Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll

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higher than the mainland population. The male population on the Marshall Islands' lung cancer mortality is four times greater than the overall United States rates, and the oral cancer rates are ten times greater. Fallout produced from nuclear tests affected the residents externally and internally. External irradiation was caused by gamma rays that originated from fallout on the ground. While the levels of external radiation exposure can be reduced by sheltering indoors, the islanders spent most of their time outside. Internal exposure to radiation can occur through inhalation, ingestion, and skin exposure. The greatest exposure is from consuming contaminated food like

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for cameras and recording instruments, and other facilities on the island to support the servicemen. These included the "Up and Atom Officer's Club" and the "Cross Spikes Club", a bar and hang-out created by servicemen on Bikini Island between June and September 1946. The "club" was little more than a small open-air building which served alcohol to servicemen and provided outdoor entertainment, including a ping pong table. The "Cross Spikes Club" was the only entertainment that the enlisted servicemen had access to during their June to September stay at Bikini.

4403:, Peter Stegnar, Iaea Bulletin, 40/4/1998, p. 3: »It was recommended that Bikini Island should not be permanently resettled under the present radiological conditions. This recommendation was based on the assumption that persons resettling on the island would consume a diet of entirely locally produced food. There are a number of remedial actions that could be performed that could lead to permanent rehabitation of the island. ... It is generally felt that the most reasonable approach would be to use potassium fertilizer.« 22: 2611: 5303: 2712:

their home island in the early 1970s despite the risk, eventually totaling about 100 people. But few years later, a team of scientists found that some wells were too radioactive for use and determined that the pandanus and breadfruit were also dangerous for human consumption. Women were experiencing miscarriages, stillbirths, and genetic abnormalities in their children. The U.S.-administered Strategic Trust Territory decided that the islanders had to be evacuated from the atoll a second time.

2735:(IAEA) Bikini Advisory Group determined in 1997 that it was "safe to walk on all of the islands" and that the residual radioactivity was "not hazardous to health at the levels measured". They further stated that "the main radiation risk would be from the food", but they also added that "eating coconuts or breadfruit from Bikini Island occasionally would be no cause for concern". IAEA estimated that living in the atoll and consuming local food would result in an effective dose of about 15 329: 2818:

all swirling around the living coral. In a strange way they are protected by the history of this place, the fish populations are better than in some other places because they have been left alone, the sharks are more abundant and the coral are big. It is a remarkable environment, quite odd." Both corals and long-lived animals such as coconut crabs should be vulnerable to radiation-induced cancers, and understanding how they have thrived might lead to discoveries about preserving

85: 389: 283: 532: 2894:(hair loss) and skin lesions. The fallout was the source of most people's radiation exposure, which has been linked to increases in leukemia and thyroid cancer. Residents of the Marshall Islands who received significant exposure to radionuclides incurred a much greater risk of developing cancer. There is a presumed association between radiation levels and female reproductive system functioning. 559:. The United States was subsequently accused of using the inhabitants as medical research subjects without obtaining their consent to study the effects of nuclear exposure. Until that time, the Atomic Energy Commission had given little thought to the potential impact of widespread fallout contamination and health and ecological impacts beyond the formally designated boundary of the test site. 2728:(BNL)'s medical team in the Marshall Islands, understated the risk of returning to the atoll. BNL then contracted Dr. Konrad Kotrady to treat the Marshall Island residents. In 1977, he wrote a 14-page report to BNL that questioned the accuracy of Brookhaven's prior work on the islands. The Bikini Atoll islanders grew to distrust the official reports of the U.S. scientists. 356:

for testing and were sunk. The air-borne nuclear detonation raised the surface seawater temperature by 99,000 °F (55,000 °C), created blast waves with speeds of up to 26 ft/s (7.9 m/s), and shock and surface waves up to 98 ft (30 m) high. Blast columns reached the floor of the lagoon, which is approximately 230 ft (70 m) deep.

2841:, where scientists are studying the effects of radiation on animal life. Most fish have relatively short lifespans, and Palumbi suggested that "it is possible the worst-affected fish died off many decades ago… and the fish living in Bikini Atoll today are only subject to low levels of radiation exposure as they frequently swim in and out of the atoll." 427:, the largest nuclear device ever tested. However, while the Soviets intended to create such a large weapon, Castle Bravo's yield was much higher than anticipated. The scientists and military authorities were shocked by the size of the explosion, and it destroyed many of the instruments put in place to evaluate the effectiveness of the test. 492: 2790:

affected by the nuclear testing program. Section 177 of the compact provided for reparations to the Bikini islanders and other northern atolls for damages. It included $ 75 million to be paid over 15 years. On March 5, 2001, the Nuclear Claims Tribunal ruled against the United States for damages done to the islands and its people.

472: 303:, then brought in 95 ships, including carriers, battleships, cruisers, destroyers, submarines, attack transports, and landing ships. The proxy fleet would have comprised the sixth largest naval fleet in the world if the ships had been active. All carried varying amounts of fuel, and some carried live ordnance. 400:. The fallout spread traces of radioactive material as far as Australia, India, and Japan, and even to the United States and parts of Europe. It was organized as a secret test, but it quickly became an international incident, prompting calls for a ban on the atmospheric testing of thermonuclear devices. 2977:

The Hardtack Yucca test was conducted using a stratospheric balloon. The ship with this balloon departed from Bikini Atoll. The launch of this balloon was made between Enewetak and Bikini Atolls, slightly closer to Bikini. The surface zero was closer to Enewetak Atoll. Therefore this test can only be

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have two dorsal fins, but Palumbi's team observed individuals with only a single fin, and they theorized that they might be mutations. Pambuli and his team have focussed on the hubcap-sized crabs, as their coconut diet is contaminated with radioactive caesium-137 from ground water, and on the corals,

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In 1987, a few Bikini elders returned to the island to re-establish old property lines. Construction crews began building a hotel on Bikini and installed generators, desalinators, and power lines. A packed coral and sand runway still exists on Enyu Island. A few extended families began moving back to

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The United States assembled a support fleet of 242 ships that provided quarters, experimental stations, and workshops for more than 42,000 personnel. The islands were primarily used as recreation and instrumentation sites. Seabees built bunkers, floating dry docks, 75 ft (23 m) steel towers

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helped them to disassemble their church and community house and prepare to relocate to their new home. On March 7, 1946, (now known as Bikini Day) the residents gathered their belongings and building supplies. They were transported 125 mi (201 km) eastward on Navy landing craft 1108 and LST

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was an anthropologist from the University of Hawaii; he visited the islanders on Rongerik Atoll in January 1948 and found that they were starving. A team of U.S. investigators concluded in late 1947 that the islanders must be moved immediately. Press from around the world harshly criticized the U.S.

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The fallout gradually dispersed around the globe, depositing traces of radioactive material in Australia, India, Japan, and parts of the United States of America and Europe. It had been organized as a secret test, but Castle Bravo quickly became an international incident prompting calls for a ban on

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The female population of the Marshall Islands have a sixty times greater cervical cancer mortality than a comparable mainland United States population. The Islands populations also have a five times greater likelihood of breast or gastrointestinal mortality, and lung cancer mortality is three times

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By 2001, 70 of the 167 relocated residents were still alive, and the entire population had grown to 2,800. Most of the islanders and their descendants live on Kili, in Majuro, or in the United States. Only a few living people were born on the Bikini Atoll. Most of the younger descendants have never

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in explosive power. After the inhabitants agreed to a temporary evacuation, to allow nuclear testing on Bikini, which they were told was of great importance to humankind, two nuclear weapons were detonated in 1946. About ten years later, additional tests with thermonuclear weapons in the late 1950s

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led a study in 2017 that reported on ocean life that seems highly resilient to the effects of radiation poisoning. The team described substantial diversity in the marine ecosystem, with animals appearing healthy to the naked eye. According to Palumbi, the atoll's "lagoon is full of schools of fish

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on the island was between 2.4 mSv/a—the same as natural background radiation—and 4.5 mSv/a, assuming that residents consumed a diet of imported foods. The local food supply is still irradiated and the group did not recommend resettling the island. A 1998 IAEA report found that Bikini should not be

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and six at Bikini. The island residents had been promised that they would be able to return home to Bikini, but the government thwarted that indefinitely by deciding to resume nuclear testing at Bikini in 1954. During 1954, 1956, and 1958, 21 more nuclear bombs were detonated at Bikini, yielding a

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was coated with up to 0.8 in (2.0 cm) of snow-like irradiated calcium debris and ash over the entire island. Virtually all the inhabitants experienced severe radiation sickness, including itchiness, sore skin, vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue. Their symptoms also included burning eyes and

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was detonated underwater at a depth of 90 ft (27 m) on July 25, sinking eight ships. The second underwater blast created a large condensation cloud and contaminated the ships with more radioactive water than was expected. Many of the surviving ships were too contaminated to be used again

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in 1958) rendered Bikini unfit for habitation, contaminating the soil and water, making subsistence farming and fishing too dangerous. The United States has paid more than $ 300 million into various trust funds to compensate the islanders and their descendants. A 2016 investigation found radiation

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was one of the driving minds behind the development of the hydrogen bomb and an architect of the Marshall Island tests. After the mass media painted the fisherman's death as an anti-nuclear call to arms, Teller notoriously commented, "It's unreasonable to make such a big deal over the death of a

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which gave the Marshall Islands independence. The Compact became effective in 1986 and was subsequently modified by the Amended Compact that became effective in 2004. It also established the Nuclear Claims Tribunal, which was given the task of adjudicating compensation for victims and families

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inhabitants of the atoll to temporarily relocate so that testing could begin on atomic bombs. King Juda agreed to the request, announcing that "we will go believing that everything is in the hands of God." Nine of the eleven family heads chose Rongerik as their new home. Navy

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atolls were exposed to high levels of radiation, the heaviest of which was in the form of pulverized surface coral from the detonation. They experienced mild radiation sickness including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Several weeks later many people began suffering from

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The unexpectedly large yield led to the most significant radiological contamination caused by the United States. A few minutes after the detonation, blast debris began to fall on Eneu/Enyu Island on Bikini Atoll where the crew who fired the device were located. Their

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The major preparation, was evacuate the residents after discussion with them. At the time it was thought it would be a temporary evacuation. As time showed, the nuclear weapons contaminated the area in a way that made them dangerous to live in for an extended period.

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promised the 540 Bikini Atoll families living on Kili and other islands in June 1968 that they would be able to return to their home, based on scientific advice that the radiation levels were sufficiently reduced. But the Atomic Energy Commission learned that the

2822:. Pambuli notes that the Bikini Atoll is "an ironic setting for research that might help people live longer". PBS documented field work undertaken by Palumbi and his graduate student Elora López on Bikini Atoll for the second episode ("Violent") of their series 2747:, but it would also severely damage the environment, turning the atoll into a virtual wasteland of windswept sand. The Bikini Council has repeatedly contended that removing the topsoil is the only way to guarantee safe living conditions for future generations. 2865:(1.84 mSv/a), well above the maximum allowed for human habitation, thereby rendering the water, seafood, and plants unsafe for human consumption. Timothy Jorgensen reports on the increased cancer risk among the residents of the nearby islands, especially for 462:, and Utrik Atolls. The inhabitants of Rongelap and Rongerik Atolls were evacuated by servicemen two days after the detonation, but the residents of the more distant Utrik Atoll were not evacuated for three days. Many of them soon began to show symptoms of 2805:

lived there or even visited. The population is growing at a four percent growth rate, so increasing numbers are taking advantage of terms in the Marshall Islands' Compact of Free Association that allow them to obtain jobs in the United States.

591:("Lucky Dragon No. 5") were contaminated by the snow-like irradiated debris and ash. They had no idea what the explosion was and no understanding of the debris that rained down like snow, but they all soon became ill with the effects of acute 434:) was considered "the worst" nuclear test, with one designer saying "We had no idea what we were doing". The yield was one thousand times the power of the atomic bomb detonated at Hiroshima. The results of this test influenced lead to the 350:

was detonated over Bikini on July 1, 1946 and exploded at an altitude of 520 ft (160 m), but was dropped by aircraft about 1,500 to 2,000 ft (460 to 610 m) off target. It sank only five of the ships in the lagoon.

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Authorities had promised the Bikini Atoll's residents that they would be able to return home after the nuclear tests. A majority of the island's family heads agreed to leave the island, and most of the residents were moved to the

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The leaders of the Bikini community have insisted since the early 1980s that the top 15 inches (38 cm) of soil should be excavated from the entire island. Scientists reply that removing the soil would rid the island of

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during World War II. The scientists and military authorities were shocked by the size of the explosion, and many of the instruments that they had put in place to evaluate the effectiveness of the weapon were destroyed.

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Robison, WL; Noshkin VE; Conrado CL; Eagle RJ; Brunk JL; Jokela TA; Mount ME; Phillips WA; Stoker AC; Stuart ML; Wong KM (1997). "The Northern Marshall Islands Radiological Survey: Data and Dose Assessments".

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The Castle Bravo test produced the highest fallout levels in history. The detonation produced an explosion approximately 2.5 times the predicted 6.0 megatons, equal to 15 Mt of TNT. The residents of

2782:, containing $ 20 million in 1982. The government added another $ 90 million to that fund to pay to clean up, reconstruct homes and facilities, and resettle the islanders on Bikini and Eneu islands. 2645:. The directive stipulated that the U.S. would "promote the economic advancement and self-sufficiency of the inhabitants" and "protect the inhabitants against the loss of their lands and resources". 2687:

as a long-term home. The 200 acres (81 ha) (.036 square miles (0.093 km)) island is one of the smallest in the Marshall Island chain; it was uninhabited and was not ruled by a paramount

270:, which was one-sixth the size of Bikini Atoll. No one lived on Rongerik because it had an inadequate water and food supply, and also due to traditional beliefs that the island was haunted by the 4298: 2846:

because both have longer life spans that allow the scientists "to delve into what effect the radiation exposure has had on the animals' DNA after building up in their systems for many years."

4604: 191:. Both locations proved unsuitable to sustaining life, and the United States provides residents with on-going aid. Despite the promises made by authorities, these and further nuclear tests ( 5912: 4478: 2801:% payment from the trust annually. The United States provided $ 150 million in compensation for damage caused by the nuclear testing program and their displacement from their home island. 5998: 419:

The explosion yielded 15 Mt of TNT, far exceeding the expected yield of 4 to 8 Mt of TNT (6 predicted), and was about 1,000 times more powerful than each of the atomic bombs dropped on

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swelling of the neck, arms, and legs. They were forced to abandon the islands three days after the tests, leaving behind all their belongings. The U.S. government relocated them to

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for their temporary home, and some young men from the Bikini Atoll population went ahead to begin constructing living accommodations. But U.S. Trust Authorities decided to use

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nuclear explosion far exceeded the expected yield of 4–8 Mt of TNT (6 predicted). This was about 1,000 times more powerful than either of the atomic bombs dropped on

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were also conducted. The first thermonuclear explosion was much more powerful than expected, and created a number of issues, but did demonstrate the dangers of such devices.

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An 11-year-old boy who was born on Bikini in 1971 died from cancer that was linked to radiation exposure that he received on Bikini. The records obtained by the Marshallese

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permanently resettled because of dangerous levels of radiation in the locally produced food. A permanent rehabitation would likely require the use of potassium fertilizer.

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Bordner, Autumn S.; Crosswell, Danielle A.; Katz, Ainsley O.; Shah, Jill T.; Zhang, Catherine R.; Nikolic-Hughes, Ivana; Hughes, Emlyn W.; Ruderman, Malvin A. (2016).

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test was the only air burst. Air bursts distribute fallout in a large area, but surface bursts produce intense local fallout. These tests were followed by the 33-shot

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during World War II. The device was the most powerful nuclear weapon ever detonated by the United States. Bravo had just under one third the energy of the Soviet

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The Bikini islanders sued the United States for the first time in 1975, and they demanded a radiological study of the northern islands. The United States set up

4026: 2708:, an essential food source, retained high levels of radioactivity and could not be eaten. The Bikini Council voted to delay a return to the island as a result. 3386: 240: 2758:

A 2002 survey found that the coral inside the Bravo Crater has partially recovered. Zoe Richards of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and

2028: 1451: 6646: 2466: 2403: 2215: 1770: 1248: 1182: 5984: 5871: 4666: 2834:, such as a mechanism for DNA repair that is superior to that possessed by humans, or a method of maintaining a genome in the face of nuclear radiation. 2343: 2279: 1963: 1314: 1044: 3853: 2091: 1707: 1642: 1579: 1515: 1380: 603:

infection. The majority of medical experts believe that the crew members were infected with hepatitis C through blood transfusions during part of their

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View of the USS Independence's port quarter showing severe blast damage caused by the "Able Day" atomic bomb air burst over Bikini Atoll on July 1, 1946

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detected the unexpected fallout, and they were forced to take shelter indoors for a number of hours before it was safe for an airlift rescue operation.

5292: 3638: 2151: 1110: 5735: 5714: 5231: 4966:"Fallout from Nuclear Weapons Tests and Cancer Risks: Exposures 50 years ago still have health implications today that will continue into the future" 4290: 1903: 1840: 971: 5004:

Grossman, Charles M.; Morton, William E.; Nussbaum, Rudi H.; Goldberg, Mark S.; Mayo, Nancy E.; Levy, Adrian R.; Scott, Susan C. (January 1, 1999).

4596: 111:. Tests occurred at 7 test sites on the reef itself, on the sea, in the air, and underwater. The test weapons produced a combined yield of about 77 5323: 4798: 4474: 2535: 900: 6753: 4413:

Richards, Z. T; Beger, M; Pinca, S; Wallace, C. C (March 2008). "Bikini Atoll coral biodiversity resilience five decades after nuclear testing".

4339: 3746: 836: 788:% of total test yield worldwide. These dates are given in US Eastern time zone. The days of the week are a day earlier than they were at Bikini. 779: 4119: 3890: 5257: 2676:

as a second nuclear weapons test site, and they relocated Enewetak's residents to Ujelang Atoll to the homes built for the Bikini Islanders.

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The payments began in 1987 with $ 2.4 million paid annually to the entire Bikini population, while the remaining $ 2.6 million is paid into

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in 1975, totaling $ 3 million. Residents were removed from the island in 1978, and the government added $ 3 million to the fund and created

4236: 147:, the longest-serving chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, called the second test "the world's first nuclear disaster." A third test, 4630: 6007: 4078:. Swords of Armageddon: US Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945. Sunnyvale, California: Chukelea Publications. p. 154, Table A-1. 5765: 5174: 4726: 6696: 5689: 5343: 3229: 420: 175: 4400: 2637:. This was the only strategic trust ever granted by the Security Council. The U.S. Navy controlled the trust from a headquarters in 6733: 3206: 5189: 6651: 5826: 5694: 5338: 5121: 4324: 46: 5165: 4965: 3794: 3708: 3433: 6763: 6758: 5348: 5333: 5277: 4535: 4045: 3682: 2634: 2624: 3824: 5856: 5224: 4262: 4221: 4083: 3181: 466:. They returned to the islands three years later but were forced to relocate again when the islands were found to be unsafe. 362:

was planned for 1947 but was canceled primarily because of the Navy's inability to decontaminate the target ships after the

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to study the rate and pattern of any mutations. López suggested possible explanations for the health of the marine life to

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Map of Bikini Atoll as of 2008. The islands of Bokonijien, Aerokojlol and part of Nam were destroyed by the nuclear tests.

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to build more advanced bombs from 1947 until 1991. The first series of tests over Bikini Atoll in July 1946 was codenamed

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The following above-ground nuclear device tests were conducted on or near Bikini Atoll from 1946 to 1958, comprising 15.1

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showing radiation burns caused by fallout that collected in his hair; dated April 7, 1954, 38 days after the nuclear test

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The episode explored "species, natural phenomena and behaviors of the Pacific Ocean" and the way that the team is using

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Path of the nuclear fallout plume after the Castle Bravo test: the large plume lead to evacuations of additional atolls

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Group of Rongerik Island natives waiting for food to be distributed by Captain Christian Engleman, summer 1947

319:' 53rd Naval Construction Battalion build camera towers prior to atomic bomb testing on Bikini Atoll, July 1946. 63: 6609: 6513: 6022: 2725: 4670: 2641:

until 1951, when the Department of the Interior took over control, administering the territory from a base in

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tests, which began in late April 1958. The last of ten tests were detonated on Bikini Atoll on July 22, 1958.

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Assessing Radiological Conditions At Bikini Atoll and The Prospects For Resettlement – Review At Bikini Atoll

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scientists reported "an abundance of marine life apparently thriving in the crater of Bikini Atoll" in 2017.

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The area has effectively become an unplanned marine-life sanctuary; this has also occurred in Europe in the

6457: 6314: 5881: 5876: 5836: 5811: 5302: 135:, was dropped from an aircraft and detonated 520 ft (160 m) above the target fleet. The second, 6748: 6064: 5866: 5679: 5267: 3616: 2786: 4790: 5976: 5892: 763: 745: 6452: 6298: 5898: 4115: 479: 397: 6656: 6335: 5801: 3886: 2838: 604: 463: 244:

Bikini Chief Judah, island magistrate from Rongerik Atoll, with one of his subchiefs, August 1947

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WLU.edu: Annotated bibliography for Bikini Atoll from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

4237:"Survivors of nuke testing seek justice: Marshall Islanders on Maui rally to share nation's story" 2656:

The residents of Bikini Atoll were left alone on Rongerik Atoll from July 1946 through July 1947.

6661: 6582: 5282: 2858: 2721: 754: 201: 6398: 5184: 5133: 4638: 58: 6743: 6641: 6215: 6085: 3429: 2937:, a highly radioactive isotope, can be ingested or inhaled and is concentrated in a person's 2759: 1879: 573: 311: 3996:

Lorna Arnold and Mark Smith. (2006). Britain, Australia and the Bomb, Palgrave Press, p. 77.

587: 578: 568: 6391: 6292: 6199: 6164: 6099: 6078: 5816: 4916: 4422: 3292: 3042: 2751: 1822: 1809: 1490: 817: 675: 650: 627: 341: 196: 128: 4597:"Can coral get cancer? Research examines Bikini Atoll, where U.S. dropped 23 atomic bombs" 3091: 2998: 8: 6419: 6377: 6342: 6171: 4027:"As I See It: Gov't must delve deeper into radiation exposure from Bikini Atoll incident" 2933:

Food shipped into the islands could also be irradiated by contaminated cooking utensils.

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afire aft, soon after the "Able Day" atomic bomb air burst test at Bikini on July 1, 1946

220: 4920: 4426: 3747:"Castle BRAVO at 70: The Worst Nuclear Test in U.S. History | National Security Archive" 3296: 3202: 3046: 6566: 6503: 6285: 6236: 6192: 6157: 6136: 6106: 6029: 5861: 5613: 5272: 5092: 5079: 5059: 5027: 4986: 4932: 4884: 4871: 4851: 3563: 3538: 3391: 3315: 3280: 3170: 3025: 592: 170:

bomb. It was detonated at dawn on March 1, 1954. Scientists miscalculated: the 15

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Chronology of nuclear testing, relocation of islanders and results of radiation tests.

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Ninety minutes after the detonation, 23 crew members of the Japanese fishing boat the

274:. The Navy left them with a few weeks of food and water which soon proved inadequate. 88:

FH6-FK Hellcat unmanned aircraft are prepared for their flight through mushroom cloud.

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In March 1948, 184 malnourished Bikini islanders were temporarily relocated again to

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Crossroads consisted of two detonations, each with a yield of 23 kt of TNT (96 TJ).

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Nuclear America: Military and Civilian Nuclear Power in the United States 1940–1980

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Bikini Atoll remains uninhabitable for humans due to what United Nations reporter

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from test Baker, situated just offshore from Bikini Island at top of the picture.

21: 6677: 6621: 6587: 6561: 6229: 6129: 6043: 6036: 5574: 5541: 5193: 4563: 4008:(1995). Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb. New York: Simon and Schuster. 3387:"'Quite odd': coral and fish thrive on Bikini Atoll 70 years after nuclear tests" 2854: 2680: 2662: 2610: 596: 3586: 2797:. This trust is intended to exist in perpetuity and to provide the islanders a 5 6483: 6308: 6120: 5534: 5528: 5491: 5431: 5179: 4005: 3508: 3028:"Bikini Atoll coral biodiversity resilience five decades after nuclear testing" 3027: 2882: 2870: 2827: 2673: 637: 540: 459: 455: 448: 413: 300: 267: 184: 171: 167: 112: 96: 30: 5204: 4867: 4631:"Stanford researchers exploring how corals of Bikini Atoll survive nuke tests" 3930: 37:) device detonated on July 1, 1946 at an altitude of 520 ft (160 m). 6727: 6636: 6508: 6222: 6206: 5636: 5511: 4093: 2814: 2669: 2551: 2537: 2482: 2468: 2419: 2405: 2359: 2345: 2295: 2281: 2231: 2217: 2167: 2153: 2107: 2093: 2044: 2030: 1979: 1965: 1919: 1905: 1856: 1842: 1786: 1772: 1723: 1709: 1658: 1644: 1595: 1581: 1531: 1517: 1467: 1453: 1396: 1382: 1330: 1316: 1264: 1250: 1238: 1198: 1184: 1166: 1126: 1112: 1060: 1046: 987: 973: 916: 902: 852: 838: 735: 610: 328: 100: 5522: 5209: 4456: 3305: 3281:"Measurement of background gamma radiation in the northern Marshall Islands" 6707: 6702: 6684: 6631: 6493: 5920: 5620: 5605: 5516: 5425: 5412: 5390: 5377: 5160: 5039: 4944: 4893: 4692: 4442: 4071: 3980: 3572: 3554: 3507:. Department of the Navy—Naval History and Heritage Command. Archived from 3347: 3324: 3142: 3062: 3026:

Zoe T. Richards; Maria Beger; Silvia Pinca & Carden C. Wallace (2008).

2923: 2886: 2705: 1304: 1100: 1032: 715: 695: 409: 393: 383: 333: 163: 140: 124: 104: 5101: 4387: 769:—heavy cruiser—currently capsized on the surface of Kwajalein Atoll lagoon 6626: 6529: 6488: 5628: 5553: 5481: 5419: 5405: 5398: 5371: 5366: 5358: 4505: 4166: 2842: 2684: 1370: 685: 600: 552: 188: 6006: 4990: 4875: 3764: 3250: 6498: 6303: 5643: 5597: 5589: 5560: 5465: 5459: 5452: 5383: 5083: 5031: 4982: 4963:

Simon, Steven L.; Bouville, André; Land, Charles E. (January 1, 2006).

4936: 2934: 2927: 2744: 2665:

wrote that "the natives are actually and literally starving to death."

725: 641:

total of 75 Mt of TNT (310 PJ), equivalent to more than three thousand

424: 257: 219:), well above the established safety standard for habitation. However, 286:

The Cross Spikes Club, painted by Navy artist Arthur Beaumont in 1946.

84: 5964: 5930: 5567: 5438: 4475:"Despite High Court Denial, Battle Over Bikini Atoll Bombing Endures" 2955: 2915: 551:

Six days after the Castle Bravo test, the government set up a secret

545: 388: 34: 5124: 5075: 3770: 454:

The fallout continued to spread across the inhabited islands of the

396:

test on March 1, 1954 far exceeded expectations, causing widespread

282: 49: 6184: 4364: 2950: 2903: 2891: 2866: 555:

to study the medical effects of the weapon on the residents of the

120: 5180:

JapanFocus.org: Islanders Want The Truth About Bikini Nuclear Test

151:, was cancelled due to concerns over the lingering radiation from 44:

Map all coordinates in "Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll" using

5581: 5505: 5471: 2938: 2899: 2763: 2736: 941: 316: 212: 4791:"Islanders afraid to go home 60 years after Bikini Atoll H-bomb" 4340:"Researchers explore ways to rid islands of lingering radiation" 531: 374:, a deep water shot conducted in 1955 off the California coast. 5445: 4346:. Vol. 130, no. 143. The Associated Press. p. 7A 2911: 2907: 2642: 262: 5161:

BikiniAtoll.com: "What About Radiation on Bikini Atoll ?"

5003: 4669:. Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. Archived from 3639:"Article on Operation Crossroads mentioning Cross Spikes Club" 3612: 2853:

described as "near-irreversible environmental contamination".

256:

In February 1946, the United States government forced the 167

5498: 5205:

YouTube—Atomic Age: "Bikini Island Nuclear Explosion" (video)

3860:. August 9, 2010. A&E Television Networks. Archived from 3092:"Commodore Ben H. Wyatt addressing the Bikini Island natives" 2978:

conditionally classified as a test performed at Bikini Atoll.

4727:"Bikini Atoll corals may give insight into cancer treatment" 4147:. Defense Threat Reduction Agency. September 2021. p. 2 3732: 3730: 2930:, and the ducks, pigs, and chickens raised on the islands. 5166:

U.S. Department of Energy: Marshall Islands Program website

5058:

Lauerman, John F.; Reuther, Christopher (January 1, 1997).

3245: 3243: 2919: 2862: 2691:(king). The Bikini islanders moved there in November 1948. 2638: 773: 216: 205: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3176:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. ix. 16:

US nuclear testing on Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands

4696: 4412: 3727: 2819: 2505: 2318: 2254: 2190: 2003: 404:

The next series of tests over Bikini Atoll was codenamed

4198:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. January 2009. p. 20 3278: 3240: 2785:

In 1983, the U.S. and the Marshall islanders signed the

2633:

to designate the islands of Micronesia a United Nations

3190: 2750:

In 1997, researchers found that the dose received from

3970:"Establishment of Program 4 and Project 4.1 in Castle" 3343:"Bikini Atoll radiation levels remain alarmingly high" 3172:

Operation Crossroads: The Atomic Tests at Bikini Atoll

4291:"Brookhaven team minimized risks in return to Bikini" 3456:"Lee Cataluna: An Unusual Protest, an Ongoing Battle" 6647:

Unethical human experimentation in the United States

6008:

Nuclear weapons tests conducted by the United States

4720: 4718: 3425:

Operation Crossroads - The Official Pictorial Record

3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 2780:

The Resettlement Trust Fund for the People of Bikini

139:, was suspended under a barge. It produced a large 119:The United States and its allies were engaged in a 4964: 4477:. Bikini Island Local Government. April 26, 2010. 3955:Gerald H. Clarfield and William M. Wiecek (1984). 3771:John C. Clark as told to Robert Cahn (July 1957). 3428:. New York: W. H. Wise and Co. Inc. 1946. p. 3336: 3334: 3230:"Castle Bravo: The Largest U.S. Nuclear Explosion" 3169: 1038:Artificial island on reef 2,950 feet (900 m) 562: 143:and contaminated all of the target ships. Chemist 5736:Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site 4962: 4715: 4076:Volume VII: The Development of US Nuclear Weapons 3367: 2512:65 kt of TNT, Final Bikini atmospheric shot 416:bomb. It was detonated at dawn on March 1, 1954. 166:, which tested a new design utilizing a dry-fuel 158:The second series of tests in 1954 was codenamed 6725: 5006:"Reproductive Outcomes after Radiation Exposure" 4394: 2776:The Hawaiian Trust Fund for the People of Bikini 5057: 4907:"Radioactive Fallout in the Marshall Islands". 4590: 4588: 4586: 4550: 3331: 3143:"A Short History of the People of Bikini Atoll" 2808: 2769: 2724:later revealed that Dr. Robert Conard, head of 5728: 4818: 4816: 4758:"Do Animals in Chernobyl's Fallout Zone Glow?" 4500: 4498: 4496: 4234: 3817: 523:atmospheric testing of thermonuclear weapons. 5992: 5239: 5225: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 3848: 3846: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3136: 3134: 3132: 526: 441: 299:The Navy designated Bikini Atoll lagoon as a 4846: 4844: 4624: 4622: 4583: 3914: 3613:"Nuclear explosions at Bikini Atoll in 1946" 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 2618: 780:List of United States' nuclear weapons tests 5053: 5051: 5049: 4813: 4493: 4019: 3274: 3272: 2683:. In June 1948, the Bikini residents chose 200:levels on Bikini Atoll as high as 639 5999: 5985: 5232: 5218: 4653: 4113: 4100: 3915:Gidley, Isobelle; Shears, Richard (1986). 3843: 3411: 3251:"Marshall Islands Nuclear Claims Tribunal" 3021: 3019: 2694: 2629:In 1947, the United States petitioned the 95:consisted of the detonation of 23 (or 24) 6697:Trinity and Beyond: The Atomic Bomb Movie 5200:BBC: "On this Day in History" (March 1st) 5091: 5021: 4883: 4841: 4822: 4619: 4457:"Bikini Corals Recover From Atomic Blast" 3702: 3700: 3562: 3314: 3304: 3109: 5046: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4463:from the original on September 11, 2012. 4284: 4282: 4280: 4218:"Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands" 3881: 3879: 3579: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3476:. Department of the Navy. Archived from 3269: 3227: 3167: 2647: 2609: 774:Nuclear test detonations at Bikini Atoll 572: 530: 387: 327: 310: 281: 247: 239: 83: 20: 6652:International Day against Nuclear Tests 4801:from the original on September 27, 2015 4788: 4724: 4628: 4556: 4337: 4327:from the original on November 30, 2016. 4043: 3893:from the original on September 16, 2012 3499: 3497: 3495: 3236:from the original on December 20, 2016. 3209:from the original on September 27, 2013 3016: 577:The head of one of the crew members of 323: 6754:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 6726: 5278:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 4664: 4224:from the original on January 30, 2016. 4070: 4046:"Forgotten atrocity of the atomic age" 3937:from the original on November 12, 2013 3910: 3908: 3706: 3697: 3646:Newsletter of American Atomic Veterans 3340: 3228:Rowberry, Ariana (November 30, 2001). 3140: 2625:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 235: 5980: 5213: 4951: 4755: 4538:from the original on January 22, 2017 4532:"U.S. Relations With Marshall Island" 4512:from the original on October 16, 2013 4481:from the original on October 24, 2013 4301:from the original on January 18, 2012 4288: 4277: 4228: 4159: 4052:from the original on January 13, 2014 3959:, Harper & Row, New York, p. 207. 3876: 3685:from the original on January 21, 2013 3593:from the original on October 16, 2013 3536: 3523: 3072:from the original on October 29, 2013 2973: 2971: 2211:Yurochi aka Irioj (Dog), Bikini Atoll 2087:Yurochi aka Irioj (Dog), Bikini Atoll 1638:Yurochi aka Irioj (Dog), Bikini Atoll 1310:Yurochi aka Irioj (Dog), Bikini Atoll 1244:Yurochi aka Irioj (Dog), Bikini Atoll 1178:Yurochi aka Irioj (Dog), Bikini Atoll 1106:Yurochi aka Irioj (Dog), Bikini Atoll 6691:Reactor-grade plutonium nuclear test 6616:Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy 5675:Constitution of the Marshall Islands 4915:(3181): 1178–1179. January 1, 1955. 4825:Strange Glow: The Story of Radiation 4594: 4122:from the original on August 30, 2012 3990: 3715:from the original on August 16, 2013 3679:"Operation Crossroads: Bikini Atoll" 3492: 3470:"Operation Crossroads: Bikini Atoll" 3385:Roy, Eleanor Ainge (July 15, 2017). 2715: 2605: 412:, a new design utilizing a dry fuel 408:. The first test of that series was 377: 277: 6672:Radiation Exposure Compensation Act 4321:"IAEA Bikini Advisory Group Report" 4265:from the original on August 9, 2007 4173:from the original on August 9, 2013 4114:Kattenburg, David (December 2012). 4044:Hoffman, Michael (August 8, 2011). 3905: 3805:from the original on April 28, 2014 3537:Guyer, Ruth Levy (September 2001). 3384: 13: 5926:Marshall Islands War Memorial Park 4770:from the original on July 31, 2017 4737:from the original on July 14, 2017 4607:from the original on July 10, 2017 4571:from the original on July 15, 2017 4247:from the original on May 23, 2012. 3619:from the original on July 21, 2014 3505:"Operation Crossroads: Fact Sheet" 3399:from the original on July 15, 2017 3355:from the original on March 7, 2017 3257:from the original on June 13, 2007 3149:from the original on June 25, 2007 2968: 2733:International Atomic Energy Agency 2661:Navy for ignoring them. Columnist 661:Shipwrecks in the lagoon include: 517:sinking after Operation Crossroads 14: 6780: 5196: (archived December 23, 2010) 5111: 5064:Environmental Health Perspectives 4703:from the original on July 4, 2017 4667:"Corals May Hold Cancer Insights" 4289:Maier, Thomas (August 21, 2009). 3854:"The Ghost Fleet of Bikini Atoll" 3773:"Trapped by Radioactive Fallout, 3543:American Journal of Public Health 2876: 2857:levels in 2016 averaged 184 645:bombs. The 3.8 Mt of TNT Redwing 294: 5301: 5023:10.1097/00001648-199903000-00024 4557:Keating, Fiona (July 15, 2017). 4380:10.1097/00004032-199707000-00004 4235:Chris Hamilton (March 4, 2012). 3979:. March 11, 1954. Archived from 3707:Gwynne, S.C. (October 5, 2012). 3436:from the original on May 5, 2017 503: 491: 471: 306: 6734:Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll 6713:Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll 5852:College of the Marshall Islands 5288:Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll 4997: 4900: 4862:(5496): 1132. January 1, 1966. 4789:Johnson, Giff (March 1, 2014). 4782: 4749: 4725:Lippert, ZaZu (July 14, 2017). 4685: 4524: 4467: 4449: 4435:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.11.018 4406: 4358: 4338:Elliott, Steve (May 22, 1988). 4331: 4313: 4251: 4210: 4185: 4134: 4064: 4037: 3999: 3962: 3949: 3923: 3787: 3739: 3671: 3631: 3605: 3462: 3448: 3341:Sumner, Thomas (June 6, 2016). 3055:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.11.018 2762:observed matrices of branching 2631:United Nations Security Council 563:Japanese fishermen contaminated 93:Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll 6610:National Atomic Testing Museum 6514:Nevada Test and Training Range 4852:"Fallout Radiation And Growth" 4827:. Princeton University Press. 4823:Jorgensen, Timothy J. (2017). 4506:"U.S. Reparations for Damages" 4167:"Bikini Atoll Reference Facts" 3221: 3161: 3084: 2991: 2813:Stanford University professor 2726:Brookhaven National Laboratory 617: 226: 1: 6764:1950s in the Marshall Islands 6759:1940s in the Marshall Islands 5185:CSU.edu: Bikini Atoll website 4929:10.1126/science.122.3181.1178 4665:Jordan, Rob (June 28, 2017). 3977:James Reeves to Frank D. Peel 3933:. U.S. Department of Energy. 2985: 656: 4756:Mycio, Mary (January 2013). 4629:Xuequan, Mu (July 2, 2017). 4595:Rice, Doyle (July 6, 2017). 4534:. U.S. Department of State. 4259:"Victims of the Nuclear Age" 3887:"The evacuation of Rongelap" 3801:(in French). June 22, 2009. 3795:"Les cobayes du Dr Folamour" 3285:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 2809:Recovery of marine ecosystem 2795:The Bikini Claims Trust Fund 2770:Compensation and reparations 2462:Eninmen (Tare), Bikini Atoll 2399:Namu (Charlie), Bikini Atoll 2339:Namu (Charlie), Bikini Atoll 2275:Eninmen (Tare), Bikini Atoll 2147:Namu (Charlie), Bikini Atoll 2024:Namu (Charlie), Bikini Atoll 1959:Eninmen (Tare), Bikini Atoll 1899:Namu (Charlie), Bikini Atoll 1575:Eninmen (Tare), Bikini Atoll 1511:Eninmen (Tare), Bikini Atoll 1447:Namu (Charlie), Bikini Atoll 1427:110 kt of TNT (fizzle) 1376:Eninmen (Tare), Bikini Atoll 636:series followed—11 tests at 7: 6739:American nuclear test sites 5954:indicates populated islands 5680:Compact of Free Association 5268:Naval Base Marshall Islands 5190:OceanDots.com: Bikini Atoll 5149:GPX (secondary coordinates) 4856:The British Medical Journal 3709:"Paradise With an Asterisk" 3681:. Naval Historical Center. 3168:Weisgall, Jonathan (1994). 2944: 2787:Compact of Free Association 478:The light aircraft carrier 162:. The first detonation was 123:nuclear arms race with the 74:GPX (secondary coordinates) 10: 6785: 5963:(parenthesis) indicates a 3917:The Rainbow Warrior Affair 3589:. Newsweek. July 1, 1946. 3539:"Radioactivity and Rights" 2622: 2531:Bikini and Enewetak Atolls 1836:Bikini and Enewetak Atolls 1820: 777: 621: 566: 527:Local populations affected 442:Castle Bravo contamination 381: 339: 6600: 6575: 6554: 6538: 6522: 6471: 6445: 6436: 6014: 5947: 5911: 5899:Majuro Cooperative School 5845: 5797: 5788: 5761: 5752: 5670: 5661: 5480: 5357: 5319: 5310: 5299: 5248: 5144:GPX (primary coordinates) 5119:Map all coordinates using 4868:10.1136/bmj.1.5496.1132-a 3736:DeGroot 2004, pp. 196-198 3549:(9, issue 9): 1371–1376. 3035:Marine Pollution Bulletin 2635:Strategic Trust Territory 2619:Strategic Trust Territory 1431: 1020: 816: 746:Japanese battleship 398:radioactive contamination 252:LST arrives in March 1946 103:between 1946 and 1958 on 69:GPX (primary coordinates) 6657:Nevada Desert Experience 5324:Administrative divisions 5127:Download coordinates as: 4220:. University of Hawaii. 4118:. Green Planet Monitor. 2961: 2839:Chernobyl exclusion zone 605:acute radiation syndrome 464:acute radiation syndrome 131:. The first bomb, named 52:Download coordinates as: 6662:Nuclear weapons testing 6583:Pacific Proving Grounds 5283:Pacific Proving Grounds 3306:10.1073/pnas.1605535113 2722:Nuclear Claims Tribunal 2695:Return to Bikini Island 2668:The Navy then selected 1766:NE Lagoon, Bikini Atoll 1703:NE Lagoon, Bikini Atoll 967:NE Lagoon, Bikini Atoll 896:NE Lagoon, Bikini Atoll 832:NE Lagoon, Bikini Atoll 548:for medical treatment. 436:limited test ban treaty 266:861 to the uninhabited 6463:Carson National Forest 5960:indicate single island 4344:Lawrence Journal-World 3986:on September 27, 2006. 3555:10.2105/AJPH.91.9.1371 3474:Navy Historical Center 3096:americanhistory.si.edu 2766:coral up to 8 m high. 2653: 2615: 2420:11.69704°N 165.26708°E 2360:11.69722°N 165.27486°E 2045:11.69722°N 165.27486°E 1787:11.68743°N 165.38263°E 1659:11.67896°N 165.34042°E 1596:11.50325°N 165.37049°E 1532:11.50325°N 165.37049°E 1468:11.73973°N 165.33985°E 1397:11.50376°N 165.36852°E 1331:11.69428°N 165.26519°E 1061:11.69722°N 165.27486°E 755:Japanese cruiser 582: 536: 421:Hiroshima and Nagasaki 401: 337: 320: 287: 253: 245: 176:Hiroshima and Nagasaki 89: 38: 6642:Desert Rock exercises 5139:GPX (all coordinates) 5060:"Trouble in Paradise" 4673:on September 12, 2017 3919:. Unwin. p. 155. 3784:accessed Feb 20, 2013 3775:Saturday Evening Post 2760:James Cook University 2651: 2613: 2599:≈76.9 Mt of TNT 2483:11.50355°N 165.3722°E 2232:11.6915°N 165.41582°E 2108:11.6915°N 165.41582°E 1980:11.50355°N 165.3722°E 576: 534: 391: 331: 314: 285: 251: 243: 87: 64:GPX (all coordinates) 24: 6769:Environmental racism 5889:Kwajalein Jr./Sr. HS 5857:Public School System 4116:"Stranded on Bikini" 3711:. Outside Magazine. 2999:"YUCCA NUCLEAR TEST" 2752:background radiation 2296:11.4961°N 162.3708°E 2168:11.6908°N 165.2733°E 2011:25.1 kt of TNT 1920:11.6908°N 165.2733°E 1724:11.6028°N 165.4514°E 1295:13.5 Mt of TNT 1265:11.6656°N 165.3869°E 1199:11.6656°N 165.3869°E 1127:11.6664°N 165.3872°E 764:German cruiser 628:Operation Hardtack I 342:Operation Crossroads 324:Operation Crossroads 129:Operation Crossroads 5882:Northern Islands HS 5877:Marshall Islands HS 4921:1955Sci...122.1178. 4427:2008MarPB..56..503R 4142:"Operation REDWING" 3652:(1). Archived from 3511:on October 24, 2012 3297:2016PNAS..113.6833B 3047:2008MarPB..56..503R 2547: / 2478: / 2449:9.3 Mt of TNT 2425:11.69704; 165.26708 2415: / 2386:220 kt of TNT 2365:11.69722; 165.27486 2355: / 2291: / 2262:412 kt of TNT 2227: / 2198:319 kt of TNT 2163: / 2134:213 kt of TNT 2103: / 2050:11.69722; 165.27486 2040: / 1975: / 1946:1.4 Mt of TNT 1915: / 1886:1.7 kt of TNT 1852: / 1816:4.5 Mt of TNT 1792:11.68743; 165.38263 1782: / 1753:1.1 Mt of TNT 1719: / 1664:11.67896; 165.34042 1654: / 1625:365 kt of TNT 1601:11.50325; 165.37049 1591: / 1559:3.5 kt of TNT 1537:11.50325; 165.37049 1527: / 1498:3.8 Mt of TNT 1495:3.8 Mt of TNT 1473:11.73973; 165.33985 1463: / 1402:11.50376; 165.36852 1392: / 1336:11.69428; 165.26519 1326: / 1260: / 1194: / 1157:6.9 Mt of TNT 1154:3–4 Mt of TNT 1122: / 1088:4–8 Mt of TNT 1066:11.69722; 165.27486 1056: / 983: / 912: / 848: / 430:The test (Codename 370:was rescheduled as 272:Demon Girls of Ujae 236:Residents relocated 221:Stanford University 25:Aerial view of the 6749:Nuclear test sites 6509:Sand Springs Range 5867:Kwajalein Atoll HS 5766:Telecommunications 5361:(Sunrise, Eastern) 5349:Towns and villages 5293:Colonial governors 5273:South Seas Mandate 4983:10.1511/2006.57.48 4971:American Scientist 4731:The Stanford Daily 3203:"Operation Castle" 3141:Niedenthal, Jack. 2832:The Stanford Daily 2654: 2616: 2488:11.50355; 165.3722 2326:14 kt of TNT 2237:11.6915; 165.41582 2113:11.6915; 165.41582 2074:92 kt of TNT 1985:11.50355; 165.3722 1857:12.617°N 167.025°E 1361:11 Mt of TNT 1223:TX/EC-16/TX/EC-24 1091:15 Mt of TNT 1013:21 kt of TNT 948:23 kt of TNT 883:23 kt of TNT 880:21 kt of TNT 593:radiation sickness 588:Daigo Fukuryū Maru 583: 579:Daigo Fukuryū Maru 569:Daigo Fukuryū Maru 537: 402: 338: 321: 288: 254: 246: 90: 39: 6721: 6720: 6667:Project Plowshare 6596: 6595: 5974: 5973: 5943: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5784: 5783: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5715:Political parties 5690:Foreign relations 5657: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5484:(Sunset, Western) 5263:German New Guinea 4085:978-0-9791915-1-0 3864:on March 12, 2012 3831:on April 24, 2016 3751:nsarchive.gwu.edu 3659:on March 26, 2009 3291:(25): 6833–6838. 3183:978-1-55750-919-2 2716:Second evacuation 2701:Lyndon B. Johnson 2606:Relocation issues 2603: 2602: 2301:11.4961; 162.3708 2173:11.6908; 165.2733 1925:11.6908; 165.2733 1729:11.6028; 165.4514 1690:5 Mt of TNT 1424:1 Mt of TNT 1358:4 Mt of TNT 1292:8 Mt of TNT 1270:11.6656; 165.3869 1204:11.6656; 165.3869 1132:11.6664; 165.3872 702:—attack transport 692:—attack transport 672:—aircraft carrier 624:Operation Redwing 378:Castle Bravo test 278:Military services 6776: 6479:Nevada Test Site 6443: 6442: 6001: 5994: 5987: 5978: 5977: 5904:Delap SDA School 5843: 5842: 5795: 5794: 5759: 5758: 5726: 5725: 5668: 5667: 5355: 5354: 5317: 5316: 5305: 5241:Marshall Islands 5234: 5227: 5220: 5211: 5210: 5106: 5105: 5095: 5055: 5044: 5043: 5025: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4968: 4960: 4949: 4948: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4887: 4848: 4839: 4838: 4820: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4722: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4662: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4637:. Archived from 4626: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4592: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4508:. Bikini Atoll. 4502: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4323:. June 8, 2016. 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4286: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4197: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4146: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4111: 4098: 4097: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4033:on May 24, 2014. 4029:. Archived from 4023: 4017: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3974: 3966: 3960: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3883: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3858:Military History 3850: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3827:. Archived from 3825:"Nuclear Issues" 3821: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3791: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3743: 3737: 3734: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3704: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3658: 3643: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3566: 3534: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3501: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3458:. March 7, 2021. 3452: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3420: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3382: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3338: 3329: 3328: 3318: 3308: 3276: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3247: 3238: 3237: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3205:. May 17, 2006. 3199: 3188: 3187: 3175: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3138: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3071: 3032: 3023: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2995: 2979: 2975: 2800: 2658:Leonard E. Mason 2571: 2570: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2543: 2540: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2490: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2471: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2432: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2411: 2408: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2284: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2052: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2033: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1939: 1938: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1876: 1875: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1869: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1806: 1805: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1544: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1487: 1486: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1480: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1409: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1350: 1349: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1343: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1284: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1277: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1221:Jughead/Runt-II 1218: 1217: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1211: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1146: 1145: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1080: 1079: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1073: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1040:from Namu Island 1007: 1006: 1004: 1003: 1002: 1000: 995: 994: 989: 988:11.75°N 165.51°E 984: 981: 980: 979: 976: 939:Helen of Bikini 936: 935: 933: 932: 931: 929: 924: 923: 918: 917:11.59°N 165.50°E 913: 910: 909: 908: 905: 872: 871: 869: 868: 867: 865: 860: 859: 854: 853:11.59°N 165.50°E 849: 846: 845: 844: 841: 809:Yield Predicted 791: 790: 787: 599:compounded by a 557:Marshall Islands 507: 495: 475: 406:Operation Castle 392:The size of the 372:Operation Wigwam 211: 160:Operation Castle 145:Glenn T. Seaborg 109:Marshall Islands 29:test, a 23 6784: 6783: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6717: 6678:The Atomic Cafe 6622:Alvin C. Graves 6602: 6592: 6571: 6550: 6534: 6518: 6467: 6438: 6432: 6413:Upshot–Knothole 6406:Tumbler–Snapper 6010: 6005: 5975: 5970: 5935: 5907: 5841: 5827:Public holidays 5780: 5740: 5729:U.S. government 5724: 5695:Law enforcement 5649: 5476: 5466:Knox (Nadikdik) 5353: 5306: 5297: 5244: 5238: 5194:Wayback Machine 5157: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5114: 5109: 5076:10.2307/3433870 5056: 5047: 5002: 4998: 4961: 4952: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4850: 4849: 4842: 4835: 4821: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4787: 4783: 4773: 4771: 4754: 4750: 4740: 4738: 4723: 4716: 4706: 4704: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4676: 4674: 4663: 4654: 4644: 4642: 4641:on July 2, 2017 4627: 4620: 4610: 4608: 4593: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4564:The Independent 4555: 4551: 4541: 4539: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4504: 4503: 4494: 4484: 4482: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4459:. physorg.com. 4455: 4454: 4450: 4415:Mar Pollut Bull 4411: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4336: 4332: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4287: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4233: 4229: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4176: 4174: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4125: 4123: 4112: 4101: 4086: 4069: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4048:. Japan Times. 4042: 4038: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4006:Rhodes, Richard 4004: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3954: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3913: 3906: 3896: 3894: 3885: 3884: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3852: 3851: 3844: 3834: 3832: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3779: 3769: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3705: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3535: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3503: 3502: 3493: 3483: 3481: 3480:on May 21, 2000 3468: 3467: 3463: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3422: 3421: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3383: 3368: 3358: 3356: 3339: 3332: 3277: 3270: 3260: 3258: 3249: 3248: 3241: 3226: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3201: 3200: 3191: 3184: 3166: 3162: 3152: 3150: 3139: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3030: 3024: 3017: 3007: 3005: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2982: 2976: 2969: 2964: 2947: 2879: 2871:thyroid cancers 2855:Gamma radiation 2851:Călin Georgescu 2811: 2798: 2772: 2718: 2697: 2681:Kwajalein Atoll 2627: 2621: 2608: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2546: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2533: 2532: 2523: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2341: 2340: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2026: 2025: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1867: 1865: 1862:12.617; 167.025 1861: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1684: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1420: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1354: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1288: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1222: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1170: 1150: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1084: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1039: 998: 996: 992: 990: 986: 985: 982: 977: 974: 972: 970: 969: 968: 959: 940: 927: 925: 921: 919: 915: 914: 911: 906: 903: 901: 899: 898: 897: 876: 863: 861: 857: 855: 851: 850: 847: 842: 839: 837: 835: 834: 833: 785: 782: 776: 659: 630: 622:Main articles: 620: 597:liver cirrhosis 571: 565: 529: 518: 508: 499: 496: 487: 476: 449:Geiger counters 444: 386: 380: 344: 326: 315:Members of the 309: 297: 280: 238: 229: 209: 97:nuclear weapons 82: 81: 80: 79: 78: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6782: 6772: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6693: 6688: 6681: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6612: 6606: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6588:South Atlantic 6585: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6558: 6556: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6532: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6504:Central Nevada 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6484:Frenchman Flat 6481: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6449: 6447: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6336:Roller Coaster 6332: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6309:Project 58/58A 6306: 6301: 6296: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6268: 6261: 6254: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6196: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6121:Starfish Prime 6110: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6033: 6026: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6011: 6004: 6003: 5996: 5989: 5981: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5961: 5955: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5917: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5854: 5849: 5847: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5732: 5730: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5601: 5594: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5526: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5487: 5485: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5468: 5463: 5456: 5449: 5442: 5435: 5428: 5423: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5395: 5386: 5381: 5374: 5369: 5367:Bokak (Taongi) 5364: 5362: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5334:Climate change 5331: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5254: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: articles 5237: 5236: 5229: 5222: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5163: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5112:External links 5110: 5108: 5107: 5070:(9): 914–919. 5045: 5016:(2): 202–203. 4996: 4950: 4899: 4840: 4833: 4812: 4781: 4748: 4714: 4684: 4652: 4618: 4582: 4549: 4523: 4492: 4466: 4448: 4405: 4393: 4368:Health Physics 4357: 4330: 4312: 4276: 4250: 4227: 4209: 4193:"Bikini Atoll" 4184: 4158: 4133: 4099: 4084: 4063: 4036: 4018: 3998: 3989: 3961: 3948: 3931:"Bikini Atoll" 3922: 3904: 3875: 3842: 3816: 3786: 3763: 3738: 3726: 3696: 3670: 3630: 3604: 3578: 3522: 3491: 3461: 3447: 3410: 3366: 3330: 3268: 3239: 3220: 3189: 3182: 3160: 3108: 3083: 3041:(3): 503–515. 3015: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2946: 2943: 2878: 2877:Health impacts 2875: 2828:DNA sequencing 2810: 2807: 2771: 2768: 2717: 2714: 2696: 2693: 2674:Enewetak Atoll 2623:Main article: 2620: 2617: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2529: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2503: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2440: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2316: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2252: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2188: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2065: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2000: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1877: 1834: 1829: 1828:28 April 1958 1826: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1807: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1744: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1679: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1616: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1562:3.5 Mt of TNT 1560: 1557: 1552: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1488: 1445: 1440: 1437: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1417: 1374: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1308: 1301: 1300:27 March 1954 1297: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1285: 1242: 1235: 1234:27 April 1954 1231: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1219: 1176: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1147: 1104: 1097: 1096:25 April 1954 1093: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1081: 1036: 1029: 1026: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 965: 954: 953:1 August 1946 950: 949: 946: 944: 937: 894: 889: 885: 884: 881: 878: 873: 830: 825: 822: 814: 813: 810: 807: 804: 801: 798: 795: 778:Main article: 775: 772: 771: 770: 761: 760:—light cruiser 752: 743: 740: (SS-386) 733: 730: (SS-308) 723: 720: (DD-411) 713: 710: (DD-367) 703: 700: (APA-69) 693: 690: (APA-57) 683: 673: 658: 655: 638:Enewetak Atoll 619: 616: 567:Main article: 564: 561: 541:Rongelap Atoll 528: 525: 520: 519: 509: 502: 500: 497: 490: 488: 484: (CVL-22) 477: 470: 443: 440: 382:Main article: 379: 376: 340:Main article: 325: 322: 308: 305: 301:ship graveyard 296: 295:Ship graveyard 293: 279: 276: 268:Rongerik Atoll 237: 234: 228: 225: 185:Rongerik Atoll 77: 76: 71: 66: 61: 55: 42: 41: 40: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6781: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6682: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6637:Corbin Harney 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6599: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6537: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6435: 6428: 6424: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6410: 6407: 6403: 6400: 6396: 6393: 6389: 6386: 6382: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6337: 6333: 6330: 6326: 6323: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6290: 6287: 6283: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6244:Little Feller 6241: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6208: 6207:Hardtack Teak 6204: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6065:Buster–Jangle 6062: 6059: 6055: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6034: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6002: 5997: 5995: 5990: 5988: 5983: 5982: 5979: 5966: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5913:NRHP listings 5910: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5639: 5638: 5634: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5403: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5258:John Marshall 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5242: 5235: 5230: 5228: 5223: 5221: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5122:OpenStreetMap 5120: 5103: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4967: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4845: 4836: 4834:9780691178349 4830: 4826: 4819: 4817: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4752: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4719: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4693:"Big Pacific" 4688: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4623: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4553: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4462: 4458: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4421:(3): 503–15. 4420: 4416: 4409: 4402: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4194: 4188: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4143: 4137: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4072:Hansen, Chuck 4067: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4015: 4014:0-684-80400-X 4011: 4007: 4002: 3993: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3965: 3958: 3952: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3918: 3911: 3909: 3897:September 21, 3892: 3888: 3882: 3880: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3847: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3778: 3776: 3767: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3733: 3731: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3701: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3640: 3634: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3457: 3451: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3398: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3354: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3337: 3335: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3273: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3244: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3185: 3179: 3174: 3173: 3164: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3022: 3020: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2990: 2974: 2972: 2967: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2815:Steve Palumbi 2806: 2802: 2796: 2791: 2788: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2713: 2709: 2707: 2706:coconut crabs 2702: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2670:Ujelang Atoll 2666: 2664: 2659: 2650: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2612: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2530: 2527: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454:22 July 1958 2453: 2452: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391:12 July 1958 2390: 2389: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267:29 June 1958 2266: 2265: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203:27 June 1958 2202: 2201: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139:14 June 1958 2138: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079:10 June 1958 2078: 2077: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758:10 July 1956 1757: 1756: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695:25 June 1956 1694: 1693: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630:11 June 1956 1629: 1628: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1375: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1366:7 April 1954 1365: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1309: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1177: 1174: 1169: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1105: 1103: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1037: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1028:1 March 1954 1027: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1005: 993:11.75; 165.51 966: 963: 958: 955: 952: 951: 947: 945: 943: 938: 934: 922:11.59; 165.50 895: 893: 890: 888:24 July 1946 887: 886: 882: 879: 874: 870: 858:11.59; 165.50 831: 829: 826: 824:30 June 1946 823: 821: 820: 815: 812:Yield Actual 811: 808: 805: 802: 799: 796: 793: 792: 789: 781: 768: 767: 762: 759: 758: 753: 750: 749: 744: 741: 739: 734: 731: 729: 724: 721: 719: 714: 711: 709: 704: 701: 699: 694: 691: 689: 684: 681: 680: (BB-33) 679: 674: 671: 669: 664: 663: 662: 654: 652: 648: 644: 639: 635: 629: 625: 615: 612: 611:Edward Teller 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 589: 580: 575: 570: 560: 558: 554: 549: 547: 542: 533: 524: 516: 514: 506: 501: 494: 489: 485: 483: 474: 469: 468: 467: 465: 461: 457: 452: 450: 439: 437: 433: 428: 426: 422: 417: 415: 414:thermonuclear 411: 407: 399: 395: 390: 385: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 354: 349: 343: 335: 330: 318: 313: 307:Weapons tests 304: 302: 292: 284: 275: 273: 269: 264: 259: 250: 242: 233: 224: 222: 218: 214: 207: 203: 198: 194: 190: 187:and later to 186: 180: 177: 173: 169: 168:thermonuclear 165: 161: 156: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 117: 114: 110: 106: 102: 101:United States 98: 94: 86: 75: 72: 70: 67: 65: 62: 60: 57: 56: 54: 53: 48: 47:OpenStreetMap 45: 36: 32: 28: 23: 19: 6744:Bikini Atoll 6712: 6708:Louis Vitale 6703:Vela Uniform 6695: 6685:Radio Bikini 6683: 6676: 6632:Chuck Hansen 6614: 6494:Rainier Mesa 5957: 5951: 5921:Debrum House 5807:Demographics 5642: 5635: 5627: 5626: 5619: 5614:Ailinglaplap 5612: 5604: 5603: 5596: 5588: 5587: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5533: 5490: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5430: 5418: 5411: 5404: 5397: 5389: 5388: 5376: 5287: 5169: 5126: 5125: 5118: 5067: 5063: 5013: 5010:Epidemiology 5009: 4999: 4977:(1): 48–57. 4974: 4970: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4859: 4855: 4824: 4803:. Retrieved 4794: 4784: 4772:. Retrieved 4761: 4751: 4739:. Retrieved 4730: 4705:. Retrieved 4687: 4675:. Retrieved 4671:the original 4643:. Retrieved 4639:the original 4634: 4609:. Retrieved 4600: 4573:. Retrieved 4562: 4552: 4540:. Retrieved 4526: 4514:. Retrieved 4483:. Retrieved 4469: 4451: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4396: 4374:(1): 37–48. 4371: 4367: 4360: 4348:. Retrieved 4343: 4333: 4315: 4303:. Retrieved 4294: 4267:. Retrieved 4253: 4240: 4230: 4212: 4200:. Retrieved 4187: 4175:. Retrieved 4161: 4149:. Retrieved 4136: 4124:. Retrieved 4075: 4066: 4054:. Retrieved 4039: 4031:the original 4021: 4001: 3992: 3981:the original 3976: 3964: 3956: 3951: 3939:. Retrieved 3925: 3916: 3895:. Retrieved 3866:. Retrieved 3862:the original 3857: 3833:. Retrieved 3829:the original 3819: 3807:. Retrieved 3798: 3789: 3774: 3766: 3754:. Retrieved 3750: 3741: 3717:. Retrieved 3687:. Retrieved 3673: 3661:. Retrieved 3654:the original 3649: 3645: 3633: 3621:. Retrieved 3607: 3595:. Retrieved 3581: 3546: 3542: 3513:. Retrieved 3509:the original 3482:. Retrieved 3478:the original 3473: 3464: 3450: 3438:. Retrieved 3424: 3401:. Retrieved 3392:The Guardian 3390: 3357:. Retrieved 3348:Science News 3346: 3288: 3284: 3259:. Retrieved 3223: 3211:. Retrieved 3171: 3163: 3151:. Retrieved 3099:. Retrieved 3095: 3086: 3074:. Retrieved 3038: 3034: 3006:. Retrieved 3002: 2993: 2932: 2896: 2880: 2848: 2843:Nurse sharks 2836: 2831: 2824:Big Pacific. 2823: 2812: 2803: 2794: 2792: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2773: 2757: 2749: 2741: 2731:The special 2730: 2719: 2710: 2698: 2688: 2678: 2667: 2663:Harold Ickes 2655: 2628: 2525: 2520: 2517:August 1958 2457: 2394: 2334: 2331:2 July 1958 2270: 2206: 2142: 2082: 2019: 2016:31 May 1958 1954: 1951:21 May 1958 1894: 1891:11 May 1958 1831: 1821: 1761: 1698: 1633: 1570: 1567:6 June 1956 1506: 1503:27 May 1956 1442: 1439:20 May 1956 1433: 1369: 1303: 1237: 1172: 1165: 1099: 1031: 1022: 961: 956: 891: 827: 818: 783: 765: 756: 747: 737: 727: 717: 707: 697: 687: 677: 670: (CV-3) 667: 660: 646: 642: 632:The 17-shot 631: 614:fisherman." 609: 586: 584: 550: 538: 521: 515: (CV-3) 512: 482:Independence 481: 453: 445: 431: 429: 418: 410:Castle Bravo 403: 394:Castle Bravo 384:Castle Bravo 367: 363: 359: 358: 352: 347: 345: 334:Wilson cloud 298: 289: 271: 255: 230: 195:in 1956 and 181: 164:Castle Bravo 157: 155:detonation. 152: 148: 141:Wilson cloud 136: 132: 125:Soviet Union 118: 105:Bikini Atoll 92: 91: 51: 50: 43: 26: 18: 6627:Reed Hadley 6530:Salmon Site 6523:Mississippi 6489:Pahute Mesa 6315:Quicksilver 6216:Hardtack II 6086:Cornerstone 5705:LGBT rights 5700:Legislature 5482:Ralik Chain 5359:Ratak Chain 3799:Le Monde.fr 3484:December 4, 2685:Kili Island 2555: / 2486: / 2473:165°22′20″E 2423: / 2410:165°16′01″E 2363: / 2350:165°16′29″E 2299: / 2286:162°22′15″E 2235: / 2222:165°24′57″E 2171: / 2158:165°16′24″E 2111: / 2098:165°24′57″E 2048: / 2035:165°16′29″E 1983: / 1970:165°22′20″E 1923: / 1910:165°16′24″E 1860: / 1847:167°01′30″E 1790: / 1777:165°22′57″E 1727: / 1714:165°27′05″E 1662: / 1649:165°20′26″E 1599: / 1586:165°22′14″E 1535: / 1522:165°22′14″E 1471: / 1458:165°20′23″E 1419:Morgenstern 1400: / 1387:165°22′07″E 1334: / 1321:165°15′55″E 1268: / 1255:165°23′13″E 1202: / 1189:165°23′13″E 1162:4 May 1954 1149:Alarm Clock 1130: / 1117:165°23′14″E 1064: / 1051:165°16′29″E 991: / 920: / 856: / 766:Prinz Eugen 751:—battleship 682:—battleship 618:Later tests 607:treatment. 601:hepatitis C 258:Micronesian 227:Preparation 189:Kili Island 6728:Categories 6499:Yucca Flat 6453:Alamogordo 6446:New Mexico 6392:Touchstone 6304:Project 57 6299:Project 56 6293:Praetorian 6200:Hardtack I 6165:Greenhouse 6100:Crossroads 6079:Charioteer 6015:Operations 5548:Ailinginae 5542:Ruwitūntūn 5523:Wōdejebato 4542:August 14, 4516:August 12, 4485:August 20, 4305:August 13, 4177:August 12, 4126:August 19, 3597:August 13, 3515:August 13, 3213:October 8, 3076:August 13, 2986:References 2935:Iodine-131 2928:breadfruit 2745:cesium-137 2699:President 2561: ( 2552:12°N 162°E 2492: ( 2470:11°30′13″N 2429: ( 2407:11°41′49″N 2369: ( 2347:11°41′50″N 2305: ( 2283:11°29′46″N 2241: ( 2219:11°41′29″N 2177: ( 2155:11°41′27″N 2117: ( 2095:11°41′29″N 2054: ( 2032:11°41′50″N 1989: ( 1967:11°30′13″N 1929: ( 1907:11°41′27″N 1866: ( 1844:12°37′01″N 1823:Hardtack 1 1796: ( 1774:11°41′15″N 1733: ( 1711:11°36′10″N 1668: ( 1646:11°40′44″N 1605: ( 1583:11°30′12″N 1541: ( 1519:11°30′12″N 1477: ( 1455:11°44′23″N 1406: ( 1384:11°30′14″N 1355:TX/EC-17A 1340: ( 1318:11°41′39″N 1274: ( 1252:11°39′56″N 1208: ( 1186:11°39′56″N 1136: ( 1114:11°39′59″N 1070: ( 1048:11°41′50″N 997: ( 926: ( 862: ( 819:Crossroads 797:Test Date 742:—submarine 732:—submarine 722:—destroyer 712:—destroyer 657:Shipwrecks 425:Tsar Bomba 6562:Parachute 6420:Whetstone 6378:Tinderbox 6343:Sandstone 6258:Musketeer 6172:Grenadier 6144:Flintlock 5965:submarine 5931:Roi-Namur 5862:Jaluit HS 5846:Education 5771:Transport 5720:President 5685:Elections 5575:Kwajalein 5344:Seamounts 5312:Geography 4635:Xinhuanet 4601:USA Today 4241:Maui News 4094:231585284 4056:August 8, 3941:August 8, 3835:March 26, 3719:August 9, 3153:August 7, 3003:StratoCat 2956:Chagai-II 2916:arrowroot 2526:cancelled 1239:Yankee II 1173:cancelled 962:cancelled 803:Location 738:Pilotfish 736:USS 726:USS 716:USS 706:USS 696:USS 686:USS 676:USS 666:USS 546:Kwajalein 511:USS 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