148: 2141: 2124: 2080: 2063: 2046: 2037:Órbigo River 1987: 1965: 1958: 1946: 1939: 1900: 1878: 1864: 1822: 1818:Trant's raid 1810: 1788: 1767:3rd Zaragoza 1757:2nd Castalla 1751:1st Castalla 1749: 1732: 1725: 1703: 1696: 1684: 1662: 1650: 1633: 1626: 1609: 1590: 1583: 1571: 1554: 1542: 1530: 1523: 1506: 1482: 1465: 1453: 1421: 1389: 1384:2nd Zaragoza 1382: 1370: 1363: 1351: 1312: 1305: 1290:1st Zaragoza 1288: 1244: 1207: 1088: 1073: 1058: 1043: 1028: 1013: 998: 983: 968: 967: 948: 947: 931: 930: 895: 613: 569: 540:Rowland Hill 506: 492: 478: 404: 354: 199:Belligerents 169: 117: 71:Part of the 60: 38: 29:This is the 23: 14420:War of 1812 14378:Gunboat War 14335:Louis XVIII 14090:Jean Lannes 14004:Quatre Bras 13994:San Germano 13944:Occhiobello 13833:Champaubert 13823:La Rothière 13747:San Marcial 13631:2nd Polotsk 13596:1st Polotsk 13581:Majadahonda 13521:Villagarcia 13450:Campo Maior 13238:Piave River 13163:Ciudad Real 13153:Villafranca 13022:Dos de Mayo 12971:Stralsund I 12723:18 Brumaire 12657:Netherlands 12555:Württemberg 12350:Other media 11481:Attribution 10697:. Pimlico. 10542:"guerrilla" 9925:Napier 1879 9856:Glover 2001 9844:Napier 1879 9832:Napier 1879 9674:Napier 1867 9650:Bodart 1908 9638:Glover 2001 9614:Glover 2001 9602:Porter 1889 9551:Weller 1962 9392:Weller 1962 9368:Weller 1962 9320:Grehan 2015 9176:Glover 2001 9098:McLynn 1997 9083:Brandt 1999 8804:Bodart 1908 8780:Glover 2001 8656:, p. . 8627:Glover 2001 8507:Glover 2001 8026:Fraser 2008 7989:Fraser 2008 7915:Fraser 2008 7635:guerrillero 7618:Glover 2001 7601:Glover 2001 7518:, 1810–1820 7461:Juana Galán 7376:Louis XVIII 6860:George Bell 6620:Great Rhune 6589:San Marcial 6382:provinces, 6291:San Marcial 6141:Guadalajara 5982:with 2,000 5846:Extremadura 5716:blockhouses 5362:Silver coin 5172:afrancesado 5146:prefectures 4824:'s army at 4818:Ciudad Real 4816:'s army at 4261:make their 4235:prepare to 4209:New Castile 4163:on 23 May; 4000:Coup d'état 3888:Mecklenburg 3526:promulgated 3490:during the 3366:Tordesillas 3023:Tordesillas 3013:Majadahonda 2993:3rd Badajoz 2968:2nd Badajoz 2958:1st Badajoz 2936:2nd Almeida 2886:1st Almeida 2765:Villelongue 2383:War of 1812 2344:Finnish War 2332:Gunboat War 2190:San Marcial 2093:Tordesillas 2059:2nd Astorga 2054:2nd Arlabán 2027:1st Arlabán 2010:Majadahonda 1995:Villagarcia 1989:3rd Badajoz 1960:2nd Badajoz 1954:Campo Maior 1941:1st Badajoz 1860:2nd Almeida 1806:1st Almeida 1784:1st Astorga 1680:San Quintín 1525:Ciudad Real 1519:Los Yébenes 1449:Villafranca 1136:35,630 dead 1089:April 1813: 949:April 1813: 688:Jean Lannes 356:Prince John 14628:Categories 14562:Casualties 14476:Schönbrunn 14451:Artlenburg 14200:John Moore 14105:Michel Ney 13974:Scapezzano 13964:Cesenatico 13908:Montmartre 13838:Montmirail 13772:Wartenburg 13727:Großbeeren 13586:Gorodechno 13576:Klyastitsy 13556:Saltanovka 13445:Casal Novo 13318:Hollabrunn 13303:Korneuburg 13097:Somosierra 13001:Copenhagen 12824:Austerlitz 12814:Dürenstein 12550:Westphalia 12493:and allies 12365:Cary Grant 12340:0571205135 12321:0571216811 12165:0718123964 11885:0814702678 11796:1855329689 11731:185367348X 11705:0756613604 11647:1873376820 11628:0300101120 11605:0719025389 11563:1853671967 11387:1853672769 11320:1277402965 10937:8423997235 10900:Humanities 10853:0340178175 10805:0486218724 10782:0141390417 10704:0712697306 10653:1841763705 10646:. Osprey. 10588:1862270163 10525:1403962316 10389:1855327635 10356:. Hamlyn. 10335:0025236601 10200:References 10027:Gates 2002 9515:Burke 1825 9503:Burke 1825 9443:Gates 2001 9380:Gates 2001 9059:Gates 2002 9020:Smith 1998 8996:Gates 2002 8984:Gates 2002 8972:Smith 1998 8960:Gates 2002 8948:Gates 2002 8936:Gates 2002 8912:Gates 2002 8864:Gates 2001 8840:Gates 2001 8828:Scott 1811 8816:Gates 2009 8741:Gates 2002 8678:Gates 2002 8444:Gates 2002 8432:Gates 2002 8408:Gates 2002 8396:Gates 2009 8181:Gates 2002 8067:Payne 1973 8055:Ellis 2014 7965:Gates 2002 7698:Portuguese 7544:Valdepeñas 7392:, as King 7226:Austerlitz 7020:See also: 6800:See also: 6221:San Millan 6060:Wellington 6010:Montserrat 5183:, and the 5022:Sébastiani 4942:Brown Bess 4850:Michel Ney 4842:Pontevedra 4810:Sébastiani 4619:Somosierra 4566:Gothenburg 4440:Army Corps 4263:last stand 4233:Valencians 4086:godoyistas 3968:along the 3857:petimetres 3713:Royal Navy 3656:absolutist 3585:guerrillas 3518:Charles IV 3028:San Millan 2921:Casal Novo 2755:2nd Boulou 2120:San Millan 2088:Villodrigo 2032:Cogorderos 2015:2nd Madrid 1923:2nd Bornos 1913:1st Bornos 1891:Fuengirola 1886:Montellano 1845:Casal Novo 1711:Montserrat 1670:Mequinenza 1611:3rd Gerona 1372:Somosierra 1320:2nd Gerona 1296:1st Gerona 1269:Valdepeñas 1259:1st Madrid 1059:June 1812: 1044:July 1811: 820:Michel Ney 615:Napoleon I 564:John Moore 14526:Casalanza 14501:Tauroggen 14456:Pressburg 14441:Lunéville 14346:conflicts 14179:Coalition 14029:La Suffel 13979:Tolentino 13863:Montereau 13848:Vauchamps 13797:Bornhöved 13752:Dennewitz 13697:Tarragona 13646:Chashniki 13546:Salamanca 13470:Tarragona 13394:Barquilla 13348:Almonacid 13308:Stockerau 13278:Stralsund 13248:2nd Porto 13228:Ebelsberg 13198:Abensberg 13168:1st Porto 13128:Castellón 13112:Benavente 13077:Valmaseda 12991:Friedland 12986:Heilsberg 12956:Ostrołęka 12946:Mohrungen 12880:Magdeburg 12809:Amstetten 12794:Trafalgar 12779:Elchingen 12764:Wertingen 12662:Brunswick 12587:Coalition 12122:cite book 12042:cite book 11951:159770864 11865:153541441 11772:cite book 11749:cite book 11282:725885384 11128:cite book 10817:82 prints 10758:cite book 10617:312880647 10421:cite book 10398:cite book 10075:Oman 1930 10063:Oman 1930 10051:Oman 1930 10039:Oman 1930 10015:Oman 1930 10000:Oman 1930 9988:Oman 1930 9976:Oman 1930 9961:Oman 1930 9949:Oman 1930 9937:Oman 1930 9913:Oman 1930 9761:Muir 2021 9071:Oman 1908 9047:Oman 1908 9032:Oman 1908 9008:Oman 1908 8792:Bell 2009 8666:Oman 1902 8615:Oman 1902 8273:Oman 1902 8258:Oman 1902 8229:Oman 1902 8217:Oman 1902 8205:Oman 1902 8193:Oman 1902 8157:Oman 1902 8145:Oman 1902 8133:Oman 1902 8118:Oman 1902 7870:Goya 1967 7855:Citations 7777:Oman 1930 7764:Oman 1930 7631:guerrilla 7465:La Galana 7429:in 1822. 7016:Aftermath 6985:Hers-Mort 6876:Beresford 6864:34th Foot 6835:near the 6667:Catalonia 6396:Catalonia 6388:La Mancha 6002:Tarragona 5994:blockaded 5985:miquelets 5957:VII Corps 5805:Rio Maior 5741:Beresford 5732:semaphore 5306:gaditanos 5142:Intendant 5018:Almonacid 4814:Cartaojal 4812:defeated 4758:Saragossa 4729:Cacabelos 4725:Benavente 4713:La Romana 4707:from the 4705:debouched 4673:Death of 4635:VII Corps 4627:Catalonia 4554:La Romana 4511:and then 4405:attacked 4387:sometents 4382:Miquelets 4373:Barcelona 4354:Santander 4213:Catalonia 4157:Cartagena 4140:guerrilla 4051:Barcelona 4043:Catalonia 3966:Alcántara 3633:total war 3628:partisans 3593:Salamanca 3549:Andalusia 3334:Salamanca 3008:Salamanca 2881:River Côa 2869:2nd Porto 2854:1st Porto 2666:1808–1814 2661:1793–1795 2651:1718–1720 2646:1688–1697 2641:1683–1684 2636:1673–1678 2631:1667–1668 2624:1648–1653 2619:1641–1659 2614:1640–1659 2609:1635–1659 2604:1628–1631 2594:1595–1598 2589:1580–1583 2582:1551–1559 2577:1542–1544 2572:1536–1538 2567:1526–1529 2562:1521–1526 2557:1512–1516 2552:1502–1504 2547:1495–1498 2103:San Muñoz 2065:Salamanca 1801:River Côa 1796:Barquilla 1745:Altafulla 1675:La Bisbal 1641:Hostalric 1556:Almonacid 1550:Arzobispo 1538:Alcantara 1484:2nd Porto 1467:1st Porto 1417:Cacabelos 1412:Castellón 1402:Benavente 1342:Valmaseda 984:May 1808: 584:John Hope 14597:Uniforms 14511:Chaumont 14429:Treaties 14130:Joseph I 14070:Napoleon 14014:Waterloo 13954:Casaglia 13918:Toulouse 13802:Sehested 13777:Bidassoa 13757:2nd Kulm 13742:1st Kulm 13732:Katzbach 13722:Sorauren 13717:Pyrenees 13682:Castalla 13666:Berezina 13656:Smoliani 13626:Tarutino 13611:Borodino 13601:Valutino 13591:Smolensk 13561:Ostrovno 13531:Maguilla 13495:Valencia 13485:Saguntum 13333:Talavera 13213:Ratisbon 13203:Landshut 13178:Bergisel 13173:Medellín 13087:Espinosa 13047:Valencia 12920:Czarnowo 12890:Pasewalk 12885:Prenzlau 12860:Saalfeld 12799:Caldiero 12769:Günzburg 12647:Sardinia 12622:Portugal 12367:(1957). 12217:Archivum 12114:Memorias 10995:. Boone 10843:The Duke 10744:. London 10710:30 April 10635:. Verso. 10483:Napoleon 10453:30 April 10266:10 April 10244:cite web 9820:COS 2014 8579:Gay 1903 7688:Galician 7567:, 1828. 7336:Waterloo 7334:1815:... 7292:1812:... 7160:Portugal 7063:Waterloo 7058:620miles 6989:attacked 6983:and the 6969:Toulouse 6957:Bordeaux 6880:Ustaritz 6772:Figueras 6608:Bidassoa 6597:Bidassoa 6528:and the 6433:Pamplona 6369:and the 6326:Toulouse 6296:Bidassoa 6267:Sorauren 6251:Pyrenees 6238:Pamplona 6022:defeated 5980:Figueres 5961:vanguard 5949:captured 5842:Olivenza 5801:Santarém 5724:ravelins 5720:redoubts 5581:Teixeira 5285:Aréizaga 5062:VI Corps 5052:and the 5026:IV Corps 5020:, where 4938:frigates 4930:II Corps 4912:Marshal 4898:Belchite 4826:Medellín 4774:Lefebvre 4717:Mansilla 4693:picquets 4647:Cardedeu 4615:Espinosa 4599:marshals 4546:Champion 4529:Falmouth 4444:Castaños 4407:Zaragoza 4375:, local 4371:outside 4189:Pamplona 4173:Asturias 4165:Zaragoza 4161:Valencia 4113:rebelled 4047:Pamplona 3772:, under 3705:Portugal 3685:Napoleon 3616:Pyrenees 3557:Besieged 3482:and the 3476:Portugal 3398:Toulouse 3270:Talavera 3206:Valencia 3129:Overseas 3117:Toulouse 3092:Bidassoa 3068:Sorauren 3053:Pyrenees 3043:Pamplona 2978:El Bodón 2916:Condeixa 2859:Amarante 2721:Portugal 2484:2nd Java 2464:1st Java 2230:Toulouse 2195:Bidassoa 2166:Sorauren 2150:Pyrenees 2137:Pamplona 2042:El Bodón 2005:Maguilla 1935:Olivenza 1840:Condeixa 1740:Alicante 1734:Valencia 1727:Saguntum 1698:Figueras 1635:Belchite 1544:Talavera 1532:Medellín 1514:Miajadas 1490:Santiago 1473:Amarante 1407:Mansilla 1378:Cardadeu 1359:Espinosa 1301:Valencia 889:Strength 628:Joseph I 215:Portugal 143:Location 58:in 1823. 35:reviewed 14344:Related 13923:Bayonne 13888:Craonne 13858:Mormant 13818:Brienne 13792:Nivelle 13782:Leipzig 13737:Dresden 13707:Vitoria 13692:Bautzen 13661:Krasnoi 13606:Mesoten 13566:Vitebsk 13526:Almaraz 13516:Badajoz 13475:Albuera 13460:Almeida 13455:Sabugal 13440:Redinha 13430:Barrosa 13409:Bussaco 13404:Almeida 13384:Astorga 13353:Tamames 13313:Gefrees 13268:Alcañiz 13208:Eckmühl 13138:Corunna 13107:Sahagún 13072:Zornoza 13067:Vimeiro 13037:Cabezón 12961:Kolberg 12930:Pułtusk 12925:Golymin 12915:Hamelin 12895:Stettin 12855:Schleiz 12700:Prelude 12692:battles 12667:Hanover 12612:Prussia 12602:Austria 12540:Bavaria 12520:Etruria 12515:Holland 12487:France, 12480:gerents 12027:9981233 11508:(ed.). 11498:: 7712:Spanish 7664:Catalan 7308:Leipzig 7265:Vitoria 7194:Germany 7177:Prussia 7126:Austria 6981:Garonne 6947:to the 6841:Bayonne 6817:Nivelle 6780:Garonne 6726:Clinton 6675:Villena 6629:Nivelle 6616:Bayonne 6581:Citadel 6499:Navarre 6422:At the 6392:Levante 6384:Navarre 6316:Bayonne 6301:Nivelle 6272:Lizasso 6227:Vitoria 6216:Morales 6137:Astorga 6103:Badajoz 6068:Badajoz 6026:trapped 6018:Sagunto 5953:Tortosa 5880:Almeida 5838:Badajoz 5834:Barrosa 5822:Badajoz 5776:Bussaco 5680:1807 5645:Sabugal 5629:Redinha 5549:Bussaco 5533:Almeida 5453:Vimeiro 5329:Charcas 5251:señores 5135:, 1810) 5064:at the 5002:I Corps 4916:at the 4890:Alcañiz 4866:Galicia 4806:I Corps 4733:Corunna 4698:Sahagún 4684:Carrión 4505:Vimeiro 4478:Vimeiro 4432:Andújar 4377:Catalan 4346:Seville 4311:, 1814) 4290:, 1814) 4269:, 1884) 4245:, 1884) 4091:Bayonne 4067:Vitoria 4039:Navarre 3911:Prince 3896:Denmark 3822:(1805). 3803:(1817). 3778:Bidasoa 3736:Bayonne 3693:Prussia 3691:. 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