1060:
1200:
1717:
33:
1729:
1018:
1504:
916:(DSP). Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July and angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised that the resignation of their leading public figure and speaker would mean the end of the party. Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich. The committee agreed, and he rejoined the party on 26 July as member 3,680. In the following days, Hitler spoke to several packed houses and defended himself, to thunderous applause. His strategy proved successful: at a general membership meeting, he was granted absolute powers as party chairman, with only one nay vote cast.
646:
783:
it. Hitler attended the "committee" meeting held at the run-down Alte
Rosenbad beerhouse. Later Hitler wrote that joining the fledgling party "...was the most decisive resolve of my life. From here there was and could be no turning back. ... I registered as a member of the German Workers' Party and received a provisional membership card with the number 7". Normally, enlisted army personnel were not allowed to join political parties. However, in this case, Hitler had Captain Mayr's permission to join the DAP. Further, Hitler was allowed to stay in the army and receive his weekly pay of 20 gold marks.
332:
1455:, the Nazis won 37.3% of the popular vote (13,745,000 votes), an upswing by 19 percent, becoming the largest party in the Reichstag, with 230 out of 608 seats. Dwarfed by Hitler's electoral gains, the KPD turned away from legal means and increasingly towards violence. One resulting battle in Silesia resulted in the army being dispatched, each shot sending Germany further into a potential civil war. By this time both sides marched into each other's strongholds hoping to spark a rivalry. The attacks continued and reached fever pitch when SA leader Axel Schaffeld was assassinated on 1 August.
3488:
756:
57:
1072:. He received friendly treatment from the guards; he had a room with a view of the river, wore a tie, had regular visitors to his chambers, was allowed mail from supporters and was permitted the use of a private secretary. Pardoned by the Bavarian Supreme Court, he was released from jail on 20 December 1924, after serving just nine months, against the state prosecutor's objections. Hitler used the time in Landsberg Prison to reconsider his political strategy and dictate the first volume of
1233:
1294:
campaigning across the country, even outside of election time. From 1931 to 1933, the Nazis combined terror tactics with conventional campaigning – Hitler criss-crossed the nation by air, while SA troops paraded in the streets, beat up opponents, and broke up their meetings. Systematic statistical analyses demonstrate that voters responded the way they do in most modern elections, which explains why certain identifiable groups turned to the Nazis and others turned away.
1133:, the Nazi Party achieved just 12 seats in the Reichstag. The highest provincial gain was again in Bavaria (5.1%), though in three areas the Nazis failed to gain even 1% of the vote. Overall, the party gained 2.6% of the vote (810,100 votes). Partially due to the poor results, Hitler decided that Germans needed to know more about his goals. Despite being discouraged by his publisher, he wrote a second book that was discovered and released posthumously as the
7280:
6025:
851:
1314:
590:. While some sections of German society were united by this, many industrial workers rallied to the SDP. Historians have expressed that as the German state was still very new at the time, it was therefore impressionable; Bismarck's strategy of confrontation rather than consensus set a tone of either being loyal to the government or an enemy of the state, which directly influenced German nationalist sentiment and the later Nazi movement.
1631:("piece of scenery/decoration") of the new government. German newspapers wrote that, without doubt, the Hitler-led government would try to fight its political enemies (the left-wing parties), but that it would be impossible to establish a dictatorship in Germany because there was "a barrier, over which violence cannot proceed" and because of the German nation being proud of "the freedom of speech and thought". Benno Reifenberg of the
503:, albeit short of an absolute majority. 1933 was a pivotal year for Hitler and the Nazi Party. Traditionally, the leader of the party who held the most seats in the Reichstag was appointed Chancellor. However, President von Hindenburg was hesitant to appoint Hitler as chancellor. Following several backroom negotiations – which included industrialists, Hindenburg's son, the former chancellor
937:, climbed upon a chair and shouted that the Jews were to blame for the misfortunes of Bavaria and the Nazis shouted demands that Ballerstedt yield the floor to Hitler. The Nazis beat up Ballerstedt and shoved him off the stage into the audience. Hitler and Esser were arrested and Hitler commented notoriously to the police commissioner, "It's all right. We got what we wanted. Ballerstedt did not speak".
1571:, a letter signed by 22 important representatives of industry, finance and agriculture, asking Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor. Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler as chancellor after the parliamentary elections of July and November 1932 had not resulted in the formation of a majority government – despite the fact that Hitler had been Hindenburg's opponent in the
637:, in which he argued that effeminate Jewish–Christian ethics were enfeebling Europe, and that Germany was in need of an uncompromising strongman to restore itself and build an empire. Learning from the failed coup, he decided on the tactic of pursuing power through legal means rather than seizing control of the government by force against the state and instead proclaimed a strictly legal course.
1434:, a vehement anti-Semite, in charge of the Berlin SA. The deaths mounted, with many more on the Rotfront side, and by the end of 1931 the SA had suffered 47 deaths and the Rotfront recorded losses of approximately 80 killed. Street fights and beer hall battles resulting in deaths occurred throughout February and April 1932, all against the backdrop of Adolf Hitler's competition in the
1310:
clashes with Nazis on the streets, but Moscow had directed the
Communist Party to prioritise destruction of the Social Democrats, seeing more danger in them as a rival for the loyalty of the working class. Nevertheless, wrote Bullock, the heaviest responsibility lay with the German right wing, who "forsook a true conservatism" and made Hitler their partner in a coalition government.
580:'s process of "negative integration" as setting a tone of exclusion in early Germany, which had a lasting influence on later German nationalism. Bismarck sought to prevent the religious and political divisions in early Germany by rallying the populace against a common enemy. Initially Bismarck ran a campaign against the Catholic church from 1873 to the late 1870s, referred to as
522:. Once enacted this law gave the German government the power to override individual rights prescribed by the constitution, and vested the Chancellor (Hitler) with emergency powers to pass and enforce laws without parliamentary oversight. The law came into force in March and by April, Hitler held de facto dictatorial powers and used them to order the construction of the first
586:, questioning whether they were loyal to Berlin or other Catholic states. Instead of uniting German people, it instead resulted in a bolstering of support to the Catholic church, alienating an important religious minority. In 1878, Bismarck then introduced a number of anti-socialist laws that would be in effect from 1878 to 1890 in an attempt to alienate the
2016:"I was offered the opportunity of speaking before a larger audience; and ... it was now corroborated: I could 'speak.' No task could make me happier than this; ... I was able to perform useful services to ... the army. ... n ... my lectures I led many hundreds ... of comrades back to their people and fatherland."
1190:. Goebbels seized upon the attack (and the weeks Wessel spent on his deathbed) to publicize the song, and the funeral was used as an anti-Communist propaganda opportunity for the Nazis. In May, Goebbels was convicted of "libeling" President Hindenburg and fined 800 marks. The conviction stemmed from a 1929 article by Goebbels in his newspaper
1685:, British Ambassador in Berlin, began to revise their opinions. On 22 February 1933, he wrote, "Hitler may be no statesman but he is an uncommonly clever and audacious demagogue and fully alive to every popular instinct", and he informed the Foreign Office that he had no doubt that the Nazis had "come to stay". On receiving the dispatch
946:. After Hitler had spoken for some time, the meeting erupted into a melée in which a small company of SA defeated the opposition. For his part in these events, Hitler was eventually sentenced in January 1922 to three months' imprisonment for "breach of the peace", but only spent a little over one month at Stadelheim Prison in Munich.
689:. In this political chaos Berlin sent in the military – called the "White Guards of Capitalism" by the communists. On 3 April 1919, Hitler was elected as the liaison of his military battalion and again on 15 April. During this time, he urged his unit to stay out of the fighting and not to join either side.
1475:) were tried. Hitler appeared at the trial as a defence witness, but on 22 August the five were convicted and sentenced to death. On appeal, this sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in early September. They served just over four months before Hitler freed all imprisoned Nazis in a 1933 amnesty.
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The Act did not infringe upon the powers of the
President, and Hitler would not fully achieve full dictatorial power until after the death of Hindenburg in August 1934. Journalists and diplomats wondered whether Hitler could appoint himself President, who might succeed him as Chancellor, and what the
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failed to stop the Nazi rise. Germany's Weimar political system made it difficult for chancellors to govern with a stable parliamentary majority, and successive chancellors instead relied on the president's emergency powers to govern. In 1931 the Nazi Party altered its strategy to engage in perpetual
1214:
An unprecedented amount of money was thrown behind the campaign and political success increased the party's momentum as it recorded over 100,000 new members in the next few months following the election. Well over one million pamphlets were produced and distributed; sixty trucks were commandeered for
700:
In June 1919, Hitler was moved to the demobilization office of the 2nd
Infantry Regiment. Around this time the German military command released an edict that the army's main priority was to "carry out, in conjunction with the police, stricter surveillance of the population ... so that the ignition of
1700:
At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the
National Socialist movement will go on for 1,000 years! ... Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain
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Both within
Germany and abroad, there were initially few fears that Hitler could use his position to establish his later dictatorial single-party regime. Rather, the conservatives that helped to make him chancellor were convinced that they could control Hitler and "tame" the Nazi Party while setting
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On 13 April 1932, following the presidential elections, the German government banned the Nazi Party paramilitaries, the SA and the SS, on the basis of the
Emergency Decree for the Preservation of State Authority. This action was prompted by details uncovered by the Prussian police that indicated the
705:
became commander of the 6th
Battalion of the guards' regiment in Munich and from 30 May the head of the "Education and Propaganda Department" of the General Command von Oven and the Group Command No. 4 (Department Ib). In this capacity as head of the intelligence department, Mayr recruited Hitler as
1755:
Employing his characteristic mix of negotiation and intimidation, Hitler offered the possibility of friendly co-operation, promising not to threaten the
Reichstag, the President, the States or the Churches if granted the emergency powers. With Nazi paramilitary encircling the building, he said: "It
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Impressed with Hitler's oratory skills, Drexler encouraged him to join the DAP. On the orders of his army superiors, Hitler applied to join the party. Within a week, Hitler received a postcard stating he had officially been accepted as a member and he should come to a "committee" meeting to discuss
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statute on "acts of political violence", increasing the penalty to "lifetime imprisonment, 20 years hard labour or death". Special courts were announced to try such offences. When in power less than half a year later, Hitler would use this legislation against his opponents with devastating effect.
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By early 1920, the DAP had grown to over 101 members, and Hitler received his membership card as member number 555 (the numbers started from 501). Hitler's considerable oratory and propaganda skills were appreciated by the party leadership. With the support of Anton
Drexler, Hitler became chief of
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As the Nazi Party was now the largest party in the Reichstag, it was entitled to select the President of the Reichstag and were able to elect Göring for the post. Energised by the success, Hitler asked to be made chancellor. Hitler was offered the job of vice-chancellor by Chancellor Papen at the
1309:
maintained its voting block, but was preoccupied with defending its own particular interests and wrote Bullock: "through 1932–3 ... was so far from recognizing the danger of a Nazi dictatorship that it continued to negotiate with the Nazis". The Communists meanwhile were engaging in violent
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was important as it gained the Nazi Party recognition and credibility it had never had before. In the late 1920s, seeing the party's lack of breakthrough into the mainstream, Goebbels proposed that instead of focusing all of their propaganda in major cities where there was competition from other
541:
In retrospect, Hitler's rise to power was aided in part by his willingness to use violence in advancing his political objectives and to recruit party members willing to do the same. The party engaged in electoral battles in which Hitler participated as a speaker and organizer. Street battles and
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was officially crushed on 6 May, when Lieutenant General Burghard von Oven and his forces declared the city secure. In the aftermath of arrests and executions, Hitler denounced a fellow liaison, Georg Dufter, as a Soviet "radical rabble-rouser". Other testimony he gave to the military board of
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Apparently someone in an army "educational session" had made a remark that Hitler deemed "pro-Jewish" and Hitler reacted with characteristic ferocity. Shirer states that Hitler had attracted the attention of a right-wing university professor who was engaged to educate enlisted men in "proper"
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and the existence of non-Nazi political parties and organisations. Non-Nazi parties were formally outlawed on 14 July 1933, and the Reichstag abdicated its democratic responsibilities. Hindenburg remained commander-in-chief of the military and retained the power to negotiate foreign treaties.
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in a white circle on a red background. He was discharged from the army in March 1920 and began working full-time for the Nazi Party. Although the NSDAP claimed that Hitler received no income from them and lived on the fees he received from public speaking at non-party events, he was actually
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The membership numbers were artificially started at 501 because the DAP wanted to make itself look larger than it actually was. The membership numbers were also apparently issued alphabetically, and not chronologically, so one cannot infer that Hitler was in fact the party's 55th member.
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one year later. After the coup's failure, Hitler was arrested and put on trial. The trial proved to be a blessing in disguise for Hitler, as it garnered him national fame. Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison, but would only serve nine months. During this time, Hitler wrote
1988:
Toland suggests that Hitler's assignment to this department was partially a reward for his "exemplary" service in the front lines, and partially because the responsible officer felt sorry for Hitler as having no friends, but being very willing to do whatever the army required.
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re-enacted its ban on Brownshirts. Days after the ban, SA-men shot dead two communists in a street fight, which led to a ban being placed on the public speaking of Goebbels, who sidestepped the prohibition by recording speeches and playing them to an audience in his absence.
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in Munich, Hitler and his deputies announced their plan: Bavarian government officials would be deposed, and Hitler installed at the head of government, with Munich then used as a base camp from which to march on Berlin. Nearly 2,000 Nazi Party members proceeded to the
1564:
After Chancellor Papen left office, he secretly told Hitler that he still held considerable sway with President Hindenburg and that he would make Hitler chancellor as long as he, Papen, could be the vice chancellor. Another notable event was the publication of the
1407:
home to Austria, Hitler formally renounced his Austrian citizenship on 7 April 1925, and did not acquire German citizenship until almost seven years later; therefore, he was unable to run for public office. Hitler gained German citizenship after being appointed a
1895:
monarchy – on Sunday morning, 10 November, by a pastor attending to patients. Days after digesting this traumatic news, by his own account Hitler made his decision: "... my own fate became known to me ... I ... decided to go into politics."
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The aggrieved Papen opened negotiations with Hitler, proposing a Nazi-Nationalist Coalition. Having nearly outmaneuvered Hitler, only to be trounced by Schleicher, Papen turned his attentions on defeating Schleicher, and concluded an agreement with Hitler.
1364:. In the aftermath of the election, Papen proposed ruling by decree while drafting a new electoral system, with an upper house. Schleicher convinced Hindenburg to sack Papen, and Schleicher himself became Chancellor, promising to form a workable coalition.
518:, which severely curtailed the liberties and rights of German citizens. Using the decree, Hitler began eliminating his political opponents. Following its passage, Hitler began arguing for more drastic means to curtail political opposition and proposed the
1438:
which pitted him against the monumentally popular Hindenburg. In the first round on 13 March, Hitler had polled over 11 million votes but was still behind Hindenburg. The second and final round took place on 10 April: Hitler (36.8% 13,418,547) lost to
1120:
After some reflection, Hitler had determined that power was to be achieved not through revolution outside of the government, but rather through what he called "the path of legality" within the confines of the democratic system established by Weimar.
747:
and others, through amalgamation of other groups, on 5 January 1919 at a small gathering at the restaurant Fuerstenfelder Hof in Munich. While he studied the activities of the DAP, Hitler became impressed with Drexler's antisemitic, nationalist,
1184:. The attack occurred after an argument with his landlady, who was a member of the KPD and contacted one of her Rotfront friends, Albert Hochter, who shot Wessel. Wessel had penned a song months before which would become a Nazi anthem as the
1756:
is for you, gentlemen of the Reichstag to decide between war and peace". The Centre Party, having obtained promises of non-interference in religion, joined with conservatives in voting for the Act (only the Social Democrats voted against).
1447:
SA was ready for a takeover of power by force after an election of Hitler. The lifting of the ban and staging of new elections were the price Hitler demanded in exchange for his support of a new cabinet. The law was repealed on 16 June by
1493:" and urged the Communists to devote their energies to the destruction of the moderate left. As a result, the KPD, following orders from Moscow, rejected overtures from the Social Democrats to form a political alliance against the NSDAP.
1360:, the Nazis became the largest party in the Reichstag, yet without a majority. Hitler withdrew support for Papen and demanded the Chancellorship. He was refused by Hindenburg. Papen dissolved Parliament, and the Nazi vote declined at the
898:. Only Hitler was able to bring in the crowds for the party speeches and meetings. By this time, the police were already monitoring the speeches, and their own surviving records reveal that Hitler delivered lectures with titles such as
673:
as a guard. He remained there until the camp dissolved in January 1919, after which he returned to Munich and spent a couple weeks on guard duty at the city's main train station (Hauptbahnhof) through which soldiers had been traveling.
1656:) wrote that "as a matter of course" the Jewish community faces the new government "with the largest mistrust", but at the same they were convinced that "nobody would dare to touch constitutional rights". The Jewish German newspaper
1651:
Even within the Jewish German community, in spite of Hitler not hiding his ardent antisemitism, the worries appear to have been limited. In a declaration of 30 January, the steering committee of the central Jewish German organization
1067:
The trial began in February 1924. Hitler endeavored to turn the tables and put democracy and the Weimar Republic on trial as traitors to the German people. Hitler was convicted and on 1 April sentenced to five years' imprisonment at
3497:, "Wie Theodor Wolff bezeichnete es Reifenberg als "eine hoffnungslose Verkennung unserer Nation, zu glauben, man könne ihr ein diktatorisches Regime aufzwingen": "Die Vielfältigkeit des deutschen Volkes verlangt die Demokratie."" .
1398:
The loss of my Austrian citizenship is not painful to me, as I never felt as an Austrian citizen but always as a German only. ... It was this mentality that made me draw the ultimate conclusion and do military service in the German
1332:
was Chancellor from 1930 to 1932. BrĂĽning and Hitler were unable to reach terms of co-operation, but BrĂĽning himself increasingly governed with the support of the President and Army over that of the parliament. The 84-year-old
1150:
represented the Nazi Party in the Presidential elections. He earned 280,000 votes (1.1%) and was the only candidate to poll fewer than a million votes. The battles on the streets grew increasingly violent. After the Rotfront
1219:
was also a factor in Hitler's electoral success. Against this legal backdrop, the SA began its first major anti-Jewish action on 13 October 1930, when groups of Nazi brownshirts smashed the windows of Jewish-owned stores at
1159:
interrupted a speech by Hitler, the SA marched into the streets of Nuremberg and killed two bystanders. Seeking revenge, the SA also stormed a Rotfront meeting on 25 August and days later the Berlin headquarters of the
697:
inquiry allowed them to root out other members of the military that "had been infected with revolutionary fervor." For his anti-communist views he was allowed to avoid discharge when his unit was disbanded in May 1919.
460:, while proselytizing their desire to turn Germany into a world power. At this time, most Germans were indifferent to Hitler's rhetoric as the German economy was beginning to recover in large part due to loans from the
507:, and Hitler – Hindenburg acquiesced and on 30 January 1933, he formally appointed Adolf Hitler as Germany's new chancellor. Although he was chancellor, Hitler was not yet an absolute dictator.
1780:
on the day of Hindenburg's death, swearing unconditional obedience to Hitler personally, not to the office or nation. A large majority approved of combining the two roles in the person of Hitler through the
386:(DAP; German Workers' Party). He rose to a place of prominence in the early years of the party. Being one of its most popular speakers, he was made the party leader after he threatened to otherwise leave.
1744:, again no single party secured a majority. Hitler required the vote of the Centre Party and Conservatives in the Reichstag to obtain the powers he desired. He called on Reichstag members to vote for the
1470:
The law was applied almost immediately but did not bring the perpetrators behind the recent massacres to trial as expected. Instead, five SA men who were alleged to have murdered a KPD member in Potempa
479:
brought the German economy to a halt and further polarized German politics. Hitler and the Nazis began to exploit the crisis and loudly criticized the ruling government. During this tumultuous time, the
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and other political opponents. Hitler's rise to power was completed in August 1934 when, following the death of President von Hindenburg, Hitler merged the chancellery with the presidency and became
2042:
Feder had formed the German Fighting League for the Breaking of Interest Slavery. The notion of "Breaking Interest Slavery" was, by Hitler's account, a "powerful slogan for this coming struggle."
1260:. The Nazis and Communists between them secured almost 40% of Reichstag seats, which required the moderate parties to consider negotiations with anti-democrats. "The Communists", wrote historian
1462:
In his position of Reichstag president, Göring asked that decisive measures be taken by the government over the spate of murders of Nazi Party members. On 9 August, amendments were made to the
3007:"Trotsky...maintained during the period of Hitler's rise to power so persistent and, for the most part, so prescient a commentary on the course of events in Germany as to deserve record".
560:
Once the Nazi dictatorship was firmly established, the Nazis themselves created a mythology surrounding their rise to power. German propaganda described this time period as either the
2055:
According to Shirer, the seemingly preposterous "South German nation" idea actually had some popularity in Munich in the politically raucous atmosphere of Bavaria following the war.
1196:. In June, Goebbels was charged with high treason by the prosecutor in Leipzig based on statements Goebbels had made in 1927, but after a four-month investigation it came to naught.
5298:
912:
were on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny broke out within the Nazi Party in Munich, its organizational home. Members of its executive committee wanted to merge with the rival
669:. Arriving on 21 November, he was assigned to 7th Company of the 1st Replacement Battalion of the 2nd Infantry Regiment. In December he was reassigned to a prisoner-of-war camp in
1759:
The Act allowed Hitler and his Cabinet to rule by emergency decree for four years, though Hindenburg remained President. Hitler immediately set about abolishing the powers of the
1345:, as Minister handling army and navy matters hoped to harness their support. With Schleicher's backing, and Hitler's stated approval, Hindenburg appointed the Catholic monarchist
1211:. The Nazis thereby became the second-largest party in Germany, and as historian Joseph Bendersky notes, they essentially became the "dominant political force on the right".
1724:, Hitler offered the possibility of friendly co-operation, promising not to threaten the Reichstag, the President, the States or the Churches if granted the emergency powers.
6135:
880:("Storm Detachment") or SA, and by November 1921 the group was officially known by that name. Also in 1920, Hitler began to lecture in Munich beer halls, particularly the
1443:(53.0% 19,359,983) while the KPD candidate Thälmann gained a meagre percentage of the vote (10.2% 3,706,759). At this time, the Nazi Party had just over 800,000 members.
661:, although he was not yet a German citizen. For over four years (August 1914 – November 1918), Germany was a major participant in World War I. After fighting on the
819:
propaganda for the party in early 1920 and his actions began to transform the party. He organised their biggest meeting yet, of 2,000 people, on 24 February 1920 in the
2109:
Hess participated in the putsch, but escaped police custody following its abortive end. He initially fled to Austria, but later turned himself in to the authorities.
1917:
regiment, where he served on the front lines as a runner. He was wounded twice in action; at the time of the Armistice, he was recovering in a German hospital (in
1604:("take-over of power"), reflecting that the transfer of power took place within the existing constitutional framework and suggesting that the process was legal.
1482:, but remained the Reichstag's largest party, with 196 seats (33.1%). The Social Democrats (SPD) won 121 seats (20.4%) and the Communists (KPD) won 100 (16.9%).
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1582:
On 30 January 1933, the new cabinet was sworn in during a brief ceremony in Hindenburg's office. The NSDAP gained three posts: Hitler was named chancellor,
1773:
1641:
It is a hopeless misjudgement to think that one could force a dictatorial regime upon the nation. The diversity of the German people calls for democracy.
1619:
the relevant impulses in the government themselves; foreign ambassadors played down worries by emphasizing that Hitler was "mediocre" if not a bad copy of
1305:
suffered severe losses to the Nazis at the polls. The Social Democrats were essentially a conservative trade union party, with ineffectual leadership. The
1006:
helped the SA to illegally procure a barracks and its weaponry, but the order to march never came, possibly because Hitler had been warned by Army General
6370:
1113:, the National Socialist Freedom Movement lost 18 seats, only holding on to 14 seats, with 3% (907,242) of the electorate voting for Hitler's party. The
1052:
and four police officers were killed in the ensuing violence. Hitler briefly escaped the city but was arrested on 11 November 1923, and put on trial for
767:, the speaker, a crank economist with whom Hitler was acquainted due to a lecture Feder delivered in an army "education" course. The audience member (in
1752:"temporarily" by the passage of the Act. The law gave him the freedom to act without parliamentary consent and even without constitutional limitations.
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to form a new South German nation. The volatile Hitler arose and scolded the man, eventually causing him to leave the meeting before its adjournment.
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Papen was to serve as Vice-Chancellor in a majority conservative Cabinet – still falsely believing that he could "tame" Hitler. Initially, Papen did
1590:(and Minister of the Interior for Prussia). The SA and SS led torchlit parades throughout Berlin. It is this event that would become termed Hitler's
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1871:
The Armistice, ceasing active hostilities, was signed and effective 11 November 1918. Hitler, in hospital at the time, was informed of the upcoming
665:
ended in November 1918, Hitler was discharged on 19 November from the Pasewalk hospital and returned to Munich, which at the time was in a state of
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behest of President Hindenburg, but he refused. Hitler saw this offer as placing him in a position of "playing second fiddle" in the government.
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Hitler, armed with his newfound celebrity, began furiously campaigning. During the 1920s, Hitler and the Nazis ran on a platform consisting of
168:
1596:("seizure of power"). The term was originally used by some Nazis to suggest a revolutionary process, though Hitler, and others, used the word
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In 1922 and early 1923, Hitler and the Nazi Party formed two organizations that would grow to have huge significance. The first began as the
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929:. This federalist organization objected to the centralism of the Weimar Constitution but accepted its social program. The League was led by
6125:
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an undercover agent in early June 1919. Under Captain Mayr, "national thinking" courses were arranged at the Reichswehrlager Lechfeld near
149:
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also began campaigning and called for a revolution. Business leaders, fearful of a communist takeover, began supporting the Nazi Party.
7058:
1740:, the Nazis began to suspend civil liberties and eliminate political opposition. The Communists were excluded from the Reichstag. At the
1207:
Against this backdrop, Hitler's party gained a significant victory in the Reichstag, obtaining 107 seats (18.3%, 6,409,600 votes) in the
237:
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Hitler addresses the German nation in a call of the Reichsregierung, broadcast over all German transmitters on 1 February the same year.
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was also wounded in an attack. Other acts of violence were the killings of both Major Paul Ritter von JahreiĂź and the conservative MP
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3097:"Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941
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When Hitler's citizenship became a matter of public discussion in 1924, he had a public declaration printed on 16 October 1924:
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4647:"Milestones: 1921–1936: The Dawes Plan, the Young Plan, German Reparations, and Inter-allied War Debts Office of the Historian"
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On 14 September 1921, Hitler and a substantial number of SA members and other Nazi Party adherents disrupted a meeting of the
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During the 12 September 1919 meeting, Hitler took umbrage with comments made by an audience member that were directed against
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Hatfield, Douglas W. (1981). "Kulturkampf: The Relationship of Church and State and the Failure of German Political Reform".
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872:). Later in August 1921, Hitler redefined the group, which became known as the "Gymnastic and Sports Division" of the party (
227:
7053:
6150:
5417:
5330:
5272:
1252:
heralded worldwide economic disaster. The people of Germany, tired of the old economic systems voted for the Nazis and the
32:
6698:
1666:... that also within the German nation still the forces are active that would turn against a barbarian anti-Jewish policy.
1503:
1215:
use in Berlin alone. In areas where Nazi campaigning was less rigorous, the total share of the vote was as low as 9%. The
1000:
was the proper strategy to seize control of the German government. In May 1923, small elements loyal to Hitler within the
5711:
5704:
4707:
1098:
331:
289:
397:). Hitler chose this name to win over left-wing German workers. Despite the NSDAP being a right-wing party, it had many
7092:
6157:
5746:
5668:
5263:
4944:
1884:
1741:
1693:, concluded that if Hitler eventually gained the upper hand, "then another European war within measurable distance".
1017:
587:
232:
17:
1264:, "openly announced that they would prefer to see the Nazis in power rather than lift a finger to save the republic".
710:, with Hitler attending from 10 to 19 July. During this time Hitler so impressed Mayr that he assigned him to an anti-
5799:
5756:
1576:
1572:
1452:
1435:
1357:
496:
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1950:
camp to the East, near the Austrian border. The prisoners were Russian, and Hitler had volunteered for the posting.
6406:
6063:
5604:
1431:
1106:
514:
in February 1933. Asserting that the communists were behind the arson, Hitler convinced von Hindenburg to pass the
1173:
political movements, they should instead begin holding rallies in rural areas where they would be more effective.
405:
elements. Hitler later initiated a purge of these elements and reaffirmed the Nazi Party's pro-business stance.
7250:
6460:
6140:
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5825:
5771:
5716:
5486:
5407:
5335:
4954:
4949:
4939:
4934:
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4112:
1814:
1682:
623:, and Hitler at first saw revolution in Bavaria as a means to power. An early attempt at a coup d'Ă©tat, the 1923
269:
253:
248:
6145:
5776:
5726:
2159:
Mitcham, Samuel W. (1996). Why Hitler?: The Genesis of the Nazi Reich. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 68.
1696:
With Germans who opposed Nazism failing to unite against it, Hitler soon moved to consolidate absolute power:
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6598:
6586:
3798:
1302:
7118:
6401:
5568:
5412:
1257:
1208:
1130:
666:
342:
324:
212:
159:
154:
5658:
4757:
2003:
political belief, and that the professor's recommendation to an officer resulted in Hitler's advancement.
1377:
1117:
was often used later in Nazi propaganda, both as an electoral strategy and as an appeal to anti-Semitism.
631:, proved fruitless, however, and Hitler was imprisoned for leading the putsch. He used this time to write
6897:
5736:
5079:
662:
500:
6932:
1776:". Only Hitler, as head of state, could dismiss Hitler as head of the government. All soldiers took the
1772:
or expect that he would combine the two positions of President and Chancellor into one office with the "
1508:
On 30 January 1933, Reich President Paul von Hindenburg appoints Adolf Hitler as Reichskanzler. The new
7072:
6997:
6618:
6365:
6210:
5890:
5361:
4868:
3729:
1876:
1819:
1587:
1253:
1161:
827:
543:
481:
6416:
940:
Less than two months later, 4 November 1921, the Nazi Party held a large public meeting in the Munich
645:
56:
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5766:
5721:
4613:
1249:
527:
472:
300:
284:
1575:
only 9 months earlier. Hitler headed a short-lived coalition government formed by the NSDAP and the
1383:
1154:
1140:
7307:
7222:
7166:
6982:
6968:
6498:
6411:
6335:
6261:
6237:
6205:
5876:
5308:
4878:
4863:
3703:
2864:
2213:
1824:
1799:
1769:
1612:
1290:
982:(Shock Troop-Hitler). This early incarnation of a bodyguard unit for Hitler would later become the
736:
693:
602:
523:
382:
6902:
5089:
4982:
4510:
1875:
and the other consequences of Germany's defeat and surrender in the field – including Kaiser
1615:
in 1934, he no longer dared criticise the regime and was sent off to Vienna as German ambassador.
7217:
7176:
7123:
6957:
5009:
4924:
2079:, Hitler makes explicit reference to his being the seventh party member and he notes the same in
1910:
1486:
1409:
126:
6842:
6703:
6531:
6380:
6120:
5970:
5761:
5699:
5189:
5184:
4929:
1925:) from temporary blindness that had resulted from a mid-October British gas attack at the last
1782:
1169:
1109:
the party gained seats in the Reichstag, with 6.6% (1,918,329) voting for the Movement. In the
913:
495:; nonetheless, he achieved a strong showing of second place in both rounds. Following this, in
274:
5547:
1979:
in November 1918, which led to his being described as "the symbol of the Bavarian revolution".
1349:
to replace BrĂĽning as Chancellor in June 1932. Papen had been active in the resurgence of the
547:
7265:
7098:
6693:
6643:
6638:
6029:
5958:
5857:
5521:
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5354:
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4735:
3681:
2295:
2293:
1926:
1306:
1039:
894:
654:
515:
453:
164:
3842:
1848:
Despite his receipt of several medals and decorations (including twice with the prestigious
1672:
1658:
609:– after the First World War, and set the violent tone of the movement early, by forming the
7255:
7148:
7031:
6852:
6256:
6056:
5934:
5883:
5836:
5454:
5441:
5429:
5293:
5219:
4858:
4545:
4461:
Stachura, Peter D., ed. (2015) . "Introduction: Weimar National Socialism and Historians".
4167:
2029:
Held, like so many meetings of the period, in a beer cellar, this time the Sterneckerbrau.
1745:
1721:
1567:
1404:
1298:
1048:
in Munich's city center, where they were met by a police cordon summoned to obstruct them.
925:
901:
658:
519:
457:
313:
103:
6686:
6681:
2290:
1592:
433:. Once released, Hitler switched tactics, opting to instead seize power through legal and
8:
7195:
7021:
6472:
6441:
6276:
5940:
5843:
5830:
5558:
5214:
5169:
4964:
4848:
4777:
4104:
2263:
2248:
2075:
1633:
1540:
1440:
1342:
1334:
1322:
492:
6453:
1341:, was reluctant to take action to suppress the Nazis, while the ambitious Major-General
1329:
1168:, a KPD stronghold, and the two warring parties exchanged pistol and revolver fire. The
978:
838:(National Socialist German Workers' Party), later known to the rest of the world as the
775:
should be wholly independent from Germany and should secede from Germany and unite with
7245:
6987:
6922:
6718:
6603:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6526:
6350:
6108:
5897:
5869:
4991:
4646:
4596:
4383:
4145:
4137:
3925:
3686:
The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure, and Consequences of National Socialism
1297:
A middle-class liberal party strong enough to block the Nazis did not exist – the
1283:
786:
408:
By 1922 Hitler's control over the party was unchallenged, and he attempted a coup, the
6392:
5624:
4746:"'Why I became a Nazi': Essays from 1934 highlight women's role in the rise of Hitler"
3939:
The Death of Democracy: Hitler's Rise to Power and the Downfall of the Weimar Republic
1353:. He had fallen out with the Centre Party. He hoped ultimately to outmaneuver Hitler.
640:
7205:
7200:
7171:
7026:
6812:
6741:
6566:
6446:
6345:
6266:
6227:
5323:
5154:
5144:
4883:
4713:
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4673:
4618:
4588:
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4531:
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4447:
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4409:
4390:
4378:
4364:
4345:
4326:
4307:
4288:
4269:
4261:
4243:
4224:
4205:
4183:
4149:
4129:
4089:
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4051:
4004:
3985:
3966:
3942:
3894:
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3827:
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3689:
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3100:
3039:
3014:
2872:
2221:
2160:
1968:
1888:
1760:
1186:
577:
131:
37:
6832:
5139:
4019:
3317:
1852:, both First and Second Class), Hitler was promoted in rank only once, to corporal (
888:
856:
677:
During this time a number of notable Germans were assassinated, including socialist
41:
7229:
7041:
6947:
6872:
6817:
6713:
6591:
6426:
6319:
6196:
5982:
5751:
5619:
5239:
5199:
5159:
4843:
4580:
4121:
3917:
3794:
3749:
3036:
Trotsky's political economy of capitalism. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)
2181:
1620:
1413:
1216:
1147:
1069:
1030:
989:
930:
686:
624:
476:
449:
409:
93:
6942:
6484:
5399:
1282:". Historian Bertrand Patenaude believed that the Comintern policy following the "
7283:
7238:
7002:
6917:
6912:
6892:
6862:
6827:
6730:
6723:
6608:
6309:
6049:
5614:
5229:
5134:
5119:
5104:
4505:
4105:"Ordinary Economic Voting Behavior in the Extraordinary Election of Adolf Hitler"
4044:
2860:
2209:
1804:
1624:
1490:
1448:
1346:
1318:
1221:
1007:
909:
764:
755:
749:
504:
398:
373:
5572:
4888:
4550:
7212:
7077:
6992:
6937:
6927:
6883:
6792:
6772:
6561:
6538:
6431:
6329:
6314:
6271:
6171:
5863:
5741:
5644:
5609:
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5109:
4893:
4853:
4821:
4770:
4608:
1809:
1794:
1749:
1737:
1608:
1548:
1350:
1279:
1236:
Leon Trotsky was an early observer on the rise of far-right phenomenon such as
1181:
1180:
was fatally shot in the face at point-blank range by two members of the KPD in
1114:
611:
553:
511:
441:
199:
189:
121:
98:
6782:
6750:
5164:
5099:
5045:
4240:
Diplomacy Between the Wars: Five Diplomats and the Shaping of the Modern World
4125:
4103:
King, Gary; Rosen, Ori; Tanner, Martin; Wagner, Alexander F. (December 2008).
1913:
to Austrian parents, was not a German citizen, but had managed to enlist in a
1720:
Adolf Hitler addressing the Reichstag on 23 March 1933. Seeking assent to the
942:
933:, an engineer whom Hitler regarded as "my most dangerous opponent". One Nazi,
882:
657:, the 25-year-old Austrian-born Hitler enlisted in a Bavarian regiment of the
7296:
7133:
6867:
6802:
6787:
6674:
6665:
6554:
6503:
6493:
6421:
6304:
6283:
6181:
5946:
5908:
5562:
5511:
5234:
5204:
5179:
5124:
5066:
4959:
4914:
4898:
4809:
4592:
4257:
4197:
4133:
3858:
1583:
1509:
1472:
1417:
1275:
1146:
At the end of 1928, party membership was recorded at 130,000. In March 1929,
993:
984:
934:
794:
740:
461:
264:
194:
6847:
5678:
5589:
5194:
1427:
7087:
6952:
6907:
6857:
6837:
6822:
6777:
6708:
6633:
6477:
6360:
6299:
6244:
6232:
6115:
5976:
5952:
5928:
5922:
5674:
5506:
5501:
5377:
5313:
5224:
5129:
5094:
5084:
5074:
4919:
4815:
4665:
3956:
3921:
3725:
1892:
1544:
1267:
1261:
1241:
1237:
1177:
1135:
1053:
969:
865:
681:, who was shot dead by a German nationalist on 21 February 1919. His rival
598:
445:
377:
138:
116:
70:
5036:
1768:
army would do. They did not know that the army supported Hitler after the
1611:
against some Nazi excesses. However, after narrowly escaping death in the
1143:
by marching into Communist strongholds and starting violent altercations.
7260:
6807:
6653:
6623:
6467:
6340:
5964:
5259:
5255:
5149:
5054:
5027:
5018:
4039:
1972:
1777:
1232:
1192:
1087:
1045:
1022:
847:
supported financially by several wealthy patrons and party sympathisers.
771:, Hitler disparagingly referred to him as the "professor") asserted that
744:
682:
678:
582:
402:
393:– NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party, commonly known as the
4644:
4141:
3929:
3125:
2187:
1165:
1084:
Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice
6797:
6547:
6510:
6436:
6324:
6164:
5594:
5584:
5435:
5318:
5209:
5174:
5114:
4793:
4734:
Galofré-Vilà , G., Meissner, C., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2021). "
4600:
4285:
Hitler's Stormtroopers and the Attack on the German Republic, 1919–1933
4017:
3960:
3323:
1880:
1872:
1849:
1338:
1074:
1002:
963:
839:
727:
670:
633:
606:
465:
425:
419:
394:
306:
4086:
Making Friends with Hitler: Lord Londonderry and Britain's Road to War
3430:
3428:
1313:
850:
6977:
6658:
6292:
6090:
5916:
5578:
4750:
3536:
1918:
1854:
1451:, Chancellor of Germany as part of his agreement with Hitler. In the
1421:
1271:
1139:. At this time the SA began a period of deliberate antagonism to the
732:
714:"educational commando" as 1 of 26 instructors in the summer of 1919.
711:
702:
531:
434:
144:
5392:
4801:
4584:
1386:
and SA increasing, breaking all previous barriers and expectations,
787:
From early party membership to the Hofbräuhaus Melée (November 1921)
535:
110:
6648:
6613:
6355:
4571:
Turner, Henry Ashby (1969). "Big Business and the Rise of Hitler".
3425:
843:
707:
641:
From Armistice (November 1918) to party membership (September 1919)
1732:
Chart: political system in Germany after two years of dictatorship
1240:
during his final years in exile and advocated for the tactic of a
905:. At the end of the year, party membership was recorded at 2,000.
649:
February 1919 United States news coverage of the unrest in Germany
6099:
1976:
1914:
1387:
1094:
776:
772:
701:
any new unrest can be discovered and extinguished." In May 1919,
616:
413:
2133:
949:
576:
Historians have commented on the influence of German Chancellor
471:
The German political landscape was dramatically affected by the
6519:
6375:
6072:
5988:
5664:
5654:
5470:
5346:
4873:
2836:
2740:
2554:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
1922:
1529:
1278:
which directed German Communists to treat Social Democrats as "
628:
620:
430:
4406:
The Making of a Nazi Hero: The Murder and Myth of Horst Wessel
4020:"Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Volume 2, Chapter XVI, Part 9"
3556:
3554:
3413:
1097:, but it participated in 1924's two elections by proxy as the
864:
In 1920, a small "hall protection" squad was organised around
813:: These are the opinions of the intellectuals. We need power!
803:: The program is not the question. The only question is power.
7082:
4762:
3863:
The Fontana History of Germany: 1918–1990: The Divided Nation
3843:"Machtergreifung – Anmerkungen zu einem historischen Begriff"
835:
3578:
3524:
3440:
3365:
2566:
2193:
1706:
Adolf Hitler to a British correspondent in Berlin, June 1934
1321:(left) with his eventual successor, the Minister of Defence
759:
Hitler's membership card for the German Workers' Party (DAP)
5649:
4001:
Hitler's Personal Security: Protecting the Führer 1921–1945
3551:
3464:
3341:
2929:
510:
The groundwork for the Nazi dictatorship was laid when the
3626:
3614:
3602:
3245:
3233:
3221:
3185:
3137:
2953:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2680:
2641:
2617:
2578:
2236:
1176:
On the evening of 14 January 1930, at around ten o'clock,
6041:
2692:
2670:
2668:
2595:
2593:
2542:
2482:
1947:
1093:
After the Beer Hall Putsch, the Nazi Party was banned in
1025:
in Munich during the Beer Hall Putsch on 9 November 1923.
4689:
The Age of Catastrophe: A History of the West, 1914–1945
4479:
3891:
Hitler's Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man
3377:
3305:
3113:
2941:
2629:
2395:
2361:
2359:
2299:
2269:
2254:
2100:, but this contraction was not used by the party itself.
876:). By the autumn of 1921 the group was being called the
830:). He also engineered the name change of the DAP to the
4266:
Goering: The Rise and Fall of the Notorious Nazi Leader
3845:[Machtergreifung – Notes on a historical term]
3638:
3512:
3476:
3329:
2977:
2965:
2905:
2886:
2424:
2422:
1654:
Centralverein deutscher StaatsbĂĽrger jĂĽdischen Glaubens
823:. There Hitler announced the party's 25-point program (
808:: Power is only the means of accomplishing the program.
3566:
3401:
3293:
3269:
3257:
3209:
3197:
3173:
3076:
3064:
3052:
2824:
2812:
2788:
2764:
2716:
2665:
2653:
2590:
2371:
1691:
Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
1681:
However, a growing number of keen observers, like Sir
1164:(KPD) itself. In September, Goebbels led his men into
4460:
4102:
3590:
3434:
3353:
3281:
3161:
3149:
3131:
2704:
2530:
2518:
2506:
2494:
2458:
2446:
2434:
2407:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2134:
Matthew Fitzpatrick; A. Dirk Moses (20 August 2018).
4425:
Stormtroopers: A New History of Hitler's Brownshirts
3389:
2917:
2800:
2728:
2605:
2470:
2419:
2383:
2278:
2136:"Nazism, socialism and the falsification of history"
1982:
1774:
Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich
1227:
6220:
4706:Zentner, Christian; BedĂĽrftig, Friedemann (1997) .
3500:
2989:
2776:
2752:
2169:
2049:
1558:
Hitler became the Reichskanzler of the German Reich
1382:On 10 March 1931, with street violence between the
4549:
4382:
4043:
3753:
27:Events leading to Hitler's dictatorship of Germany
4321:Nesbit, Roy Conyers; van Acker, Georges (2011) .
4026:. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office
3826:] (in German). Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.
3452:
2062:
2023:
2010:
1996:
1371:
1124:
976:(Staff Guard), which in May 1923 was renamed the
452:. Nazi party leaders vociferously criticized the
7294:
4705:
2746:
2560:
1056:, which gained him widespread public attention.
868:. The group was first named the "Order troops" (
4691:. New haven and London: Yale University Press.
4427:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
4320:
4256:
4221:Hitler Youth, 1922–1945: An Illustrated History
3982:The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945
3419:
2110:
1378:Franz von Papen § Bringing Hitler to power
1203:Hitler with Nazi Party members in December 1930
7048:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
4651:US. State Department – Office of the Historian
1586:Minister of the Interior, and Hermann Göring,
832:Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
475:, which hampered economic aid to Germany. The
391:Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
7318:Democratic backsliding in the interwar period
6057:
5362:
4778:
4223:. Jefferson, NC; London: McFarland & Co.
2855:
2853:
2851:
1489:described all moderate left-wing parties as "
653:In 1914, after being granted permission from
350:
7236:
7227:
7067:National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark
6748:
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6728:
6672:
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4998:
4989:
4980:
4361:The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle
4323:The Flight of Rudolf Hess: Myths and Reality
4304:Hitler's Voice: Nazi Ideology and Propaganda
1967:As a socialist journalist, he organised the
1598:
497:July 1932 the Nazis became the largest party
4645:U.S. State Dept., Office of the Historian.
3099:. Cambridge University Press. p. 203.
3038:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 227.
2073:, p. 131. In a Hitler speech shown in
1286:" facilitated the rise of Hitler's party.
1105:(DVFP) and the Nazi Party (NSDAP)). In the
6064:
6050:
5369:
5355:
5304:National Political Institutes of Education
4785:
4771:
4301:
2848:
2842:
1961:
1940:
1842:
1502:
1029:A pivotal moment came when Hitler led the
842:. Hitler designed the party's banner of a
731:, both to influence other soldiers and to
605:– which he would later transform into the
593:
357:
343:
7037:German National Movement in Liechtenstein
4736:Austerity and the Rise of the Nazi Party.
3872:Press and Politics in the Weimar Republic
3661:
3094:
2983:
2971:
2869:A History of Hitler's Empire, 2nd Edition
2218:A History of Hitler's Empire, 2nd Edition
1865:
1711:
4441:
4339:
4282:
4237:
3998:
3979:
3907:
3857:
3774:
3748:
3666:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
3632:
3572:
3530:
3311:
3095:Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017).
3058:
2935:
2911:
2859:
2623:
2599:
2377:
2242:
2208:
1909:Hitler, having been born in the defunct
1727:
1715:
1312:
1270:was especially critical of the shifting
1231:
1198:
1058:
1016:
849:
754:
644:
31:
4686:
4607:
4525:
4422:
4403:
4306:. Vol. 2. Oxford, UK: Peter Lang.
4083:
4069:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
4064:
4050:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
4038:
3724:
3680:
3644:
3584:
3560:
3518:
3470:
3371:
3347:
3335:
3275:
3263:
3251:
3239:
3227:
3215:
3203:
3191:
3179:
3167:
3155:
3143:
3119:
3082:
3070:
3033:
2959:
2923:
2865:"The Twenties and the Great Depression"
2830:
2794:
2722:
2686:
2674:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2584:
2572:
2548:
2536:
2512:
2488:
2464:
2440:
2413:
2401:
2365:
2350:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2284:
1903:
1891:in Berlin to replace the centuries-old
389:In 1920, the DAP renamed itself to the
14:
7295:
4631:
4570:
4544:
4377:
4218:
3955:
3888:
3777:The SA Generals and The Rise of Nazism
3734:. New York; London: Harper Perennial.
3620:
3608:
3506:
3494:
3407:
3299:
3287:
2806:
2734:
2710:
2698:
2611:
2524:
2500:
2452:
2428:
2389:
2175:
2084:
2070:
2056:
2043:
2030:
2017:
2004:
1990:
1955:
1951:
1934:
1930:
1897:
1859:
1835:
64:This article is part of a series about
6045:
5350:
4766:
4664:
4556:. New York: Doubleday & Company.
4177:
3869:
3817:
3793:
3702:
3596:
3482:
3446:
3395:
3359:
2947:
2818:
2782:
2770:
2758:
2476:
2096:The word "Nazi" is a contraction for
2036:
1748:on 23 March 1933. Hitler was granted
7054:National Socialist Movement of Chile
5331:Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party
5273:National Democratic Party of Germany
4617:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
4498:
4482:Shadows of the Dictators: AD 1925–50
4385:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
4358:
4196:
4024:Yale Law School – The Avalon Project
3936:
3851:Vierteljahrshefte fĂĽr Zeitgeschichte
3840:
3542:
3458:
3383:
3008:
2995:
2899:
2214:"The First World War and Its Legacy"
2103:
2090:
1497:Inauguration of Hitler as Chancellor
1478:The Nazi Party lost 35 seats in the
1014:troops if they attempted a putsch.
4709:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich
4634:"Ruhig abwarten! (26 January 2017)"
3874:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3688:. Penguin History Series. Penguin.
3011:The twilight of Comintern 1930–1935
1099:National Socialist Freedom Movement
900:Political Phenomenon, Jews and the
798:: What is the program of the NSDAP?
717:In July 1919, Hitler was appointed
601:became involved with the fledgling
24:
7093:World Union of National Socialists
6252:Adolf Hitler's cult of personality
6158:Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte
4728:
4389:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
3941:. New York: St. Martin's Griffin.
2188:U.S. State Dept., "The Dawes Plan"
1063:Defendants in the Beer Hall Putsch
950:From Beer Hall melée to Beer Hall
821:Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in München
739:(DAP). The DAP had been formed by
542:violence also erupted between the
491:but was defeated by the incumbent
25:
7329:
7313:Rises to prominence by individual
7139:Last surviving war crime suspects
4758:Digitized biograms available here
4687:Winkler, Heinrich August (2015).
4444:Nazi Youth in the Weimar Republic
3664:A Concise History of Nazi Germany
3324:IMT at Nuremberg, "Wilhelm Frick"
1887:leading to the proclamation of a
1228:Weimar parties fail to halt Nazis
1010:that "he would be fired upon" by
725:(reconnaissance commando) of the
7279:
7278:
7129:Nazi Party leaders and officials
6024:
6023:
5376:
4740:The Journal of Economic History.
4530:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
4219:Lepage, Jean-Denis G.G. (2008).
3779:. University Press of Kentucky.
1107:May 1924 German federal election
1103:Deutschvölkische Freiheitspartei
571:
330:
55:
7251:Political views of Adolf Hitler
5336:Samoan branch of the Nazi Party
4528:Joseph Goebbels: Life and Death
4204:. London; New York: Routledge.
4113:The Journal of Economic History
3654:
3088:
3027:
3001:
1815:Political views of Adolf Hitler
1209:September 1930 federal election
996:in 1922, Hitler decided that a
908:In June 1921, while Hitler and
372:began in the newly established
7144:Speeches given by Adolf Hitler
4792:
4573:The American Historical Review
4484:. Amsterdam: Time-Life Books.
4344:. London: Palgrave MacMillan.
4018:IMT at Nuremberg (1945–1946).
3965:. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
3937:Hett, Benjamin Carter (2018).
3803:. New York; Toronto: Penguin.
3756:The Third Reich: A New History
3708:The Rise and Fall of Communism
2224:. Event occurs at 06:37-11:02
2153:
2127:
1577:German National People's Party
1416:, after an earlier attempt by
1372:Seizure of control (1931–1933)
1256:, who made great gains at the
1125:Move towards power (1925–1930)
1111:December 1924 federal election
968:; they would later become the
619:resented rule from Protestant
564:(the time of struggle) or the
538:, the sole leader of Germany.
13:
1:
7078:Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)
4501:"Germany: Second Revolution?"
4342:Weimar and the Rise of Hitler
3824:The Coming Of The Third Reich
3800:The Coming of the Third Reich
3662:Bendersky, Joseph W. (2007).
3009:Carr, Edward Hallett (1986).
1830:
1453:federal election of July 1932
1086:), principally to his deputy
1037:on 8–9 November 1923. At the
854:Hitler's first office in the
7303:Adolf Hitler's rise to power
7119:Bibliography of Adolf Hitler
6402:Aestheticization of politics
4839:Adolf Hitler's rise to power
3984:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
2747:Zentner & BedĂĽrftig 1997
2561:Zentner & BedĂĽrftig 1997
2120:
615:(SA) paramilitary. Catholic
454:ruling democratic government
370:Adolf Hitler's rise to power
150:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
36:Hitler in conversation with
7:
7059:National Socialist Movement
7027:Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)
5985:(possible illegitimate son)
5299:Munich Documentation Centre
5080:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
4712:. New York: Da Capo Press.
4442:Stachura, Peter D. (1975).
4302:MĂĽhlberger, Detlef (2004).
3910:Journal of Church and State
3820:Das Dritte Reich – Aufstieg
3760:. New York: Hill and Wang.
3710:. New York: HarperCollins.
3420:Manvell & Fraenkel 2011
2111:Nesbit & van Acker 2011
1788:
1432:Wolf-Heinrich von Helldorff
1430:, in charge of the SA, put
1420:to convey citizenship as a
1101:(NSFB) (combination of the
721:(intelligence agent) of an
10:
7334:
7073:Nordic Resistance Movement
6211:National Socialist Program
6071:
6006:Streets named after Hitler
4869:National Socialist Program
4283:Mitchell, Otis C. (2013).
3853:(in German) (31): 136–145.
3818:Evans, Richard J. (2005).
3731:Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
3435:Stachura Introduction 2015
3013:. Macmillan. p. 433.
1820:Weimar paramilitary groups
1588:Minister Without Portfolio
1375:
1358:July 1932 federal election
1162:Communist Party of Germany
1050:Sixteen Nazi Party members
828:National Socialist Program
655:King Ludwig III of Bavaria
7276:
7184:
7158:
7110:
7042:Nasjonal Samling (Norway)
7010:
6967:
6882:
6762:
6391:
6195:
6079:
6019:
5998:
5907:
5851:Hitler: The Last Ten Days
5808:
5785:
5692:
5659:MeldemannstraĂźe dormitory
5637:
5546:
5537:
5479:
5384:
5286:
5248:
5065:
4973:
4950:Office of Foreign Affairs
4940:Office of Military Policy
4935:Office of Colonial Policy
4907:
4831:
4800:
4672:. London: Little, Brown.
4614:Hitler: Ascent, 1889-1939
4325:. Stroud: History Press.
4238:Liebmann, George (2008).
4180:The SS: A History 1919–45
4126:10.1017/S0022050708000788
4046:Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris
3889:Hamann, Brigitte (2010).
2140:ABC Religion & Ethics
1554:
1536:
1525:
1517:
1501:
1250:Wall Street Crash of 1929
1170:German referendum of 1929
1131:May 1928 federal election
512:Reichstag was set on fire
6983:Nazi concentration camps
6499:Economic interventionism
6461:Jewish conspiracy theory
6262:Night of the Long Knives
6238:Religion in Nazi Germany
5877:Hitler: The Rise of Evil
5309:Nazi concentration camps
4879:Night of the Long Knives
4636:[Calmly wait!].
4463:The Nazi Machtergreifung
4423:Siemens, Daniel (2017).
4404:Siemens, Daniel (2013).
3999:Hoffmann, Peter (2000).
3980:Hoffmann, Peter (1977).
3870:Fulda, Bernhard (2009).
3775:Campbell, Bruce (1998).
3034:Ticktin, Hillel (1992).
2301:Shadows of the Dictators
2271:Shadows of the Dictators
2256:Shadows of the Dictators
1825:Weimar political parties
1800:Early timeline of Nazism
1770:Night of the Long Knives
1627:trivialized Hitler as a
1613:Night of the Long Knives
1424:police official failed.
1335:President von Hindenburg
1291:Weimar political parties
874:Turn- und Sportabteilung
752:and anti-Marxist ideas.
694:Bavarian Soviet Republic
7088:Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)
5891:Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler
5461:Last will and testament
5010:Innviertler Heimatblatt
4945:Office of Racial Policy
4632:Ulrich, Volker (2017).
4526:Thacker, Toby (2010) .
4340:Nicholls, A.J. (2000).
4163:"Who Voted for Hitler?"
1911:Austro-Hungarian Empire
1487:Communist International
1412:government official by
1410:Free State of Brunswick
594:Early steps (1918–1924)
588:Social Democratic Party
524:Nazi concentration camp
383:Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
376:in September 1919 when
185:Crimes against humanity
179:Last will and testament
7237:
7228:
6749:
6740:
6729:
6704:Social interventionism
6673:
6664:
6546:
6537:
6532:Greater Germanic Reich
6518:
6509:
6483:
6452:
6291:
6282:
6243:
6219:
6215:Hitler's rise to power
6180:
6170:
6156:
6121:League of German Girls
6107:
6098:
6089:
5971:William Stuart-Houston
5517:Assassination attempts
5190:Joachim von Ribbentrop
5185:Konstantin von Neurath
5053:
5044:
5035:
5026:
5017:
5008:
4999:
4990:
4981:
4930:Nazi Party Chancellery
4359:Read, Anthony (2004).
4178:Koehl, Robert (2004).
3841:Frei, Norbert (1983).
3682:Bracher, Karl Dietrich
3449:, pp. 569, 580ff.
2098:Nationalsozialistische
1783:1934 German referendum
1733:
1725:
1712:Chancellor to dictator
1709:
1679:
1649:
1623:; even SPD politician
1599:
1480:November 1932 election
1401:
1325:
1274:policy position under
1245:
1204:
1155:Roter Frontkämpferbund
1082:; originally entitled
1064:
1026:
959:Jungsturm Adolf Hitler
914:German Socialist Party
861:
815:
760:
650:
482:German Communist Party
473:1929 Wall Street Crash
169:assassination attempts
45:
6998:Human experimentation
6694:Reactionary modernism
6639:Anti-Slavic sentiment
6366:Human experimentation
6100:Geheime Staatspolizei
5959:Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr.
5858:The Meaning of Hitler
5777:German naturalization
5669:16 Prinzregentenplatz
5278:Socialist Reich Party
5269:Deutsche Reichspartei
5090:Richard Walther Darré
4983:Völkischer Beobachter
4864:German Workers' Party
4670:The SS: A New History
4499:Staff (2 July 1934).
4088:. New York: Penguin.
4084:Kershaw, Ian (2012).
4065:Kershaw, Ian (2008).
2845:, pp. 37, 45–46.
2575:, pp. 87–88, 93.
1731:
1719:
1698:
1664:
1639:
1573:presidential election
1436:presidential election
1396:
1316:
1307:Catholic Centre Party
1258:1930 federal election
1235:
1202:
1062:
1020:
853:
791:
758:
737:German Workers' Party
648:
603:German Workers' Party
568:(years of struggle).
516:Reichstag Fire Decree
35:
7032:German American Bund
6412:Anti-intellectualism
6257:Enabling Act of 1933
6011:Mannerheim recording
5935:Johann Georg Hiedler
5837:The Victory of Faith
5413:Political directives
5294:Adolf Hitler Schools
5220:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
4925:Hitler's Chancellery
4859:Enabling Act of 1933
4363:. New York: Norton.
4268:. London: Skyhorse.
4168:The Wilson Quarterly
3922:10.1093/jcs/23.3.465
3587:, pp. 138, 148.
3374:, pp. 233, 234.
1969:Socialist Revolution
1742:March 1933 elections
1568:Industrielleneingabe
1464:Reichstrafgesetzbuch
1405:criminal deportation
1403:Under the threat of
972:. The other was the
902:Treaty of Versailles
520:Enabling Act of 1933
458:Treaty of Versailles
314:Hitlers Zweites Buch
104:Enabling Act of 1933
7159:Role and impact in
7022:American Nazi Party
6473:Cult of personality
6442:Class collaboration
6351:Extermination camps
6336:Concentration camps
6277:Anti-Comintern Pact
5941:Maria Schicklgruber
5844:Triumph of the Will
5831:Killing baby Hitler
5821:Cult of personality
5762:Hitler's Table Talk
5705:possible monorchism
5638:Civilian residences
5527:conspiracy theories
5264:German Social Union
5215:Baldur von Schirach
5170:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
4965:SS Education Office
4849:Brown House, Munich
4202:The Weimar Republic
4067:Hitler: A Biography
3623:, pp. 226–227.
3611:, pp. 200–201.
3563:, pp. 147–148.
3533:, pp. 74, 288.
3473:, pp. 254–255.
3386:, pp. 112–113.
3350:, pp. 228–230.
3254:, pp. 117–124.
3242:, pp. 117–123.
3230:, pp. 113–114.
3194:, pp. 229–230.
3146:, pp. 138–139.
3134:, pp. 951–996.
2962:, pp. 111–112.
2950:, pp. 266–268.
2938:, pp. 118–119.
2902:, pp. 224–225.
2701:, pp. 112–113.
2689:, pp. 83, 103.
2650:, pp. 100–101.
2587:, pp. 159–160.
2245:, pp. 465–484.
2076:Triumph of the Will
2020:, pp. 215–216.
1971:that overthrew the
1836:Informational notes
1634:Frankfurter Zeitung
1541:Paul von Hindenburg
1498:
1441:Paul von Hindenburg
1343:Kurt von Schleicher
1328:The Centre Party's
1323:Kurt von Schleicher
723:Aufklärungskommando
548:Rotfrontkämpferbund
493:Paul von Hindenburg
487:Hitler ran for the
423:, which became the
208:Electoral campaigns
173:conspiracy theories
7246:German Romanticism
7134:Nazi Party members
6988:Extermination camp
6381:Racial segregation
6109:Deutsches Jungvolk
5898:Apocalypse: Hitler
5826:In popular culture
4992:Das Schwarze Korps
4379:Shirer, William L.
4262:Fraenkel, Heinrich
4182:. Stroud: Tempus.
2626:, pp. 19, 20.
2551:, pp. 85, 86.
2491:, pp. 75, 76.
1933:, pp. 28–30;
1734:
1726:
1673:JĂĽdische Rundschau
1659:JĂĽdische Rundschau
1496:
1326:
1246:
1205:
1065:
1027:
988:(SS). Inspired by
862:
761:
667:socialist upheaval
651:
489:presidency in 1932
431:National Socialism
46:
18:Nazi rise to power
7290:
7289:
6863:Strasser (Gregor)
6742:Volksgemeinschaft
6687:Völkisch movement
6682:Völkisch equality
6267:Nuremberg rallies
6228:German rearmament
6039:
6038:
5757:Psychopathography
5747:Stefanie Rabatsch
5712:Wealth and income
5688:
5687:
5569:Reich Chancellery
5344:
5343:
5324:Horst-Wessel-Lied
5155:Reinhard Heydrich
5145:Ernst Hanfstaengl
4884:Nuremberg rallies
4719:978-0-306-80793-0
4698:978-0-300-20489-6
4679:978-1-4087-0304-5
4624:978-0-385-35439-4
4563:978-0-385-03724-2
4537:978-0-230-27866-0
4491:978-0-7054-0990-2
4472:978-1-315-75554-0
4453:978-0-87436-198-8
4434:978-0-300-19681-8
4415:978-0-85773-313-9
4396:978-0-671-62420-0
4370:978-0-393-04800-1
4351:978-0-312-23351-8
4332:978-0-7509-4757-2
4313:978-0-8204-5909-7
4294:978-0-7864-7729-6
4275:978-1-61608-109-6
4249:978-0-85771-211-0
4230:978-0-7864-3935-5
4211:978-0-415-34441-8
4189:978-0-7524-2559-7
4095:978-0-241-95921-3
4076:978-0-393-06757-6
4057:978-0-393-04671-7
4010:978-0-306-80947-7
4003:. Da Capo Press.
3991:978-0-262-08088-0
3972:978-0-395-92503-4
3948:978-1-250-21086-9
3900:978-1-84885-277-8
3881:978-0-19-954778-4
3833:978-3-423-34191-2
3810:978-0-14-303469-8
3795:Evans, Richard J.
3786:978-0-8131-2047-8
3767:978-0-8090-9326-7
3750:Burleigh, Michael
3741:978-1-56852-036-0
3717:978-0-06-113879-9
3695:978-0-14-013724-8
3673:978-0-7425-5363-7
3635:, pp. 27–28.
3485:, pp. 33–34.
3122:, pp. 92–94.
3106:978-1-108-21041-6
3045:978-0-7486-0317-6
3020:978-0-333-40455-3
2873:The Great Courses
2821:, pp. 68–69.
2773:, pp. 26–29.
2638:, pp. 88–89.
2404:, pp. 72–74.
2222:The Great Courses
2165:978-0-275-95485-7
2113:, pp. 18–19.
1862:, pp. 84–88.
1687:Robert Vansittart
1676:, 31 January 1933
1662:wrote on 31 Jan:
1562:
1561:
1532:, Weimar Republic
1362:November election
1337:, a conservative
1187:Horst-Wessel-Lied
578:Otto von Bismarck
367:
366:
290:Wealth and income
280:Psychopathography
132:German rearmament
111:FĂĽhrer of Germany
80:
79:
38:Ernst Hanfstaengl
16:(Redirected from
7325:
7282:
7281:
7242:
7233:
7230:Drang nach Osten
7068:
7049:
6958:von Sebottendorf
6754:
6745:
6734:
6714:State capitalism
6699:Social Darwinism
6678:
6669:
6551:
6542:
6523:
6514:
6488:
6457:
6454:DolchstoĂźlegende
6427:Authoritarianism
6320:Nuremberg trials
6296:
6287:
6248:
6224:
6185:
6175:
6161:
6112:
6103:
6094:
6066:
6059:
6052:
6043:
6042:
6027:
6026:
5983:Jean-Marie Loret
5752:Reinhold Hanisch
5620:Wolfsschlucht II
5544:
5543:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5348:
5347:
5287:Related articles
5240:Julius Streicher
5200:Alfred Rosenberg
5160:Heinrich Himmler
5058:
5049:
5040:
5031:
5022:
5013:
5004:
4995:
4986:
4844:Beer Hall Putsch
4787:
4780:
4773:
4764:
4763:
4755:
4754:. 23 April 2020.
4723:
4702:
4683:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4641:
4628:
4604:
4567:
4555:
4541:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4513:on 17 April 2008
4509:. Archived from
4495:
4476:
4457:
4438:
4419:
4400:
4388:
4374:
4355:
4336:
4317:
4298:
4279:
4253:
4234:
4215:
4193:
4172:
4156:Replication data
4153:
4109:
4099:
4080:
4061:
4049:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4014:
3995:
3976:
3952:
3933:
3904:
3893:. Tauris Parke.
3885:
3866:
3865:. Fontana Press.
3854:
3848:
3837:
3814:
3790:
3771:
3759:
3745:
3721:
3699:
3677:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3549:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3132:King et al. 2008
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2861:Childers, Thomas
2857:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2210:Childers, Thomas
2206:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2131:
2114:
2107:
2101:
2094:
2088:
2066:
2060:
2053:
2047:
2040:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2014:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1986:
1980:
1965:
1959:
1946:Guard duty at a
1944:
1938:
1907:
1901:
1869:
1863:
1846:
1707:
1677:
1647:
1646:Benno Reifenberg
1629:DekorationsstĂĽck
1602:
1506:
1499:
1495:
1414:Dietrich Klagges
1330:Heinrich BrĂĽning
1217:Great Depression
1148:Erich Ludendorff
1070:Landsberg Prison
1040:Bürgerbräukeller
1031:Beer Hall Putsch
990:Benito Mussolini
979:StoĂźtrupp-Hitler
931:Otto Ballerstedt
895:Bürgerbräukeller
625:Beer Hall Putsch
477:Great Depression
450:ultranationalism
410:Beer Hall Putsch
359:
352:
345:
334:
94:Beer Hall Putsch
76:
75:
73:
66:
65:
59:
52:
51:
48:
47:
21:
7333:
7332:
7328:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7323:
7322:
7308:Weimar Republic
7293:
7292:
7291:
7286:
7272:
7271:
7270:
7256:Racial theories
7239:Generalplan Ost
7186:
7180:
7160:
7154:
7153:
7152:
7124:Nazi ideologues
7106:
7105:
7104:
7066:
7061:(United States)
7060:
7047:
7012:
7006:
7003:Romani genocide
6970:
6963:
6962:
6961:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6868:Strasser (Otto)
6758:
6757:
6756:
6731:Gleichschaltung
6724:Totalitarianism
6609:One-party state
6417:Anti-liberalism
6387:
6386:
6385:
6310:Tripartite Pact
6221:Machtergreifung
6191:
6190:
6189:
6075:
6070:
6040:
6035:
6015:
5994:
5903:
5804:
5800:Private library
5787:
5781:
5717:Religious views
5684:
5633:
5627:FĂĽhrersonderzug
5625:Special train (
5615:Wolfsschlucht I
5539:
5533:
5487:Military career
5475:
5408:Political views
5380:
5375:
5345:
5340:
5282:
5244:
5230:Gregor Strasser
5135:Joseph Goebbels
5120:Roland Freisler
5105:Dietrich Eckart
5067:Notable members
5061:
4969:
4903:
4827:
4796:
4791:
4744:
4731:
4729:Further reading
4726:
4720:
4699:
4680:
4655:
4653:
4638:Die Zeit Online
4625:
4609:Ullrich, Volker
4585:10.2307/1841917
4564:
4538:
4516:
4514:
4492:
4473:
4454:
4435:
4416:
4397:
4371:
4352:
4333:
4314:
4295:
4276:
4250:
4231:
4212:
4190:
4161:
4160:Summarized by:
4107:
4096:
4077:
4058:
4029:
4027:
4011:
3992:
3973:
3949:
3901:
3882:
3846:
3834:
3811:
3787:
3768:
3742:
3718:
3696:
3674:
3657:
3652:
3651:
3643:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3619:
3615:
3607:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3552:
3541:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3517:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3426:
3418:
3414:
3406:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3382:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3154:
3150:
3142:
3138:
3130:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3093:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2934:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2898:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2858:
2849:
2843:MĂĽhlberger 2004
2841:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2298:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2268:
2264:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2207:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2108:
2104:
2095:
2091:
2067:
2063:
2054:
2050:
2041:
2037:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1983:
1966:
1962:
1945:
1941:
1927:Battle of Ypres
1908:
1904:
1870:
1866:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1805:Gleichschaltung
1791:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1678:
1670:
1648:
1645:
1625:Kurt Schumacher
1593:Machtergreifung
1547:
1543:
1521:30 January 1933
1513:
1491:social fascists
1449:Franz von Papen
1380:
1374:
1347:Franz von Papen
1319:Franz von Papen
1280:social fascists
1230:
1222:Potsdamer Platz
1127:
1033:, an attempted
1008:Otto von Lossow
955:
926:Löwenbräukeller
921:Bavarian League
910:Dietrich Eckart
816:
809:
804:
799:
789:
765:Gottfried Feder
750:anti-capitalist
719:Verbindungsmann
643:
596:
574:
551:and the Nazis'
505:Franz von Papen
399:anti-capitalist
374:Weimar Republic
363:
329:
297:
294:
270:Military career
261:
258:
245:
242:
209:
206:
186:
183:
141:
136:
113:
108:
90:
85:
71:
69:
68:
67:
63:
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7331:
7321:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7288:
7287:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7269:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7234:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7213:Beefsteak Nazi
7210:
7209:
7208:
7203:
7192:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7162:
7161:German society
7156:
7155:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7108:
7107:
7103:
7102:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7063:
7056:
7051:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7018:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6993:Final Solution
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6973:
6971:and war crimes
6965:
6964:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6933:von Liebenfels
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6880:
6879:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6843:von Ribbentrop
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6760:
6759:
6755:
6746:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6670:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6569:
6564:
6562:Indoctrination
6559:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6543:
6539:Heim ins Reich
6534:
6524:
6515:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6490:
6489:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6432:Blood and soil
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6407:Anti-communism
6404:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6389:
6388:
6384:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6346:Doctors' Trial
6343:
6338:
6330:Final solution
6327:
6322:
6317:
6315:Denazification
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6288:
6279:
6274:
6272:Nuremberg Laws
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6216:
6213:
6208:
6206:Early timeline
6203:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6193:
6192:
6188:
6187:
6177:
6172:Sturmabteilung
6167:
6162:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6104:
6095:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6076:
6069:
6068:
6061:
6054:
6046:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6008:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5986:
5980:
5974:
5968:
5962:
5956:
5950:
5944:
5938:
5932:
5926:
5920:
5913:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5864:Hitler Diaries
5861:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5797:
5795:Hitler's Globe
5791:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5742:August Kubizek
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5696:
5694:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5672:
5662:
5652:
5647:
5645:Braunau am Inn
5641:
5639:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5566:
5555:
5553:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5497:Hitler cabinet
5494:
5489:
5483:
5481:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5410:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5374:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5351:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5266:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5140:Hermann Göring
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5110:Adolf Eichmann
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5071:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5050:
5041:
5032:
5023:
5014:
5005:
4996:
4987:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4854:Denazification
4851:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4822:Martin Bormann
4819:
4813:
4806:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4790:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4742:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4718:
4703:
4697:
4684:
4678:
4662:
4642:
4629:
4623:
4605:
4568:
4562:
4542:
4536:
4523:
4496:
4490:
4480:Staff (1989).
4477:
4471:
4458:
4452:
4446:. CLIO Books.
4439:
4433:
4420:
4414:
4408:. I.B.Tauris.
4401:
4395:
4375:
4369:
4356:
4350:
4337:
4331:
4318:
4312:
4299:
4293:
4280:
4274:
4258:Manvell, Roger
4254:
4248:
4242:. I.B Tauris.
4235:
4229:
4216:
4210:
4198:Kolb, Eberhard
4194:
4188:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4171:. Summer 2009.
4120:(4): 951–996.
4100:
4094:
4081:
4075:
4062:
4056:
4036:
4015:
4009:
3996:
3990:
3977:
3971:
3953:
3947:
3934:
3916:(3): 465–484.
3905:
3899:
3886:
3880:
3867:
3859:Fulbrook, Mary
3855:
3838:
3832:
3815:
3809:
3791:
3785:
3772:
3766:
3746:
3740:
3722:
3716:
3700:
3694:
3678:
3672:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:, p. 526.
3637:
3625:
3613:
3601:
3599:, p. 354.
3589:
3577:
3565:
3550:
3535:
3523:
3521:, p. 512.
3511:
3499:
3487:
3475:
3463:
3451:
3439:
3424:
3412:
3410:, p. 184.
3400:
3388:
3376:
3364:
3362:, p. 297.
3352:
3340:
3338:, p. 428.
3328:
3316:
3314:, p. 175.
3304:
3302:, p. 130.
3292:
3290:, p. 402.
3280:
3278:, p. 132.
3268:
3266:, p. 128.
3256:
3244:
3232:
3220:
3218:, p. 112.
3208:
3206:, p. 254.
3196:
3184:
3182:, p. 110.
3172:
3160:
3148:
3136:
3124:
3112:
3105:
3087:
3085:, p. 138.
3075:
3073:, p. 118.
3063:
3051:
3044:
3026:
3019:
3000:
2998:, p. 205.
2988:
2984:Bendersky 2007
2976:
2972:Bendersky 2007
2964:
2952:
2940:
2928:
2916:
2914:, p. 138.
2904:
2885:
2847:
2835:
2833:, p. 239.
2823:
2811:
2799:
2797:, p. 131.
2787:
2775:
2763:
2751:
2749:, p. 431.
2739:
2727:
2725:, p. 108.
2715:
2713:, p. 113.
2703:
2691:
2679:
2677:, p. 103.
2664:
2662:, p. 102.
2652:
2640:
2628:
2616:
2604:
2589:
2577:
2565:
2563:, p. 629.
2553:
2541:
2529:
2527:, p. 106.
2517:
2505:
2503:, p. 224.
2493:
2481:
2479:, p. 170.
2469:
2457:
2455:, p. 219.
2445:
2433:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2355:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2307:
2289:
2277:
2262:
2247:
2235:
2192:
2180:
2168:
2152:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2102:
2089:
2087:, p. 224.
2061:
2048:
2046:, p. 213.
2035:
2033:, p. 218.
2022:
2009:
1995:
1981:
1960:
1954:, p. 34;
1939:
1902:
1900:, p. 206.
1864:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1810:Poison Kitchen
1807:
1802:
1797:
1795:Day of Potsdam
1790:
1787:
1750:plenary powers
1738:Reichstag fire
1736:Following the
1713:
1710:
1703:
1683:Horace Rumbold
1668:
1643:
1600:MachtĂĽbernahme
1560:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1549:Hitler Cabinet
1538:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1373:
1370:
1351:Harzburg Front
1299:People's Party
1229:
1226:
1182:Friedrichshain
1126:
1123:
1115:Barmat Scandal
954:
948:
889:Sterneckerbräu
878:Sturmabteilung
857:Sterneckerbräu
790:
788:
785:
642:
639:
612:Sturmabteilung
595:
592:
573:
570:
554:Sturmabteilung
442:anti-communism
403:anti-bourgeois
365:
364:
362:
361:
354:
347:
339:
336:
335:
328:
327:
322:
317:
310:
303:
295:
293:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
259:
257:
256:
251:
243:
241:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
207:
205:
204:
203:
202:
200:Final Solution
192:
190:Nuremberg Laws
184:
182:
181:
176:
162:
157:
152:
147:
137:
135:
134:
129:
124:
122:Hitler cabinet
119:
109:
107:
106:
101:
99:Reichstag fire
96:
86:
82:
81:
78:
77:
60:
44:, 21 June 1932
42:Hermann Göring
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7330:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7300:
7298:
7285:
7275:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7198:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7189:
7183:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7167:The Wehrmacht
7165:
7163:
7157:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7113:
7109:
7101:
7100:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7064:
7062:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7015:
7009:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6972:
6966:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6887:
6885:
6881:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6853:Seyss-Inquart
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6767:
6765:
6761:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6732:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6675:Untermenschen
6671:
6668:
6667:
6666:Rassenschande
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6556:
6555:Pan-Germanism
6553:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6494:Direct action
6492:
6487:
6486:
6485:FĂĽhrerprinzip
6481:
6480:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6462:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6422:Anti-pacifism
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6396:
6394:
6390:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6305:The Holocaust
6303:
6301:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6284:Kristallnacht
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6184:
6183:
6182:Schutzstaffel
6178:
6174:
6173:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6067:
6062:
6060:
6055:
6053:
6048:
6047:
6044:
6032:
6031:
6022:
6021:
6018:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5997:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5981:
5979:(half-nephew)
5978:
5975:
5973:(half-nephew)
5972:
5969:
5966:
5963:
5961:(half-nephew)
5960:
5957:
5954:
5951:
5949:(half-sister)
5948:
5947:Angela Hitler
5945:
5943:(grandmother)
5942:
5939:
5937:(grandfather)
5936:
5933:
5930:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5784:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5772:50th birthday
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5727:Vegetarianism
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5693:Personal life
5691:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5628:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5575:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5563:Kehlsteinhaus
5560:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5545:
5542:
5536:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5512:The Holocaust
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5492:Rise to power
5490:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5478:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5401:
5400:FĂĽhrerprinzip
5397:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5372:
5367:
5365:
5360:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5235:Otto Strasser
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5205:Bernhard Rust
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5180:Josef Mengele
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5125:Wilhelm Frick
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4915:Amt Rosenberg
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:Party offices
4906:
4900:
4899:Thule Society
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4810:Anton Drexler
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4788:
4783:
4781:
4776:
4774:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4721:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4666:Weale, Adrian
4663:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4554:
4553:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4465:. Routledge.
4464:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4407:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4387:
4386:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4287:. McFarland.
4286:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4041:
4037:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3957:Hitler, Adolf
3954:
3950:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3726:Bullock, Alan
3723:
3719:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3704:Brown, Archie
3701:
3697:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3646:
3641:
3634:
3633:Hoffmann 1977
3629:
3622:
3617:
3610:
3605:
3598:
3593:
3586:
3581:
3574:
3573:Hoffmann 1977
3569:
3562:
3557:
3555:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3532:
3531:Liebmann 2008
3527:
3520:
3515:
3508:
3503:
3496:
3491:
3484:
3479:
3472:
3467:
3460:
3455:
3448:
3443:
3436:
3431:
3429:
3422:, p. 92.
3421:
3416:
3409:
3404:
3398:, p. 61.
3397:
3392:
3385:
3380:
3373:
3368:
3361:
3356:
3349:
3344:
3337:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3313:
3312:Stachura 1975
3308:
3301:
3296:
3289:
3284:
3277:
3272:
3265:
3260:
3253:
3248:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3224:
3217:
3212:
3205:
3200:
3193:
3188:
3181:
3176:
3170:, p. 92.
3169:
3164:
3158:, p. 90.
3157:
3152:
3145:
3140:
3133:
3128:
3121:
3116:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3079:
3072:
3067:
3061:, p. 55.
3060:
3059:Fulbrook 1991
3055:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3022:
3016:
3012:
3004:
2997:
2992:
2986:, p. 68.
2985:
2980:
2974:, p. 67.
2973:
2968:
2961:
2956:
2949:
2944:
2937:
2936:Burleigh 2000
2932:
2925:
2920:
2913:
2912:Nicholls 2000
2908:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2874:
2871:. Episode 4.
2870:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2839:
2832:
2827:
2820:
2815:
2809:, p. 75.
2808:
2803:
2796:
2791:
2785:, p. 21.
2784:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2761:, p. 16.
2760:
2755:
2748:
2743:
2737:, p. 21.
2736:
2731:
2724:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2688:
2683:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2661:
2656:
2649:
2644:
2637:
2632:
2625:
2624:Campbell 1998
2620:
2614:, p. 42.
2613:
2608:
2602:, p. 50.
2601:
2600:Hoffmann 2000
2596:
2594:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2557:
2550:
2545:
2539:, p. 86.
2538:
2533:
2526:
2521:
2515:, p. 76.
2514:
2509:
2502:
2497:
2490:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2467:, p. 75.
2466:
2461:
2454:
2449:
2443:, p. 82.
2442:
2437:
2431:, p. 35.
2430:
2425:
2423:
2416:, p. 82.
2415:
2410:
2403:
2398:
2392:, p. 34.
2391:
2386:
2380:, p. 37.
2379:
2378:Mitchell 2013
2374:
2368:, p. 80.
2367:
2362:
2360:
2353:, p. 79.
2352:
2347:
2341:, p. 69.
2340:
2335:
2329:, p. 75.
2328:
2323:
2317:, p. 73.
2316:
2311:
2305:, p. 28.
2304:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2287:, p. 29.
2286:
2281:
2275:, p. 27.
2274:
2272:
2266:
2260:, p. 25.
2259:
2257:
2251:
2244:
2243:Hatfield 1981
2239:
2223:
2220:. Episode 2.
2219:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2189:
2184:
2178:, p. 78.
2177:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2126:
2112:
2106:
2099:
2093:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2059:, p. 36.
2058:
2052:
2045:
2039:
2032:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2007:, p. 35.
2006:
1999:
1993:, p. xx.
1992:
1985:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1958:, p. xx.
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1937:, p. 86.
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1921:northeast of
1920:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
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1585:
1584:Wilhelm Frick
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1535:
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1510:Reichskanzler
1505:
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1481:
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1474:
1473:Upper Silesia
1468:
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1460:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
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1423:
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1418:Wilhelm Frick
1415:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1385:
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1369:
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1315:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1276:Joseph Stalin
1273:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1218:
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1071:
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1047:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:
999:
995:
994:March on Rome
991:
987:
986:
985:Schutzstaffel
981:
980:
975:
971:
967:
965:
960:
953:
947:
945:
944:
938:
936:
935:Hermann Esser
932:
928:
927:
922:
917:
915:
911:
906:
904:
903:
897:
896:
891:
890:
885:
884:
879:
875:
871:
870:Ordnertruppen
867:
859:
858:
852:
848:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
826:
822:
814:
812:
807:
802:
797:
796:
795:Otto Strasser
784:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
757:
753:
751:
746:
742:
741:Anton Drexler
738:
734:
730:
729:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
704:
698:
695:
690:
688:
687:Heinrich Osel
684:
680:
675:
672:
668:
664:
663:Western Front
660:
656:
647:
638:
636:
635:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:
608:
604:
600:
591:
589:
585:
584:
579:
572:Early Germany
569:
567:
563:
558:
556:
555:
550:
549:
545:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
462:United States
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
427:
422:
421:
415:
411:
406:
404:
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387:
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318:
316:
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311:
309:
308:
304:
302:
299:
298:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
262:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
239:
238:November 1933
236:
234:
231:
229:
228:November 1932
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
210:
201:
198:
197:
196:
195:The Holocaust
193:
191:
188:
187:
180:
177:
174:
170:
166:
163:
161:
160:Eastern Front
158:
156:
155:Western Front
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
140:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
112:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
89:
88:Rise to power
84:
83:
74:
61:
58:
54:
53:
50:
49:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
7201:Architecture
7149:SS personnel
7097:
7083:SUMKA (Iran)
6709:Social order
6634:Antisemitism
6587:Palingenetic
6478:Dictatorship
6447:Conspiracism
6371:Labour camps
6341:Deportations
6328:
6300:World War II
6245:Kirchenkampf
6233:Nazi Germany
6116:Hitler Youth
6080:Organisation
6028:
5977:Heinz Hitler
5967:(half-niece)
5953:Paula Hitler
5929:Klara Hitler
5923:Alois Hitler
5896:
5889:
5882:
5875:
5868:
5856:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5675:Obersalzberg
5626:
5574:FĂĽhrerbunker
5573:
5551:Headquarters
5548:
5507:World War II
5502:Nazi Germany
5491:
5455:Zweites Buch
5453:
5434:
5398:
5391:
5378:Adolf Hitler
5314:Nazi Germany
5225:Albert Speer
5130:Walther Funk
5095:Rudolf Diels
5085:Kurt Daluege
5075:Artur Axmann
4974:Publications
4920:Hitler Youth
4889:Röhm scandal
4838:
4816:Adolf Hitler
4749:
4739:
4708:
4688:
4669:
4654:. Retrieved
4650:
4637:
4612:
4579:(1): 56–70.
4576:
4572:
4552:Adolf Hitler
4551:
4546:Toland, John
4527:
4515:. Retrieved
4511:the original
4504:
4481:
4462:
4443:
4424:
4405:
4384:
4360:
4341:
4322:
4303:
4284:
4265:
4239:
4220:
4201:
4179:
4166:
4117:
4111:
4085:
4066:
4045:
4040:Kershaw, Ian
4028:. Retrieved
4023:
4000:
3981:
3961:
3938:
3913:
3909:
3890:
3871:
3862:
3850:
3823:
3819:
3799:
3776:
3755:
3730:
3707:
3685:
3663:
3655:Bibliography
3645:Kershaw 1999
3640:
3628:
3616:
3604:
3592:
3585:Bullock 1991
3580:
3575:, p. 7.
3568:
3561:Bullock 1991
3543:
3538:
3526:
3519:Kershaw 2012
3514:
3502:
3490:
3478:
3471:Kershaw 2008
3466:
3454:
3442:
3437:, p. 6.
3415:
3403:
3391:
3379:
3372:Kershaw 2008
3367:
3355:
3348:Kershaw 2008
3343:
3336:Winkler 2015
3331:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3283:
3276:Bullock 1991
3271:
3264:Bullock 1991
3259:
3252:Bullock 1991
3247:
3240:Bullock 1991
3235:
3228:Bullock 1991
3223:
3216:Bullock 1991
3211:
3204:Bracher 1991
3199:
3192:Kershaw 2008
3187:
3180:Bullock 1991
3175:
3168:Bullock 1991
3163:
3156:Bullock 1991
3151:
3144:Bullock 1991
3139:
3127:
3120:Bullock 1991
3115:
3096:
3090:
3083:Bullock 1991
3078:
3071:Bullock 1991
3066:
3054:
3035:
3029:
3010:
3003:
2991:
2979:
2967:
2960:Thacker 2010
2955:
2943:
2931:
2926:, p. 3.
2924:Siemens 2013
2919:
2907:
2876:. Retrieved
2868:
2838:
2831:Kershaw 1999
2826:
2814:
2802:
2795:Kershaw 2008
2790:
2778:
2766:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2723:Kershaw 2008
2718:
2706:
2694:
2687:Kershaw 2008
2682:
2675:Kershaw 2008
2660:Kershaw 2008
2655:
2648:Kershaw 2008
2643:
2636:Kershaw 2008
2631:
2619:
2607:
2585:Kershaw 1999
2580:
2573:Kershaw 2008
2568:
2556:
2549:Kershaw 2008
2544:
2537:Kershaw 2008
2532:
2520:
2513:Kershaw 2008
2508:
2496:
2489:Kershaw 2008
2484:
2472:
2465:Kershaw 2008
2460:
2448:
2441:Kershaw 2008
2436:
2414:Ullrich 2016
2409:
2402:Kershaw 2008
2397:
2385:
2373:
2366:Ullrich 2016
2351:Ullrich 2016
2346:
2339:Kershaw 2008
2334:
2327:Ullrich 2016
2322:
2315:Ullrich 2016
2310:
2300:
2285:Siemens 2017
2280:
2270:
2265:
2255:
2250:
2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2217:
2183:
2171:
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2139:
2129:
2105:
2097:
2092:
2080:
2074:
2064:
2051:
2038:
2025:
2012:
1998:
1984:
1975:monarchy in
1963:
1942:
1905:
1893:Hohenzollern
1867:
1853:
1844:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1746:Enabling Act
1735:
1722:Enabling Act
1699:
1695:
1680:
1671:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1617:
1606:
1597:
1591:
1581:
1566:
1563:
1545:Adolf Hitler
1537:Participants
1484:
1477:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1445:
1426:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1381:
1366:
1355:
1327:
1296:
1288:
1268:Leon Trotsky
1266:
1262:Alan Bullock
1247:
1242:united front
1238:Nazi Germany
1213:
1206:
1191:
1185:
1178:Horst Wessel
1175:
1152:
1145:
1136:Zweites Buch
1134:
1128:
1119:
1102:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1054:high treason
1038:
1034:
1028:
1011:
1001:
997:
983:
977:
973:
970:Hitler Youth
962:
958:
956:
951:
941:
939:
924:
918:
907:
899:
893:
887:
881:
877:
873:
869:
866:Emil Maurice
863:
855:
831:
824:
820:
817:
810:
805:
800:
793:
792:
781:
768:
762:
726:
722:
718:
716:
699:
691:
676:
652:
632:
610:
599:Adolf Hitler
597:
581:
575:
565:
561:
559:
552:
546:
540:
509:
486:
470:
446:antisemitism
439:
424:
418:
407:
390:
388:
381:
369:
368:
325:Bibliography
312:
305:
139:World War II
117:Nazi Germany
87:
72:Adolf Hitler
29:
7261:Strasserism
6923:de Gobineau
6898:Chamberlain
6764:Politicians
6751:Volkskörper
6654:Master race
6624:Prussianism
6572:Nationalism
6527:Imperialism
6468:Corporatism
5965:Geli Raubal
5809:Perceptions
5610:Wolf's Lair
5260:Strasserism
5256:Black Front
5249:Derivatives
5165:Rudolf Höss
5150:Rudolf Hess
5100:Karl Dönitz
5055:Kampfverlag
5046:Der StĂĽrmer
5028:Der Angriff
5019:Arbeitertum
4818:(1921–1945)
4812:(1919–1921)
3621:Shirer 1960
3609:Shirer 1960
3507:Ulrich 2017
3495:Ulrich 2017
3408:Shirer 1960
3300:Shirer 1960
3288:Hamann 2010
2807:Shirer 1960
2735:Lepage 2008
2711:Toland 1976
2699:Toland 1976
2612:Shirer 1960
2525:Toland 1976
2501:Hitler 1999
2453:Hitler 1999
2429:Shirer 1960
2390:Shirer 1960
2176:Shirer 1960
2085:Hitler 1999
2071:Toland 1976
2057:Shirer 1960
2044:Hitler 1999
2031:Hitler 1999
2018:Hitler 1999
2005:Shirer 1960
1991:Toland 1976
1973:Wittelsbach
1956:Toland 1976
1952:Shirer 1960
1935:Toland 1976
1931:Shirer 1960
1898:Hitler 1999
1860:Toland 1976
1778:Hitler Oath
1317:Chancellor
1284:Great Break
1193:Der Angriff
1088:Rudolf Hess
1080:My Struggle
1046:Marienplatz
1035:coup d'Ă©tat
1023:Marienplatz
998:coup d'Ă©tat
952:coup d'Ă©tat
943:Hofbräuhaus
883:Hofbräuhaus
745:Karl Harrer
683:Erhard Auer
679:Kurt Eisner
659:German Army
583:Kulturkampf
544:Communists'
380:joined the
7297:Categories
6969:Atrocities
6884:Ideologues
6719:Syncretism
6644:Aryan race
6619:Propaganda
6567:Militarism
6548:Lebensraum
6511:Geopolitik
6437:Chauvinism
6325:Neo-Nazism
6165:Nazi Party
5788:belongings
5679:Kampfhäusl
5600:Tannenberg
5595:Felsennest
5590:Anlage SĂĽd
5585:Adlerhorst
5538:Places of
5447:in English
5436:Mein Kampf
5319:Nazi songs
5210:Fritz Todt
5195:Ernst Röhm
5175:Robert Ley
5115:Hans Frank
4794:Nazi Party
4656:12 January
3962:Mein Kampf
3597:Evans 2003
3483:Evans 2005
3447:Evans 2005
3396:Brown 2009
3360:Evans 2003
2948:Evans 2003
2819:Fulda 2009
2783:Koehl 2004
2771:Weale 2010
2759:Weale 2010
2477:Evans 2003
2145:7 February
2081:Mein Kampf
1885:revolution
1881:abdication
1877:Wilhelm II
1873:cease-fire
1850:Iron Cross
1831:References
1428:Ernst Röhm
1422:Thuringian
1376:See also:
1339:monarchist
1254:Communists
1075:Mein Kampf
1012:Reichswehr
1003:Reichswehr
974:Stabswache
964:Jugendbund
860:in Munich.
840:Nazi Party
769:Mein Kampf
733:infiltrate
728:Reichswehr
671:Traunstein
634:Mein Kampf
607:Nazi Party
566:Kampfjahre
532:communists
466:Dawes Plan
464:under the
435:democratic
426:vade mecum
420:Mein Kampf
395:Nazi Party
307:Mein Kampf
233:March 1933
218:March 1932
6978:Action T4
6948:Rosenberg
6928:Haushofer
6873:Streicher
6659:Nordicism
6604:New Order
6293:Anschluss
6091:Ahnenerbe
5917:Eva Braun
5786:Personal
5767:Paintings
5737:Bodyguard
5722:Sexuality
5579:Vorbunker
5540:residence
5442:in Arabic
5037:Panzerbär
5001:Das Reich
4751:Scroll.in
4593:0002-8762
4264:(2011) .
4200:(2005) .
4150:154749270
4134:0022-0507
4042:(1999) .
3959:(1999) .
3728:(1991) .
3459:Frei 1983
3384:Hett 2018
2996:Read 2004
2900:Kolb 2005
2121:Citations
1919:Pomerania
1855:Gefreiter
1701:in power!
1621:Mussolini
1609:speak out
1303:Democrats
1272:Comintern
966:der NSDAP
712:Bolshevik
703:Karl Mayr
562:Kampfzeit
501:Reichstag
301:Paintings
285:Sexuality
254:Religious
249:Political
223:July 1932
145:Anschluss
7284:Category
7223:Glossary
6938:von List
6893:Baeumler
6828:Goebbels
6813:Heydrich
6793:Eichmann
6649:Aryanism
6614:Populism
6504:Eugenics
6393:Ideology
6356:Genocide
6030:Category
5955:(sister)
5931:(mother)
5925:(father)
5884:Downfall
5430:Prophecy
5425:Speeches
5385:Politics
4955:NSDAP/AO
4668:(2010).
4611:(2016).
4548:(1976).
4381:(1960).
4142:40056466
3930:23916757
3861:(1991).
3797:(2003).
3752:(2000).
3706:(2009).
3684:(1991).
2878:28 March
2863:(2001).
2228:27 March
2212:(2001).
1915:Bavarian
1889:republic
1883:, and a
1789:See also
1704:—
1669:—
1644:—
1579:(DNVP).
1526:Location
1384:Rotfront
1301:and the
1166:Neukölln
1141:Rotfront
961:and the
844:swastika
834: –
806:Strasser
708:Augsburg
456:and the
437:means.
320:Speeches
260:Personal
7218:Economy
7185:Related
7177:Economy
7013:Germany
7011:Outside
6953:Schmitt
6838:Lammers
6818:Himmler
6788:Drexler
6778:Daluege
6773:Bormann
6599:New Man
6376:Pogroms
6361:Ghettos
6197:History
5605:Werwolf
5559:Berghof
4832:History
4601:1841917
1977:Bavaria
1637:wrote:
1555:Outcome
1388:Prussia
1356:At the
1129:In the
1095:Bavaria
923:at the
777:Austria
773:Bavaria
617:Bavaria
499:in the
414:Bavaria
127:Economy
7206:Cinema
7187:topics
7172:Cinema
6943:MĂĽller
6913:Eckart
6833:Göring
6823:Hitler
6783:Dönitz
6629:Racism
6582:Racial
6520:Heimat
6131:NSDStB
6073:Nazism
5989:Blondi
5919:(wife)
5909:Family
5870:Moloch
5700:Health
5665:Munich
5655:Vienna
5549:FĂĽhrer
5480:Events
5471:Nazism
5393:FĂĽhrer
4874:Nazism
4824:(1945)
4802:Leader
4716:
4695:
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1923:Berlin
1761:states
1530:Berlin
811:Hitler
801:Hitler
629:Munich
621:Berlin
557:(SA).
536:FĂĽhrer
528:Dachau
448:, and
378:Hitler
275:Health
265:Family
7266:Women
7111:Lists
7099:More…
6918:Feder
6903:Darré
6858:Speer
6803:Frick
6798:Frank
6592:Ultra
6577:Ethno
6126:NSDĂ„B
5999:Other
5991:(dog)
5816:Books
5732:Staff
5522:Death
5466:Books
4597:JSTOR
4146:S2CID
4138:JSTOR
4108:(PDF)
3926:JSTOR
3847:(PDF)
3822:[
1399:Army.
836:NSDAP
412:, in
296:Works
244:Views
165:Death
6908:Devi
6848:Röhm
6808:Hess
6186:(SS)
6176:(SA)
6146:NSKK
6141:NSFK
6136:NSRL
5650:Linz
5418:List
5262:) /
4714:ISBN
4693:ISBN
4674:ISBN
4658:2022
4619:ISBN
4589:ISSN
4558:ISBN
4532:ISBN
4519:2013
4506:Time
4486:ISBN
4467:ISBN
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4410:ISBN
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4130:ISSN
4090:ISBN
4071:ISBN
4052:ISBN
4032:2021
4005:ISBN
3986:ISBN
3967:ISBN
3943:ISBN
3895:ISBN
3876:ISBN
3828:ISBN
3805:ISBN
3781:ISBN
3762:ISBN
3736:ISBN
3712:ISBN
3690:ISBN
3668:ISBN
3546:1934
3544:Time
3101:ISBN
3040:ISBN
3015:ISBN
2880:2023
2303:1989
2273:1989
2258:1989
2230:2023
2161:ISBN
2147:2023
1518:Date
1485:The
1289:The
1248:The
1021:The
892:and
735:the
692:The
530:for
468:.
401:and
213:1930
171:and
40:and
7196:Art
6151:NSF
4581:doi
4122:doi
3918:doi
1948:POW
1879:'s
1858:).
992:'s
825:see
627:in
526:at
429:of
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5577:/
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4960:SS
4894:SA
4756:–
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