Allied-occupied Germany

1810: 3053: 2632:, Poles, Hungarians and Yugoslavs of German ethnicity in their zones, France generally had not agreed to the expulsions approved by the Potsdam agreement (a decision made without input from France). Therefore, France strictly refused to absorb war refugees who were denied return to their homes in seized eastern German territories or destitute post-war expellees who had been expropriated there, into the French zone, let alone into the separated Saar protectorate. However, the native population, returning after Nazi-imposed removals (e.g., political and Jewish refugees) and war-related relocations (e.g., evacuation from air raids), were allowed to return home in the areas under French control. The other Allies complained that they had to shoulder the burden to feed, house and clothe the expellees who had to leave their belongings behind. 2604: 5304: 77: 94: 1790: 5398: 1382: 2571: 5262: 3092:

destitute expellees in its zone. While the few war-related refugees who had reached the area to become the French zone before July 1945 were taken care of, the French military government for Germany refused to absorb post-war expellees deported from the East into its zone. In December 1946, the French military government for Germany absorbed into its zone German refugees from Denmark, where 250,000 Germans had found a refuge from the Soviets by sea vessels between February and May 1945. These clearly were war-related refugees from the eastern parts of Germany however, and not post-war expellees.

565: 1855: 3001:

authorities against African-Americans compared with Caucasian soldiers, much more likely to result in a conviction by court-martial (in part because a German woman was both less likely to acknowledge consensual sexual relations with an African-American and more likely to be believed if she alleged rape against an African-American) and which carried a potential death sentence. Even in the rare cases where an African-American soldier was willing to take responsibility for fathering a child, until 1948 the U.S. Army prohibited

2262: 8749: 5318: 2944: 1999: 710: 1881:. This region bordered the Netherlands and covered an area of 6,500 km, and was originally intended to serve as a collection and dispersal territory for the millions of Polish displaced persons in Germany and Western Europe after the war. Early British proposals for this to form the basis of a formal Polish zone of occupation, were however, soon abandoned due to Soviet opposition. The zone had a large camp constructed largely for displaced persons and was administered by the 2138: 665: 2859: 2964:

total deficiency was about 50%, not 15% as stated in a ministerial reply in the British Parliament on 11 December. So only about 770 calories (3,200 kJ) would have been supplied, and he said the German winter ration would be 1,000 calories (4,200 kJ) as the recent increase was "largely mythical". His book includes photos taken on the visit and critical letters and newspaper articles by him published in several British newspapers;

1171: 604: 590: 5363: 1185: 1333:, with the exact line of the boundary to be determined in a final German peace treaty. This treaty was expected to confirm the shifting westward of Poland's borders, as the United Kingdom and United States committed themselves to support the permanent incorporation of eastern Germany into Poland and the Soviet Union. From March 1945 to July 1945, these 2871:

strictly this policy was applied varied from place to place, but in many places the restrictions were frequently ignored, as a result of which the policy was quickly abandoned. Germans were also prohibited from inhabiting any part of a building in which US soldiers were housed, leading to large numbers of Germans being ejected from their homes.

2716:, also known as the "Two-plus-Four Treaty", granting full sovereign powers to Germany did not become law until 15 March 1991, after all of the participating governments had ratified the treaty. As envisaged by the Treaty, the last occupation troops departed from Germany when the Russian presence was terminated in 1994, although the 2628:

of a Marxist political-economic system (enforced redistribution of land, nationalisation of businesses). Another dispute was the absorption of post-war expellees. While the UK, the US and the Soviet Union had agreed to accept, house and feed about six million expelled German citizens from former eastern Germany and four million

2989:. In the earliest stages of the occupation, U.S. soldiers were not allowed to pay maintenance for a child they admitted having fathered, since to do so was considered "aiding the enemy". Marriages between white U.S. soldiers and Austrian women were not permitted until January 1946, and with German women until December 1946. 2082:, which was disentangled from it on 16 February 1946. By 18 December 1946 customs controls were established between the Saar area and Allied-occupied Germany. The French zone ceded further areas adjacent to the Saar (in mid-1946, early 1947, and early 1949). Included in the French zone was the town of 1353:

After two months during which they held areas that had been assigned to the Soviet zone, U.S. forces withdrew in the first days of July 1945. Some have concluded that this was a crucial move which persuaded the Soviet Union to allow American, British and French forces into their designated sectors in

3578:

Cf. the report of the Central State Archive of Rhineland-Palatinate on the first expellees arriving in that state in 1950 from other German states in the former British or American zone: "Beyond that already since summer 1945 France refused to absorb expellee transports in her zone. France, who had

2923:

was overseen by the Soviet Military Administration (SMAD), which maintained close control over the Germans and allowed little room for independent action on the part of local German officials. Key posts in local administration, particularly those dealing with security members, were given to members

2627:

on 3 September 1971) in the context of growing tensions between the Allies, with Britain and the US wishing cooperation, France obstructing any collaboration in order to partition Germany into many independent states, and especially: the Soviet Union unilaterally implementing from early on elements

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The food situation in occupied Germany was initially very dire. By the spring of 1946 the official ration in the American zone was no more than 1,275 calories (5,330 kJ) per day, with some areas probably receiving as little as 700 calories (2,900 kJ) per day. In the British zone the food

2887:

To further the long-term aim of democratization, the British implemented government modeled on the UK system, placing heavy emphasis on local level democracy. The goal was to create a British-style administration with employees who viewed themselves as public servants, on the basis that this would

2963:

the normal 28-day allocation should have been 1,548 calories (6,480 kJ) including 10 kilograms (22 lb) of bread, but as there was limited grain the bread ration was only 8.5 kilograms (19 lb). However, as there was only sufficient bread for about 50% of this "called up" ration, the

2927:

Soviet occupation authorities also executed a rigorous program of land reform, expropriating large landed estates and imposing direct control over much of the economic activity in the zone. They closed major banks and insurance companies in July 1945, and seized property formerly belonging to the

2907:

On the economic front, the French seized the opportunity to extract coal and steel resources from the Saar region, fusing it with France in a customs and currency union and encouraging the development of export industries. As a result, the French managed to extract a surplus from their occupation

2903:

to facilitate economic recovery within France itself. Since one of their key goals was to ensure that Germany would never again be in a position to threaten France, the French were strongly opposed to a unified approach to occupation, and favored political structures that were as decentralized as

3015:

While Allied servicemen were ordered to obey local laws while in Germany, soldiers could not be prosecuted by German courts for crimes committed against German citizens except as authorised by the occupation authorities. Invariably, when a soldier was accused of criminal behaviour the occupation

2795:

from public life; and take any other measures in Germany as might be necessary to ensure future peace and safety. The consensus among the Allies was that it was necessary to ensure Germany could not cause further world wars, but beyond that their opinion on what Germany's future should look like

2870:

Initially, the US was extremely rigorous in its efforts to prevent fraternization with German civilians. US soldiers were forbidden to shake hands with Germans, visit their homes, play games or sports with them, exchange gifts, take part in social events, or walk in the streets with them. How

1901:, and withdrew recognition from the London-based Polish government in exile, the Emsland zone became more of an embarrassment. Polish units within the British Army were demobilised in June 1947. The expelled German populations were allowed to return and the last Polish residents left in 1948. 3091:

France was not invited to the Potsdam Conference. As a result, it chose to adopt some decisions of the Potsdam Agreements and to dismiss others. France maintained the position that it did not approve post-war expulsions and that therefore it was not responsible to accommodate and nourish the

3000:

even with an "enemy" white population was regarded as an intolerable outrage. African-American soldiers were therefore reluctant to admit to fathering such children since this would invite reprisals and even accusations of rape, a crime which was much more aggressively prosecuted by military

2231:

While located wholly within the Soviet zone, because of its symbolic importance as the nation's capital and seat of the former Nazi government, the city of Berlin was jointly occupied by the Allied powers and subdivided into four sectors. All four occupying powers were entitled to privileges

1522:

Following the complete closure of all Nazi German media, the launch and operation of completely new newspaper titles began by licensing carefully selected Germans as publishers. Licenses were granted to Germans not involved in Nazi propaganda to establish those newspapers, including

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in March 1953, the Soviet Control Commission was replaced with the office of the Soviet High Commissioner on 28 May 1953. This office was abolished (and replaced by an ambassador) and (general) sovereignty was granted to the GDR, when the Soviet Union concluded a state treaty

3579:

not participated in the Potsdam Conference, where the expulsions of eastern Germans had been decided, and who therefore did not feel responsible for the ramifications, feared an unbearable burden for its zone anyway strongly smarting from the consequences of the war." N.N.,

2635:

In practice, each of the four occupying powers wielded government authority in their respective zones and carried out different policies toward the population and local and state governments there. A uniform administration of the western zones evolved, known first as the

2732:

The city of Berlin was not part of either state and de jure continued to be under Allied occupation of the four countries until the reunification of Germany in October 1990. For administrative purposes, the three western sectors of Berlin were merged into the entity of

3016:

authorities preferred to handle the matter within the military justice system. This sometimes led to harsher punishments than would have been available under German law – in particular, U.S. servicemen could be executed if court-martialed and convicted of rape. See

3084:, Hungary and elsewhere to the occupation zones of the UK, US, and USSR, which agreed in the Potsdam Agreement to absorb the post-war expellees into their zones. Many remained in refugee camps for a long time. Some Germans remained in the Soviet Union and were 2640:(the American and British zones merged as of 1 January 1947) and later the Trizone (after inclusion of the French zone). The complete breakdown of east–west allied cooperation and joint administration in Germany became clear with the Soviet imposition of the 2996:("Negro half-breeds"), comprising about three percent of the total number of children fathered by GIs, were particularly disadvantaged because of their inability to conceal the foreign identity of their fathers. For many white U.S. soldiers of this era, 2883:

included the Ruhr industrial region, which had experienced the heaviest bombing and therefore faced the greatest shortages of housing and food. Initial British occupation directives were concerned primarily with economic considerations and food supply.

2086:, a German exclave separated from the rest of the country by a narrow strip of neutral Swiss territory. The Swiss government agreed to allow limited numbers of French troops to pass through its territory in order to maintain law and order in Büsingen. 2888:

help to reeducate Germans to democratic modes of thought. To that end the British introduced new local government structures, including a nonpolitical position similar to the English town clerk ("city director") that replaced the office of mayor.

2707:

in October 1990. Though West Germany was effectively independent, the western Allies maintained limited legal jurisdiction over 'Germany as a whole' in respect of West Germany and Berlin. At the same time, East Germany progressed from being a

2281:

Conference to be "temporarily administered" pending the Final Peace Treaty on Germany between the four Allies and a future German state; eventually (under the September 1990 Peace Treaty) the northern portion of East Prussia became the

3401: 1835:

The Belgians were allocated a territory which was garrisoned by their troops. The zone formed a 200 kilometres (120 mi) strip from the Belgian-German border at the south of the British zone, and included the important cities of

1337:

had been administered under Soviet military occupation authorities, but following the Potsdam Agreement they were handed over to Soviet and Polish civilian administrations and ceased to constitute part of Allied-occupied Germany.

3071:

Hungary, which had been allied with Germany and whose population was opposed to an expulsion of the German minority, tried to resist the transfer. Hungary had to yield to the pressure exerted mainly by the Soviet Union and by the

2816:"). Under this plan, Germany would have been broken into four autonomous states and not only demilitarized but also deindustrialized to the point of becoming chiefly agrarian. The Morgenthau plan was opposed by Secretary of State 2971:

Some occupation soldiers took advantage of the desperate food situation by exploiting their ample supply of food and cigarettes (the currency of the black market) to get to the local German girls as what became known as

1809: 1341:

In the closing weeks of fighting in Europe, United States forces had pushed beyond the agreed boundaries for the future zones of occupation, in some places by as much as 320 km (200 miles). The so-called

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became law, the occupation ended, the western occupation zones ceased to exist, and the high commissioners were replaced by normal ambassadors. West Germany was also allowed to build a military, and the

3012:

for Germany prohibited "proceedings to establish paternity or liability for maintenance of children." Even after the lifting of the ban West German courts had little power over American soldiers.

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In general, the British believed strongly in reeducation as a means to achieve democracy, which led them to prioritize the reestablishment of schooling and university education in their zone.

1789: 4189: 2703:

Despite the grants of general sovereignty to both German states in 1955, full and unrestricted sovereignty under international law was not enjoyed by any German government until after the

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had liberated the Netherlands and had conquered Northern Germany. The Canadian forces went home following the German surrender, leaving Northern Germany to be occupied by the British.

3068:

on 1 August 1945 that "the transfer to Germany of German populations...in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary will have to be undertaken"; "wild expulsion" was already going on.

4319: 2824:, and Roosevelt distanced himself from the idea after it was reported on by major American newspapers. Ultimately, US occupation policy came to be determined chiefly by the 2017:

was at first not granted an occupation zone in Germany, but the British and American governments later agreed to cede some western parts of their zones of occupation to the

1261:

on 8 May 1945, the four countries representing the Allies (the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and France) asserted joint authority and sovereignty through the

2037:

and the westernmost part of Austria. In July, the French relinquished Stuttgart to the Americans, and in exchange were given control over cities west of the Rhine such as

2232:

throughout Berlin that were not extended to the rest of Germany – this included the Soviet sector of Berlin, which was legally separate from the rest of the Soviet zone.

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The French were less concerned with improving Germany's moral and civic character, focusing instead on ensuring France's future security and utilizing the resources of

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Soviet aims in Germany were similar to those of the French, with the primary goals being to prevent future aggression by Germany and to extract reparations.

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in April 1947, between Denmark and United Kingdom. A Danish Occupation Force was formally established on 7 October 1949. The headquarters was in the town of

8835: 6645: 6591: 5777: 1216: 8850: 7102: 6598: 6214: 5624: 1409: 3242: 6988: 6435: 6311: 3348: 3101: 3285: 2591:, a communist party that would come to dominate the future East German state. Walter Ulbricht is seated in the foreground to the right of Grotewohl. 76: 6288: 5668: 1628: 5303: 3219: 2712:

of the Soviet Union to increasing independence of action; while still deferring in matters of security to Soviet authority. The provisions of the

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with its constitution took effect on 17 December 1947, however the separation was opposed by the Soviet Union and Germans here were not expelled.

6725: 6037: 4486: 4329: 3047: 1095: 8820: 6544: 5846: 3825: 3781:

Biddiscombe, P. (2001). "Dangerous Liaisons: The Anti-Fraternization Movement in the U.S. Occupation Zones of Germany and Austria, 1945–1948".

1907: 8543: 3619: 3583: 7336: 7299: 7276: 6797: 5719: 5689: 4691: 3038:

redoubt. Perry Biddiscombe estimates the total death toll as a direct result of Werewolf actions and the resulting reprisals as 3,000–5,000.

2908:

zone, and prevented it from becoming a financial liability the way the British and American zones were to their respective occupying powers.

2612: 7051: 3933: 7429: 7285: 7269: 7241: 6489: 5696: 1508: 3189: 8186: 7253: 7165: 7109: 7072: 6354: 3525: 3085: 2194: 1329:, at Potsdam, the United States, United Kingdom and the Soviet Union approved the detachment from Germany of the territories east of the 3052: 8860: 8795: 7158: 5890: 2766: 2663:) entered into force. However, upon the creation of the Federal Republic in May 1949, the military governors were replaced by civilian 2045:. All this resulted in two barely contiguous areas of Germany along the French border which met at just a single point along the River 8664: 7292: 5682: 5640: 5231: 2680: 2182: 8513: 6332: 6106: 5869: 5735: 5546: 4977: 4217: 2629: 1209: 160: 3398:"Agreement concerning the participation of a Danish contingent in the occupation of Germany. Signed at Copenhagen, April 22, 1947" 1449: 8790: 7408: 7205: 6242: 5742: 5654: 5590: 5158: 768: 2741:

and while not recognised by the Western powers as a part of East Germany, the GDR declared it its capital (Hauptstadt der DDR).

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on 2 August 1945 defined the new eastern German border by giving Poland and the Soviet Union all regions of Germany east of the

8805: 7611: 7123: 5973: 5511: 4096: 4075: 93: 452: 8810: 8800: 8207: 8112: 7639: 7385: 7260: 6346: 6320: 6177: 5883: 5800: 5478: 4451: 3986: 3915: 3668: 3642: 3560: 3310: 3077: 2252: 1776: 1767:. It was created in July 1949 and was not under British or any other allied control. Instead it was under the control of the 1334: 1281: 1149: 1080: 1013: 17: 3485:

Campion, Corey (2019). "Remembering the Forgotten Zone: Recasting the Image of the Post-1945 French Occupation of Germany".

2648:(FRG) i.e. West Germany in May 1949, and after that the Soviets followed suit in October 1949 with the establishment of the 8830: 8825: 8440: 7847: 7733: 6898: 6365: 6361: 6339: 5943: 5412: 5224: 4758: 2178: 1315: 1666:, but with borders that had been drawn by the Nazi government in 1937. The British also created the new German states of: 8355: 7819: 7151: 7137: 6350: 5256: 4605: 4588: 4421: 4132: 1399: 1202: 976: 744: 232: 1623:

which they had taken over from the Americans a few weeks before, as it had previously been agreed to be occupied by the

8564: 8433: 8311: 7889: 7604: 7555: 7313: 6868: 6120: 5959: 5807: 5661: 5312: 4496: 4461: 4406: 4118: 3970:

Campion, Corey. "Remembering the" Forgotten Zone": Recasting the Image of the Post-1945 French Occupation of Germany."

2879:

British occupation policy was similar to that of the United States, but with a greater focus on economic problems. The

2226: 1963:. So, at 12 noon that day, Dutch troops moved to occupy an area of 69 km (17,000 acres), the most relevants parts were 1584: 1115: 909: 764: 221: 3430: 2603: 8680: 7562: 7534: 7351: 6933: 6652: 6619: 5392: 5357: 4945: 4849: 4686: 2154: 2132: 1993: 1826: 1572: 1300:) and divided the remaining "Germany as a whole" into four occupation zones, each administered by one of the Allies. 242: 194: 5835: 8717: 7875: 7812: 6947: 6783: 5906: 2775:, where Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin signed an agreement stating that they intended to: disarm and disband the 2588: 1314:, annexed by Germany from Lithuania before the war, was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1945 and transferred to the 759: 6460: 4029:

Knowles, Christopher. "The British Occupation of Germany, 1945–49: A Case Study in Post-Conflict Reconstruction."

2723:

A 1956 plebiscite ended the French administration of the Saar protectorate, and it joined the Federal Republic as

810: 8241: 8082: 8071: 7907: 7666: 7625: 7518: 7456: 6843: 6113: 5982: 5950: 4811: 4411: 4043:

Main, Steven J. "The Soviet Occupation of Germany. Hunger, Mass Violence and the Struggle for Peace, 1945–1947."

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Transforming Occupation in the Western Zones of Germany: Politics, Everyday Life and Social Interactions, 1945-55

2002: 921: 786: 6630: 6198: 4144:

Miller, Paul D. "A bibliographic essay on the Allied occupation and reconstruction of West Germany, 1945–1955."

4003: 2687:, although limited sovereignty was not granted to the GDR government until 11 November 1949. After the death of 84: 8627: 8599: 8477: 8270: 7507: 6958: 6884: 6680: 6051: 5770: 5675: 5560: 4794: 4610: 4294: 3940:

Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees, European University Institute, Florence, Department of history and civilization

3185:

Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949: Multilateral, 1931-1945

2624: 2611:, which contained recommendations for the establishment of a new state and also formed a working basis for the 1866: 1691: 1677: 1365:

withdrew from the Allied Control Council. The split led to the establishment in 1949 of two new German states,

1258: 790: 749: 370: 3594: 1848:(known as the Belgian Forces in Germany from 1951) became autonomous in 1946 under the command, initially, of 8815: 8687: 8620: 8571: 8502: 8327: 7833: 7784: 7548: 7541: 7144: 6905: 6696: 5749: 5422: 5088: 4864: 4726: 4630: 4529: 3123: 2170: 1800: 1346:

between Soviet and U.S. forces at the end of hostilities, mostly lying eastward of the July 1945-established

1303: 3056:

August 1948, German children deported from the eastern areas taken over by Poland arrive in western Germany.

8761: 8657: 8032: 7993: 6912: 6747: 6732: 6659: 6638: 6456: 6134: 5920: 5913: 5897: 5608: 5567: 5539: 5108: 4836: 4706: 4210: 2784: 2758: 1783:

during 1951–1952, which terminated the occupation and prepared the way for the rearmament of West Germany.

1652: 782: 3878: 3333: 3028:

The last Allied war advances into Germany and Allied occupation plans were affected by rumors of the Nazi

8724: 8048: 8000: 7618: 7590: 7443: 7058: 7037: 6558: 6221: 6127: 5617: 5407: 4903: 4816: 4268: 3907: 3282: 2174: 1956: 1898: 1307: 802: 754: 739: 734: 689: 674: 31: 5382: 2982:, 25 June 1945). Some soldiers still felt the girls were the enemy, but used them for sex nevertheless. 2460: 2301:

Saarland, an area in the French occupation zone, was separated from Allied-occupied Germany to become a

2060: 1318:. All territories annexed by Germany during the war from Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Poland and 8522: 8018: 7937: 7882: 7770: 7726: 7376: 7002: 6926: 6828: 6705: 6577: 6570: 6530: 6503: 6235: 6168: 5763: 5574: 5504: 4826: 4738: 4716: 4635: 4620: 4436: 4416: 4258: 2679:

A similar situation occurred in East Germany. The GDR was founded on 7 October 1949. On 10 October the

2649: 2270: 1882: 1780: 1381: 981: 951: 724: 331: 3211: 8424: 8341: 8126: 7986: 7958: 7791: 7696: 7486: 6919: 5993: 5647: 5078: 4263: 3783: 2805: 2717: 2697: 2684: 1845: 1605: 1234: 798: 794: 729: 6191: 4069:

Konrad Adenauer: A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War, Revolution and Reconstruction

3822: 3064:, where the victorious Allies drew up plans for the future of Germany, noted in article XIII of the 8163: 8140: 7392: 7193: 7186: 6850: 6510: 6482: 6475: 5862: 5055: 5017: 4854: 4625: 3611: 3580: 2788: 2762: 2704: 806: 6207: 6184: 3529: 2083: 1567: 8585: 8529: 8399: 8259: 7944: 7597: 7493: 7399: 6967: 6835: 6805: 6769: 6754: 6626: 6518: 6496: 6442: 6428: 6410: 5855: 5583: 5532: 5191: 5065: 5045: 5022: 5002: 4962: 4925: 4874: 4748: 4711: 4203: 3930: 3293: 3113: 2880: 2570: 1950:. It remained stationed at Itzehoe, under the name of The Danish Command in Germany, until 1958. 1779:. Kirkpatrick carried immense responsibility particularly with respect to the negotiation of the 1687: 1640: 1609: 1588: 1403: 774: 664: 5216: 3931:

The Expulsion of the 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War

2607:

West German mayors and minister presidents receive the British, American, and French occupiers'

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A Machine Gunner's War: From Normandy to Victory with the 1st Infantry Division in World War II

3183: 3118: 3073: 3009: 2920: 2900: 2620: 2525: 2382: 1768: 1713: 1701: 1326: 1262: 1230: 939: 833: 650: 627: 384: 35: 2667:, whose powers lay somewhere between those of a governor and those of an ambassador. When the 2644:

that was enforced from June 1948 to May 1949. The three western zones were merged to form the

1537: 1486:) were also placed under U.S. control because of the U.S. request to have certain toeholds in 8768: 8491: 8334: 8230: 8200: 8156: 7896: 7861: 7854: 7777: 7675: 7116: 7093: 6940: 6551: 6088: 5828: 5814: 5497: 5153: 4972: 4957: 4920: 2111:

From November 1945, Luxembourg was allocated a zone within the French sector. The Luxembourg

1911: 1720:

Also in 1947, the American zone of occupation being inland had no port facilities – thus the

1644: 1525: 1319: 1136: 778: 6386: 3334:"Entre ressentiment et ré-éducation, L'Armée belge d'Occupation et les Allemands, 1945–1952" 1959:, give to the Netherlands some less far-reaching border modifications, after the failure of 1631:(CCG/BE) ceded more slices of its area of occupation to the Soviet Union – specifically the 8592: 8447: 8098: 8055: 8025: 7951: 7761: 7740: 6666: 6143: 5821: 5377: 4935: 4879: 4763: 4701: 4696: 4666: 4598: 4576: 4524: 4426: 3855: 3581:"Vor 50 Jahren: Der 15. April 1950. Vertriebene finden eine neue Heimat in Rheinland-Pfalz" 3002: 2809: 2780: 2434: 2295: 2274: 2142: 1674: 1561: 1330: 1277: 1131: 959: 946: 838: 636: 318: 5293: 2356: 2072: 2068: 1464: 1460: 8: 8710: 8484: 8362: 8318: 7840: 6974: 6740: 6267: 6097: 6081: 6030: 5118: 5012: 4987: 4982: 4859: 4804: 4743: 4649: 4380: 4314: 3032:

plan for insurgency, and successful Nazi deception about plans to withdraw forces to the

2608: 2034: 1849: 1705: 1636: 1555: 1424: 1355: 1347: 398: 107: 4476: 2696:

with the GDR on 20 September 1955. On 1 March 1956, the GDR established a military, the

1894: 8703: 8536: 8461: 8415: 8385: 8293: 8133: 7798: 7682: 7576: 7527: 7465: 7221: 7172: 6981: 6605: 6260: 6058: 5347: 5184: 5177: 5032: 4997: 4884: 4869: 4799: 4777: 4753: 4681: 4615: 4545: 4456: 4375: 4344: 4253: 4230: 3800: 3502: 3128: 3061: 2978: 2408: 2287: 2283: 2146: 1878: 1670: 1512: 1440: 1289: 1268:

At first, Allied-occupied Germany was defined as all territories of Germany before the

926: 886: 858: 698: 305: 2862:

American propaganda poster using images of concentration camp victims to warn against

2294:, also fell to Poland. Most German citizens residing in these areas were subsequently 2150: 1854: 1753: 1354:

Berlin, which occurred at roughly the same time; the need for intelligence gathering (

8694: 8578: 8468: 8408: 8369: 8302: 8284: 8250: 8193: 8147: 8091: 7916: 7654: 7646: 7583: 7436: 7030: 6562: 6023: 6002: 5712: 5138: 5113: 5060: 5007: 4821: 4593: 4385: 4179: 4166: 4114: 3982: 3911: 3901: 3804: 3664: 3638: 3556: 3506: 3065: 2825: 2664: 2302: 2256: 2079: 2051: 2022: 1968: 1960: 1772: 1663: 1516: 1455: 1428: 1386: 1273: 891: 814: 503: 204: 4072: 4062: 1831:

Army units from other countries were stationed within the British occupation zone.

8613: 8606: 8550: 8214: 7979: 7965: 7868: 7805: 7756: 7569: 7422: 7369: 7179: 7130: 7044: 6274: 6251: 5784: 5332: 5200: 5148: 5143: 5133: 5128: 5123: 4950: 4915: 4889: 4561: 4365: 4334: 4289: 4284: 4184: 4172: 4149: 4048: 3792: 3494: 2846: 2842: 2821: 2772: 2006: 1927: 1874: 1695: 1541:(Munich; October 1945). Radio stations were run by the military government. Later, 1531: 1487: 1416: 853: 848: 843: 530: 274: 262: 5793: 4059:

Educating the Germans: People and Policy in the British Zone of Germany, 1945-1949

3306: 2955:

situation was dire, as found during a visit by the British (and Jewish) publisher

1796: 670: 8636: 8348: 8263: 8221: 8119: 8062: 7930: 7712: 7703: 7232: 6814: 6790: 6044: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5040: 4466: 4153: 4079: 4052: 3960: 3937: 3833: 3829: 3760: 3598: 3587: 3289: 3215: 3017: 2956: 2850: 2838: 2813: 2709: 2641: 2595: 2313:

In October 1946, the population of the various zones and sectors was as follows:

2261: 2112: 2056: 2014: 1757: 1343: 1311: 1023: 268: 256: 58: 8748: 8643: 8179: 8105: 6157: 6016: 5317: 5276: 5205: 5083: 5070: 4733: 4491: 3616:

Foreign Relations of the United States: The Conferences at Malta and Yalta 1945

3149: 3081: 2863: 2834: 2792: 2754: 2656: 2576: 2369: 1939: 1886: 1749: 1721: 1709: 1242: 1189: 1175: 916: 138: 2947: 2943: 633:

Reunited Germany by joining the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990.

8784: 8454: 6379: 6228: 6067: 5286: 5261: 4446: 3903:

Werwolf!: The History of the National Socialist Guerrilla Movement, 1944–1946

3498: 3005:. The mothers of the children would often face particularly harsh ostracism. 2997: 2986: 2858: 2688: 2580: 2486: 2298:. Returning refugees, who had fled from war hostilities, were denied return. 1998: 1889:

the German population of which was temporarily removed. The city was renamed

1658:

Within the British zone of occupation, the CCG/BE re-established the city of

1598: 1436: 1003: 518: 343: 175: 162: 2960: 2153:, not shown here, which were joined directly to the Soviet Union). Red: the 8753: 8557: 6857: 6762: 6393: 5756: 5520: 5397: 5327: 4831: 4506: 4501: 4471: 4370: 4324: 3423: 3034: 2817: 2645: 2395: 1975:. Many other small border corrections were done, mostly in the vicinity of 1914: 1683: 1594: 1370: 1366: 1293: 1254: 1246: 1238: 1112: 1108: 1043: 1033: 994: 881: 623: 597: 583: 570: 424: 411: 3796: 2985:

The often destitute mothers of the resulting children usually received no

2791:

for damage done by Germany; wipe out the Nazi party and its institutions;

2137: 1885:. The administrative centre of the Polish occupation zone was the city of 709: 8392: 8378: 8040: 6716: 6537: 6522: 5876: 5454: 5446: 5372: 4841: 4555: 4390: 4339: 3838: 2738: 2734: 2551: 2538: 2512: 2447: 2064: 2018: 1725: 1632: 1624: 1616: 1479: 1475: 1250: 896: 150: 144: 4024: 4020: 2787:

that could be used for military production; punish war criminals; exact

2783:; remove or destroy all German military equipment; eliminate or control 2619:

The original Allied plan to govern Germany as a single unit through the

7747: 7500: 7479: 6372: 5705: 5633: 5050: 4671: 2771:

Allied aims with respect to postwar Germany were first laid out at the

2673: 2186: 1931: 966: 495: 8010: 7415: 7212: 7023: 6821: 6776: 5427: 4661: 4309: 2776: 2499: 2162: 2030: 2026: 1980: 1490:. At the end of October 1946, the American zone had a population of: 1483: 1444: 1269: 132: 6297: 3955:

A History of West Germany Vol 1: From Shadow to Substance, 1945–1963

2565: 2123:. The final Luxembourg forces in Germany, in Bitburg, left in 1955. 630:

occupying Germany as the separation was opposed by the Soviet Union.

6281: 6009: 4195: 3874: 3591: 2725: 2291: 2120: 1972: 1648: 1620: 357: 2737:

being de facto part of the FRG. The Soviet sector became known as

1983:, which also were part of this small Dutch sub-zone of occupation. 1731:

At the end of October 1946, the British zone had a population of:

5337: 5271: 5246: 4940: 4360: 4304: 4226: 3243:"Germany 1945–1949: a case study in post-conflict reconstruction" 3029: 2932: 2829: 2750: 2676:, or Federal Defense Force, was established on 12 November 1955. 2655:

In the west, the occupation continued until 5 May 1955, when the

2421: 2330: 2278: 2200:

At the end of October 1946, the Soviet zone had a population of:

2116: 2089:

At the end of October 1946, the French zone had a population of:

2042: 1943: 1870: 1837: 1659: 1420: 1297: 1285: 1061: 863: 643: 125: 3551:

Murphy, David E.; Kondrashev, Sergei A.; Bailey, George (1997).

3148:

The two American exclaves in the British sector is the state of

1463:

and became northern portions of the present-day German state of

6891: 5489: 5473: 5470: 5437: 5362: 4086:

Exorcising Hitler: the occupation and denazification of Germany

4019:(2 vol 2004), 150 short essays by scholars covering 1945–1990 2804:

The US originally considered a punitive approach championed by

2637: 2473: 2166: 1976: 1841: 1763:

Another special feature of the British zone was the enclave of

1471: 1408:"American occupation zone" redirects here. For other uses, see 120: 3700: 3612:"Document 500: Communiqué Issued at the End of the Conference" 3161:

The quadripartite area shown within the Soviet zone is Berlin.

1852:. Belgian soldiers remained in Germany until 31 December 2005. 7079: 5281: 4320:

Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples

4299: 4038:

Winning the Peace: The British in Occupied Germany, 1945-1948

3850: 3848: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 2928:

German state, Wehrmacht, Nazi party, and Nazi organizations.

2343: 2046: 2038: 1964: 1935: 1815:

British armoured car, at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, 1950

1432: 1325:

Deviating from the occupation zones planned according to the

1229:

The entirety of Germany was occupied and administered by the

30:

For the occupation of Western Germany after World War I, see

4000:

Aftermath: Life in the Fallout of the Third Reich, 1945-1955

3741: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3661:

After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation

2935:

activity to tighten police control and secure forced labor.

1575:

in West-Berlin remained a radio station under U.S. control.

2992:

The children of African-American soldiers, commonly called

1764: 3845: 3677: 2227:

History of Berlin § West and East Germany (1945–1990)

3722: 3526:"L'Armée luxembourgeoise après la libération (1944–1967)" 285: 4190:

The Struggle for Germany and the Origins of the Cold War

4139:

The papers of General Lucius D. Clay: Germany, 1945–1949

4017:

The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War

2235:

At the end of October 1946, Berlin had a population of:

2103:(The Saar Protectorate had a further 0.8 million.) 3626: 3095: 1910:

had 4,000 soldiers in Hanover; amongst whom was future

1869:

were stationed in the northern area of the district of

626:

by joining it on 1 January 1957, not recognized by the

6151:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

3710: 3550: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 2714:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

1897:) from 1945 to 1947. Once the British recognised the 1820: 1443:, both part of the French zone) with a new capital in 4102: 2938: 3977:

Erlichman, Camilo, and Knowles, Christopher (eds.).

3018:

United States v. Private First Class John A. Bennett

2966:

The Times, the Daily Herald, the Manchester Guardian

3265: 1955:The London conference of 23 April 1949, during the 4183:is available for free viewing and download at the 4171:is available for free viewing and download at the 2720:stayed in German territory until the end of 2005. 2587:with a symbolic handshake. This merger formed the 2585:unification of the 2 communist parties-SPD and KPD 1748:The British headquarters were originally based in 3366: 3102:List of administrators of Allied-occupied Germany 2575:An East German political event on 21 April 1946: 2566:Governance and the emergence of two German states 1942:. However, it was decided to move the brigade to 8782: 4129:Documents on Germany under Occupation, 1945–1954 3759: 3555:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 33. 3553:Battleground Berlin: CIA vs. KGB in the Cold War 1629:Control Commission for Germany (British Element) 3993:The Founding of the Federal Republic of Germany 3767:. Victor Gollancz, London. pp. 116, 125–6. 3378: 1803:, formerly the Stadt Hamburg Hotel in late 1945 3776: 3774: 3618:. U.S. Department of State. 12 February 1945. 3520: 3518: 3516: 1926:of 4,000 men, under British command, occupied 1647:, and exchanged some villages between British 8856:States and territories disestablished in 1949 5505: 5232: 4211: 4010:After Hitler: Recivilizing Germans, 1945–1995 2828:, with long-term objectives summed up by the 2729:on 1 January 1957, becoming its tenth state. 2613:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany 1322:were returned to their respective countries. 1210: 646:and the western sectors of Berlin (de facto). 3472:Mémoires de guerre : Le Salut 1944–1946 2874: 2059:in the north and west and on the other hand 1917:(then a Norwegian citizen) as press attaché. 1078: 964: 501: 493: 50: 4330:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) 4109:Andrews, Ernest A.; Hurt, David B. (2022). 4108: 3899: 3780: 3771: 3513: 3048:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) 2911: 2894: 2078:The French zone of occupation included the 8851:States and territories established in 1945 5512: 5498: 5239: 5225: 4218: 4204: 4095:(Central European University Press, 2004) 3818: 3816: 3814: 2767:Forced labor of Germans after World War II 2099:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 1.05 million 1217: 1203: 624:Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) 92: 8841:Germany–United Kingdom military relations 3854: 3747: 3716: 3658: 3574: 3572: 3469: 3424:"The Danish Brigade in Germany 1947–1958" 2793:remove all Nazi and militarist influences 2681:Soviet Military Administration in Germany 2033:, and conquered a territory extending to 1728:became exclaves within the British zone. 8846:Germany–United States military relations 3872: 3866: 3637:(eBook ed.). London: Pocket Books. 3454: 3076:. Millions of people were expelled from 3051: 2942: 2857: 2630:expelled and denaturalised Czechoslovaks 2602: 2569: 2260: 2161:The Soviet occupation zone incorporated 2136: 1997: 1853: 1735:North Rhine-Westphalia 11.7 million 1380: 8836:Germany–Soviet Union military relations 4113:. Philadelphia & Oxford: Casemate. 3811: 3484: 3240: 2931:The Soviets used suspicion of supposed 2799: 2290:). A small area west of the Oder, near 1752:from 1946, but in 1954 it was moved to 1237:on 5 June 1945 to the establishment of 27:Post-World War II occupation of Germany 14: 8783: 7359: 7337:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 3972:French Politics, Culture & Society 3735: 3704: 3632: 3592:Rheinland-Pfalz Landesarchivverwaltung 3569: 3487:French Politics, Culture & Society 3313:from the original on 18 September 2015 3181: 2623:de facto broke down on 20 March 1948 ( 2141:Pink: portions of Germany east of the 1858:Belgian occupation sub-zone of Germany 1608:was formed on 25 August 1945 from the 1385:4 occupation zones in Germany and the 1310:were returned to these countries. The 8208:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 7640:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 7286:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 7242:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6347:Rape during the occupation of Germany 5493: 5220: 4199: 3953:Bark, Dennis L., and David R. Gress. 3222:from the original on 16 February 2023 3078:former eastern territories of Germany 3020:, 7 C.M.A. 97, 21 C.M.R. 223 (1956). 2253:Former eastern territories of Germany 2189:, which also came to house the chief 1846:Belgian army of occupation in Germany 1777:British High Commissioner for Germany 1335:former eastern territories of Germany 7330:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6362:Rape during the liberation of France 4225: 3663:. New York: Basic Books. p. 7. 3404:from the original on 18 January 2023 3354:from the original on 14 October 2013 3192:from the original on 21 January 2023 3096:Military governors and commissioners 2744: 2096:Baden (South Baden) 1.2 million 1431:, both part of the French zone) and 3995:(University of Chicago Press, 1958) 3873:Benjamin, Daniel (29 August 2003). 3649:chpt. 10, "Visions of a New World". 3622:from the original on 6 August 2023. 3341:Cahiers d'Histoire du Temps Présent 3041: 2265:Cover of the 1947 Saar constitution 1821:Belgian, Polish and Norwegian zones 1741:Schleswig-Holstein 2.6 million 1708:with the Prussian provinces of the 1400:American occupation zone in Germany 1376: 24: 7556:German invasion of the Netherlands 5836:Weather events during World War II 4103:Primary sources and historiography 3947: 3436:from the original on 21 March 2023 3241:Knowles, Chris (29 January 2014). 2939:Conditions in the occupation zones 2319:State, sector, or other territory 2119:and the 1st Battalion was sent to 2106: 1946:in October 1949, naming itself as 1908:Norwegian Brigade Group in Germany 1615:In July the British withdrew from 1585:British occupation zone in Germany 1500:Württemberg-Baden 3.6 million 1304:All territories annexed by Germany 25: 8872: 8861:World War II occupied territories 8821:France–Germany military relations 8796:1949 disestablishments in Germany 8187:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 4159: 3881:from the original on 20 July 2008 3384: 3372: 3331: 2959:in October and November 1946. In 2246: 2155:Soviet Occupation zone of Germany 2133:Soviet occupation zone in Germany 1994:French occupation zone in Germany 1827:Polish occupation zone in Germany 1651:and Soviet Mecklenburg under the 1639:and some exclaves and fringes of 1410:United States military occupation 8747: 5519: 5396: 5361: 5316: 5302: 5260: 4131:(Oxford University Press, 1955) 3253:from the original on 9 June 2023 2239:Western sectors 2.0 million 2093:Rheinland Pfalz 2.7 million 1930:, after an agreement, signed at 1808: 1788: 1393: 1358:) may also have been a factor. 1306:before the war from Austria and 1183: 1169: 708: 663: 602: 588: 563: 371:Surrender of German armed forces 75: 4422:German revolutions of 1848–1849 4391:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation) 4180:Civil Affairs In Germany (1945) 3965:Germany 1945: from war to peace 3924: 3893: 3753: 3652: 3635:Germany 1945: From War to Peace 3604: 3544: 3478: 3463: 3448: 3416: 3390: 2286:within the Soviet Union (today 2207:Saxony-Anhalt: 4.1 million 2145:attached to Poland (except for 1899:pro-Soviet government in Poland 1578: 1270:1938 Nazi annexation of Austria 977:German revolutions of 1848–1849 644:Western Allied zones of Germany 8791:1945 establishments in Germany 8434:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 6144:Territorial changes of Germany 6052:Indonesian National Revolution 4407:Early modern period, 1500–1800 4295:List of early Germanic peoples 3325: 3299: 3234: 3204: 3175: 3155: 3142: 2808:'s Secretary of the Treasury, 2277:was assigned to Poland by the 2242:Soviet sector 1.1 million 2183:Soviet Military Administration 2126: 1987: 1678:Province of Schleswig-Holstein 1535:(Berlin; September 1945), and 1361:On 20 March 1948, the Soviets 13: 1: 8806:American military occupations 7834:Japanese invasion of Thailand 7785:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 7549:German invasion of Luxembourg 5930:Mediterranean and Middle East 4530:History of Germany since 1990 4146:Small Wars & Insurgencies 4088:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011) 4040:, (Bloomsbury Academic, 2017) 4025:excerpt and text search vol 2 4021:excerpt and text search vol 1 3168: 3124:History of Germany since 1945 3023: 2308: 2216:Mecklenburg: 2.1 million 2213:Brandenburg: 2.5 million 2021:. In April and May 1945, the 1738:Lower Saxony 6.2 million 1722:Free Hanseatic City of Bremen 1482:(at the Weser estuary of the 639:took place on 3 October 1990. 8811:British military occupations 8801:Allied occupation of Germany 7741:Invasion of the Soviet Union 7430:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 6748:Independent State of Croatia 4154:10.1080/09592318.2013.857935 4053:10.1080/09668136.2014.941704 3601:, retrieved on 4 March 2013. 2759:Industrial plans for Germany 1673:– emerging in 1946 from the 1653:Barber-Lyashchenko Agreement 1509:American military government 265:(American and British zones) 7: 8831:Soviet military occupations 8826:French military occupations 8725:End of World War II in Asia 8565:Western invasion of Germany 8072:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 8049:Second Battle of El Alamein 7619:Hundred Regiments Offensive 7591:Battle of the Mediterranean 7444:Italian invasion of Albania 5618:Air warfare of World War II 4047:(2014) 66#8 pp: 1380–1382. 3908:University of Toronto Press 3900:Biddiscombe, Perry (1998). 3470:de Gaulle, Charles (1959). 3307:"British Army of the Rhine" 3283:"I. Gebiet und Bevölkerung" 3106: 3008:Between 1950 and 1955, the 2646:Federal Republic of Germany 2210:Thuringia: 2.9 million 1922:In 1947 (during summer), a 1873:as well as in the areas of 1686:– the merger of Brunswick, 1447:, and of northern parts of 1231:Allies of World War II 214:the French occupation zone) 32:Occupation of the Rhineland 10: 8877: 8651:Naval bombardment of Japan 8019:First Battle of El Alamein 7938:Battle of Christmas Island 7883:Japanese invasion of Burma 7647:Italian invasion of Greece 7563:German invasion of Belgium 7535:German invasion of Denmark 7508:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 7377:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 5641:Comparative military ranks 4437:North German Confederation 4417:Confederation of the Rhine 4127:Beate Ruhm Von Oppen, ed. 3967:(Simon and Schuster, 2012) 3860:The Bitter Road to Freedom 3528:. Armée.lu. Archived from 3474:. Plon. pp. 170, 207. 3455:Reinisch, Jessica (2013). 3099: 3045: 2919:Political activity in the 2748: 2650:German Democratic Republic 2543:American, British, French 2250: 2224: 2130: 1991: 1883:Polish government in exile 1824: 1582: 1407: 1397: 982:North German Confederation 952:Confederation of the Rhine 332:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny 29: 8740: 8572:Bratislava–Brno offensive 8512: 8503:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 8240: 8127:Allied invasion of Sicily 8081: 7987:Aleutian Islands campaign 7959:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 7906: 7897:Greek famine of 1941–1944 7792:Second Battle of Changsha 7697:German invasion of Greece 7665: 7542:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 7517: 7455: 7350: 7231: 6957: 6867: 6715: 6418: 6409: 6167: 5992: 5884:North and Central Pacific 5845: 5607: 5600: 5527: 5466: 5436: 5391: 5356: 5311: 5300: 5255: 5171: 5031: 4911: 4902: 4785: 4776: 4657: 4648: 4584: 4575: 4538: 4517: 4399: 4353: 4277: 4246: 4237: 4148:(2013) 24#4 pp: 751–759. 3784:Journal of Social History 3659:MacDonogh, Giles (2007). 3633:Bessel, Richard (2010) . 3332:Brüll, Christoph (2011). 2924:of the Communist party. 2875:British occupation policy 2718:Belgian Forces in Germany 2685:Soviet Control Commission 2652:(GDR) i.e. East Germany. 2296:expropriated and expelled 2220: 1924:Danish Brigade in Germany 1865:Polish units mainly from 1606:British Army of the Rhine 660: 618: 542: 486: 482: 472: 462: 458: 451: 447: 434: 421: 408: 395: 380: 367: 363: 353: 349: 337: 325: 311: 299: 295: 284: 249: 113: 103: 91: 72: 67: 45: 8164:Allied invasion of Italy 8141:Solomon Islands campaign 7890:Third Battle of Changsha 7487:First Battle of Changsha 7393:Second Sino-Japanese War 6333:German military brothels 6199:United States war crimes 5383:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 4589:Administrative divisions 4168:A DEFEATED PEOPLE (1946) 3499:10.3167/fpcs.2019.370304 3135: 2912:Soviet occupation policy 2895:French occupation policy 2763:Food in occupied Germany 2705:reunification of Germany 2539:Berlin (western sectors) 2461:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 2204:Saxony: 5.5 million 2061:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 1744:Hamburg 1.4 million 1507:The headquarters of the 1503:Bremen 0.48 million 1494:Bavaria 8.7 million 233:American occupation zone 8586:Second Guangxi campaign 8441:Philippines (1944–1945) 7945:Battle of the Coral Sea 7848:Fall of the Philippines 7494:Battle of South Guangxi 7400:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 6806:Italian Social Republic 5248:Allied-occupied Germany 4033:(2013) 158#6 pp: 84–91. 3875:"Condi's Phony History" 3862:. New York: Free Press. 3294:Statistisches Bundesamt 3188:. Department of State. 3182:States, United (1968). 3114:Allied-occupied Austria 3088:for a period of years. 2881:British Occupation Zone 2049:. Three German states ( 1610:British Liberation Army 1589:Allied-occupied Austria 1497:Hesse 3.97 million 1425:Rhine Palatinate Region 1404:Allied-occupied Austria 1327:London Protocol in 1944 1241:on 23 May 1949. Unlike 648: 641: 635: 632: 621: 222:British occupation zone 8171:Armistice of Cassibile 7973:Battle of Dutch Harbor 7924:Battle of the Java Sea 7827:Attack on Pearl Harbor 7727:Syria–Lebanon campaign 7720:Battle of South Shanxi 7690:Invasion of Yugoslavia 7473:Battle of the Atlantic 7087:Korean Liberation Army 6800:(until September 1943) 6757:(until September 1944) 6735:(until September 1944) 5343:North Rhine-Westphalia 4850:Science and technology 4551:History of Brandenburg 4442:Unification of Germany 4432:Frankfurt Constitution 4036:Knowles, Christopher. 3936:1 October 2009 at the 3119:German-occupied Europe 3086:used for forced labour 3074:Allied Control Council 3057: 3010:Allied High Commission 2951: 2921:Soviet occupation zone 2867: 2698:National People's Army 2660: 2621:Allied Control Council 2616: 2600: 2552:Berlin (Soviet sector) 2526:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 2383:North Rhine-Westphalia 2266: 2158: 2147:northerly East Prussia 2113:2nd Infantry Battalion 2075:of the American zone. 2010: 1859: 1781:Bonn–Paris conventions 1769:Allied High Commission 1756:where it was known as 1702:North Rhine-Westphalia 1390: 1263:Allied Control Council 1079: 965: 834:Linear Pottery culture 651:Soviet zone of Germany 622:Became a state of the 515:(except the Saarland): 502: 494: 385:Allied Control Council 243:Soviet occupation zone 195:French occupation zone 51: 36:Occupation of the Ruhr 8335:Second Battle of Guam 8231:Bengal famine of 1943 8201:Second Battle of Kiev 8157:Battle of the Dnieper 7862:Battle of Wake Island 7734:East African campaign 7676:Battle of South Henan 7321:atrocities by Germans 7094:Korean Volunteer Army 6075:Occupation of Germany 5829:Music in World War II 5250:(1945–1949/1956/1990) 4487:Flight and expulsions 4067:Schwarz, Hans-Peter. 3856:Hitchcock, William I. 3823:Children of the Enemy 3797:10.1353/jsh.2001.0002 3597:25 April 2009 at the 3212:"What Is to Be Done?" 3055: 3003:interracial marriages 2946: 2901:their occupation zone 2861: 2606: 2573: 2264: 2185:was headquartered in 2140: 2084:Büsingen am Hochrhein 2035:Hitler's Eagle's Nest 2001: 1867:1st Armoured Division 1857: 1825:Further information: 1645:County of Blankenburg 1583:Further information: 1568:Süddeutscher Rundfunk 1526:Frankfurter Rundschau 1415:The American zone in 1398:Further information: 1384: 760:Territorial evolution 669:The four sectors and 653:and sector of Berlin. 313:• American zone 250:Common languages 18:Occupation of Germany 8816:Dwight D. Eisenhower 8621:Surrender of Germany 8099:Battle of West Hubei 8056:Guadalcanal campaign 8026:Battle of Stalingrad 7952:Battle of Madagascar 6726:Albania protectorate 6513:(formerly Swaziland) 6222:Wehrmacht war crimes 6038:Expulsion of Germans 5822:Art and World War II 5720:British contribution 5669:Governments in exile 5378:Rhineland-Palatinate 5159:World Heritage Sites 4837:German states by GDP 4427:German Confederation 4192:by Melvyn P. Leffler 4078:28 June 2011 at the 4015:Junker, Detlef, ed. 3981:(Bloomsbury, 2018). 3586:31 July 2013 at the 3288:27 July 2020 at the 3247:History & Policy 2810:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 2800:US occupation policy 2781:German General Staff 2683:was replaced by the 2435:Rhineland-Palatinate 2055:) were established: 1957:Six-Power Conference 1712:(northern part) and 1571:, respectively. The 1562:Bayerischer Rundfunk 1259:formally surrendered 1249:was stripped of its 1096:Expulsion of Germans 1062:Contemporary Germany 960:German Confederation 637:German reunification 319:Dwight D. Eisenhower 301:• British zone 8711:Potsdam Declaration 8600:Italy (Spring 1945) 8363:Liberation of Paris 7820:Siege of Sevastopol 6838:(until August 1944) 6741:Wang Jingwei regime 6563:from September 1943 6523:from September 1944 6461:from September 1944 6321:Romanian war crimes 6312:Persecution of Jews 6298:Croatian war crimes 6268:Japanese war crimes 6082:Occupation of Japan 6031:First Indochina War 5743:Military production 5655:Declarations of war 4795:Automobile industry 4381:Carolingian dynasty 4315:History of the Huns 4084:Taylor, Frederick. 4045:Europe-Asia Studies 4008:Jarausch, Konrad H. 3974:37.3 (2019): 79-94. 3828:3 June 2008 at the 3750:, pp. 253–254. 3459:. OUP. p. 261. 3457:The Perils of Peace 2777:German armed forces 2609:Frankfurt Documents 2303:French protectorate 2195:Soviet intelligence 2067:, who later formed 1850:Jean-Baptiste Piron 1556:Hessischer Rundfunk 1538:Süddeutsche Zeitung 1356:Operation Paperclip 1348:inner German border 910:Early Modern period 897:Eastward settlement 339:• Soviet zone 327:• French zone 259:(national language) 172: / 108:Military occupation 8704:Surrender of Japan 8537:Battle of Iwo Jima 8386:Belgrade offensive 7799:Siege of Leningrad 7683:Battle of Shanggao 7612:British Somaliland 7577:Dunkirk evacuation 7528:Norwegian campaign 7466:Invasion of Poland 7293:Japanese prisoners 6261:Italian war crimes 6192:British war crimes 6107:Soviet occupations 5891:South-West Pacific 5778:Allied cooperation 5736:Military equipment 5348:Schleswig-Holstein 4865:Telecommunications 4546:History of Prussia 4462:Revolution of 1918 4457:War guilt question 4376:Carolingian Empire 4345:Sack of Rome (410) 4254:History of Germany 4093:Germany, 1945–1990 3991:Golay, John Ford. 3877:. Slate magazine. 3836:and Marc Widmann, 3765:In Darkest Germany 3309:. BAOR Locations. 3129:Interzonal traffic 3062:Potsdam conference 3058: 2979:The New York Times 2952: 2868: 2820:and War Secretary 2669:Deutschlandvertrag 2665:high commissioners 2661:Deutschlandvertrag 2617: 2601: 2468:1.05 million 2409:Schleswig-Holstein 2390:11.7 million 2377:0.48 million 2351:3.97 million 2288:Russian Federation 2284:Kaliningrad Oblast 2267: 2159: 2149:and the adjoining 2115:was garrisoned in 2011: 1860: 1795:Royal Air Force's 1671:Schleswig-Holstein 1643:, for example the 1513:IG Farben Building 1391: 1350:, was temporary. 1290:Posen-West Prussia 1280:(eastern parts of 1235:Berlin Declaration 1190:History portal 1176:Germany portal 927:Kingdom of Prussia 887:Kingdom of Germany 859:Barbarian kingdoms 306:Bernard Montgomery 8778: 8777: 8736: 8735: 8579:Battle of Okinawa 8478:Burma (1944–1945) 8312:Mariana and Palau 8092:Tunisian campaign 7917:Fall of Singapore 7841:Fall of Hong Kong 7584:Battle of Britain 7437:Operation Himmler 7346: 7345: 7010:Dutch East Indies 6653:Southern Rhodesia 6405: 6404: 6305:Genocide of Serbs 6208:German war crimes 6185:Soviet war crimes 6178:Allied war crimes 6024:Division of Korea 6003:Chinese Civil War 5801:Strategic bombing 5713:Manhattan Project 5487: 5486: 5294:Württemberg-Baden 5214: 5213: 5167: 5166: 4898: 4897: 4812:Chemical Triangle 4772: 4771: 4759:Political parties 4707:Foreign relations 4644: 4643: 4571: 4570: 4482:Allied occupation 4386:Holy Roman Empire 4061:(2018) 392 pp. 4057:Phillips, David. 3987:978-1-350-04923-9 3917:978-0-8020-0862-6 3670:978-0-465-00337-2 3644:978-1-84983-201-4 3562:978-0-300-07871-8 3375:, pp. 55–94. 3066:Potsdam Agreement 2745:Occupation policy 2563: 2562: 2559:1.1 million 2546:2.0 million 2533:2.1 million 2520:2.5 million 2507:2.9 million 2494:4.1 million 2481:5.5 million 2455:1.2 million 2442:2.7 million 2429:1.4 million 2416:2.6 million 2403:6.2 million 2364:3.6 million 2357:Württemberg-Baden 2338:8.7 million 2257:Saar Protectorate 2187:Berlin-Karlshorst 2073:Württemberg-Baden 2069:Baden-Württemberg 1969:Emmerich am Rhein 1961:Bakker-Schut Plan 1948:Tysklandsbrigaden 1773:Ivone Kirkpatrick 1716:– during 1946–47. 1553:gave way for the 1517:Frankfurt am Main 1467:founded in 1952. 1465:Baden-Württemberg 1461:Württemberg-Baden 1274:Potsdam Agreement 1227: 1226: 1158: 1157: 1052: 1051: 892:Holy Roman Empire 769:Holy Roman Empire 682: 681: 628:Allied government 614: 613: 610: 609: 576: 575: 535: 523: 510: 399:Saar Protectorate 205:Saar Protectorate 176:52.517°N 13.383°E 16:(Redirected from 8868: 8771: 8764: 8757: 8754:World portal 8752: 8751: 8727: 8720: 8713: 8706: 8697: 8690: 8683: 8674: 8667: 8660: 8653: 8646: 8639: 8630: 8623: 8616: 8614:Prague offensive 8609: 8607:Battle of Berlin 8602: 8595: 8588: 8581: 8574: 8567: 8560: 8553: 8551:Vienna offensive 8546: 8539: 8532: 8530:Battle of Manila 8525: 8505: 8496: 8487: 8480: 8471: 8464: 8457: 8450: 8443: 8436: 8429: 8420: 8411: 8404: 8395: 8388: 8381: 8374: 8365: 8358: 8351: 8344: 8337: 8330: 8323: 8314: 8307: 8298: 8289: 8280: 8273: 8271:Korsun–Cherkassy 8266: 8255: 8233: 8224: 8217: 8210: 8203: 8196: 8189: 8182: 8173: 8166: 8159: 8152: 8143: 8136: 8129: 8122: 8115: 8113:Bombing of Gorky 8108: 8101: 8094: 8074: 8067: 8058: 8051: 8044: 8035: 8028: 8021: 8014: 8003: 7996: 7989: 7982: 7980:Battle of Midway 7975: 7968: 7966:Battle of Gazala 7961: 7954: 7947: 7940: 7933: 7926: 7919: 7899: 7892: 7885: 7878: 7876:Battle of Borneo 7871: 7869:Malayan campaign 7864: 7857: 7850: 7843: 7836: 7829: 7822: 7815: 7813:Bombing of Gorky 7808: 7806:Battle of Moscow 7801: 7794: 7787: 7780: 7773: 7766: 7750: 7743: 7736: 7729: 7722: 7715: 7706: 7699: 7692: 7685: 7678: 7658: 7649: 7642: 7635: 7628: 7621: 7614: 7607: 7600: 7593: 7586: 7579: 7572: 7570:Battle of France 7565: 7558: 7551: 7544: 7537: 7530: 7510: 7503: 7496: 7489: 7482: 7475: 7468: 7446: 7439: 7432: 7425: 7423:Munich Agreement 7418: 7411: 7402: 7395: 7388: 7379: 7372: 7357: 7356: 7339: 7332: 7323: 7316: 7309: 7308:Soviet prisoners 7302: 7295: 7288: 7279: 7272: 7263: 7256: 7249: 7248:German prisoners 7244: 7224: 7215: 7208: 7201: 7196: 7189: 7182: 7175: 7168: 7161: 7154: 7147: 7140: 7133: 7126: 7119: 7112: 7105: 7096: 7089: 7082: 7075: 7068: 7061: 7054: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7026: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6950: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6922: 6915: 6908: 6901: 6894: 6887: 6880: 6860: 6853: 6846: 6839: 6831: 6824: 6817: 6808: 6801: 6793: 6786: 6784:French Indochina 6779: 6772: 6765: 6758: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6728: 6708: 6699: 6692: 6683: 6676: 6669: 6662: 6655: 6648: 6641: 6634: 6631:from August 1944 6622: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6554: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6526: 6514: 6506: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6478: 6471: 6464: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6431: 6416: 6415: 6396: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6368: 6357: 6342: 6335: 6328: 6323: 6314: 6307: 6300: 6291: 6284: 6277: 6275:Nanjing Massacre 6270: 6263: 6254: 6252:Nuremberg trials 6245: 6238: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6201: 6194: 6187: 6180: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6137: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6109: 6102: 6093: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6063: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6033: 6026: 6019: 6012: 6005: 5985: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5953: 5946: 5939: 5932: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5900: 5893: 5886: 5879: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5856:Asia and Pacific 5838: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5796: 5787: 5785:Mulberry harbour 5780: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5627: 5620: 5605: 5604: 5593: 5586: 5577: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5491: 5490: 5459: 5451: 5401: 5400: 5366: 5365: 5321: 5320: 5306: 5265: 5264: 5241: 5234: 5227: 5218: 5217: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5144:Prussian virtues 4909: 4908: 4817:Economic history 4783: 4782: 4677: 4655: 4654: 4606:Cities and towns 4582: 4581: 4562:Baden Revolution 4366:Treaty of Verdun 4335:Marcomannic Wars 4290:Migration Period 4285:Germanic peoples 4269:Military history 4244: 4243: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4197: 4196: 4185:Internet Archive 4173:Internet Archive 4137:Clay, Lucius D. 4124: 4031:The RUSI Journal 3998:Jähner, Harald. 3941: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3852: 3843: 3842:, 2 January 2007 3820: 3809: 3808: 3778: 3769: 3768: 3761:Gollancz, Victor 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3675: 3674: 3656: 3650: 3648: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3608: 3602: 3576: 3567: 3566: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3522: 3511: 3510: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3435: 3428: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3353: 3338: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3303: 3297: 3280: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3179: 3162: 3159: 3153: 3146: 3042:Expulsion policy 2847:decentralization 2843:demilitarization 2822:Henry L. Stimson 2773:Yalta Conference 2583:(left) seal the 2316: 2315: 2275:Oder–Neisse line 2143:Oder–Neisse line 2007:Brandenburg Gate 2005:in front of the 1895:Stanisław Maczek 1812: 1792: 1771:. In June 1950, 1704:– the merger of 1696:state of Hanover 1692:Schaumburg-Lippe 1593:By May 1945 the 1532:Der Tagesspiegel 1488:Northern Germany 1441:Montabaur Region 1417:Southern Germany 1377:Occupation zones 1331:Oder–Neisse line 1278:Oder–Neisse line 1257:: after Germany 1219: 1212: 1205: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1084: 1067: 1066: 1000: 999: 970: 854:Migration Period 849:Germanic peoples 844:Urnfield culture 712: 702: 684: 683: 667: 606: 605: 592: 591: 580: 579: 567: 566: 560: 559: 544: 543: 533: 521: 508: 507: 499: 438:Final Settlement 404:17 December 1947 387: 321: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 224: 219: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 186: 184: 183: 182: 177: 173: 170: 169: 168: 165: 96: 79: 62: 54: 43: 42: 21: 8876: 8875: 8871: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8866: 8865: 8781: 8780: 8779: 8774: 8767: 8760: 8746: 8744: 8732: 8723: 8716: 8709: 8702: 8693: 8686: 8679: 8670: 8665:Atomic bombings 8663: 8656: 8649: 8642: 8635: 8626: 8619: 8612: 8605: 8598: 8591: 8584: 8577: 8570: 8563: 8556: 8549: 8542: 8535: 8528: 8521: 8508: 8501: 8490: 8483: 8476: 8467: 8460: 8453: 8446: 8439: 8432: 8423: 8414: 8407: 8398: 8391: 8384: 8377: 8368: 8361: 8356:Eastern Romania 8354: 8349:Warsaw Uprising 8347: 8342:Tannenberg Line 8340: 8333: 8328:Western Ukraine 8326: 8317: 8310: 8301: 8292: 8283: 8276: 8269: 8258: 8249: 8236: 8229: 8220: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8192: 8185: 8178: 8169: 8162: 8155: 8146: 8139: 8132: 8125: 8120:Battle of Kursk 8118: 8111: 8104: 8097: 8090: 8077: 8070: 8061: 8054: 8047: 8038: 8031: 8024: 8017: 8008: 7999: 7992: 7985: 7978: 7971: 7964: 7957: 7950: 7943: 7936: 7931:St Nazaire Raid 7929: 7922: 7915: 7902: 7895: 7888: 7881: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7853: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7804: 7797: 7790: 7783: 7776: 7769: 7755: 7746: 7739: 7732: 7725: 7718: 7713:Anglo-Iraqi War 7711: 7704:Battle of Crete 7702: 7695: 7688: 7681: 7674: 7661: 7652: 7645: 7638: 7633:Eastern Romania 7631: 7624: 7617: 7610: 7603: 7596: 7589: 7582: 7575: 7568: 7561: 7554: 7547: 7540: 7533: 7526: 7513: 7506: 7499: 7492: 7485: 7478: 7471: 7464: 7451: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7421: 7414: 7407: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7375: 7368: 7342: 7335: 7328: 7319: 7312: 7307: 7298: 7291: 7284: 7275: 7268: 7259: 7252: 7247: 7240: 7227: 7220: 7211: 7204: 7199: 7194:Western Ukraine 7192: 7185: 7178: 7171: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7143: 7138:Northeast China 7136: 7129: 7122: 7115: 7108: 7101: 7092: 7085: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7036: 7029: 7022: 7015: 7008: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6953: 6946: 6939: 6932: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6863: 6856: 6849: 6844:Slovak Republic 6842: 6834: 6827: 6820: 6815:Empire of Japan 6813: 6804: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6775: 6768: 6761: 6753: 6746: 6739: 6731: 6724: 6711: 6704: 6695: 6688: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6651: 6644: 6637: 6625: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6557: 6550: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6517: 6509: 6502: 6495: 6488: 6481: 6474: 6467: 6455: 6448: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6401: 6392: 6385: 6378: 6371: 6360: 6345: 6338: 6331: 6327:Sexual violence 6326: 6319: 6310: 6303: 6296: 6287: 6280: 6273: 6266: 6259: 6250: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6163: 6156: 6149: 6142: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6096: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6066: 6057: 6050: 6045:Greek Civil War 6043: 6036: 6029: 6022: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5988: 5981: 5972: 5965: 5958: 5949: 5942: 5935: 5928: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5870:South-East Asia 5868: 5861: 5854: 5841: 5834: 5827: 5820: 5813: 5806: 5799: 5792: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5729:Military awards 5727: 5718: 5711: 5704: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5623: 5616: 5596: 5589: 5582: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5554: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5523: 5518: 5488: 5483: 5462: 5457: 5449: 5432: 5395: 5387: 5360: 5352: 5315: 5307: 5298: 5259: 5251: 5245: 5215: 5210: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5163: 5027: 4978:Life expectancy 4894: 4768: 4739:Law enforcement 4675: 4640: 4567: 4534: 4513: 4497:Divided Germany 4467:Weimar Republic 4395: 4361:Frankish Empire 4349: 4273: 4239: 4233: 4224: 4165:The short film 4162: 4121: 4105: 4091:Weber, Jurgen. 4080:Wayback Machine 4073:full text vol 1 3961:Bessel, Richard 3950: 3948:Further reading 3945: 3944: 3938:Wayback Machine 3929: 3925: 3918: 3910:. p. 276. 3898: 3894: 3884: 3882: 3871: 3867: 3853: 3846: 3834:Mary Wiltenburg 3830:Wayback Machine 3821: 3812: 3779: 3772: 3758: 3754: 3746: 3742: 3734: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3678: 3671: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3631: 3627: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3599:Wayback Machine 3588:Wayback Machine 3577: 3570: 3563: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3532:on 30 July 2013 3524: 3523: 3514: 3483: 3479: 3468: 3464: 3453: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3336: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3290:Wayback Machine 3281: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3239: 3235: 3225: 3223: 3218:. 9 July 1945. 3210: 3209: 3205: 3195: 3193: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3109: 3104: 3098: 3050: 3044: 3026: 2994:Negermischlinge 2957:Victor Gollancz 2950:at work, Berlin 2941: 2914: 2897: 2877: 2851:decartelization 2839:democratization 2814:Morgenthau Plan 2802: 2785:German industry 2779:; break up the 2769: 2749:Main articles: 2747: 2710:satellite state 2694:(Staatsvertrag) 2642:Berlin Blockade 2599: 2596:Avraham Pisarek 2592: 2568: 2311: 2259: 2251:Main articles: 2249: 2229: 2223: 2151:Memel Territory 2135: 2129: 2109: 2107:Luxembourg zone 2057:Rheinland Pfalz 2023:French 1st Army 2015:French Republic 2009:in Berlin, 1946 1996: 1990: 1829: 1823: 1816: 1813: 1804: 1793: 1758:JHQ Rheindahlen 1754:Mönchengladbach 1599:Canadian Armies 1591: 1581: 1551:Radio Stuttgart 1543:Radio Frankfurt 1529:(August 1945), 1511:was the former 1459:. Those formed 1429:Lindau District 1413: 1406: 1396: 1379: 1344:line of contact 1312:Memel Territory 1223: 1184: 1182: 1181: 1170: 1168: 1167: 1160: 1159: 1141: 1120: 1087: 1064: 1054: 1053: 1024:Weimar Republic 997: 987: 986: 973: 942: 932: 931: 912: 902: 901: 877: 869: 868: 864:Frankish Empire 839:Únětice culture 829: 821: 820: 765:Historic states 720: 700: 693: 678: 677: 668: 656: 603: 589: 564: 538: 524: 511: 475: 465: 440: 427: 414: 401: 388: 383: 373: 340: 328: 317: 314: 302: 280: 238: 237: 236: 228: 227: 226: 217: 216: 215: 213: 200: 199: 198: 190: 189: 188: 180: 178: 174: 171: 166: 163: 161: 159: 158: 157: 156: 135:(American zone) 99: 98:Germany in 1947 87: 81: 80: 63: 56: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8874: 8864: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8776: 8775: 8773: 8772: 8765: 8758: 8741: 8738: 8737: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8730: 8729: 8728: 8721: 8714: 8700: 8699: 8698: 8684: 8681:South Sakhalin 8677: 8676: 8675: 8661: 8654: 8647: 8640: 8633: 8632: 8631: 8617: 8610: 8603: 8596: 8589: 8582: 8575: 8568: 8561: 8554: 8547: 8540: 8533: 8526: 8518: 8516: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8506: 8499: 8498: 8497: 8481: 8474: 8473: 8472: 8458: 8451: 8444: 8437: 8430: 8421: 8412: 8405: 8396: 8389: 8382: 8375: 8366: 8359: 8352: 8345: 8338: 8331: 8324: 8315: 8308: 8299: 8290: 8281: 8274: 8267: 8256: 8246: 8244: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8234: 8227: 8226: 8225: 8218: 8204: 8197: 8190: 8183: 8176: 8175: 8174: 8160: 8153: 8144: 8137: 8130: 8123: 8116: 8109: 8106:Battle of Attu 8102: 8095: 8087: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8075: 8068: 8059: 8052: 8045: 8036: 8029: 8022: 8015: 8006: 8005: 8004: 7997: 7983: 7976: 7969: 7962: 7955: 7948: 7941: 7934: 7927: 7920: 7912: 7910: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7900: 7893: 7886: 7879: 7872: 7865: 7858: 7855:Battle of Guam 7851: 7844: 7837: 7830: 7823: 7816: 7809: 7802: 7795: 7788: 7781: 7778:Battle of Kiev 7774: 7767: 7753: 7752: 7751: 7737: 7730: 7723: 7716: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7671: 7669: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7659: 7650: 7643: 7636: 7629: 7622: 7615: 7608: 7601: 7594: 7587: 7580: 7573: 7566: 7559: 7552: 7545: 7538: 7531: 7523: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7511: 7504: 7497: 7490: 7483: 7476: 7469: 7461: 7459: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7447: 7440: 7433: 7426: 7419: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7396: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7365: 7363: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7340: 7333: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7317: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7289: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7277:United Kingdom 7273: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7245: 7237: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7218: 7217: 7216: 7209: 7197: 7190: 7183: 7176: 7169: 7162: 7155: 7148: 7141: 7134: 7127: 7120: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7090: 7076: 7069: 7062: 7055: 7048: 7041: 7034: 7027: 7020: 7013: 7006: 6999: 6992: 6985: 6978: 6971: 6963: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6951: 6944: 6937: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6909: 6902: 6895: 6888: 6881: 6873: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6861: 6854: 6847: 6840: 6832: 6825: 6818: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6794: 6787: 6780: 6773: 6766: 6759: 6751: 6744: 6737: 6729: 6721: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6709: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6681:British Empire 6674:United Kingdom 6670: 6663: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6635: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6602: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6515: 6507: 6500: 6493: 6490:Czechoslovakia 6486: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6432: 6424: 6422: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6390: 6387:Rape of Manila 6383: 6376: 6369: 6358: 6343: 6336: 6324: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6308: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6285: 6278: 6264: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6239: 6225: 6218: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6195: 6188: 6173: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6158:United Nations 6154: 6147: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6131: 6124: 6117: 6103: 6094: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6064: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6020: 6017:Decolonization 6013: 6006: 5998: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5963: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5917: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5866: 5851: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5839: 5832: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5781: 5767: 5760: 5753: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5709: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5693: 5690:United Kingdom 5686: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5613: 5611: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5587: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5536: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5517: 5516: 5509: 5502: 5494: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5452: 5450:(France/UK/US) 5443: 5441: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5404: 5402: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5369: 5367: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5324: 5322: 5309: 5308: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5279: 5274: 5268: 5266: 5253: 5252: 5244: 5243: 5236: 5229: 5221: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5196: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5075:Cultural icons 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5037: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4855:Stock exchange 4852: 4847: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4797: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4548: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4494: 4492:Denazification 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4264:Historiography 4261: 4256: 4250: 4248: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4223: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4187: 4176: 4161: 4160:External links 4158: 4157: 4156: 4142: 4135: 4125: 4120:978-1636241043 4119: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4097:online edition 4089: 4082: 4065: 4055: 4041: 4034: 4027: 4013: 4006: 3996: 3989: 3975: 3968: 3958: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3923: 3916: 3892: 3865: 3844: 3810: 3791:(3): 611–647. 3770: 3752: 3748:MacDonogh 2007 3740: 3721: 3717:MacDonogh 2007 3709: 3676: 3669: 3651: 3643: 3625: 3603: 3568: 3561: 3543: 3512: 3477: 3462: 3447: 3415: 3389: 3377: 3365: 3324: 3298: 3264: 3233: 3203: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3154: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3100:Main article: 3097: 3094: 3082:Czechoslovakia 3046:Main article: 3043: 3040: 3025: 3022: 2940: 2937: 2913: 2910: 2896: 2893: 2876: 2873: 2864:fraternization 2854: 2835:denazification 2826:War Department 2801: 2798: 2755:Denazification 2746: 2743: 2657:General Treaty 2593: 2577:Otto Grotewohl 2574: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2310: 2307: 2248: 2247:Lost territory 2245: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2225:Main article: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2131:Main article: 2128: 2125: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2071:together with 1992:Main article: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1952: 1951: 1940:East Friesland 1919: 1918: 1903: 1902: 1862: 1861: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1807: 1805: 1794: 1787: 1750:Bad Oeynhausen 1746: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1718: 1717: 1699: 1681: 1580: 1577: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1474:(on the lower 1395: 1392: 1378: 1375: 1316:Lithuanian SSR 1308:Czechoslovakia 1243:occupied Japan 1225: 1224: 1222: 1221: 1214: 1207: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1179: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1150:Modern history 1146: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1118: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1090:1945–1949/1952 1088: 1086: 1085: 1076: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1010: 1009: 1006: 998: 993: 992: 989: 988: 985: 984: 979: 974: 972: 971: 962: 956: 954: 949: 943: 938: 937: 934: 933: 930: 929: 924: 919: 913: 908: 907: 904: 903: 900: 899: 894: 889: 884: 878: 875: 874: 871: 870: 867: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 830: 827: 826: 823: 822: 819: 818: 772: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 730:Historiography 727: 721: 718: 717: 714: 713: 705: 704: 695: 694: 687: 680: 679: 662: 661: 658: 657: 655: 654: 647: 640: 634: 631: 619: 616: 615: 612: 611: 608: 607: 600: 594: 593: 586: 577: 574: 573: 568: 556: 555: 550: 540: 539: 537: 536: 528: 516: 490: 488: 484: 483: 480: 479: 476: 473: 470: 469: 466: 463: 460: 459: 456: 455: 449: 448: 445: 444: 441: 435: 432: 431: 430:7 October 1949 428: 422: 419: 418: 415: 409: 406: 405: 402: 396: 393: 392: 389: 381: 378: 377: 374: 368: 365: 364: 361: 360: 355: 354:Historical era 351: 350: 347: 346: 341: 338: 335: 334: 329: 326: 323: 322: 315: 312: 309: 308: 303: 300: 297: 296: 293: 292: 289: 282: 281: 279: 278: 272: 266: 260: 253: 251: 247: 246: 181:52.517; 13.383 155: 154: 148: 142: 141:(British zone) 139:Bad Oeynhausen 136: 130: 117: 115: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 97: 89: 88: 82: 74: 73: 70: 69: 65: 64: 49: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8873: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8770: 8766: 8763: 8759: 8756: 8755: 8750: 8743: 8742: 8739: 8726: 8722: 8719: 8715: 8712: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8701: 8696: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8688:Kuril Islands 8685: 8682: 8678: 8673: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8662: 8659: 8655: 8652: 8648: 8645: 8641: 8638: 8634: 8629: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8618: 8615: 8611: 8608: 8604: 8601: 8597: 8594: 8590: 8587: 8583: 8580: 8576: 8573: 8569: 8566: 8562: 8559: 8555: 8552: 8548: 8545: 8541: 8538: 8534: 8531: 8527: 8524: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8511: 8504: 8500: 8495: 8494: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8482: 8479: 8475: 8470: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8459: 8456: 8455:Syrmian Front 8452: 8449: 8445: 8442: 8438: 8435: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8413: 8410: 8406: 8403: 8402: 8401:Market Garden 8397: 8394: 8390: 8387: 8383: 8380: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8364: 8360: 8357: 8353: 8350: 8346: 8343: 8339: 8336: 8332: 8329: 8325: 8322: 8321: 8316: 8313: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8291: 8288: 8287: 8282: 8279: 8275: 8272: 8268: 8265: 8261: 8260:Monte Cassino 8257: 8254: 8253: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8232: 8228: 8223: 8219: 8216: 8212: 8211: 8209: 8205: 8202: 8198: 8195: 8191: 8188: 8184: 8181: 8177: 8172: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8161: 8158: 8154: 8151: 8150: 8145: 8142: 8138: 8135: 8131: 8128: 8124: 8121: 8117: 8114: 8110: 8107: 8103: 8100: 8096: 8093: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8073: 8069: 8066: 8065: 8060: 8057: 8053: 8050: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8037: 8034: 8030: 8027: 8023: 8020: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7998: 7995: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7977: 7974: 7970: 7967: 7963: 7960: 7956: 7953: 7949: 7946: 7942: 7939: 7935: 7932: 7928: 7925: 7921: 7918: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7905: 7898: 7894: 7891: 7887: 7884: 7880: 7877: 7873: 7870: 7866: 7863: 7859: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7845: 7842: 7838: 7835: 7831: 7828: 7824: 7821: 7817: 7814: 7810: 7807: 7803: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7789: 7786: 7782: 7779: 7775: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7754: 7749: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7738: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7724: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7710: 7705: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7694: 7691: 7687: 7684: 7680: 7677: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7668: 7664: 7657: 7656: 7651: 7648: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7634: 7630: 7627: 7626:Baltic states 7623: 7620: 7616: 7613: 7609: 7606: 7602: 7599: 7595: 7592: 7588: 7585: 7581: 7578: 7574: 7571: 7567: 7564: 7560: 7557: 7553: 7550: 7546: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7516: 7509: 7505: 7502: 7498: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7484: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7470: 7467: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7454: 7445: 7441: 7438: 7434: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7420: 7417: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7401: 7397: 7394: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7383: 7378: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7349: 7338: 7334: 7331: 7327: 7322: 7318: 7315: 7311: 7310: 7306: 7301: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7290: 7287: 7283: 7278: 7274: 7271: 7270:United States 7267: 7262: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7250: 7246: 7243: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7230: 7223: 7219: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7206:Quốc dân Đảng 7203: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7184: 7181: 7177: 7174: 7170: 7167: 7163: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7149: 7146: 7142: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7118: 7114: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7100: 7095: 7091: 7088: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7074: 7070: 7067: 7063: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7042: 7039: 7035: 7032: 7028: 7025: 7021: 7018: 7014: 7011: 7007: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6993: 6990: 6986: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6972: 6969: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6956: 6949: 6945: 6942: 6938: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6924: 6921: 6917: 6914: 6910: 6907: 6906:Liechtenstein 6903: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6866: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6848: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6830: 6826: 6823: 6819: 6816: 6812: 6807: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6788: 6785: 6781: 6778: 6774: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6727: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6707: 6703: 6698: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690:United States 6687: 6682: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6643: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6610: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6596: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6480: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6408: 6395: 6391: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6380:Comfort women 6377: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6364: / 6363: 6359: 6356: 6353: / 6352: 6349: / 6348: 6344: 6341: 6340:Camp brothels 6337: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6325: 6322: 6318: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6253: 6249: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6229:The Holocaust 6226: 6223: 6219: 6216: 6215:forced labour 6212: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6200: 6196: 6193: 6189: 6186: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6083: 6079: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6068:Marshall Plan 6065: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6042: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5952: 5948: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5922: 5921:Eastern Front 5918: 5915: 5914:Western Front 5911: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5888: 5885: 5881: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5812: 5809: 5808:Puppet states 5805: 5802: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5754: 5751: 5750:Naval history 5747: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5698: 5697:United States 5694: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5599: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5576: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5562: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5515: 5510: 5508: 5503: 5501: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5465: 5456: 5453: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5423:Saxony-Anhalt 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5305: 5295: 5292: 5288: 5287:Greater Hesse 5285: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5257:American Zone 5254: 5249: 5242: 5237: 5235: 5230: 5228: 5223: 5222: 5219: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5018:Social issues 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4946:Ethnic groups 4944: 4943: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4525:Reunification 4523: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4447:German Empire 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4209: 4207: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4141:(2 vol. 1974) 4140: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4071:(2 vol 1995) 4070: 4066: 4064: 4063:online review 4060: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3951: 3939: 3935: 3932: 3927: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3896: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3849: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3824: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3777: 3775: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3749: 3744: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3718: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3672: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3646: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3582: 3575: 3573: 3564: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3473: 3466: 3458: 3451: 3432: 3425: 3419: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3387:, p. 55. 3386: 3381: 3374: 3369: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3158: 3151: 3145: 3141: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3103: 3093: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3054: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3036: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3013: 3011: 3006: 3004: 2999: 2998:miscegenation 2995: 2990: 2988: 2987:child support 2983: 2981: 2980: 2975: 2969: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2949: 2948:Trümmerfrauen 2945: 2936: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2902: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2872: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2689:Joseph Stalin 2686: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2615:; 1 July 1948 2614: 2610: 2605: 2598: 2597: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2581:Wilhelm Pieck 2578: 2572: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2487:Saxony-Anhalt 2485: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2314: 2306: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2228: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2171:Saxony-Anhalt 2168: 2164: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2025:had captured 2024: 2020: 2016: 2008: 2004: 2003:French forces 2000: 1995: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1906:In 1946, the 1905: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1791: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1586: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1549:(Munich) and 1548: 1547:Radio München 1544: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1527: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1470:The ports of 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1437:Rhenish Hesse 1434: 1430: 1426: 1423:(without the 1422: 1419:consisted of 1418: 1411: 1405: 1401: 1394:American zone 1388: 1383: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1201: 1200: 1198: 1197: 1191: 1180: 1177: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1132:Reunification 1130: 1129: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1057: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1005: 1004:German Empire 1002: 1001: 996: 991: 990: 983: 980: 978: 975: 969: 968: 963: 961: 958: 957: 955: 953: 950: 948: 947:Mediatisation 945: 944: 941: 936: 935: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 914: 911: 906: 905: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 879: 873: 872: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 831: 828:Early history 825: 824: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 773: 770: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 722: 716: 715: 711: 707: 706: 703: 697: 696: 691: 686: 685: 676: 672: 666: 659: 652: 645: 638: 629: 625: 620: 617: 601: 599: 596: 595: 587: 585: 582: 581: 578: 572: 569: 562: 561: 558: 557: 554: 551: 549: 546: 545: 541: 532: 529: 527: 520: 519:Deutsche Mark 517: 514: 506: 505: 498: 497: 492: 491: 489: 485: 481: 477: 471: 467: 461: 457: 454: 450: 446: 443:15 March 1991 442: 439: 433: 429: 426: 420: 416: 413: 407: 403: 400: 394: 390: 386: 379: 375: 372: 366: 362: 359: 356: 352: 348: 345: 344:Georgy Zhukov 342: 336: 333: 330: 324: 320: 316: 310: 307: 304: 298: 294: 290: 287: 283: 277:(Soviet zone) 276: 273: 271:(French zone) 270: 267: 264: 261: 258: 255: 254: 252: 248: 244: 234: 223: 211: 206: 196: 185: 153:(Soviet zone) 152: 149: 147:(French zone) 146: 143: 140: 137: 134: 131: 128: 127: 122: 119: 118: 116: 112: 109: 106: 102: 95: 90: 86: 78: 71: 66: 60: 53: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 8762:Bibliography 8745: 8558:Project Hula 8523:Vistula–Oder 8492: 8425: 8416: 8400: 8370: 8319: 8303: 8294: 8285: 8251: 8148: 8063: 8039: 8009: 7760: 7653: 7598:North Africa 7300:Soviet Union 7254:Soviet Union 7180:Soviet Union 6948:Vatican City 6858:Vichy France 6763:German Reich 6660:Soviet Union 6646:South Africa 6639:Sierra Leone 6592:Newfoundland 6411:Participants 6394:Marocchinate 6098: 6089: 6074: 6059: 5937:North Africa 5898:Indian Ocean 5757:Nazi plunder 5648:Cryptography 5521:World War II 5328:Lower Saxony 5313:British Zone 5247: 5192:Bibliography 5066:Coat of arms 5046:Architecture 5023:Trade unions 5003:Prostitution 4963:Homelessness 4926:Demographics 4875:Trade unions 4842: 4832:German model 4805:Central bank 4749:Conservatism 4712:Human rights 4697:Court system 4692:Constitution 4672: 4518:Contemporary 4507:West Germany 4502:East Germany 4481: 4477:World War II 4472:Nazi Germany 4412:18th-century 4371:East Francia 4325:Cimbrian War 4178: 4167: 4145: 4138: 4128: 4110: 4092: 4085: 4068: 4058: 4044: 4037: 4030: 4016: 4009: 3999: 3992: 3971: 3964: 3954: 3926: 3902: 3895: 3883:. Retrieved 3868: 3859: 3837: 3788: 3782: 3764: 3755: 3743: 3719:, p. 7. 3712: 3660: 3654: 3634: 3628: 3615: 3606: 3552: 3546: 3534:. Retrieved 3530:the original 3493:(3): 79–94. 3490: 3486: 3480: 3471: 3465: 3456: 3450: 3438:. Retrieved 3418: 3406:. Retrieved 3392: 3380: 3368: 3356:. Retrieved 3344: 3340: 3327: 3315:. Retrieved 3301: 3296:. Wiesbaden. 3255:. Retrieved 3246: 3236: 3224:. Retrieved 3206: 3194:. Retrieved 3184: 3177: 3157: 3144: 3090: 3070: 3059: 3035:Alpenfestung 3033: 3027: 3014: 3007: 2993: 2991: 2984: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2965: 2953: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2915: 2906: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2878: 2869: 2818:Cordell Hull 2803: 2770: 2731: 2724: 2722: 2702: 2693: 2678: 2668: 2654: 2634: 2618: 2594: 2579:(right) and 2396:Lower Saxony 2312: 2300: 2271:Germany east 2268: 2234: 2230: 2199: 2197:in Germany. 2190: 2160: 2110: 2102: 2088: 2077: 2050: 2012: 1947: 1915:Willy Brandt 1890: 1830: 1797:Malcolm Club 1762: 1747: 1730: 1719: 1698:in 1946; and 1684:Lower Saxony 1664:German state 1657: 1614: 1603: 1592: 1579:British zone 1566: 1560: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1530: 1524: 1521: 1506: 1469: 1454: 1448: 1414: 1371:East Germany 1367:West Germany 1362: 1360: 1352: 1340: 1324: 1302: 1296:and most of 1294:East-Prussia 1267: 1255:former state 1247:Nazi Germany 1239:West Germany 1228: 1073: 1044:World War II 1034:Nazi Germany 995:German Reich 922:18th century 917:Sectionalism 882:East Francia 598:East Germany 584:West Germany 571:Nazi Germany 553:Succeeded by 552: 547: 526:Soviet zone: 525: 512: 474:• 1949 464:• 1945 425:East Germany 412:West Germany 209: 124: 40: 8493:Bodenplatte 8379:Gothic Line 7605:West Africa 7152:Philippines 7131:Netherlands 6996:Czech lands 6934:Switzerland 6878:Afghanistan 6829:Philippines 6697:Puerto Rico 6613:Philippines 6599:New Zealand 6585:Netherlands 6538:Free France 6289:Prosecution 6090:Osoaviakhim 5960:West Africa 5944:East Africa 5591:Conferences 5455:East Berlin 5447:West Berlin 5440:(1949–1990) 5413:Mecklenburg 5408:Brandenburg 5393:Soviet Zone 5358:French Zone 4993:Pornography 4968:Immigration 4931:Drug policy 4843:Mittelstand 4790:Agriculture 4754:Nationalism 4727:Transgender 4611:Earthquakes 4558:, 1583-1588 4556:Cologne War 4452:World War I 4354:Middle Ages 4340:Gothic Wars 3839:Der Spiegel 3736:Bessel 2010 3707:, chpt. 10. 3705:Bessel 2010 2796:differed. 2789:reparations 2739:East Berlin 2735:West Berlin 2513:Brandenburg 2448:South Baden 2325:Population 2191:rezidentura 2179:Mecklenburg 2175:Brandenburg 2127:Soviet zone 2065:South Baden 2019:French Army 1988:French zone 1775:became the 1726:Bremerhaven 1633:Amt Neuhaus 1625:Soviet Army 1619:'s capital 1617:Mecklenburg 1480:Bremerhaven 1476:Weser River 1450:Württemberg 1389:, 1947–1949 1251:sovereignty 1233:, from the 1014:World War I 940:Unification 876:Middle Ages 811:Württemberg 791:Family tree 699:History of 548:Preceded by 534:(from 1948) 522:(from 1948) 509:(1945–1948) 417:23 May 1949 391:5 June 1945 179: / 151:East Berlin 145:Baden-Baden 52:Deutschland 8785:Categories 8593:West Hunan 8426:Pointblank 7762:Silver Fox 7748:Summer War 7501:Winter War 7480:Phoney War 7261:Azerbaijan 7222:Yugoslavia 7117:Luxembourg 6959:Resistance 6706:Yugoslavia 6571:Luxembourg 6373:Sook Ching 6169:War crimes 5771:Technology 5764:Opposition 5706:Lend-Lease 5683:Australian 5676:Home front 5634:Blitzkrieg 5584:Casualties 5575:Commanders 5547:Operations 5154:Television 5139:Philosophy 5114:Literature 4973:Irreligion 4958:Healthcare 4921:Corruption 4687:Chancellor 4676:(military) 4673:Bundeswehr 3738:, chpt. 7. 3440:18 January 3408:18 January 3317:1 November 3169:References 3080:, Poland, 3024:Insurgency 2961:Düsseldorf 2904:possible. 2674:Bundeswehr 2309:Population 2080:Saargebiet 1932:Copenhagen 1912:Chancellor 1714:Westphalia 1320:Yugoslavia 1154:since 1990 1137:New states 1081:Ostgebiete 1074:Occupation 967:Zollverein 815:Mediatised 725:Chronology 513:West zones 504:Rentenmark 496:Reichsmark 478:68,080,000 468:64,260,000 453:Population 376:8 May 1945 8658:Manchuria 8544:Indochina 8320:Bagration 7771:Lithuania 7416:Anschluss 7213:Viet Minh 7110:Lithuania 7052:Hong Kong 6822:Manchukuo 6777:Azad Hind 6436:Australia 6236:Aftermath 6099:Paperclip 5994:Aftermath 5794:Total war 5662:Diplomacy 5625:In Europe 5428:Thuringia 5109:Libraries 5089:Festivals 4936:Education 4880:Transport 4845:companies 4764:President 4702:Elections 4667:Bundesrat 4662:Bundestag 4631:Mountains 4599:Districts 4577:Geography 4310:Visigoths 4247:Overviews 3805:145470893 3507:210491528 3347:: 55–56. 2974:frau bait 2806:Roosevelt 2659:(German: 2500:Thuringia 2374:American 2361:American 2348:American 2335:American 2163:Thuringia 2031:Stuttgart 2027:Karlsruhe 1981:Dinxperlo 1928:Oldenburg 1875:Oldenburg 1801:Schleswig 1710:Rhineland 1694:with the 1688:Oldenburg 1641:Brunswick 1484:North Sea 1445:Wiesbaden 1435:(without 1282:Pomerania 1123:1949–1990 1100:1944–1950 1048:1939–1945 1038:1933–1945 1028:1918–1933 1018:1914–1918 1008:1871–1918 783:Empresses 286:Governors 133:Frankfurt 85:C-Pennant 68:1945–1949 8769:Category 8718:document 8628:document 8485:Ardennes 8469:Budapest 8417:Crossbow 8295:Overlord 8134:Smolensk 7352:Timeline 7187:Slovakia 7173:Thailand 7024:Ethiopia 6989:Bulgaria 6913:Portugal 6851:Thailand 6733:Bulgaria 6511:Eswatini 6504:Ethiopia 6457:Bulgaria 6282:Unit 731 6243:Response 6060:Keelhaul 6010:Cold War 5983:Americas 5974:timeline 5967:Atlantic 5847:Theaters 5201:Category 5119:Internet 5104:Language 5094:Folklore 5013:Religion 4988:Pensions 4983:Naturism 4860:Taxation 4744:Lobbying 4717:Intersex 4650:Politics 4259:Timeline 4238:General 4231:articles 4076:Archived 3934:Archived 3879:Archived 3858:(2008). 3826:Archived 3763:(1947). 3620:Archived 3595:Archived 3584:Archived 3431:Archived 3402:Archived 3349:Archived 3311:Archived 3286:Archived 3251:Archived 3226:17 April 3220:Archived 3190:Archived 3107:See also 2726:Saarland 2625:restored 2426:British 2413:British 2400:British 2387:British 2292:Szczecin 2269:In 1945 2121:Saarburg 1973:Selfkant 1675:Prussian 1649:Holstein 1621:Schwerin 1427:and the 1387:Saarland 1363:de facto 1265:(ACC). 1116:division 775:Monarchs 735:Military 690:a series 688:Part of 671:exclaves 487:Currency 358:Cold War 8695:Shumshu 8462:Hungary 8409:Estonia 8393:Lapland 8371:Dragoon 8304:Neptune 8286:Ichi-Go 8252:Tempest 8194:Changde 8149:Cottage 8041:Jubilee 7757:Finland 7655:Compass 7361:Prelude 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