1133:
full title to the property; only a voidable title. False pretense applies to situations where the wrongdoer by deceit obtains "title or ownership – or whatever property interest the victim had in the chattel, if it was less than title." If the victim has an interest is the property less than full title the acquisition of that interest through false representation can be false pretenses unless the only interest the person has is possession of the property. In such case the crime would be larceny by trick rather than false pretenses. Larceny by Trick also applies to situations where the wrongdoer by deceit obtains possession only, with the victim retaining ownership or some superior interest in the chattel. Determining whether the victim obtained title or possession can present problems. Generally a sell or conditional sell is sufficient to pass title for purposes of false pretenses whereas lending property does not involve a transfer of title. Note that if property is falsely obtained for a specific purpose - for example money to buy a car that does not exist - the crime is larceny by trick rather than false pretenses because the victim intended to pass title to the money only upon completion of the transaction; until such time the victim intended to deliver possession only.
1189:, whoever by any false representation or writing signed by him, of his own respectability, wealth or mercantile correspondence or connections, obtain; credit and thereby defrauds any person of money, goods, chattels or any valuable thing, or who procures another to make a false report of his honesty, wealth, &c., shall return the money, goods, &c., and be fined and imprisoned for a term not exceeding one year. Obtaining money or property by bogus cheques, the confidence game, or three card monte, sleight of hand, fortune-telling, &c., is punishable by imprisonment for from one to ten years. Obtaining goods from warehouse, mill or wharf by fraudulent receipt wrongly stating amount of goods deposited by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than ten years. Fraudulent use of railroad passes is a misdemeanor. A person who knowingly personates a public official, a veteran, the recipient of a medal, the holder of a title, or profits from a false academic degree is unlawful.
1292:
offence then existing was cheat which was a misdemeanor. Cheat was a primitive version of the crime of false pretences and involved obtaining property by the use of false weights or measures. In 1541 a statute was enacted by
Parliament that made it a misdemeanor to obtain property by a false token or a counterfeit letter "made in any other man’s name." This statute did not cover obtaining property by the use false spoken words. The first "modern" false pretence statute was enacted by Parliament in 1757. The statute prohibited obtaining "money, goods, wares, or merchandise" by "false pretence." The first general embezzlement statute was enacted by Parliament in 1799.
1316:
actually obtained by the false pretence. The owner must be induced by the pretence to make over the absolute and immediate ownership of the goods, otherwise it is larceny by means of a trick. It is not always easy, however, to draw a distinction between the various classes of offences. In the case where a man goes into a restaurant and orders a meal, and, after consuming it, says that he has no means of paying for it, it was usual to convict for obtaining food by false pretences. But in
1890:
1899:
1214:, obtaining property by false pretenses, felonious breach of trust and embezzlement are included in the term larceny, but the methods of proof required to establish each crime remain as before the code. Obtaining lodging and food on credit at hotel or lodging house with intent to defraud is a misdemeanor. Purchase of property by false pretences as to persons means or ability to pay is not criminal when in writing signed by the party to be charged
1762:
51:
1308:(1541), which enacted that if any person should falsely and deceitfully obtain any money, goods, &c., by means of any false token or counterfeit letter made in any other man's name, the offender should suffer any punishment other than death, at the discretion of the judge. The scope of the offence was enlarged to include practically all false pretences by the Act of 1756, the provisions of which were embodied in the
1152:
defraud, and using means of interstate commerce such as a telephone, is illegal under title 18 USC section 1343; the crime is usually referred to as "Wire Fraud." There are
Federal laws providing penalties for false personation of the lawful owner of public stocks, &c., or of persons entitled to pensions, prize money, &c., or the false making of any order purporting to be a
1091:
written. The misrepresentation has to be affirmative. A failure to disclose a fact does not fit this misrepresentation in common law, unless there is a fiduciary duty between the thief and victim. Moreover, opinion and puffing are not considered misrepresentation as they color the facts but do not misrepresent them.
1164:
The first "modern" false pretense statute was enacted by
Parliament in 1757. The statute prohibited obtaining "money, goods, wares, or merchandise" by "false pretence." The first general embezzlement statute was enacted by Parliament in 1799. Neither of these statutes were part of the American common
1123:
On the other hand, the offense requires the victim believe the representation to be true. If the person to whom the representation has been made has doubts or serious misgivings about the truth of the representation but nonetheless goes through with the transaction, they have not been deceived - they
1353:(1) with intent to defraud, obtains from any other person any chattel, money, or valuable security, or causes or procures any money to be paid, or any chattel or valuable security to be delivered to himself or to any other person for the use or benefit or on account of himself or any other person; or
1291:
and false pretences. Larceny was a common law offence (created by judicial action) while embezzlement and false pretences were statutory offences (created by legislative action). Larceny is by far the oldest. The elements of larceny were "well-settled" by the thirteenth century. The only other theft
1201:
it is simple larceny to obtain by false pretenses the money or personal chattel of another. Obtaining by false pretence the making, acceptance or endorsement of a bill of exchange or promissory note, the release or substitution of collateral or other security, an extension of time for payment of an
1413:
for another case of confusion on this point. In certain other cases, the distinction between the two definitions affects the meaning only slightly, as in "John pretends to a great knowledge of world history", which to the speaker clearly refers to something untrue, but more in the nature of wishful
1303:
the only remedy originally available for an owner who had been deprived of his goods by fraud was an indictment for the crime of cheating, or a civil action for deceit. These remedies were insufficient to cover all cases where money or other properties had been obtained by false pretences, and the
1139:
The determination as to whether the offense is larceny or false pretenses can have significant effect on the ability of true owner to reclaim the appropriated property. If false pretenses, a bona fide purchaser for value would acquire title superior to the victim; whereas, if the crime is larceny a
1315:
The pretence must be a false pretence of some existing fact, made for the purpose of inducing the prosecutor to part with his property (e.g. it was held not to be a false pretence to promise to pay for goods on delivery), and it may be by either words or conduct. The property, too, must have been
1115:
It is essential that the victim of the false pretenses must actually be deceived by the misrepresentation: the victim must transfer title to the property in reliance on the representation; and the victim being deceived must be a major (if not the only) reason for the victim's transferring title to
1067:
False pretenses is a statutory offense in most jurisdictions; subject matter covered by statute varies accordingly, and is not necessarily limited to tangible personal property - some statutes include intangible personal property and services. For example, the North
Carolina false pretense statute
1151:
statutes on this subject are mainly copied from the
English statutes, and the courts there in a general way follow the English interpretations. The statutes of each state must be consulted. Under federal law, obtaining money or property through false pretenses as part of a scheme or artifice to
1132:
False pretense is conventionally referred to as a crime against "title" and "title" must pass from the victim to the perpetrator for the crime to be complete. However, this is not to be taken literally for the simple reason that a person who obtains ownership of property by deceit does not obtain
1090:
For example, representing to a seller that you have funds available in your bank account to pay for the goods when in fact your account has a zero balance is not false pretenses if at the time the transaction takes place adequate funds are present in the account. The representation may be oral or
1119:
Simply making a false promise or statement is not sufficient. It is not a defense to false pretenses charge that a reasonable person would not have been deceived by the false representation. No matter how gullible the victim, if they were in fact deceived then the offense has been committed.
1177:, obtaining money or property by falsely impersonating another is punishable as for larceny. Obtaining credit by false pretenses as to wealth and mercantile character is punishable by six months imprisonment and a fine not exceeding three times the value of the money or property obtained.
1071:
Under common law, false pretense is defined as a representation of a present or past fact, which the thief knows to be false, and which he intends will and does cause the victim to pass title of his property. That is, false pretense is the acquisition of title from a victim by fraud or
1087:, he is not guilty of false pretenses if it turns out that the ring was in fact a diamond. The representation must be false at the time title passes. Thus if the representation was false when made but is true at the time title to the property passes there is no crime.
1362:(b) to write, impress, or affix his name or the name of any other person, or the seal of any body corporate or society, upon any paper or parchment in order that the same may be afterwards made or converted into, or used or dealt with as, a valuable security
1405: The use of the word "pretenses" here is perhaps slightly confusing to a modern reader since "pretense", in the modern sense of the word, is the conscious creation of fiction, but in the former sense of the word, as it was borrowed from the
1136:
The essential distinction between false pretenses and larceny and embezzlement is that false pretenses requires that the victim pass title to the defendant whereas the other offenses do not.
1080:
There must be a description or portrayal of something that is false. If a person makes a statement about something that he mistakenly believes to be untrue there is no false representation.
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The representation must relate to a material past or existing fact. A representation concerning a future state of facts is not sufficient. Nor is merely an expression of opinion.
1751:
Griew, Edward. The Theft Acts 1968 and 1978. Fifth
Edition. Sweet and Maxwell. 1986. Paragraph 6-02 and note 2 at page 117. Paragraph 6-08 and note 15 at page 120.
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is that in the former the owner intends to part with his property, in the latter he does not. This offence dates as a statutory crime practically from 1756. At
1715:
R v Danger (1857) Dears & B 307, (1857) 26 LJMC 185, (1857) 29 LT (OS) 268, (1857) 21 JP 403, (1857) 3 Jur NS 1011, (1857) 5 WR 738, (1857) 7 Cox 303,
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purchaser from the wrongdoer, bona fide or otherwise, would not acquire any title to the property and would have to return the property to the victim.
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obligation, or the release or alteration of the obligation of a written contract, is larceny and punishable by imprisonment.
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shall be guilty of a misdemeanour and on conviction thereof liable to penal servitude for any term not exceeding five years.
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For example, if a person represents that the stone in a ring is a diamond when he believes that is in fact made of
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1730:
Griew, Edward. The Theft Acts 1968 and 1978. Fifth
Edition. Sweet and Maxwell. 1986. Paragraph 10-15 at page 173.
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applies to obtaining "any money, goods, property, services, choses in action, or any other thing of value ..."
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A mistaken representation about some past or existing state of facts is not sufficient for false pretense.
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1 QB 119, an
English court found that it is neither larceny nor false pretences, but an offence under the
1356:(2) with intent to defraud or injure any other person, fraudulently causes or induces any other person-
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1359:(a) to execute, make, accept, endorse, or destroy the whole or any part of any valuable security; or
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when the acquisition results from the intentional misrepresentation of a past or existing fact.
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1388:. Section 32(2) of the Larceny Act 1916 was replaced by section 20(2) of the Theft Act 1968.
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1241:, money or valuable security from any other person with intent to defraud, indictable as a
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repealed these latter two Acts and replaced deception offences with other offences.
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Acquisition results from intentional misrepresenting of a past or existing fact
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1786:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 157.
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law. However, most states passed laws similar to the
English statutes.
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1338:. That section was replaced by section 32(2) of the Larceny Act 1916.
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would define it (requiring the liar to be conscious of the untruth).
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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as amended by the
Larceny Act 1916. The modern concept is a
1111:"...made for the purpose of causing and which does cause..."
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have basically assumed the risk of a false representation.
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684:
442:
1409:, it simply meant "claim" or sometimes "belief". See also
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which the person making the representation knows is false
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1742:. Digest of the Criminal Law. Ninth Edition. Page 351.
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1504:
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for "guilty act") in the deception offences under the
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misrepresentation of a material past or present fact.
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1462:
Boyce & Perkins, Criminal Law, 3rd ed. (1992) at
1304:
offence was first partially created by a statute of
1491:
1414:thinking on the part of John himself than a lie as
1334:in the law. This was remedied by section 90 of the
1553:LaFave, Criminal Law, 3rd ed. (West 2000) 828 n. 2
2619:
1295:The broad distinction between this offence and
1128:"...the victim to pass title to his property."
1806:
1565:LaFave, Criminal Law, 3rd ed. (West 2000) 829
1476:Lafave, Criminal Law 3rd ed. (West 2000) Sec.
1472:
1470:
1468:
1006:
1458:
1456:
1233:. It used to refer to the means whereby the
1449:NC General Statutes- Chapter 14, Article 19
1095:"...of a material past or existing fact..."
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1799:
1465:
1253:and it is used as the common basis of the
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1349:Every person who by any false pretence-
14:
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1649:Mass. Gen. Laws, ch. 266, § 59 (2009)
1536:
1041:The elements of false pretenses are:
1283:The three major theft offences were
1488:Cornell Legal Information Institute
1439:Cornell Legal Information Institute
1376:, contrary to section 32(1) of the
1048:of a material past or existing fact
24:
1820:
25:
2659:
1380:, was replaced by the offence of
1217:
2412:Perverting the course of justice
1897:
1888:
1836:. Not all types are listed here.
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1384:, contrary to section 15 of the
1324:, of obtaining credit by fraud.
1192:
1143:
649:Perverting the course of justice
49:
2150:Intellectual property violation
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1382:obtaining property by deception
1054:made for the purpose of causing
544:Intellectual property violation
2648:Property law legal terminology
2628:Criminal law legal terminology
1658:Mass. Gen. Laws, ch. 266, § 33
1527:
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1442:
1430:
13:
1:
1640:720 Ill. Comp. Stat. § 5/17-2
1592:720 Ill. Comp. Stat. § 5/17-1
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1397:
1374:obtaining by false pretences
1278:
879:Ignorantia juris non excusat
18:Obtaining by false pretences
7:
1676:Paul v. Dumar, 106 N.Y. 508
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1180:
1076:"A false representation..."
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10:
2664:
2633:American legal terminology
2175:Possessing stolen property
1688:, 2907, 104 N.Y.Suppl. 805
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1159:
1029:, property is obtained by
569:Possessing stolen property
217:Offense against the person
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863:Diminished responsibility
657:Crimes against the public
2274:(such as prohibition of
1740:Stephen, James Fitzjames
1391:
1060:the victim to pass title
792:Crimes against the state
712:(such as prohibition of
30:Not to be confused with
1783:Encyclopædia Britannica
476:Crimes against property
166:(also called violation)
2392:Miscarriage of justice
1370:
1045:a false representation
928:Other common-law areas
761:Crimes against animals
629:Miscarriage of justice
611:Crimes against justice
2387:Malfeasance in office
1832:Note: Crimes vary by
1604:, 1907, 228, Ill. 216
1583:Penal Code, 1901, 481
1574:Penal Code, 1901, 479
1533:U.S. Rev. Stats. 5463
1524:U.S. Rev. Stats. 5435
1347:
1229:is no longer used in
834:Defenses to liability
624:Malfeasance in office
2480:Cybersex trafficking
2242:Censorship violation
1225:as a concept in the
1057:and which does cause
680:Censorship violation
403:Cybersex trafficking
2272:Illegal consumption
1946:Criminal negligence
1686:People v. Tattlekan
858:Defense of property
710:Illegal consumption
246:Criminal negligence
146:Severity of offense
2475:Child sexual abuse
2440:Wildlife smuggling
2430:Cruelty to animals
2219:Against the public
2050:Negligent homicide
1961:False imprisonment
1916:Against the person
1341:Section 32 of the
779:Wildlife smuggling
769:Cruelty to animals
398:Child sexual abuse
350:Negligent homicide
261:False imprisonment
158:Indictable offense
102:Scope of criminal
37:For the film, see
2615:
2614:
2598:Wikimedia Commons
2556:Inchoate offenses
2500:Indecent exposure
1991:Human trafficking
1956:Domestic violence
1023:
1022:
423:Indecent exposure
291:Human trafficking
256:Domestic violence
184:Inchoate offenses
16:(Redirected from
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2262:Ethnic cleansing
2200:Trespass to land
2097:Arms trafficking
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1378:Larceny Act 1916
1343:Larceny Act 1916
1336:Larceny Act 1861
1322:Debtors Act 1869
1310:Larceny Act 1861
1247:Larceny Act 1861
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1008:
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843:Actual innocence
700:Ethnic cleansing
594:Trespass to land
489:Arms trafficking
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2038:Preterintention
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1778:False Pretences
1776:, ed. (1911). "
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1667:Penal Code, 528
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1372:The offence of
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1223:False pretences
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1208:
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1116:the defendant.
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1105:
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1063:to his property
1039:
1031:false pretenses
1019:
960:
524:False pretenses
453:Sex trafficking
379:Sexual offenses
338:Preterintention
174:Summary offense
42:
39:False Pretenses
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2661:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
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2605:
2600:
2595:
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2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2540:Sexual slavery
2537:
2535:Sexual assault
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
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2322:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2257:Hostage-taking
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
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2147:
2142:
2137:
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2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
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2099:
2094:
2089:
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2073:
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2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
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2045:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2023:
2018:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
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1887:
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1867:
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1857:
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1830:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1774:Chisholm, Hugh
1754:
1753:
1744:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1706:Pen. Code, 544
1699:
1697:Pen. Code, 382
1690:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1602:Dorr v. People
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1555:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1490:
1478:
1464:
1452:
1441:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1393:
1390:
1386:Theft Act 1968
1366:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1280:
1277:
1273:Fraud Act 2006
1269:Theft Act 1978
1265:Theft Act 1968
1219:
1218:United Kingdom
1216:
1207:
1204:
1194:
1191:
1182:
1179:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1145:
1142:
1129:
1126:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1085:cubic zirconia
1077:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1038:
1035:
1021:
1020:
1018:
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1003:
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981:
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976:
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948:
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865:
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845:
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830:
829:
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822:
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794:
793:
789:
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786:
781:
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771:
763:
762:
758:
757:
756:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
707:
702:
697:
695:Hostage-taking
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
659:
658:
654:
653:
652:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
613:
612:
608:
607:
606:
605:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
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546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
478:
477:
473:
472:
471:
470:
465:
463:Sexual slavery
460:
458:Sexual assault
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
382:
381:
375:
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367:
362:
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352:
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345:
335:
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318:
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167:
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148:
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125:
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115:
107:
106:
99:
98:
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96:
91:
86:
79:
69:
68:
62:
61:
55:
54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2660:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
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2541:
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2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2490:Homosexuality
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
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2400:
2398:
2395:
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2390:
2388:
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2383:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
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2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:Miscegenation
2288:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:Pickpocketing
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:Home invasion
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:Assassination
1924:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
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1858:
1856:
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1828:
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1811:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1769:public domain
1758:
1757:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1727:
1725:
1718:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1687:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1613:Id. ~ 98, 100
1610:
1603:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1530:
1521:
1514:
1513:Chisholm 1911
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1487:
1482:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1459:
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1438:
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1399:
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1369:
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1286:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:obtained any
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1203:
1200:
1199:Massachusetts
1193:Massachusetts
1190:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1166:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1149:United States
1144:United States
1141:
1137:
1134:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
996:
994:
993:
988:
985:
984:
983:
982:
978:
977:
971:
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959:
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952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
931:
927:
926:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
905:
901:
898:
896:
895:Justification
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
880:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
839:
838:
835:
832:
831:
826:
823:
821:
818:
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813:
811:
808:
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803:
801:
798:
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795:
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790:
785:
782:
780:
777:
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772:
770:
767:
766:
765:
764:
760:
759:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
728:Miscegenation
726:
723:
719:
715:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
661:
660:
656:
655:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
615:
614:
610:
609:
604:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
564:Pickpocketing
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
480:
479:
475:
474:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
413:Homosexuality
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
384:
383:
380:
377:
376:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
344:
341:
340:
339:
336:
332:
329:
328:
327:
324:
322:
319:
316:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
276:Home invasion
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
226:Assassination
224:
223:
222:
221:
218:
215:
214:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
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188:
185:
182:
181:
175:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
155:
152:
151:
150:
149:
145:
144:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
110:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
84:
80:
78:
77:
73:
72:
71:
70:
67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
33:
32:false premise
19:
2580:Solicitation
2515:Prostitution
2505:Masturbation
2336:Lèse-majesté
2325:Against the
2122:Embezzlement
2011:Manslaughter
1996:Intimidation
1834:jurisdiction
1831:
1781:
1747:
1735:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1529:
1520:
1481:
1444:
1432:
1416:St Augustine
1402:
1398:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1348:
1340:
1327:
1326:
1317:
1314:
1294:
1289:embezzlement
1282:
1254:
1243:misdemeanour
1227:criminal law
1222:
1221:
1209:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1163:
1147:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1040:
1030:
1027:criminal law
1024:
920:Self-defense
877:
800:Lèse-majesté
523:
514:Embezzlement
438:Prostitution
428:Masturbation
311:Manslaughter
296:Intimidation
208:Solicitation
81:
74:
59:Criminal law
43:
2485:Fornication
2402:Obstruction
2382:Compounding
2190:Tax evasion
1941:Child abuse
1855:Misdemeanor
1330:revealed a
1267:and in the
1231:English law
1154:money order
915:Provocation
639:Obstruction
619:Compounding
584:Tax evasion
408:Fornication
241:Child abuse
170:Misdemeanor
94:Concurrence
2622:Categories
2593:WikiSource
2575:Incitement
2570:Conspiracy
2445:Bestiality
2397:Misprision
2361:Subversion
2315:War crimes
2310:Usurpation
2237:Corruption
2117:Cybercrime
2001:Kidnapping
1981:Hate crime
1971:Harassment
1951:Defamation
1905:Law portal
1880:Corruption
1870:Indictable
1850:Infraction
1424:References
1328:R v Danger
1306:Henry VIII
1301:common law
1256:actus reus
1245:under the
873:Entrapment
848:Automatism
825:Subversion
784:Bestiality
753:War crimes
748:Usurpation
675:Corruption
634:Misprision
509:Cybercrime
301:Kidnapping
281:Hate crime
271:Harassment
251:Defamation
203:Incitement
198:Conspiracy
164:Infraction
123:Complicity
118:Accomplice
76:Actus reus
2603:Wikiquote
2545:Voyeurism
2525:Pederasty
2510:Obscenity
2351:Secession
2346:Espionage
2305:Terrorism
2267:Smuggling
2205:Vandalism
2185:Smuggling
2127:Extortion
2102:Blackmail
2015:corporate
1821:Types of
1631:Id. 12 5a
1411:Pretender
1318:R v Jones
1251:deception
1235:defendant
936:Contracts
910:Necessity
815:Secession
810:Espionage
743:Terrorism
705:Smuggling
599:Vandalism
579:Smuggling
519:Extortion
494:Blackmail
468:Voyeurism
448:Pederasty
433:Obscenity
315:corporate
138:Vicarious
133:Principal
128:Corporate
113:Accessory
104:liability
89:Causation
2608:Wikinews
2465:Adultery
2435:Poaching
2371:Against
2356:Sedition
2300:Regicide
2252:Genocide
2227:Apostasy
2209:Mischief
2145:Gambling
2112:Burglary
2083:property
2081:Against
2065:Stabbing
2060:Stalking
2043:Homicide
2006:Menacing
1986:Homicide
1212:New York
1206:New York
1187:Illinois
1181:Illinois
1037:Elements
951:Property
946:Evidence
941:Defenses
890:Insanity
820:Sedition
774:Poaching
738:Regicide
690:Genocide
665:Apostasy
603:Mischief
539:Gambling
504:Burglary
388:Adultery
365:Stabbing
360:Stalking
343:Homicide
306:Menacing
286:Homicide
83:Mens rea
66:Elements
2565:Attempt
2407:Perjury
2373:justice
2341:Treason
2284:smoking
2280:alcohol
2247:Dueling
2232:Begging
2180:Robbery
2160:Looting
2155:Larceny
2135:Forgery
2107:Bribery
2070:Torture
2055:Robbery
2013: (
1966:Frameup
1936:Battery
1931:Assault
1865:Summary
1843:Classes
1771::
1622:Id. 124
1297:larceny
1285:larceny
1279:History
1239:chattel
1175:Arizona
1169:Arizona
1160:History
979:Portals
970:estates
902: (
900:Mistake
885:Infancy
853:Consent
805:Treason
722:smoking
718:alcohol
685:Dueling
670:Begging
644:Perjury
574:Robbery
554:Looting
549:Larceny
529:Forgery
499:Bribery
370:Torture
355:Robbery
313: (
266:Frameup
236:Battery
231:Assault
193:Attempt
2643:Crimes
2495:Incest
2470:Bigamy
2295:Piracy
2282:, and
2165:Payola
2031:felony
2026:Murder
2021:Mayhem
1875:Hybrid
1860:Felony
1765:
1401:
1345:read:
1332:lacuna
1271:. The
966:trusts
904:of law
868:Duress
733:Piracy
720:, and
559:Payola
418:Incest
393:Bigamy
331:felony
326:Murder
321:Mayhem
154:Felony
2638:Theft
2327:state
2276:drugs
2195:Theft
2140:Fraud
2092:Arson
1823:crime
1392:Notes
1261:Latin
1259:(the
962:Wills
956:Torts
714:drugs
589:Theft
534:Fraud
484:Arson
2520:Rape
968:and
443:Rape
172:(or
156:(or
1780:".
1717:CCR
1210:In
1197:In
1185:In
1173:In
1025:In
987:Law
2624::
2278:,
2207:,
1723:^
1558:^
1538:^
1493:^
1467:^
1455:^
1403:a:
1312:.
1287:,
1156:.
964:,
716:,
601:,
2286:)
2017:)
1814:e
1807:t
1800:v
1515:.
1014:e
1007:t
1000:v
906:)
724:)
317:)
176:)
160:)
41:.
34:.
20:)
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