Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)

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January 1939 to reluctantly order major defense cuts with the Wehrmacht having its steel allocations cut by 30%, aluminum 47%, cement 25%, rubber 14% and copper 20%. On 30 January 1939, Hitler made his "Export or die!" speech calling for a German economic offensive or "export battle" to use Hitler's term to increase German foreign exchange holdings to pay for raw materials for the Four Year Plan without cutting back on food imports. Hitler's wish to occupy Czechoslovakia was primarily caused by the foreign exchange crisis as Germany had run down its foreign exchange reserves by early 1939, and Germany urgently needed to seize the gold of the Czechoslovak central bank to continue the Four Year Plan. On 8 March 1939, Hitler met with

1913:, to provide free sports events, films, concerts and plays for the workers. Heydrich sought to portray himself as the friend of the Czech working class, even meeting a group of selected Czech workers on 24 October 1941 in a photo-op to show his supposed concern for the Czech workers. Heydrich cynically called his policy "optical effects" as he believed that mere gestures such as free showings of films at the local cinemas and free sports matches could win the support of the working class and increase productivity in the war industries. However, inflation was rampant and wage increases failed to keep up with the cost of living, causing the workers to frequently grumble about their conditions. 1659: 1001:

September 1936 to have the German economy ready for a "total war" by 1940 had seriously strained the German economy by 1937 as German government was forced to use up its foreign exchange reserves both to feed its own people and to import various raw materials to achieve the ambitious armament goals of the Four Year Plan. Though the Four Year Plan aimed at autarky, there were certain raw materials such as high-grade iron, oil, chrome, nickel, tungsten, and bauxite that Germany did not have and had to be imported. The need to import food and raw materials made Germany into Europe's second largest importer, being exceeded only by Great Britain. Moreover, hundreds of millions of

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manner" and "permit Czechoslovakia a generous life of her own, autonomy and a degree of national freedom..." or face a scenario in which "resistance would be broken by force of arms, using all means." Minutes of the conversation noted that for Hácha this was the most difficult decision of his life but believed that in only a few years this decision would be comprehensible and in 50 years would probably be regarded as a blessing. After the negotiations had finished, Hitler told his secretaries, "It is the greatest triumph of my life! I shall enter history as the greatest German of them all."

2467:. On 26 November, the Congress of National Committees unanimously accepted the resolution of the communists. The congress elected the National Council and instructed that a delegation be sent to Moscow to discuss union. The Czechoslovak delegation was asked to leave Subcarpathian Ruthenia. Negotiations between the Czechoslovak government and Moscow ensued. Both Czech and Slovak communists encouraged Beneš to cede Subcarpathian Ruthenia. The Soviet Union agreed to postpone annexation until the postwar period to avoid compromising Beneš's policy based on the pre-Munich frontiers. 1779: 1249:

and agreed to abide by the agreement, which stipulated that Czechoslovakia must cede Sudetenland to Germany. The German occupation of the Sudetenland would be completed by 10 October. An international commission representing Germany, Britain, France, Italy and Czechoslovakia would supervise a plebiscite to determine the final frontier. Britain and France promised to join in an international guarantee of the new frontiers against unprovoked aggression. Germany and Italy, however, would not join in the guarantee until the Polish and Hungarian minority problems were settled.

2459:, and on 30 October issued a mobilization proclamation. Soviet military forces prevented both the printing and the posting of the Czechoslovak proclamation and proceeded instead to organize the local population. Protests from Beneš's government were ignored. Soviet activities led much of the local population to believe that Soviet annexation was imminent. The Czechoslovak delegation was also prevented from establishing a cooperative relationship with the local national committees promoted by the Soviets. On 19 November, the communists—meeting in 2210: 1344:, in which 97.32% of the adult population voted for the National Socialist Party. About 500,000 Sudeten Germans joined the National Socialist Party, which was 17.34% of the German population in Sudetenland (the average National Socialist Party participation in Nazi Germany was 7.85%). This means the Sudetenland was the most pro-Nazi region in Nazi Germany. Because of their knowledge of the Czech language, many Sudeten Germans were employed in the administration of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and in Nazi organizations such as the 7225: 1205:

Czechoslovak government resisted by arguing that Hitler's proposal would ruin the nation's economy and ultimately lead to German control of all of Czechoslovakia. The United Kingdom and France issued an ultimatum and made a French commitment to Czechoslovakia contingent upon its acceptance. On 21 September, Czechoslovakia capitulated. The next day, however, Hitler added new demands that insisted for the claims of Poland and Hungary to be satisfied as well. Romania was also invited to share in the division of

2343: 1897:, Hitler stressed the military importance of occupation, noting that by occupying Czechoslovakia, Germany gained 2,175 field cannons, 469 tanks, 500 anti-aircraft artillery pieces, 43,000 machine guns, 1,090,000 military rifles, 114,000 pistols, about a billion rounds of ammunition and three million anti-aircraft shells. This amount of weaponry would be sufficient to arm about half of the then Wehrmacht. Czechoslovak weaponry later played a major part in the German conquests of Poland (1939) and 1275: 8107: 2094:, ÚVOD). Involved primarily in intelligence gathering, the ÚVOD cooperated with a Soviet intelligence organization in Prague. Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, the democratic groups attempted to create a united front that would include the KSČ. Heydrich's appointment in the fall thwarted these efforts. By mid-1942, the Germans had succeeded in exterminating the most experienced elements of the Czechoslovak resistance forces. 2358: 1679:, renamed Czecho-Slovakia and consisting of three parts: Bohemia and Moravia, Slovakia, and Carpatho-Ukraine. Lacking its natural frontier and having lost its costly system of border fortification, the new state was militarily indefensible. Without the natural defensive barrier of the mountains of the Sudetenland, Hácha carried out a foreign policy that was slavishly pro-German as he felt this was the best way to preserve his nation's independence. 1130: 2083: 32: 2271:

population. The First Republic had been committed to a Western policy in foreign affairs. The Munich Agreement was the outcome. Beneš determined to strengthen Czechoslovak security against future German aggression through alliances with Poland and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union, however, objected to a tripartite Czechoslovak-Polish-Soviet commitment. In December 1943, Beneš's government concluded a treaty just with the Soviets.

1775:. The British historian Victor Rothwell wrote that the Czechoslovak reserves of gold and hard currency seized in March 1939 were "invaluable in staving off Germany's foreign exchange crisis". In addition, the Germans seized all of the factories for making weapons, mines that provided crucial raw materials for the armament program of the Four Year Plan and a "huge weapons haul, including nearly 500 tanks and nearly 1600 aircraft". 2493: 1971:'s deputy and the then Protector of Bohemia and Moravia. Infuriated, Hitler ordered the arrest and execution of 10,000 randomly selected Czechs. Over 10,000 were arrested, and at least 1,300 were executed. According to one estimate, 5,000 were killed in reprisals. The assassination resulted in one of the most well-known reprisals of the war. The Nazis completely destroyed the villages of 1858:. While much of former Czechoslovakia came under the control of Nazi Germany, Hungarian forces swiftly overran the Carpathian Ukraine. Hungary annexed some areas (e.g., Southern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia) in the autumn of 1938. Poland reclaimed Zaolzie previously illegally annexed by Czech during Polish-Soviet war in 1920. The Zaolzie region became part of Nazi Germany after the 1019:

targets. The Hossbach conference was largely taken up with an extended discussion about the necessity of bringing areas adjunct to Germany under German economic control, by force if necessary, as Hitler argued that this was the best way to win the arms race. Hitler stated: "areas producing raw materials can be more usefully sought in Europe, in immediate proximity to the

2070:(KSČ) was the fourth major resistance group. The KSČ had been one of over 20 political parties in the democratic First Republic, but it had never gained sufficient votes to unsettle the democratic government. After the Munich Agreement, the leadership of the KSČ moved to Moscow and the party went underground. Until 1943, however, KSČ resistance was weak. The 1939 2162:"incapable of Germaninzation" as "he is always sick, arrives with a trembling voice and attempts to evoke pity that demands our mercy". By contrast, Heydrich had a grudging respect for Elias, noting that he was youthful, healthy, and a determined defender of Czech interests, which led Heydrich to conclude that he must have some German blood. 1038:. One consequence of this legacy was that Czechoslovakia was the only nation in Eastern Europe besides the Soviet Union that manufactured its own weapons instead of importing them, and Czechoslovakia was the world's 7th largest manufacturer of arms, making Czechoslovakia an important player in the global arms trade. 1735:, but said that the threat came as a warning because the Czech government, after already agreeing to German occupation, could not guarantee that the Czech army would not fire on the advancing Germans. Göring, however, does not mention that Hácha had a heart attack because of his threat. French Ambassador 2165:

Aside from the inconsistency of animosity towards Slavs, there is also the fact that the forceful but restrained policy in Czechoslovakia was partly driven by the need to keep the population nourished and complacent so that it can carry out the vital work of arms production in the factories. By 1939,

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and with Hungary to prepare the dismemberment of the republic before the invasion. On 13 March, he invited Tiso to Berlin and on 14 March, the Slovak Diet convened and unanimously declared Slovak independence. Carpatho-Ukraine also declared independence but Hungarian troops occupied and annexed it on

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In late 1938-early 1939, the continuing economic crisis caused by problems of rearmament, especially the shortage of foreign hard currencies needed to pay for raw materials Germany lacked together with reports from Hermann Göring that the Four Year Plan was hopelessly behind schedule forced Hitler in

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A last-ditch attempt to save Czechoslovakia from total ruin was made by the British and French governments, who on 27 January 1939, concluded an agreement of financial assistance with the Czechoslovak government. In this agreement, the British and French governments undertook to lend the Czechoslovak

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and natural causes. The joint Czech-German commission of historians stated in 1996 the following numbers: The deaths caused by violence and abnormal living conditions amount to approximately 10,000 persons killed. Another 5,000–6,000 people died of unspecified reasons related to expulsion making the

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It is estimated that between 700,000 and 800,000 Germans were affected by "wild" expulsions between May and August 1945. The expulsions were encouraged by Czechoslovak politicians and were generally carried out by the order of local authorities, mostly by groups of armed volunteers. However, in some

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The greatly weakened Czechoslovak Republic was forced to grant major concessions to the non-Czechs. The executive committee of the Slovak People's Party met at Žilina on 5 October 1938, and with the acquiescence of all Slovak parties except the Social Democrats formed an autonomous Slovak government

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Hitler gave a speech in Berlin on 26 September 1938 and declared that the Sudetenland was "the last territorial demand I have to make in Europe". He also stated that he had told Chamberlain, "I have assured him further that, and this I repeat here before you, once this issue has been resolved, there

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The expulsion according to the Potsdam Conference proceeded from 25 January 1946 until October of that year. An estimated 1.6 million ethnic Germans were deported to the American zone of what would become West Germany. An estimated 800,000 were deported to the Soviet zone (in what would become

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and its consequences. After World War II broke out, a Czechoslovak national committee was constituted in France, and under Beneš's presidency sought international recognition as the exiled government of Czechoslovakia. This attempt led to some minor successes, such as the French-Czechoslovak treaty

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A paradox of German policy was that the collaborators such as Hácha were held in contempt by the Nazis as "riff raft" while those who clung most defiantly to their sense of Czech identity were considered to be the better subjects of Germanizaton. Heydrich in a report to Berlin stated that Hácha was

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that during this meeting, Hácha had told him that "he wanted to place the fate of the Czech State in the Führer's hands." Hácha later met with Hitler, where Hitler gave the Czech President two options: cooperate with Germany, in which case the "entry of German troops would take place in a tolerable

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with the chiefs of governments of France, Italy and Britain. The Czechoslovak government was neither invited nor consulted. On 29 September, the Munich Agreement was signed by Germany, Italy, France and Britain. The Czechoslovak government capitulated on 30 September, despite the army's opposition,

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At the Hossbach conference on 5 November 1937, Hitler announced that seizing Czechoslovakia would increase the supply of food under German control, which in turn would lessen the need to import food, thereby freeing up more foreign exchange to import raw materials necessary for the Four Year Plan's

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Hitler's interest in Czechoslovakia was largely economic. Germany had the second-largest economy in the world, but German agriculture was not capable of feeding the population, and there was also a lack of many raw materials, which had to be imported. The Four-Year Plan that Hitler had launched in

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The same day, Hitler met with Chamberlain and demanded the swift takeover of the Sudetenland by Nazi Germany under threat of war. Czechoslovakia, Hitler claimed, was slaughtering the Sudeten Germans. Chamberlain referred the demand to the British and French governments, both of which accepted. The

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and instructed him to persuade Beneš to agree to a plan acceptable to the Sudeten Germans. On 2 September, Beneš submitted the Fourth Plan, which granted nearly all of the demands of the Karlsbader Programm. Intent on obstructing conciliation, however, the SdP held demonstrations that provoked the

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steel complex, an expensive program to develop synthetic fuel, and various other equally expensive chemical and aluminum programs, all of which strained the German economy. The Great Depression was an era of trade wars and protectionism, which imposed limits on Germany's ability to export and thus

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The rebel Slovak Army, formed to fight the Germans, had an estimated 18,000 soldiers in August, a total which first increased to 47,000 after mobilisation on 9 September 1944, and later to 60,000, plus 20,000 partisans. However, in late August, German troops were able to disarm the Eastern Slovak

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In May 1945, Czechoslovak troops took possession of the borderland. A Czechoslovak administrative commission composed exclusively of Czechs was established. Sudeten Germans were subjected to restrictive measures and conscripted for compulsory labor. On 15 June, however, Beneš called Czechoslovak

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was taken by the Soviets. A Czechoslovak delegation under František Němec was dispatched to the area. The delegation was to mobilize the liberated local population to form a Czechoslovak army and to prepare for elections in cooperation with recently established national committees. Loyalty to a

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Czechoslovak forces regrouped in 1942–1943. The Council of the Three (R3)—in which the communist underground was also represented—emerged as the focal point of the resistance. The R3 prepared to assist the liberating armies of the U.S. and the Soviet Union. In cooperation with Red Army partisan

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At the time, Czechoslovakia had Europe's 7th largest economy and Czechoslovakia had easily the most modern, developed, and industrialized economy in Eastern Europe. The former Austrian provinces of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia that now comprise the modern Czech Republic had been the industrial

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Beneš's interest in maintaining friendly relations with the Soviet Union was motivated also by his desire to avoid Soviet encouragement of a post-war communist coup in Czechoslovakia. Beneš worked to bring Czechoslovak communist exiles in Britain into cooperation with his government, offering

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I am asking neither that Germany be allowed to oppress three and a half million Frenchmen, nor am I asking that three and a half million Englishmen be placed at our mercy. Rather I am simply demanding that the oppression of three and a half million Germans in Czechoslovakia cease and that the

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wrote the huge demands of the Four Year Plan "...could not be fully met by a policy of import substitution and industrial rationalisation", thus leading Hitler to decide in November 1937 that to stay ahead in the arms race with the other powers that Germany had to seize Czechoslovakia in the

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The Munich Agreement had been precipitated by the subversive activities of the Sudeten Germans. During the latter years of the war, Beneš worked toward resolving the German minority problem and received consent from the Allies for a solution based on a postwar transfer of the Sudeten German

2150:," hence, the Czechs were not subjected to a similar degree of random and organized acts of brutality that their Polish counterparts experienced. Such capacity for Aryanization was supported by the position that part of the Czech population had German ancestry. On the other hand, the Czechs/ 1180:

on 7 September. The Sudeten Germans broke off negotiations on 13 September, and violence and disruption ensued. As Czechoslovak troops attempted to restore order, Henlein flew to Germany, and on 15 September, he issued a proclamation demanding the takeover of the Sudetenland by Germany.

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of 2 October 1939, which allowed for the reconstitution of the Czechoslovak army on French territory, yet full recognition was not reached. The Czechoslovak army in France was established on 24 January 1940, and units of its 1st Infantry Division took part in the last stages of the

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There are sources that highlighted the more favorable treatment of the Czechs during the German occupation in comparison to the treatment of the Poles and the Ukrainians. This is attributed to the view within the Nazi hierarchy that a large swath of the populace was "capable of

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brought about increases in rations for workers in the armaments industry, improved welfare services, free shoes and for a short time, a five-day work week as Saturday was made a holiday. The National Union of Employees was remolded in the style of the Nazi pseudo-union, the

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were occupied mostly by Soviet troops (the Red Army), supported by Czech and Slovak resistance, from the east to the west; only southwestern Bohemia was liberated by other Allied troops from the west. Even at the end of the war, German troops massacred Czech civilians; the

2505:(the U.S., Britain and the Soviet Union) and presented plans for a "humane and orderly transfer" of the Sudeten German population. There were substantial exceptions from expulsions that applied to about 244,000 ethnic Germans who were allowed to remain in Czechoslovakia. 2413:(Czech: Pražské povstání) began. It was an attempt by the Czech resistance to liberate the city of Prague from German occupation during World War II. The uprising went on until 8 May 1945, ending in a ceasefire the day before the arrival of the Red Army and one day after 2760:

Consideration of the notes of the British Cabinet meeting, to be held on Monday 19 September 1938, strongly suggest, in contrast, that most British Ministers had few or no misconceptions about Hitler's ultimate aims in Central Europe. National Archives, CAB/23/95.

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Beneš hoped for a restoration of the Czechoslovak state in its pre-Munich form after the anticipated Allied victory, a false hope. The government in exile—with Beneš as president of republic—was set up in June 1940 in exile in London, with the President living at

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inhabitants. Hungary, in turn, received 11,882 km (4,588 sq mi) in southern Slovakia and southern Carpathian Ruthenia; according to a 1941 census, about 86.5% of the population in this territory was Hungarian. Meanwhile, Poland annexed the town of

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almost immediately assumed leadership of the revolt. Over 1,600 barricades were erected throughout the city, and some 30,000 Czech men and women battled for three days against 40,000 German troops backed by tanks, aircraft and artillery. On 8 May, the German

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These demands were adopted by the government-in-exile, which sought the support of the Allies for this proposal, beginning in 1943. During the occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Government-in-Exile promulgated a series of laws that are now referred to as the

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with Austria had shown, the governments of France, the United Kingdom and Czechoslovakia were set on avoiding war at any cost. The French government did not wish to face Germany alone and took its lead from the British government, led by Prime Minister

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government £8 million and make a gift of £4 million. Part of the funds were allocated to help resettle Czechs and Slovaks who had fled from territories lost to Germany, Hungary, and Poland in the Munich Agreement or the Vienna Arbitration Award.

1156:. He contended that Sudeten German grievances were justified and believed that Hitler's intentions were limited. That made Britain and France advise Czechoslovakia to concede to the German demands. Beneš resisted, and on 20 May 1938, a partial 1160:

was under way in response to the possible German invasion. It is suggested that the mobilisation could have been launched on basis of Soviet misinformation about Germany being on verge of invasion, which aimed to trigger war in Western Europe.

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A provisional Czechoslovak government was established by the Soviets in the eastern Slovak city of Košice on 4 April 1945. "National committees" (supervised by the Red Army) took over the administration of towns as the Germans were expelled.

1889:. Many Czech factories continued to produce Czech designs until converted to German designs. Czechoslovakia also had other major manufacturing companies. Entire steel and chemical factories were moved from Czechoslovakia and reassembled in 1216:

The Czechoslovak capitulation precipitated an outburst of national indignation. In demonstrations and rallies, Czechs and Slovaks called for a strong military government to defend the integrity of the state. A new cabinet, under General

2330:). The Beneš decrees declared that German property was to be confiscated without compensation. However, the final agreement authorizing the forced population transfer of the Germans was not reached until 2 August 1945 at the end of the 2427:

which had begun on 6 May and ended by 11 May. When the Soviets arrived, Prague was already in a general state of confusion due to the Prague Uprising. Soviet and other Allied troops were withdrawn from Czechoslovakia in the same year.

2452:(who had collaborated with the Hungarians) from political participation. This amounted to approximately ⅓ of the population. Another ⅓ was communist, leaving ⅓ of the population presumably sympathetic to the Czechoslovak Republic. 1823:

First issue of a Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 1 koruna note (1939). An unissued series of 1938 Republic of Czechoslovakia notes were marked with an identifying oval stamp on the front left side until regular issue could be

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of the German people". British public opinion changed drastically after the invasion. Chamberlain realised that the Munich Agreement had meant nothing to Hitler. Chamberlain told the British public on 17 March during a speech in

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far-reaching concessions, including the nationalization of heavy industry and the creation of local people's committees at the war's end. In March 1945, he gave key cabinet positions to Czechoslovak communist exiles in Moscow.

1955:, and the Czechoslovak resistance acknowledged Beneš's leadership. Active collaboration between London and the Czechoslovak home front was maintained throughout the war years. The most important event of the resistance was 1662:

First German poster in Prague, 15 March 1939. English translation: "Notice to the population. By order of the Führer and Supreme Commander of the German Wehrmacht. I have taken over, as of today, the executive power in the

9543: 10109: 2026:). Two thousand eighty-eight Czechs and 401 Slovaks fought in 11th Infantry Battalion-East alongside the British during the war in areas such as North Africa and Palestine. Among others, Czech fighter pilot, Sergeant 2113:

on 4 April 1945. "National committees" took over the administration of towns as the Germans were expelled. More than 4,850 such committees were formed between 1944 and the end of the war under the supervision of the

2249:(in the summer of 1941) and the U.S. (in the winter) recognised the exiled government. In 1942, Allied repudiation of the Munich Agreement established the political and legal continuity of the First Republic and 9548: 3427:

Naše geografická situace a historie naší země od 10. století tu může býti všem dostatečným důvodem a dokladem k tomu, že toto konečné řešení německé otázky u nás je naprosto nezbytné, jedině správné a opravdu

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Czechoslovak state was tenuous in Carpathian Ruthenia. Beneš's proclamation of April 1944 excluded former collaborationist Hungarians, Germans and the Rusynophile Ruthenian followers of Andrej Bródy and the

8938: 1221:, was installed, and on 23 September 1938, a decree of general mobilization was issued. The Czechoslovak Army was modern, had an excellent system of frontier fortifications and was prepared to fight. The 1103:, demanding autonomy for the Sudetenland and the freedom to profess National Socialist ideology. If Henlein's demands were granted, the Sudetenland would be an autonomous state aligned with Nazi Germany. 902:

in this area. The incorporation of the Sudetenland into Germany left the rest of Czechoslovakia with a largely indefensible northwestern border. Also a small northeastern part of the borderland region of

2074:, a non-aggression agreement between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, had left the KSČ in disarray. But ever faithful to the Soviet line, the KSČ began a more active struggle against the Germans after 9578: 9558: 1731:'s threat to bomb the capital and by four o'clock he contacted Prague, effectively "signing Czechoslovakia away" to Germany. Göring acknowledged making the threat to the British ambassador to Germany, 2195:

The Slovaks were aided in the Uprising by soldiers and partisans from the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, US, France, the Czech Republic, and Poland. In total, 32 nations were involved in the Uprising.

1667:. Headquarters, Prague, 15 March 1939. Commander, 3rd Army, Blaskowitz, General of infantry." The Czech translation includes numerous grammatical errors (possibly intentionally, as a form of disdain). 3646:"Stellungnahme der Deutsch-Tschechischen Historikerkommission zu den Vertreibungsverlusten :: Tschechien-portal | nemecko-portal .info :: Informationsnetzwerk | Informaèní si»" 1171:

In the meantime, the British government demanded for Beneš to request a mediator. Not wishing to sever his government's ties with Western Europe, Beneš reluctantly accepted. The British appointed

1095:(SdP) as the agent for Hitler's campaign. Henlein met with Hitler in Berlin on 28 March 1938, where he was instructed to raise demands unacceptable to the Czechoslovak government led by president 11002: 8931: 2158:

influences. This was illustrated in a series of discussion, which denigrated it as less valuable and, specifically, the Czechs as "dangerous and must be handled differently from Aryan peoples."

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East Germany). Several thousand died violently during the expulsion and many more died from hunger and illness as a consequence. These casualties include violent deaths and suicides, deaths in

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presidency. The success of Operation Anthropoid—which resulted in the British-backed assassination of one of Hitler's top henchmen, Reichsprotektor of Bohemia and Moravia Reinhard Heydrich, by

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earn foreign exchange. Moreover, the Four Year Plan with its aim of autarky led to Germany increasing its tariffs, which led other nations to do likewise in retaliation. The British historian

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How horrible, fantastic, incredible it is that we should be digging trenches and trying on gas masks here because of a quarrel in a far-away country between people of whom we know nothing.

7938: 1800:, Germany had now conquered seven million Czechs. Hitler's proclamation creating the protectorate on 16 March claimed that "Bohemia and Moravia have for thousands of years belonged to the 1322:(some 906 km (350 sq mi)), some 250,000 inhabitants, Poles making up about 36% of population, and two minor border areas in northern Slovakia, more precisely in the regions 9568: 1739:

reported that according to an unnamed, considered a reliable source by Coulondre, by half past four, Hácha was "in a state of total collapse, and kept going only by means of injections."

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Hitler totally ignored the agreements of the Munich Agreement and scheduled a German invasion of Bohemia and Moravia for the morning of 15 March. In the interim, he negotiated with the

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On 8 May 1944, Beneš signed an agreement with Soviet leaders stipulating that "Czechoslovak territory liberated by Soviet armies" would be placed under Czechoslovak civilian control.

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economic problems that: "He simply saw war instrumentally, as the Japanese had done in Manchuria, as a way to expand the German resource base and to secure it against other powers".

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quoting Beneš, Z. – Kuklík, J. ml. – Kural, V. – Pešek, J., Odsun – Vertreibung (Transfer Němců z Československa 1945–1947), Ministerstvo mládeže a tělovýchovy ČR 2002, s. 49–50.

11027: 7609: 3645: 10069: 9888: 9793: 49: 1687:, the NSDAP's economic expert, where he spoke about his wish to occupy Czecho-Slovakia for economic reasons, saying that Germany needed its raw materials and industries. 1333:

Soon after Munich, 115,000 Czechs and 30,000 Germans fled to the remaining rump of Czechoslovakia. According to the Institute for Refugee Assistance, the actual count of

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broke off on 14 March 1939, and Hungary annexed the remainder of Carpathian Ruthenia the following day. On 15 March, during a visit to Berlin, the Czechoslovak president

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resigned as president of the First Czechoslovak Republic on 5 October 1938 after the Nazi coup. In London, he and other Czechoslovak exiles organized a Czechoslovak

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The Slovak National Uprising ("1944 Uprising") was an armed struggle between German Wehrmacht forces and rebel Slovak troops August–October 1944. It was centered at

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Czechoslovakia had fielded a modern army of 35 divisions and was a major manufacturer of machine guns, tanks, and artillery, most of them assembled in the

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Shortly before World War II, Czechoslovakia ceased to exist. Its territory was divided into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, the newly declared

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During the occupation, between 294,000 to 320,000 citizens were murdered, the majority of them Jews. Reprisal killings were especially harsh after the

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Hitler–Beneš–Tito: National Conflicts, World Wars, Genocides, Expulsions, and Divided Remembrance in East-Central and Southeastern Europe, 1848–2018

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the country was already serving as a major hub of military production for Germany, manufacturing aircraft, tanks, artillery, and other armaments.

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announced its willingness to come to Czechoslovakia's assistance. Beneš, however, refused to go to war without the support of the Western powers.

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The German economy—burdened by heavy militarisation—urgently needed foreign currency. Setting up an artificially high exchange rate between the

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and Ukrainophiles, agreed on the establishment of an autonomous government, which was constituted on 8 October. Reflecting the spread of modern

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Besides violating his promises at Munich, the annexation of the rest of Czechoslovakia was, unlike Hitler's previous actions, not described in

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and Poland—had to cede after the arbitration of Germany and Italy awarded southern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia to Hungary, while Poland

5527: 3520: 1646: 10937: 10504: 10166: 8186: 7532: 7271: 5761: 5745: 5717: 4172: 2298:) which would have to be "solved" by deportation of the ethnic Germans from their homeland. These reprisals included massacres in villages 2283: 1994:, ON) with branches in Britain and France. Czechoslovak units and formations with Czechs (c. 65–70%), and Slovaks (c. 30%) served with the 837: 64: 7626: 2188:

Army, which was the best equipped, and thus significantly decreased the power of the Slovak Army. Many members of this force were sent to

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Guerrilla activity intensified with a rising number of parachuted units in 1944, leading to the establishment of partisan groups such as

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heartland of the Austrian empire, where the majority of the arms for the Imperial Austrian Army were manufactured, most notably at the

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advised President Hácha to meet with Hitler. When Hácha arrived in Berlin on 14 March, he met with the German Foreign Minister,

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total number of victims of the expulsion 15,000–16,000 (this excludes suicides, which make another approximately 3,400 cases).

2435:

were from Czechoslovakia, 277,000 of them Jews. As many as 144,000 Soviet troops died during the liberation of Czechoslovakia.

2109:, Jan Kozina Brigade or Master Jan Hus Brigade, and especially after the formation of a provisional Czechoslovak government in 1782:

Viktor Pick's 1939 visa used to escape Prague on the last train out on 15 March. Later, he arrived safely in British Palestine.

1764: 1525: 643: 414: 306: 20: 9656: 8458: 10578: 9685: 9675: 9553: 8136: 8029: 6683: 6588: 6115: 5861: 5736: 4822: 4796: 4653: 4359: 4276: 3904: 3868: 3842: 3823: 3776: 3758: 3739: 3720: 3499:"The Voice of Russia ( PICTORIAL ART DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR [ Exhibition 5. WW II: The Chronicle of Stone] )" 3411: 3386: 3336: 3308: 3283: 3258: 3129: 3053: 3028: 2888: 2785: 89: 11092: 10942: 10225: 9883: 9773: 9723: 8756: 8284: 7968: 7885: 7851: 6916: 6323: 6209: 5374: 4841: 4837: 4815: 4419: 1556: 337: 9969: 10514: 9995: 9818: 9433: 8728: 8481: 8317: 7994: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7367: 6831: 6295: 5627: 5613: 4826: 3795:

Overy, Richard (1999). "Germany and the Munich Crisis: A Multilated Victory?". In Igor Lukes & Erik Goldstein (ed.).

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encountered resistance but the Hungarian army quickly crushed it. On 16 March, Hitler went to the Czech lands and from

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were not considered by the Germans as a racial equal due to its classification as a mixture of races with Jewish and

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The democratic groups—ON, PÚ, and PVVZ—united in early 1940 and formed the Central Committee of the Home Resistance (

2067: 2015: 1052: 637: 115: 10156: 4311: 2463:—issued a resolution requesting separation of Subcarpathian Ruthenia from Czechoslovakia and incorporation into the 1819: 11057: 11052: 10847: 10583: 10531: 10521: 9873: 8987: 8714: 8409: 8129: 8034: 8022: 7880: 7306: 7193: 6351: 6288: 5423: 5259: 4382: 3936: 2859:

Volker: Die Sudetendeutschen im NS-Staat. Politik und Stimmung der Bevölkerung im Reichsgau Sudetenland (1938–1945)

2204: 1624: 1385: 1257: 1141: 166: 10781: 9669: 8923: 4936: 1951:—head of Czechoslovak military intelligence—organized and coordinated a resistance network. Hácha, Prime Minister 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10536: 10218: 9878: 9848: 8721: 8273: 8039: 7633: 7479: 6717: 6558: 6547: 6383: 6142: 6101: 5994: 5932: 5319: 4589: 4458: 4426: 2474:

to the Soviet Union was signed in June 1945. Czechs and Slovaks living in Subcarpathian Ruthenia and Ruthenians (

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Approximately 225,000 Germans remained in Czechoslovakia, of whom 50,000 emigrated or were expelled soon after.

10870: 10825: 10408: 10398: 10033: 9858: 9803: 9135: 8518: 8363: 7843: 7808: 7103: 7075: 6953: 6746: 5983: 5434: 5360: 5156: 4527: 4246: 4151: 4036: 2762: 2568: 1855: 989: 536: 53: 2391: 11037: 10558: 10543: 10466: 10436: 10413: 10255: 9914: 9909: 9530: 9418: 9229: 8342: 8214: 7755: 7163: 7096: 7047: 6978: 6803: 6309: 6260: 6024: 6017: 5620: 5381: 5172: 4225: 2052:, PÚ). The PÚ was nearly destroyed by arrests in November 1939, after which younger politicians took control. 1566: 459: 347: 9491: 8588: 8068: 2556: 1165: 10885: 10766: 10756: 10746: 10634: 10482: 10456: 10446: 10332: 10079: 10074: 10064: 9974: 9783: 9778: 9753: 9646: 8700: 8302: 8262: 7237: 7133: 6508: 6469: 5388: 5223: 5208: 5135: 5114: 4932: 4610: 4396: 4389: 4373: 4084: 4043: 4015: 2496:

Sudeten Germans are forced to walk past the bodies of 30 Jewish women starved to death by German SS troops.

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The army command coordinated with a multitude of spontaneous groupings to form the Defense of the Nation (

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On 5 October 1938, Beneš resigned as president since he realised that the fall of Czechoslovakia was a

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The Psychology of Genocide and Violent Oppression: A Study of Mass Cruelty from Nazi Germany to Rwanda

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The Greater German Reich and the Jews: Nazi Persecution Policies in the Annexed Territories 1935–1945

1859: 1397: 1374: 560: 542: 426: 178: 155: 4667: 1893:(which incidentally remains a heavily industrialized area of Austria). In a speech delivered in the 10997: 10803: 10588: 10563: 10492: 10363: 9763: 9190: 9100: 9085: 8742: 8468: 7895: 7747: 7739: 7563: 6639: 6616: 5868: 5669: 5662: 5326: 4986: 4958: 4951: 4338: 2322:

of some 3,000,000 Germans and Hungarians from the land that had been their home for centuries (see

2189: 2175: 2023: 1980: 1979:; all men over 16 years from the village were murdered, and the rest of the population was sent to 1894: 1691: 985: 761: 679: 491: 453: 8894: 8092: 4683: 4660: 2331: 1315: 1291: 898:

annexed the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia on 1 October, giving Germany control of the extensive

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and educational institutions, constituted the Committee of the Petition that We Remain Faithful (

803: 42: 10210: 3522:

The Expulsion of the 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War

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Honorary Aryans: National-Racial Identity and Protected Jews in the Independent State of Croatia

2228:

and negotiated to obtain international recognition for the government and a renunciation of the

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lost about 38% of their combined area to Germany, with some 3.2 million German and 750,000

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On the morning of 15 March, German troops entered the remaining Czech parts of Czechoslovakia (

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On 28 September, Chamberlain appealed to Hitler for a conference. Hitler met the next day at

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was bullied into signing away his country's independence. On 16 March, Hitler proclaimed the

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The Third Reich in Power, 1933–1939: How the Nazis Won Over the Hearts and Minds of a Nation

3021:

The Third Reich in Power, 1933–1939: How the Nazis Won Over the Hearts and Minds of a Nation

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Upon arrival in Subcarpathian Ruthenia, the Czechoslovak delegation set up headquarters in

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The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of Second World War

2478:) living in Czechoslovakia were given the choice of Czechoslovak or Soviet citizenship. 1061: 10011: 9608: 9443: 9327: 9272: 9080: 9020: 8868: 8693: 8440: 8389: 8380: 8336: 7410: 7179: 7012: 6937: 6891: 6861: 6769: 6609: 6274: 6158: 6052: 6003: 5941: 5697: 5648: 5457: 5081: 4736: 4534: 3918: 3910: 3150: 2560:, the German invasion plan for Czechoslovakia rendered obsolete by the Munich Agreement 2502: 1756: 1349: 1283: 1269: 920: 815: 737: 685: 9456: 7821: 2209: 2181: 2027: 10315: 10119: 9145: 9070: 8909: 8808: 8121: 7771: 7388: 7170: 7054: 6944: 6884: 6845: 6778: 6760: 6726: 6669: 6623: 6567: 6392: 6130: 6122: 6059: 5912: 5506: 5038: 4499: 4478: 4188: 3922: 3900: 3864: 3838: 3819: 3800: 3772: 3754: 3735: 3716: 3632: 3616: 3557: 3481: 3407: 3382: 3371: 3332: 3304: 3279: 3254: 3243: 3125: 3049: 3024: 2884: 2862: 2781: 2641: 2631: 2260: 2214: 2031: 1960: 1939:

and their fellows, in total 254 people, were executed en masse on 24 October 1942 in

1936: 1628: 1535: 673: 649: 584: 447: 316: 9025: 7715: 3245:

Germany's Foreign Policy Towards Poland and the Czech Republic: Ostpolitik Revisited

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Czechoslovakia between Stalin and Hitler: The Diplomacy of Edvard Beneš in the 1930s

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brought consumer goods to Germans (and soon created shortages in the Czech lands).

1736: 1732: 1712: 1703:

After the secession of Slovakia and Ruthenia, British Ambassador to Czechoslovakia

1632: 1427: 1124: 1069: 891: 731: 667: 515: 503: 208: 8815: 7638: 4269: 2311: 10548: 9853: 9471: 9461: 9090: 8979: 8435: 8402: 8156: 8085: 7836: 7571: 7465: 7453: 7326: 7256: 7112: 6824: 6739: 6697: 6595: 6538: 6406: 6188: 6179: 5708: 5290: 5266: 4520: 3671: 3602: 3003: 2528: 2410: 2119: 2007: 1684: 1047: 970: 959: 9758: 7314: 7224: 2578: 2221: 1760: 1631:, gained control of the local government and Subcarpathian Ruthenia was renamed 1133: 1096: 9893: 9828: 9466: 9287: 8605: 8294: 8153: 7287: 7119: 6655: 6581: 4633: 4492: 3576:"Memories of World War II in the Czech Lands: the expulsion of Sudeten Germans" 3087:, Minister for Foreign Affairs. Berlin, 17 March 1939., available online here: 3084: 2606: 2342: 2291: 2245:. On 18 July 1940, it was recognised by the British government. Belatedly, the 2237:, as did some Czechoslovak fighter pilots in various French fighter squadrons. 2055:

Social democrats and leftist intellectuals, in association with such groups as

1636: 1327: 1210: 1088: 1084: 1073: 862: 566: 471: 8453:ČSR; declared a "people's democracy" (without a formal name change) under the 3941: 3088: 2973: 2818:

Hitler: speeches and proclamations, 1932–1945: the chronicle of a dictatorship

1882: 1035: 980:

In March 1944 Germany extended the occupation of Czechoslovakia to Hungary in

19:

This article is about the World War II occupation. For the 1968 invasion, see

10926: 9944: 9833: 9150: 9140: 9110: 9095: 9050: 8464: 7872: 7396: 6930: 4855: 4704: 4543: 3878: 3502: 2373:

On 21 September, Czechoslovak troops formed in the Soviet-liberated village,

2242: 1964: 1793: 1768: 1521: 1306: 1011: 947: 912: 797: 773: 465: 302: 135: 7433: 3952: 3208: 2763:

http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/small/cab-23-95-cc-40-38-4.pdf

2645: 1672: 1218: 954:, but almost powerless, State President. Czechoslovakia was occupied by the 939: 10676: 9798: 9165: 9010: 8955: 8429: 8237: 8017: 7643: 7499: 7392: 7291: 7229: 7033: 5333: 5238: 4869: 4232: 3996: 3914: 3896: 3100: 3006:. 15 March 1939 Notes of Conversation between Adolf Hitler and Emil Hacha. 2438: 2286:

demanded, with eerie irony and based on Nazi terror during the occupation,

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began spontaneously in Prague, and the newly formed Czech National Council

2011: 1724: 1720: 1704: 1310: 1241:

will no longer be any further territorial problems for Germany in Europe!"

1222: 1157: 1065: 935: 895: 866: 578: 2501:

authorities to order. In July, Czechoslovak representatives addressed the

2264: 1932: 1330:. (226 km (87 sq mi), 4,280 inhabitants, only 0.3% Poles). 10104: 9125: 9060: 8860: 8249: 8080: 7338: 6868: 6854: 6516: 5192: 5013: 4998: 4352: 3767:

Miller, Daniel (2005). "The Czech Republic". In Richard C. Frucht (ed.).

3556:

Biman, S. – Cílek, R.: Poslední mrtví, první živí. Ústí nad Labem 1989. (

2386: 2319: 2314:". One part of these decrees dealt with the status of ethnic Germans and 2303: 2056: 2003: 1995: 1976: 1197: 1193: 1077: 874: 9838: 7859: 3329:

Hidden Armies of the Second World War: World War II Resistance Movements

1352:, the SS and police general and Secretary of State in the Protectorate. 10146: 9130: 9115: 9015: 8622: 7487: 6223: 5976: 5955: 4848: 4181: 4109: 3158: 2845: 2403: 2382: 2357: 2350: 1874: 1808: 1802: 1788: 1612: 1319: 951: 904: 870: 707: 509: 497: 484: 7669: 2846:

Forced displacement of Czech population under Germans in 1938 and 1943

1274: 10624: 10497: 9212: 9045: 9005: 8614: 6486: 5891: 5688: 5499: 5297: 5252: 3861:

Hitler and Czechoslovakia in World War II: Domination and Retaliation

2523:

cases it was initiated or pursued by assistance of the regular army.

2460: 2133: 2099: 958:, and real power was vested in Hitler's personal representative, the 955: 886: 695: 4773: 3835:

The Wages of Destruction The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy

2306:, although these villages were not connected with Czech resistance. 2110: 2082: 1129: 31: 10161: 9105: 8503: 8352: 4757: 4485: 3478:Československo-sovětské vztahy v diplomatických jednáních 1939–1945 3149: 2115: 2019: 1695:

15 March and a small part of eastern Slovakia as well on 23 March.

1886: 1189: 881:, and by the end of 1944 extended to all parts of Czechoslovakia. 10240: 8487: 8231: 8227: 8223: 3461:"Prozatimní NS RČS 1945–1946, 2. schůze, část 2/4 (28. 10. 1945)" 2492: 2361:

Demarcation line between the Soviet and American armies, May 1945

2251: 1664: 1334: 1302: 1298: 1177: 3769:

Eastern Europe An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture

1792:. After having repeatedly stated that he was interested only in 1323: 11003:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Czechoslovakia

9593: 8477: 5367: 3965: 3943:

History Hustle: The Czech Lands during World War II (1938–1945)

3480:. Dokumenty. Díl 2 (červenec 1943 – březen 1945). Praha. 1999. 2475: 2420: 2299: 1972: 1355: 1245: 1711:

prior to meeting with Hitler. Von Ribbentrop testified at the

1675:, who succeeded Beneš, was elected president of the federated 1235:

Neville Chamberlain, 27 September 1938, 8 p.m. radio broadcast

5555: 2456: 2151: 1947:

Beneš—the leader of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile—and

1811:

that Hitler was attempting "to dominate the world by force".

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pictured before signing the Munich Agreement, which gave the

3730:

Gruner, Wolf (2015). "Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia".

2833:"Statystyczni i niestatystyczni Polacy w Republice Czeskiej" 3691: 2481: 1890: 1278:

The partition of Czechoslovakia. First Vienna Award in red.

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The following groups of ethnic Germans were not deported:

1983:

where many women and nearly all the children were killed.

1209:

but refused because it was an ally of Czechoslovakia (see

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Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 10 Friday, 29 March 1946

2944: 2942: 2940: 2409:

On 5 May 1945, in the last moments of the war in Europe,

11008:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Germany

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The Road to War III: Appeasement to Occupation of Prague

2927: 2925: 2439:

Annexation of Subcarpathian Ruthenia by the Soviet Union

2282:

for the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich, most of the

1986:

The Czechoslovak resistance comprised four main groups:

1108:

inalienable right to self-determination takes its place.

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in postwar Czechoslovakia, and laid the ground for the

11028:

Military history of Czechoslovakia during World War II

8151: 4627:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

3788:

The Change in the European Balance of Power, 1938–1940

3696:. Florence: European University Institute. p. 11. 3638: 3528:. Italy: European University Institute. Archived from 3278:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 158. 3219: 2937: 2910: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2385:

in northeastern part of the country. Slovakia and the

1256:. After the outbreak of World War II, he would form a 3734:. War and Genocide. Berghahn Books. pp. 99–135. 3345: 3180: 2922: 2681: 2679: 2267:

on 27 May—influenced the Allies in this repudiation.

2030:

was one of the most successful fighter pilots in the

1923:

Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia

3109:. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 130–131. 2739: 2652: 2078:, Germany's attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941. 8857:

European foreign policy of the Chamberlain ministry

3519:Steffen Prauser; Arfon Rees, eds. (December 2004). 3514: 3512: 2720: 2708: 2691: 2198: 1751:in German), meeting practically no resistance (the 1635:. In 1939, during the occupation, the Nazis banned 56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7286: 3633:http://www.fronta.cz/dotaz/odsun-pocet-umrti#pozn1 2676: 10579:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo 9442: 8795:German evacuation from Central and Eastern Europe 3881:(2019). "Hitler's Occupation of Czechoslovakia". 2625: 1005:were spent on various armament works such as the 995: 609:Soviet–Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance 10924: 3797:The Munich Crisis, 1938, Prelude to World War II 3552: 3550: 3509: 3119: 3018: 2628:Poteri narodonaselenii︠a︡ v XX veke: spravochnik 2290:or the "final solution of the German question" ( 1113:Adolf Hitler's speech at the NSDAP Congress 1938 984:, then to Slovakia in August 1944 following the 3713:Prague in Black Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism 2811: 2809: 2423:was taken on 9 May by Soviet troops during the 2365: 1166:secret directive for war against Czechoslovakia 1041: 8422:ČSR; boundaries and government established by 3751:The History of the Czech Republic and Slovakia 2377:, which was the first liberated settlement of 2107:1st Czechoslovak Partisan Brigade of Jan Žižka 1023:". Overy wrote about Hitler's attitude to the 11078:Democratic backsliding in the interwar period 10242:History of World War II by region and country 10226: 8939: 8519: 8137: 7272: 3981: 3957: 3753:, Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group, 3547: 3099: 2137:capitulated; Soviet troops arrived on 9 May. 2086:The names of executed Czechs, 21 October 1944 1796:, the unification of ethnic Germans into one 1591: 838: 372: 65:"Occupation of Czechoslovakia" 1938–1945 10009: 9210: 8985: 8977: 3771:. Santa Monica: ABC-CLIO. pp. 203–283. 3406:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 88. 3331:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 118. 3240: 3043: 2806: 2192:; others escaped and joined partisan units. 1356:Second Republic (October 1938 to March 1939) 1340:On 4 December 1938, there were elections in 877:in 1938, continued with the creation of the 3818:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 3401: 3303:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 7. 3144: 3093: 3089:http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/ylbk077.asp 2626:Ėrlikhman, Vadim; Эрлихман, Вадим. (2004). 2217:, one of the assassins of Reinhard Heydrich 2169: 1828: 597:German–Polish declaration of non-aggression 11083:Germany–Soviet Union relations (1918–1941) 10233: 10219: 8946: 8932: 8526: 8512: 8385:1944 / 1946 – 1991 8144: 8130: 7279: 7265: 3988: 3974: 2851: 2605: 1916: 1598: 1584: 845: 831: 379: 365: 3858: 3626: 3152:An Attempt to Dominate the World by Force 2878: 1337:on 1 March 1939 stood at almost 150,000. 927:the southern territories of Slovakia and 792:Soviet–British–French Moscow negotiations 603:Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance 116:Learn how and when to remove this message 11073:Democratic backsliding in Czechoslovakia 11018:Eastern European theatre of World War II 3937:Hitler's directive for "Operation Green" 3813: 3799:. London: Frank Cass. pp. 191–215. 3790:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 3298: 3176:(2nd ed.), Prague: Rybka publishers 3062: 2948: 2916: 2491: 2488:Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia 2482:Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia 2356: 2341: 2324:expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia 2208: 2081: 1926: 1818: 1777: 1657: 1645: 1273: 1183: 1128: 1051: 768:Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War 129: 11088:Germany–Soviet Union military relations 8438:of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia. 8064:Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II 3748: 3715:. Harvard University Press: Cambridge. 3368: 3273: 3228: 1759:where an infantry company commanded by 1615:. Similarly, the two major factions in 10925: 9601: 9426: 9222: 8998: 8736:Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine 5835: 5813:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 3877: 3785: 3766: 3729: 3710: 3573: 3356: 3326: 3276:The Extermination of the European Jews 3195: 3124:. Penguin Books Limited. p. 689. 3023:. Penguin Books Limited. p. 683. 2954: 2931: 2748: 2658: 1765:Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine 1755:of organized resistance took place in 750:Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine 21:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 10214: 8927: 8884:History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938) 8507: 8125: 7260: 6684:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 6116:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 5762:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 5718:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 4823:Rape during the occupation of Germany 3969: 3956: 3832: 3794: 3672:"Minorities and Population Transfers" 3377:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. 3322: 3320: 3241:Cordell, Karl; Wolff, Stefan (2005). 2830: 2773: 2733: 2714: 2702: 2685: 2670: 2406:was taken by the Soviets on 4 April. 1263: 8802:German expulsion from Czechoslovakia 8533: 8285:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic 5806:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 4838:Rape during the liberation of France 3692:Steffen Prauser, Arfon Rees (2004). 3590: 3171: 2601: 2599: 1931:The relatives of Czech paratroopers 1763:fought invading German troops). The 1627:, the pro-Ukrainian faction, led by 1147:As the tepid reaction to the German 931:, largely inhabited by Hungarians. 54:adding citations to reliable sources 25: 10938:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 8318:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 7995:1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division 3816:The Origins of the Second World War 3404:Czechoslovakia in Africa, 1945–1968 2465:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 2431:It is estimated that about 345,000 1838:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 1814: 1773:protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 1654:meeting in Berlin, 14/15 March 1939 1118: 944:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 879:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 744:German occupation of Czechoslovakia 13: 11023:Jews and Judaism in Czechoslovakia 8850:Events preceding the war in Europe 6032:German invasion of the Netherlands 4312:Weather events during World War II 3889:Austrian Academy of Sciences Press 3852: 3609: 3317: 3234: 2816:Max Domarus; Adolf Hitler (1990). 2612:Hitler: Volume I: Ascent 1889–1939 2550:Czechoslovak border fortifications 1282:In early November 1938, under the 1168:to begin no later than 1 October. 1099:. On 24 April, the SdP issued the 967:assassination of Reinhard Heydrich 911:, ostensibly to protect the local 900:Czechoslovak border fortifications 726:Undeclared German–Czechoslovak War 14: 11104: 10948:World War II occupied territories 9381:Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe 8708:German invasion of Czechoslovakia 6663:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 3930: 3174:Kam zmizel zlatý poklad republiky 3046:Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives 2596: 2552:– built 1935–1938 against Germany 2337: 2068:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 2016:1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade 1196:, greet German soldiers with the 973:. Large numbers were drafted for 890:of Austria in March 1938 and the 638:Remilitarization of the Rhineland 9869:Serbia (Commissioner Government) 8715:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 8106: 8105: 7223: 3995: 2881:The Encyclopedia of World Ballet 2205:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 2199:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 2140: 2048:, created the Political Center ( 1625:Ukrainian national consciousness 1480:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 1384: 1258:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 1142:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 988:. The occupation ended with the 894:in September of that same year, 261:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 165: 30: 11063:20th century in the Czech lands 9849:Norway (Administrative Council) 8274:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 3685: 3664: 3574:Kenety, Brian (14 April 2005). 3567: 3501:. 22 March 2001. Archived from 3491: 3471: 3453: 3435: 3420: 3395: 3362: 3292: 3267: 3201: 3165: 3138: 3113: 3074: 3037: 3012: 2997: 2967: 2897: 2872: 2839: 2824: 2794: 2767: 2754: 2630:. Moskva: Russkai︠a︡ panorama. 1511:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 573:Nazis' rise to power in Germany 415:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 292:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 41:needs additional citations for 10933:Czechoslovakia in World War II 6910:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 4620:Territorial changes of Germany 4528:Indonesian National Revolution 2879:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015). 2619: 2518:those married to ethnic Czechs 2515:persons crucial for industries 2346:Residents of Prague greet the 2092:Ústřední výbor odboje domácího 2037:Beneš's collaborators, led by 1856:Republic of Carpathian Ukraine 1742: 996:The economic crisis in Germany 537:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 394:Events leading to World War II 16:Period of Czechoslovak history 1: 9874:Serbia (Council of Ministers) 6310:Japanese invasion of Thailand 6261:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 6025:German invasion of Luxembourg 4406:Mediterranean and Middle East 2589: 2545:Battle of Czajánek's barracks 2296:konečné řešení německé otázky 2061:Petiční výbor Věrni zůstaneme 1941:Mauthausen concentration camp 1567:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 992:at the end of World War II. 915:community in accordance with 756:German ultimatum to Lithuania 702:Polish ultimatum to Lithuania 348:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 9647:Army Group Rear Area Command 8954:Administrative divisions in 8701:Second Czechoslovak Republic 8575:Parliamentary election, 1935 6217:Invasion of the Soviet Union 5906:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 5224:Independent State of Croatia 3615:Z. Beneš, Rozumět dějinám. ( 3443:"Memorial and Reverent Area" 3402:Muehlenbeck, Philip (2016). 3249:. Oxon: Routledge. pp. 3209:"Czechoslovak Bn No 11 East" 2883:. Rowman & Littlefield. 2366:Liberation of Czechoslovakia 2278:Especially after the German 1904:Heydrich during his time as 1438:Second Czechoslovak Republic 1292:invaded Trans-Olza territory 1042:Demands for Sudeten autonomy 907:was occupied and annexed to 656:Italo-German "Axis" protocol 621:Anglo-German Naval Agreement 219:Second Czechoslovak Republic 7: 11093:Invasions of Czechoslovakia 10943:German military occupations 10029:Belgium and Northern France 9652:Belgium and Northern France 8788:Third Czechoslovak Republic 8463:ČSSR; from 1969, after the 7990:1st Czechoslovak Army Corps 7201:End of World War II in Asia 7041:Western invasion of Germany 6548:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 6525:Second Battle of El Alamein 6095:Hundred Regiments Offensive 6067:Battle of the Mediterranean 5920:Italian invasion of Albania 4094:Air warfare of World War II 3859:Crowhurst, Patrick (2013). 3786:Murray, Williamson (1984). 3274:Gerlach, Christian (2016). 2780:. Oxford University Press. 2569:International Students' Day 2538: 2392:Massacre in Trhová Kamenice 2348:Marshal of the Soviet Union 1846:Governorate of Subcarpathia 1842:Slovak Republic (1939–1945) 1698: 1490:Third Czechoslovak Republic 1418:First Czechoslovak Republic 1164:On 30 May, Hitler signed a 1138:President of Czechoslovakia 917:previous territorial claims 786:Italian invasion of Albania 780:British guarantee to Poland 271:Third Czechoslovak Republic 199:First Czechoslovak Republic 10: 11109: 9531:Civil Administration Areas 9136:Southern Hanover–Brunswick 7654:Slovak Insurgent Air Force 7634:Jan Žižka partisan brigade 7127:Naval bombardment of Japan 6495:First Battle of El Alamein 6414:Battle of Christmas Island 6359:Japanese invasion of Burma 6123:Italian invasion of Greece 6039:German invasion of Belgium 6011:German invasion of Denmark 5984:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 5853:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 4117:Comparative military ranks 3704: 3598:"Putting The Past to Rest" 2564:Hodonin concentration camp 2485: 2202: 2173: 2098:units, the R3 developed a 1920: 1835: 1267: 1122: 1045: 632:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 18: 10861: 10612: 10475: 10429: 10351: 10248: 10180: 10139: 10132: 10097: 10057: 10021: 10008: 9988: 9902: 9746: 9739: 9711: 9637: 9617: 9592: 9529: 9518: 9484: 9417: 9401:North Brabant and Limburg 9396:South Holland and Zeeland 9391:North Holland and Utrecht 9386:Gelderland and Overijssel 9371: 9300: 9248: 9209: 9179: 8976: 8963: 8888:Germans in Czechoslovakia 8841: 8768: 8750:Slovak invasion of Poland 8674: 8541: 8473:Slovak Socialist Republic 8455:Ninth-of-May Constitution 8451: 8420: 8416: 8408: 8388: 8379: 8358: 8351: 8335: 8328: 8315: 8300: 8293: 8282: 8271: 8260: 8253: 8248: 8241: 8236: 8221: 8212: 8205: 8198: 8191: 8184: 8177: 8170: 8163: 8101: 8056: 8012:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel 8003: 7982: 7934:1st Czechoslovak Division 7921: 7914: 7871: 7799: 7756:Bratislava–Brno Offensive 7700: 7693: 7590: 7540: 7531: 7478: 7426: 7375: 7366: 7305: 7298: 7216: 7048:Bratislava–Brno offensive 6988: 6979:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 6716: 6603:Allied invasion of Sicily 6557: 6463:Aleutian Islands campaign 6435:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 6382: 6373:Greek famine of 1941–1944 6268:Second Battle of Changsha 6173:German invasion of Greece 6141: 6018:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 5993: 5931: 5826: 5707: 5433: 5343: 5191: 4894: 4885: 4643: 4468: 4360:North and Central Pacific 4321: 4083: 4076: 4003: 3963: 3958:Links to related articles 3863:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3814:Rothwell, Victor (2001). 3749:Mahoney, William (2011), 3369:Morrock, Richard (2010). 3213:www.rothwell.force9.co.uk 3120:Richard J. Evans (2012). 3019:Richard J. Evans (2012). 2903:Text of the agreement in 1860:German invasion of Poland 1398:Origins of Czechoslovakia 969:, including the infamous 561:Defense of the Great Wall 543:Pacification of Manchukuo 179:Origins of Czechoslovakia 11068:20th century in Slovakia 11043:Politics of World War II 9639:Military administrations 9171:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 8469:Czech Socialist Republic 7901:Sereď concentration camp 7622:Jan Hus partisan brigade 7564:Slovak National Uprising 6640:Allied invasion of Italy 6617:Solomon Islands campaign 6366:Third Battle of Changsha 5963:First Battle of Changsha 5869:Second Sino-Japanese War 4809:German military brothels 4675:United States war crimes 3327:Zander, Patrick (2017). 3172:Motl, Stanislav (2007), 3071:DOCUMENT 2861-PS, p. 246 2907:, vol. 196, pp. 288–301. 2190:Nazi concentration camps 2176:Slovak National Uprising 2170:Slovak National Uprising 1981:Nazi concentration camps 986:Slovak National Uprising 680:Second Sino-Japanese War 644:Arab revolt in Palestine 591:Inner Mongolian Campaign 492:Second Italo-Senussi War 11058:1940s in Czechoslovakia 11053:1930s in Czechoslovakia 8665:Sudeten German uprising 7969:11th Infantry Battalion 7062:Second Guangxi campaign 6917:Philippines (1944–1945) 6421:Battle of the Coral Sea 6324:Fall of the Philippines 5970:Battle of South Guangxi 5876:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 5282:Italian Social Republic 3606:, Monday, 11 March 2002 2964:(German edition) p. 63. 2831:Siwek, Tadeusz (n.d.). 2803:by Mark Axworthy, p. 13 2574:Lety concentration camp 2433:World War II casualties 2284:Czech resistance groups 2255:recognition of Beneš's 2072:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1959:, the assassination of 1917:Czechoslovak resistance 1348:. The most notable was 975:slave labour in Germany 950:, leaving Hácha as the 810:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 804:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 10993:1945 in Czechoslovakia 10988:1944 in Czechoslovakia 10983:1943 in Czechoslovakia 10978:1942 in Czechoslovakia 10973:1941 in Czechoslovakia 10968:1940 in Czechoslovakia 10963:1939 in Czechoslovakia 10958:1938 in Czechoslovakia 10010: 9740:Puppet administrations 9544:Carinthia and Carniola 9211: 8986: 8978: 8958:and German occupations 8375:Subcarpathian Ruthenia 8360:Southern Slovakia and 7610:Czech National Council 7385:Konstantin von Neurath 6647:Armistice of Cassibile 6449:Battle of Dutch Harbor 6400:Battle of the Java Sea 6303:Attack on Pearl Harbor 6203:Syria–Lebanon campaign 6196:Battle of South Shanxi 6166:Invasion of Yugoslavia 5949:Battle of the Atlantic 5563:Korean Liberation Army 5276:(until September 1943) 5233:(until September 1944) 5211:(until September 1944) 3897:10.2307/j.ctvvh867x.13 3837:. London: Allan Lane. 3048:. Knopf. p. 602. 2801:Third Axis Fourth Ally 2497: 2445:Subcarpathian Ruthenia 2398:are examples of this. 2362: 2354: 2328:Hungarians in Slovakia 2295: 2218: 2087: 1944: 1825: 1783: 1771:proclaimed the German 1709:Joachim von Ribbentrop 1668: 1655: 1617:Subcarpathian Ruthenia 1408:Washington Declaration 1279: 1232: 1201: 1144: 1116: 1081: 869:began with the German 478:Occupation of the Ruhr 460:Franco-Polish alliance 189:Washington Declaration 138: 9191:Reichsfestung Belgrad 8900:Arms and the Covenant 8776:(Mar 1945 – Dec 1973) 8682:(Nov 1938 – Sep 1939) 8582:Border fortifications 8549:(Oct 1925 – Sep 1938) 8424:the 1920 constitution 7906:Theresienstadt Ghetto 7852:Kremnička and Nemecká 7356:Chief of Intelligence 6811:Second Battle of Guam 6707:Bengal famine of 1943 6677:Second Battle of Kiev 6633:Battle of the Dnieper 6338:Battle of Wake Island 6210:East African campaign 6152:Battle of South Henan 5797:atrocities by Germans 5570:Korean Volunteer Army 4551:Occupation of Germany 4305:Music in World War II 3711:Bryant, Chad (2009). 3299:Bartulin, N. (2013). 3044:Alan Bullock (1992). 2495: 2415:Victory in Europe Day 2360: 2345: 2212: 2085: 1930: 1822: 1781: 1692:Slovak People's Party 1661: 1649: 1342:Reichsgau Sudetenland 1277: 1228: 1187: 1132: 1105: 1055: 714:Battle of Lake Khasan 627:December 9th Movement 427:Polish–Lithuanian War 133: 11038:Partition (politics) 10193:Strength Through Joy 10152:Weather Station Kurt 9854:Norway (Quisling II) 9101:Munich–Upper Bavaria 9086:March of Brandenburg 8823:Paris Peace Treaties 8743:Slovak–Hungarian War 8651:Godesberg Memorandum 8568:Sudeten German Party 7974:1st Armoured Brigade 7097:Surrender of Germany 6575:Battle of West Hubei 6532:Guadalcanal campaign 6502:Battle of Stalingrad 6428:Battle of Madagascar 5202:Albania protectorate 4989:(formerly Swaziland) 4698:Wehrmacht war crimes 4514:Expulsion of Germans 4298:Art and World War II 4196:British contribution 4145:Governments in exile 3891:. pp. 373–402. 3833:Tooze, Adam (2006). 3146:Chamberlain, Neville 2774:Lukes, Igor (1996). 2394:and the Massacre at 2076:Operation Barbarossa 2024:I Czechoslovak Corps 1957:Operation Anthropoid 1854:and the short-lived 1545: 1520: 1499: 1468: 1457: 1093:Sudeten German Party 1056:From left to right: 990:surrender of Germany 982:Operation Margarethe 762:Slovak–Hungarian War 409:Treaty of Versailles 326: 301: 280: 249: 238: 50:improve this article 10691:Carpathian Ruthenia 10012:Reichskommissariats 9844:Norway (Quisling I) 9774:Chechnya-Ingushetia 9434:Bohemia and Moravia 9419:Partial annexations 9230:Danzig–West Prussia 8729:Bohemia and Moravia 8598:Hossbach Memorandum 8467:, consisted of the 8412:government-in-exile 8023:Emergency Divisions 7929:Czechoslovak Legion 7896:Carpathian Ruthenia 7556:Vrba–Wetzler report 7517:Minister of Defence 7307:Government-in-exile 7187:Potsdam Declaration 7076:Italy (Spring 1945) 6839:Liberation of Paris 6296:Siege of Sevastopol 5314:(until August 1944) 5217:Wang Jingwei regime 5039:from September 1943 4999:from September 1944 4937:from September 1944 4797:Romanian war crimes 4788:Persecution of Jews 4774:Croatian war crimes 4744:Japanese war crimes 4558:Occupation of Japan 4507:First Indochina War 4219:Military production 4131:Declarations of war 2835:. Wspólnota Polska. 2673:, pp. 199–200. 2615:. pp. 752–753. 2472:Carpathian Ruthenia 2411:the Prague uprising 2381:, located near the 2226:government-in-exile 2000:Czechoslovak Legion 1911:German Labour Front 1862:in September 1939. 1829:The Arsenal of the 1723:, Hácha suffered a 1665:Province of Bohemia 1557:Federative Republic 1459:Bohemia and Moravia 1207:Carpathian Ruthenia 1154:Neville Chamberlain 1101:Karlsbader Programm 929:Carpathian Ruthenia 859:military occupation 794:Apr.–Aug. 1939 776:Mar.–Aug. 1939 770:Mar.–Apr. 1939 716:July–Aug. 1938 662:Anti-Comintern Pact 549:January 28 incident 338:Federative Republic 240:Bohemia and Moravia 10281:French West Africa 10261:British Somaliland 9444:General Government 9121:Schleswig-Holstein 8869:Peace for our time 8694:First Vienna Award 8447:(1939–1945). 8436:autonomous regions 8434:ČSR; included the 8394:1991–present 8390:Zakarpattia Oblast 8381:Zakarpattia Oblast 8364:Carpathian Ukraine 8337:Kingdom of Hungary 7732:Čajánek's barracks 7411:Karl Hermann Frank 7180:Surrender of Japan 7013:Battle of Iwo Jima 6862:Belgrade offensive 6275:Siege of Leningrad 6159:Battle of Shanggao 6088:British Somaliland 6053:Dunkirk evacuation 6004:Norwegian campaign 5942:Invasion of Poland 5769:Japanese prisoners 4737:Italian war crimes 4668:British war crimes 4583:Soviet occupations 4367:South-West Pacific 4254:Allied cooperation 4212:Military equipment 3596:P. WALLACE/BERLIN 3447:lidice-memorial.cz 2503:Potsdam Conference 2498: 2470:The treaty ceding 2363: 2355: 2332:Potsdam Conference 2219: 2213:Reward poster for 2088: 1945: 1826: 1784: 1671:In November 1938, 1669: 1656: 1650:Hácha, Hitler and 1350:Karl Hermann Frank 1284:First Vienna Award 1280: 1270:First Vienna Award 1264:First Vienna Award 1202: 1188:Ethnic Germans in 1145: 1140:and leader of the 1082: 921:First Vienna Award 816:Invasion of Poland 806:May–Sep. 1939 738:First Vienna Award 615:He–Umezu Agreement 139: 11013:Conflicts in 1939 10920: 10919: 10914: 10913: 10505:Dutch East Indies 10343:Southern Rhodesia 10276:French Somaliland 10208: 10207: 10204: 10203: 10128: 10127: 10098:Other occupations 10093: 10092: 10004: 10003: 9719:Adriatic Littoral 9712:Operational Zones 9633: 9632: 9514: 9513: 9510: 9509: 9480: 9479: 9413: 9412: 9409: 9408: 9296: 9295: 9205: 9204: 8921: 8920: 8910:Why England Slept 8809:Potsdam Agreement 8501: 8500: 8496: 8495: 8395: 8386: 8349: 8324: 8313: 8291: 8280: 8269: 8119: 8118: 8052: 8051: 8048: 8047: 7864: 7856: 7848: 7828: 7813: 7792: 7784: 7776: 7768: 7760: 7752: 7744: 7736: 7728: 7720: 7712: 7689: 7688: 7618: 7606: 7576: 7568: 7560: 7552: 7527: 7526: 7474: 7473: 7389:Reinhard Heydrich 7351:František Moravec 7254: 7253: 7212: 7211: 7055:Battle of Okinawa 6954:Burma (1944–1945) 6788:Mariana and Palau 6568:Tunisian campaign 6393:Fall of Singapore 6317:Fall of Hong Kong 6060:Battle of Britain 5913:Operation Himmler 5822: 5821: 5486:Dutch East Indies 5129:Southern Rhodesia 4881: 4880: 4781:Genocide of Serbs 4684:German war crimes 4661:Soviet war crimes 4654:Allied war crimes 4500:Division of Korea 4479:Chinese Civil War 4277:Strategic bombing 4189:Manhattan Project 3906:978-3-7001-8410-2 3870:978-0-85773-447-1 3844:978-0-7139-9566-4 3825:978-0-7190-5958-2 3778:978-1-57607-800-6 3760:978-0-313-36305-4 3741:978-1-78238-444-1 3722:978-0-674-26166-2 3535:on 1 October 2009 3505:on 22 March 2001. 3413:978-1-137-56144-2 3388:978-0-7864-4776-3 3338:978-1-4408-3303-8 3310:978-1-349-46429-6 3285:978-0-521-70689-6 3260:978-0-415-36974-9 3148:(17 March 1939). 3131:978-0-7181-9681-3 3055:978-0-394-58601-4 3030:978-0-7181-9681-3 2962:Britain's Blunder 2905:League of Nations 2890:978-1-4422-4526-6 2787:978-0-19-976205-7 2443:In October 1944, 2129: 2120:national uprising 2050:Politické ústředí 2032:Battle of Britain 1961:Reinhard Heydrich 1949:František Moravec 1629:Avhustyn Voloshyn 1608: 1607: 1575: 1574: 1536:Velvet Revolution 1448:German occupation 855: 854: 650:Spanish Civil War 585:Italo-Soviet Pact 555:Geneva Conference 454:Treaty of Rapallo 448:Treaty of Trianon 421:Polish–Soviet War 389: 388: 356: 355: 317:Velvet Revolution 229:German occupation 126: 125: 118: 100: 11100: 11033:Munich Agreement 10665:Military history 10419:Native Americans 10235: 10228: 10221: 10212: 10211: 10137: 10136: 10019: 10018: 10015: 9744: 9743: 9731:Alpine Foothills 9599: 9598: 9549:Gebiet Bialystok 9527: 9526: 9440: 9439: 9424: 9423: 9369: 9368: 9283:Tyrol–Vorarlberg 9246: 9245: 9220: 9219: 9216: 9161:Westphalia-South 9156:Westphalia-North 9076:Magdeburg-Anhalt 8996: 8995: 8991: 8983: 8974: 8973: 8948: 8941: 8934: 8925: 8924: 8914: 8904: 8895:Western betrayal 8890: 8879: 8877:Lesson of Munich 8872: 8863: 8852: 8834: 8831:Treaty of Prague 8826: 8818: 8811: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8777: 8761: 8752: 8745: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8717: 8710: 8703: 8696: 8683: 8667: 8660: 8658:Oster Conspiracy 8653: 8646: 8639: 8632: 8630:Runciman Mission 8625: 8618: 8609: 8600: 8593: 8584: 8577: 8570: 8563: 8561:Locarno Treaties 8550: 8535:Munich Agreement 8528: 8521: 8514: 8505: 8504: 8413: 8393: 8384: 8367: 8366: 8347: 8322: 8311: 8307: 8289: 8278: 8267: 8166: 8165: 8146: 8139: 8132: 8123: 8122: 8109: 8108: 8093:Western betrayal 8076:Munich Agreement 8035:Slovak Air Force 7919: 7918: 7862: 7854: 7846: 7826: 7825: 7811: 7790: 7782: 7774: 7766: 7764:Prague Offensive 7758: 7750: 7742: 7740:Slovak–Hungarian 7734: 7726: 7724:Carpatho-Ukraine 7718: 7710: 7698: 7697: 7677: 7649:Slovak partisans 7630: 7612: 7600: 7598:Council of Three 7574: 7566: 7558: 7550: 7538: 7537: 7512:Ferdinand Čatloš 7373: 7372: 7344:foreign minister 7303: 7302: 7281: 7274: 7267: 7258: 7257: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7230:World portal 7228: 7227: 7203: 7196: 7189: 7182: 7173: 7166: 7159: 7150: 7143: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7115: 7106: 7099: 7092: 7090:Prague offensive 7085: 7083:Battle of Berlin 7078: 7071: 7064: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7036: 7029: 7027:Vienna offensive 7022: 7015: 7008: 7006:Battle of Manila 7001: 6981: 6972: 6963: 6956: 6947: 6940: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6905: 6896: 6887: 6880: 6871: 6864: 6857: 6850: 6841: 6834: 6827: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6799: 6790: 6783: 6774: 6765: 6756: 6749: 6747:Korsun–Cherkassy 6742: 6731: 6709: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6649: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6589:Bombing of Gorky 6584: 6577: 6570: 6550: 6543: 6534: 6527: 6520: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6456:Battle of Midway 6451: 6444: 6442:Battle of Gazala 6437: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6352:Battle of Borneo 6347: 6345:Malayan campaign 6340: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6312: 6305: 6298: 6291: 6289:Bombing of Gorky 6284: 6282:Battle of Moscow 6277: 6270: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6226: 6219: 6212: 6205: 6198: 6191: 6182: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6134: 6125: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6048: 6046:Battle of France 6041: 6034: 6027: 6020: 6013: 6006: 5986: 5979: 5972: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5944: 5922: 5915: 5908: 5901: 5899:Munich Agreement 5894: 5887: 5878: 5871: 5864: 5855: 5848: 5833: 5832: 5815: 5808: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5784:Soviet prisoners 5778: 5771: 5764: 5755: 5748: 5739: 5732: 5725: 5724:German prisoners 5720: 5700: 5691: 5684: 5677: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5530: 5523: 5516: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5474: 5467: 5460: 5453: 5446: 5426: 5419: 5412: 5405: 5398: 5391: 5384: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5356: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5315: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5284: 5277: 5269: 5262: 5260:French Indochina 5255: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5204: 5184: 5175: 5168: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5107:from August 1944 5098: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5009: 5002: 4990: 4982: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4928: 4921: 4914: 4907: 4892: 4891: 4872: 4865: 4858: 4851: 4844: 4833: 4818: 4811: 4804: 4799: 4790: 4783: 4776: 4767: 4760: 4753: 4751:Nanjing Massacre 4746: 4739: 4730: 4728:Nuremberg trials 4721: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4693: 4686: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4656: 4636: 4629: 4622: 4613: 4606: 4599: 4592: 4585: 4578: 4569: 4560: 4553: 4546: 4539: 4530: 4523: 4516: 4509: 4502: 4495: 4488: 4481: 4461: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4399: 4392: 4385: 4376: 4369: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4341: 4334: 4332:Asia and Pacific 4314: 4307: 4300: 4293: 4286: 4279: 4272: 4263: 4261:Mulberry harbour 4256: 4249: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4221: 4214: 4207: 4198: 4191: 4184: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4147: 4140: 4133: 4126: 4119: 4112: 4103: 4096: 4081: 4080: 4069: 4062: 4053: 4046: 4039: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4011: 3990: 3983: 3976: 3967: 3966: 3954: 3953: 3944: 3926: 3874: 3848: 3829: 3810: 3791: 3782: 3763: 3745: 3726: 3698: 3697: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3648:. Archived from 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3613: 3607: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3571: 3565: 3554: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3534: 3527: 3516: 3507: 3506: 3495: 3489: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3439: 3433: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3376: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3343: 3342: 3324: 3315: 3314: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3248: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3217: 3216: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3178: 3177: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3156: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3097: 3091: 3081:Robert Coulondre 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3016: 3010: 3001: 2995: 2988: 2979: 2971: 2965: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2935: 2929: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2876: 2870: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2813: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2771: 2765: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2737: 2731: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2689: 2683: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2603: 2584:Western betrayal 2529:internment camps 2425:Prague Offensive 2288:ethnic cleansing 2235:Battle of France 2230:Munich Agreement 2123: 2047: 1969:Heinrich Himmler 1815:Second World War 1737:Robert Coulondre 1733:Nevile Henderson 1713:Nuremberg trials 1633:Carpatho-Ukraine 1600: 1593: 1586: 1428:Munich Agreement 1394: 1393: 1388: 1378: 1360: 1359: 1320:surrounding area 1236: 1125:Munich Agreement 1119:Munich Agreement 1114: 1087:pro-Nazi leader 1029: 892:Munich Agreement 847: 840: 833: 732:Munich Agreement 668:Suiyuan campaign 516:Great Depression 504:Locarno Treaties 391: 390: 381: 374: 367: 209:Munich Agreement 175: 174: 169: 159: 141: 140: 134:Adolf Hitler at 121: 114: 110: 107: 101: 99: 58: 34: 26: 11108: 11107: 11103: 11102: 11101: 11099: 11098: 11097: 10998:1939 in Germany 10923: 10922: 10921: 10916: 10915: 10910: 10906:Pacific Islands 10901:Solomon Islands 10881:Gilbert Islands 10863: 10857: 10836:Channel Islands 10608: 10471: 10425: 10347: 10244: 10239: 10209: 10200: 10196:holiday resorts 10176: 10124: 10089: 10053: 10000: 9984: 9898: 9735: 9707: 9629: 9613: 9588: 9521: 9506: 9476: 9438: 9405: 9367: 9292: 9244: 9201: 9175: 9056:Halle-Merseburg 9041:Electoral Hesse 9031:Eastern Hanover 8968: 8966: 8959: 8952: 8922: 8917: 8907: 8893: 8882: 8875: 8866: 8855: 8848: 8837: 8829: 8821: 8814: 8807: 8800: 8793: 8786: 8780: 8775: 8764: 8758:Generalplan Ost 8755: 8748: 8741: 8734: 8727: 8722:Slovak Republic 8720: 8713: 8706: 8699: 8692: 8686: 8681: 8670: 8663: 8656: 8649: 8644:Runciman Report 8642: 8635: 8628: 8621: 8612: 8603: 8596: 8587: 8580: 8573: 8566: 8559: 8553: 8548: 8537: 8532: 8502: 8497: 8491: 8485: 8476: 8462: 8448: 8439: 8433: 8427: 8411: 8403:Austria-Hungary 8392: 8383: 8362: 8361: 8348:1939–1945 8346: 8343:Slovak Republic 8323:1939–1945 8321: 8312:1938–1939 8310: 8305: 8304: 8290:1990–1992 8288: 8279:1960–1990 8277: 8268:1948–1960 8266: 8263:Fourth Republic 8238:Austrian Empire 8230: 8226: 8208:1989–1992 8201:1948–1989 8194:1945–1948 8187:1938–1945 8180:1918–1938 8159: 8150: 8120: 8115: 8097: 8086:Sudeten Germans 8044: 8030:Government Army 7999: 7978: 7910: 7867: 7819: 7795: 7685: 7663: 7624: 7586: 7572:Prague uprising 7523: 7480:Slovak Republic 7470: 7466:Emanuel Moravec 7454:Richard Bienert 7450:Jaroslav Krejčí 7422: 7416:Chief of Police 7403:Reichsprotektor 7362: 7294: 7285: 7255: 7250: 7243: 7236: 7222: 7220: 7208: 7199: 7192: 7185: 7178: 7169: 7162: 7155: 7146: 7141:Atomic bombings 7139: 7132: 7125: 7118: 7111: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7018: 7011: 7004: 6997: 6984: 6977: 6966: 6959: 6952: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6922: 6915: 6908: 6899: 6890: 6883: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6853: 6844: 6837: 6832:Eastern Romania 6830: 6825:Warsaw Uprising 6823: 6818:Tannenberg Line 6816: 6809: 6804:Western Ukraine 6802: 6793: 6786: 6777: 6768: 6759: 6752: 6745: 6734: 6725: 6712: 6705: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6596:Battle of Kursk 6594: 6587: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6553: 6546: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6493: 6484: 6475: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6433: 6426: 6419: 6412: 6407:St Nazaire Raid 6405: 6398: 6391: 6378: 6371: 6364: 6357: 6350: 6343: 6336: 6329: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6280: 6273: 6266: 6259: 6252: 6245: 6231: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6189:Anglo-Iraqi War 6187: 6180:Battle of Crete 6178: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6137: 6128: 6121: 6114: 6109:Eastern Romania 6107: 6100: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6058: 6051: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6023: 6016: 6009: 6002: 5989: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5927: 5918: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5890: 5883: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5851: 5844: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5795: 5788: 5783: 5774: 5767: 5760: 5751: 5744: 5735: 5728: 5723: 5716: 5703: 5696: 5687: 5680: 5675: 5670:Western Ukraine 5668: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5614:Northeast China 5612: 5605: 5598: 5591: 5584: 5577: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5491: 5484: 5477: 5470: 5463: 5456: 5449: 5442: 5429: 5422: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5373: 5366: 5359: 5352: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5320:Slovak Republic 5318: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5291:Empire of Japan 5289: 5280: 5272: 5265: 5258: 5251: 5244: 5237: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5207: 5200: 5187: 5180: 5171: 5164: 5155: 5148: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5120: 5113: 5101: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5045: 5033: 5026: 5019: 5012: 5005: 4993: 4985: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4931: 4924: 4917: 4910: 4903: 4877: 4868: 4861: 4854: 4847: 4836: 4821: 4814: 4807: 4803:Sexual violence 4802: 4795: 4786: 4779: 4772: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4726: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4673: 4666: 4659: 4652: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4609: 4602: 4595: 4588: 4581: 4572: 4563: 4556: 4549: 4542: 4533: 4526: 4521:Greek Civil War 4519: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4464: 4457: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4425: 4418: 4411: 4404: 4395: 4388: 4381: 4372: 4365: 4358: 4351: 4346:South-East Asia 4344: 4337: 4330: 4317: 4310: 4303: 4296: 4289: 4282: 4275: 4268: 4259: 4252: 4245: 4238: 4231: 4224: 4217: 4210: 4205:Military awards 4203: 4194: 4187: 4180: 4171: 4164: 4157: 4150: 4143: 4136: 4129: 4122: 4115: 4108: 4099: 4092: 4072: 4065: 4058: 4049: 4042: 4035: 4030: 4021: 4014: 4007: 3999: 3994: 3959: 3942: 3933: 3907: 3871: 3855: 3853:Further reading 3845: 3826: 3807: 3779: 3761: 3742: 3723: 3707: 3702: 3701: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3652:on 22 July 2011 3644: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3614: 3610: 3595: 3591: 3581: 3579: 3572: 3568: 3555: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3517: 3510: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3476: 3472: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3425: 3421: 3414: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3367: 3363: 3355: 3346: 3339: 3325: 3318: 3311: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3239: 3235: 3227: 3220: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3181: 3170: 3166: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3118: 3114: 3098: 3094: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3017: 3013: 3002: 2998: 2989: 2982: 2972: 2968: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2938: 2930: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2877: 2873: 2861:. Essen 1999. ( 2856: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2829: 2825: 2820:. p. 1393. 2814: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2772: 2768: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2740: 2732: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2692: 2684: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2638: 2624: 2620: 2604: 2597: 2592: 2541: 2490: 2484: 2441: 2368: 2340: 2207: 2201: 2182:Banská Bystrica 2178: 2172: 2143: 2041: 2028:Josef František 2008:Royal Air Force 1925: 1919: 1906:Reichsprotektor 1848: 1836:Main articles: 1834: 1817: 1745: 1701: 1685:Wilhelm Keppler 1677:Second Republic 1604: 1547:Post-revolution 1470:Slovak Republic 1376: 1369: 1358: 1294:shortly after. 1272: 1266: 1238: 1234: 1127: 1121: 1115: 1112: 1050: 1048:Sudeten Germans 1044: 1027: 998: 971:Lidice massacre 960:Reichsprotektor 851: 822: 821: 682: 1937–1945 652: 1936–1939 646: 1936–1939 634: 1935–1936 593: 1933–1936 557: 1932–1934 545: 1931–1942 532: 531: 522: 521: 494: 1923–1932 480: 1923–1925 443: 442: 433: 432: 429: 1919–1920 423: 1919–1920 404: 403: 385: 328:Post-revolution 251:Slovak Republic 157: 150: 122: 111: 105: 102: 59: 57: 47: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11106: 11096: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10918: 10917: 10912: 10911: 10909: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10867: 10865: 10859: 10858: 10856: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10844: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10826:British Empire 10821:United Kingdom 10818: 10813: 10808: 10807: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10794:Basque Country 10786: 10785: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10673: 10672: 10670:Basque Country 10667: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10640:Czechoslovakia 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10616: 10614: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10540: 10539: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10518: 10517: 10512: 10502: 10501: 10500: 10490: 10485: 10479: 10477: 10473: 10472: 10470: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10433: 10431: 10427: 10426: 10424: 10423: 10422: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10355: 10353: 10349: 10348: 10346: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10324: 10323: 10318: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10252: 10250: 10246: 10245: 10238: 10237: 10230: 10223: 10215: 10206: 10205: 10202: 10201: 10199: 10198: 10190: 10184: 10182: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10143: 10141: 10134: 10130: 10129: 10126: 10125: 10123: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10101: 10099: 10095: 10094: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10061: 10059: 10055: 10054: 10052: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10025: 10023: 10016: 10006: 10005: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9998: 9992: 9990: 9986: 9985: 9983: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9906: 9904: 9900: 9899: 9897: 9896: 9894:Zuyev Republic 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9784:Czechoslovakia 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9750: 9748: 9741: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9733: 9728: 9727: 9726: 9715: 9713: 9709: 9708: 9706: 9705: 9704: 9703: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9643: 9641: 9635: 9634: 9631: 9630: 9628: 9627: 9621: 9619: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9611: 9605: 9603: 9596: 9590: 9589: 9587: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9535: 9533: 9524: 9516: 9515: 9512: 9511: 9508: 9507: 9505: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9488: 9486: 9482: 9481: 9478: 9477: 9475: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9448: 9446: 9437: 9436: 9430: 9428: 9421: 9415: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9407: 9406: 9404: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9377: 9375: 9366: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9304: 9302: 9298: 9297: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9254: 9252: 9243: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9226: 9224: 9217: 9207: 9206: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9199: 9194: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9081:Main Franconia 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9021:Cologne–Aachen 9018: 9013: 9008: 9002: 9000: 8993: 8971: 8965:Administrative 8961: 8960: 8951: 8950: 8943: 8936: 8928: 8919: 8918: 8916: 8915: 8905: 8891: 8880: 8873: 8864: 8853: 8845: 8843: 8842:Related topics 8839: 8838: 8836: 8835: 8827: 8819: 8812: 8805: 8798: 8791: 8783: 8781: 8779: 8778: 8773: 8769: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8762: 8753: 8746: 8739: 8732: 8725: 8718: 8711: 8704: 8697: 8689: 8687: 8685: 8684: 8679: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8668: 8661: 8654: 8647: 8640: 8637:Bled Agreement 8633: 8626: 8619: 8610: 8606:Heim ins Reich 8601: 8594: 8585: 8578: 8571: 8564: 8556: 8554: 8552: 8551: 8546: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8531: 8530: 8523: 8516: 8508: 8499: 8498: 8494: 8493: 8457:following the 8450: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8407: 8405: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8387: 8378: 8370: 8369: 8356: 8355: 8350: 8339: 8334: 8326: 8325: 8314: 8306: Republic 8298: 8297: 8295:Czech Republic 8292: 8281: 8270: 8259: 8256:Third Republic 8252: 8247: 8244:First Republic 8240: 8235: 8219: 8218: 8211: 8204: 8197: 8190: 8183: 8176: 8169: 8164: 8161: 8160: 8149: 8148: 8141: 8134: 8126: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8113: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8095: 8090: 8089: 8088: 8078: 8073: 8066: 8060: 8058: 8054: 8053: 8050: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8026: 8025: 8015: 8007: 8005: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7986: 7984: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7936: 7931: 7925: 7923: 7916: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7877: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7857: 7849: 7841: 7840: 7839: 7834: 7814: 7805: 7803: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7793: 7785: 7777: 7769: 7761: 7753: 7745: 7737: 7729: 7721: 7713: 7704: 7702: 7695: 7691: 7690: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7683: 7678: 7658: 7657: 7656: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7619: 7607: 7594: 7592: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7569: 7561: 7553: 7544: 7542: 7535: 7529: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7521: 7520: 7519: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7505:Prime Minister 7497: 7496: 7495: 7484: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7468: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7459:Prime minister 7443: 7442: 7441: 7430: 7428: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7418: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7381: 7379: 7370: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7358: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7332:Prime Minister 7324: 7323: 7322: 7311: 7309: 7300: 7296: 7295: 7288:Czechoslovakia 7284: 7283: 7276: 7269: 7261: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7241: 7234: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7197: 7190: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7160: 7157:South Sakhalin 7153: 7152: 7151: 7137: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7093: 7086: 7079: 7072: 7065: 7058: 7051: 7044: 7037: 7030: 7023: 7016: 7009: 7002: 6994: 6992: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6982: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6957: 6950: 6949: 6948: 6934: 6927: 6920: 6913: 6906: 6897: 6888: 6881: 6872: 6865: 6858: 6851: 6842: 6835: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6791: 6784: 6775: 6766: 6757: 6750: 6743: 6732: 6722: 6720: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6710: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6694: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6636: 6629: 6620: 6613: 6606: 6599: 6592: 6585: 6582:Battle of Attu 6578: 6571: 6563: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6551: 6544: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6512: 6505: 6498: 6491: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6473: 6459: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6410: 6403: 6396: 6388: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6369: 6362: 6355: 6348: 6341: 6334: 6331:Battle of Guam 6327: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6257: 6254:Battle of Kiev 6250: 6243: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6185: 6184: 6183: 6169: 6162: 6155: 6147: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6035: 6028: 6021: 6014: 6007: 5999: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5945: 5937: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5872: 5858: 5857: 5856: 5841: 5839: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5793: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5765: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5753:United Kingdom 5749: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5721: 5713: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5685: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5596: 5589: 5582: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5566: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5510: 5503: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5439: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5420: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5349: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5205: 5197: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5185: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5157:British Empire 5150:United Kingdom 5146: 5139: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5111: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5043: 5031: 5024: 5017: 5010: 5003: 4991: 4983: 4976: 4969: 4966:Czechoslovakia 4962: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4900: 4898: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4866: 4863:Rape of Manila 4859: 4852: 4845: 4834: 4819: 4812: 4800: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4784: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4740: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4715: 4701: 4694: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4671: 4664: 4649: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4634:United Nations 4630: 4623: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4579: 4570: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4540: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4510: 4503: 4496: 4493:Decolonization 4489: 4482: 4474: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4439: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4423: 4416: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4393: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4370: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4342: 4327: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4280: 4273: 4266: 4265: 4264: 4257: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4185: 4178: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4166:United Kingdom 4162: 4148: 4141: 4134: 4127: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4089: 4087: 4078: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4047: 4040: 4028: 4027: 4026: 4012: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3993: 3992: 3985: 3978: 3970: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3951: 3950: 3939: 3932: 3931:External links 3929: 3928: 3927: 3905: 3879:Suppan, Arnold 3875: 3869: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3849: 3843: 3830: 3824: 3811: 3805: 3792: 3783: 3777: 3764: 3759: 3746: 3740: 3727: 3721: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3684: 3663: 3637: 3625: 3608: 3589: 3566: 3546: 3508: 3490: 3470: 3452: 3434: 3419: 3412: 3394: 3387: 3361: 3359:, p. 158. 3344: 3337: 3316: 3309: 3291: 3284: 3266: 3259: 3233: 3231:, p. 191. 3218: 3200: 3198:, p. 144. 3179: 3164: 3137: 3130: 3112: 3092: 3085:Georges Bonnet 3073: 3061: 3054: 3036: 3029: 3011: 3008:Boston College 2996: 2980: 2966: 2953: 2936: 2934:, p. 268. 2921: 2909: 2896: 2889: 2871: 2850: 2848:, Radio Prague 2838: 2823: 2805: 2793: 2786: 2766: 2753: 2751:, p. 269. 2738: 2736:, p. 199. 2719: 2717:, p. 215. 2707: 2705:, p. 200. 2690: 2675: 2663: 2661:, p. 121. 2651: 2636: 2618: 2607:Volker Ullrich 2594: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2553: 2547: 2540: 2537: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2486:Main article: 2483: 2480: 2440: 2437: 2367: 2364: 2339: 2338:End of the war 2336: 2203:Main article: 2200: 2197: 2174:Main article: 2171: 2168: 2142: 2139: 2118:. On 5 May, a 2080: 2079: 2064: 2053: 2035: 1921:Main article: 1918: 1915: 1833: 1827: 1816: 1813: 1749:Rest-Tschechei 1744: 1741: 1729:Hermann Göring 1700: 1697: 1637:Russian ballet 1606: 1605: 1603: 1602: 1595: 1588: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1390: 1389: 1381: 1380: 1377:Czechoslovakia 1371: 1370: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1268:Main article: 1265: 1262: 1227: 1211:Little Entente 1123:Main article: 1120: 1117: 1110: 1089:Konrad Henlein 1085:Sudeten German 1046:Main article: 1043: 1040: 997: 994: 919:. Finally the 884:Following the 863:Czechoslovakia 853: 852: 850: 849: 842: 835: 827: 824: 823: 820: 819: 818:Sep. 1939 813: 812:Aug. 1939 807: 801: 795: 789: 788:Apr. 1939 783: 782:Mar. 1939 777: 771: 765: 764:Mar. 1939 759: 758:Mar. 1939 753: 752:Mar. 1939 747: 746:Mar. 1939 741: 740:Nov. 1938 735: 734:Sep. 1938 729: 728:Sep. 1938 723: 722:Aug. 1938 720:Bled Agreement 717: 711: 705: 704:Mar. 1938 699: 698:Mar. 1938 693: 683: 677: 674:Xi'an Incident 671: 665: 659: 653: 647: 641: 635: 629: 624: 618: 612: 606: 600: 594: 588: 582: 576: 570: 567:Battle of Rehe 564: 558: 552: 546: 540: 533: 529: 528: 527: 524: 523: 520: 519: 513: 507: 501: 495: 489: 481: 475: 472:Corfu incident 469: 463: 457: 451: 444: 440: 439: 438: 435: 434: 431: 430: 424: 418: 412: 405: 401: 400: 399: 396: 395: 387: 386: 384: 383: 376: 369: 361: 358: 357: 354: 353: 350: 344: 343: 340: 334: 333: 330: 323: 322: 319: 313: 312: 309: 298: 297: 294: 288: 287: 284: 277: 276: 273: 267: 266: 263: 257: 256: 253: 246: 245: 242: 235: 234: 231: 225: 224: 221: 215: 214: 211: 205: 204: 201: 195: 194: 191: 185: 184: 181: 171: 170: 162: 161: 158:Czechoslovakia 152: 151: 144: 124: 123: 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11105: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10930: 10928: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10868: 10866: 10860: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10823: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10791: 10790: 10787: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10769: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10717:Liechtenstein 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10692: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10662: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10617: 10615: 10611: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10538: 10535: 10534: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10507: 10506: 10503: 10499: 10496: 10495: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10480: 10478: 10474: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10452:Latin America 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10434: 10432: 10430:South America 10428: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10390: 10389:United States 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10352:North America 10350: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10313: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10256:Belgian Congo 10254: 10253: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10236: 10231: 10229: 10224: 10222: 10217: 10216: 10213: 10197: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10185: 10183: 10179: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10144: 10142: 10138: 10135: 10131: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10102: 10100: 10096: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10062: 10060: 10056: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10026: 10024: 10020: 10017: 10014: 10013: 10007: 9997: 9994: 9993: 9991: 9987: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9955:Russia (KONR) 9953: 9951: 9950:Russia (ODNR) 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9907: 9905: 9901: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9745: 9742: 9738: 9732: 9729: 9725: 9722: 9721: 9720: 9717: 9716: 9714: 9710: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9671: 9670:zone réservée 9667: 9666:Atlantic Wall 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9644: 9642: 9640: 9636: 9626: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9616: 9610: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9591: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9536: 9534: 9532: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9517: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9492:Burgundy (SS) 9490: 9489: 9487: 9483: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9445: 9441: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9429: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9416: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9374: 9370: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9305: 9303: 9299: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9251: 9247: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9221: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9208: 9198: 9195: 9192: 9188: 9185: 9184: 9182: 9178: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9146:Upper Silesia 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9071:Lower Silesia 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9003: 9001: 8997: 8994: 8990: 8989: 8982: 8981: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8962: 8957: 8949: 8944: 8942: 8937: 8935: 8930: 8929: 8926: 8912: 8911: 8906: 8902: 8901: 8896: 8892: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8865: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8851: 8847: 8846: 8844: 8840: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8817: 8816:Beneš decrees 8813: 8810: 8806: 8803: 8799: 8796: 8792: 8789: 8785: 8784: 8782: 8774: 8772:Nullification 8771: 8770: 8767: 8760: 8759: 8754: 8751: 8747: 8744: 8740: 8737: 8733: 8730: 8726: 8723: 8719: 8716: 8712: 8709: 8705: 8702: 8698: 8695: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8680: 8677: 8676: 8673: 8666: 8662: 8659: 8655: 8652: 8648: 8645: 8641: 8638: 8634: 8631: 8627: 8624: 8620: 8617: 8616: 8611: 8608: 8607: 8602: 8599: 8595: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8583: 8579: 8576: 8572: 8569: 8565: 8562: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8540: 8536: 8529: 8524: 8522: 8517: 8515: 8510: 8509: 8506: 8492: 8489: 8483: 8482:Ukrainian SSR 8479: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8465:Prague Spring 8460: 8456: 8449: 8446: 8442: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8419: 8414: 8410:Czechoslovak 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8398: 8391: 8382: 8377: 8376: 8372: 8371: 8368: 8365: 8357: 8354: 8345: 8344: 8340: 8338: 8333: 8332: 8327: 8320: 8319: 8309: 8308: 8299: 8296: 8287: 8286: 8276: 8275: 8265: 8264: 8258: 8257: 8251: 8246: 8245: 8239: 8234: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8210: 8209: 8203: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8182: 8181: 8175: 8174: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8158: 8155: 8147: 8142: 8140: 8135: 8133: 8128: 8127: 8124: 8112: 8104: 8103: 8100: 8094: 8091: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8071: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8055: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8013: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8002: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7981: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7920: 7917: 7913: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7861: 7858: 7853: 7850: 7845: 7842: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7829: 7823: 7818: 7815: 7810: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7798: 7789: 7786: 7781: 7778: 7773: 7770: 7765: 7762: 7757: 7754: 7749: 7746: 7741: 7738: 7733: 7730: 7725: 7722: 7717: 7714: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7692: 7682: 7681:Working Group 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7662: 7659: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7639:Obrana národa 7637: 7635: 7632: 7628: 7623: 7620: 7616: 7611: 7608: 7604: 7599: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7589: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7573: 7570: 7565: 7562: 7557: 7554: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7530: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7498: 7494: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7467: 7464: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7444: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7417: 7414: 7413: 7412: 7409: 7405: 7404: 7400: 7399: 7398: 7397:Wilhelm Frick 7394: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7365: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7349: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7340: 7337: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7325: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7304: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7282: 7277: 7275: 7270: 7268: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7219: 7218: 7215: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7172: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7164:Kuril Islands 7161: 7158: 7154: 7149: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7131: 7128: 7124: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7110: 7105: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7094: 7091: 7087: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7031: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7017: 7014: 7010: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6987: 6980: 6976: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6958: 6955: 6951: 6946: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6931:Syrmian Front 6928: 6925: 6921: 6918: 6914: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6877:Market Garden 6873: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6843: 6840: 6836: 6833: 6829: 6826: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6808: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6792: 6789: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6744: 6741: 6737: 6736:Monte Cassino 6733: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6715: 6708: 6704: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6653: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6432: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6356: 6353: 6349: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6335: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6230: 6225: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6214: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6186: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6163: 6160: 6156: 6153: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6106: 6103: 6102:Baltic states 6099: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6061: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6047: 6043: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6029: 6026: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5910: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5896: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5877: 5873: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5746:United States 5743: 5738: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5682:Quốc dân Đảng 5679: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5611: 5608: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5571: 5567: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5532: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5497: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5400: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5382:Liechtenstein 5379: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5358: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5335: 5331: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5183: 5179: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166:United States 5163: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5015: 5011: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4974: 4970: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4953: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4856:Comfort women 4853: 4850: 4846: 4843: 4840: / 4839: 4835: 4832: 4829: / 4828: 4825: / 4824: 4820: 4817: 4816:Camp brothels 4813: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4705:The Holocaust 4702: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4691:forced labour 4688: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4544:Marshall Plan 4541: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4529: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4397:Eastern Front 4394: 4391: 4390:Western Front 4387: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4299: 4295: 4292: 4288: 4285: 4284:Puppet states 4281: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4227: 4226:Naval history 4223: 4220: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4173:United States 4170: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4010: 4006: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3991: 3986: 3984: 3979: 3977: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3962: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3856: 3846: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3806:0-7146-8056-7 3802: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3762: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3708: 3695: 3688: 3673: 3667: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3634: 3629: 3622: 3621:80-86010-60-0 3618: 3612: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3593: 3578:. Radio Praha 3577: 3570: 3563: 3562:80-7047-002-X 3559: 3553: 3551: 3531: 3524: 3523: 3515: 3513: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3487: 3486:80-85475-57-X 3483: 3479: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3415: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3390: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3374: 3365: 3358: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3340: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3321: 3312: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3287: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3262: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3246: 3237: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3197: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3175: 3168: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3133: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3108: 3107: 3106:Inside Europe 3102: 3101:Gunther, John 3096: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3070: 3065: 3057: 3051: 3047: 3040: 3032: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2993: 2987: 2985: 2978: 2975: 2970: 2963: 2957: 2951:, p. 99. 2950: 2949:Rothwell 2001 2945: 2943: 2941: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2919:, p. 98. 2918: 2917:Rothwell 2001 2913: 2906: 2900: 2892: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2868: 2867:3-88474-770-3 2864: 2860: 2854: 2847: 2842: 2834: 2827: 2819: 2812: 2810: 2802: 2797: 2789: 2783: 2779: 2778: 2770: 2764: 2757: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2735: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2716: 2711: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2688:, p. 73. 2687: 2682: 2680: 2672: 2667: 2660: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2637:5-93165-107-1 2633: 2629: 2622: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2602: 2600: 2595: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2517: 2514: 2512:anti-fascists 2511: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2494: 2489: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2451: 2446: 2436: 2434: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2405: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2359: 2352: 2349: 2344: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2312:Beneš decrees 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2243:Aston Abbotts 2238: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2185: 2183: 2177: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2141:German policy 2138: 2136: 2135: 2127: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2095: 2093: 2084: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2045: 2040: 2039:Prokop Drtina 2036: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1992:Obrana národa 1989: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1870: 1867:Czechoslovak 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1832: 1821: 1812: 1810: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1794:pan-Germanism 1791: 1790: 1780: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1769:Prague Castle 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1753:only instance 1750: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1719:According to 1717: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1696: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1666: 1660: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1582: 1581: 1579: 1578: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1522:Prague Spring 1519: 1518: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1361: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1297:As a result, 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1276: 1271: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1254:fait accompli 1250: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1174: 1173:Lord Runciman 1169: 1167: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1143: 1139: 1136:, the second 1135: 1131: 1126: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1039: 1037: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1016: 1015:near-future. 1013: 1012:Richard Overy 1008: 1004: 993: 991: 987: 983: 978: 976: 972: 968: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 948:Prague Castle 945: 941: 937: 932: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 913:ethnic Polish 910: 906: 901: 897: 893: 889: 888: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 848: 843: 841: 836: 834: 829: 828: 826: 825: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 802: 800:May 1939 799: 798:Pact of Steel 796: 793: 790: 787: 784: 781: 778: 775: 774:Danzig Crisis 772: 769: 766: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 748: 745: 742: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 710:May 1938 709: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 689: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 642: 639: 636: 633: 630: 628: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 604: 601: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 565: 562: 559: 556: 553: 550: 547: 544: 541: 538: 535: 534: 526: 525: 517: 514: 511: 508: 505: 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 487: 486: 482: 479: 476: 473: 470: 467: 466:March on Rome 464: 461: 458: 455: 452: 449: 446: 445: 437: 436: 428: 425: 422: 419: 416: 413: 410: 407: 406: 398: 397: 393: 392: 382: 377: 375: 370: 368: 363: 362: 360: 359: 351: 349: 346: 345: 341: 339: 336: 335: 331: 329: 325: 324: 320: 318: 315: 314: 310: 308: 304: 303:Prague Spring 300: 299: 295: 293: 290: 289: 285: 283: 279: 278: 274: 272: 269: 268: 264: 262: 259: 258: 254: 252: 248: 247: 243: 241: 237: 236: 232: 230: 227: 226: 222: 220: 217: 216: 212: 210: 207: 206: 202: 200: 197: 196: 192: 190: 187: 186: 182: 180: 177: 176: 173: 172: 168: 164: 163: 160: 154: 153: 148: 143: 142: 137: 136:Prague Castle 132: 128: 120: 117: 109: 98: 95: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: – 66: 62: 61:Find sources: 55: 51: 45: 44: 39:This article 37: 33: 28: 27: 22: 10848:Vatican City 10767:Soviet Union 10639: 10515:West Sumatra 10384:Newfoundland 10338:South Africa 10333:Sierra Leone 10311:North Africa 10157:Schatzgräber 9579:West Prussia 9559:Lower Styria 9497:Holland (SS) 9268:Upper Danube 9263:Lower Danube 9066:Hesse-Nassau 9036:East Prussia 9006:Baden-Alsace 8969:Nazi Germany 8967:divisions of 8956:Nazi Germany 8908: 8898: 8757: 8707: 8678:Consequences 8613: 8604: 8589: 8452: 8430:Nazi Germany 8421: 8373: 8359: 8341: 8329: 8316: 8301: 8283: 8272: 8261: 8254: 8242: 8222: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8192: 8185: 8178: 8171: 8154:Czechoslovak 8152:Timeline of 8069: 8018:Hlinka Guard 8010: 7886:Protectorate 7817:Heydrichiáda 7644:Out Distance 7516: 7504: 7500:Vojtech Tuka 7492: 7458: 7438: 7415: 7401: 7393:Kurt Daluege 7376: 7368:Protectorate 7355: 7343: 7331: 7319: 7315:Edvard Beneš 7292:World War II 7238:Bibliography 7221: 7034:Project Hula 6999:Vistula–Oder 6968: 6901: 6892: 6876: 6846: 6795: 6779: 6770: 6761: 6727: 6624: 6539: 6515: 6485: 6236: 6129: 6074:North Africa 5905: 5776:Soviet Union 5730:Soviet Union 5656:Soviet Union 5424:Vatican City 5334:Vichy France 5239:German Reich 5136:Soviet Union 5122:South Africa 5115:Sierra Leone 5068:Newfoundland 4965: 4887:Participants 4870:Marocchinate 4574: 4565: 4535: 4413:North Africa 4374:Indian Ocean 4233:Nazi 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Vienna: 3656:1 December 3539:31 January 3159:Wikisource 2734:Overy 1999 2715:Tooze 2006 2703:Overy 1999 2686:Tooze 2006 2671:Overy 1999 2590:References 2404:Bratislava 2383:Dukla Pass 2351:Ivan Konev 2316:Hungarians 1875:Reichsmark 1809:Birmingham 1803:Lebensraum 1789:Mein Kampf 1673:Emil Hácha 1613:Jozef Tiso 1219:Jan Syrový 1176:police in 1080:to Germany 940:Emil Hácha 905:Trans-Olza 871:annexation 708:May Crisis 692: 1937 676: 1936 670: 1936 664: 1936 658: 1936 640: 1936 623: 1935 617: 1935 611: 1935 605: 1935 599: 1934 587: 1933 581: 1933 575: 1933 569: 1933 563: 1933 551: 1932 539: 1931 518: 1929 512: 1929 510:Young Plan 506: 1925 500: 1924 498:Dawes Plan 488: 1925 485:Mein Kampf 474: 1923 468: 1922 462: 1921 456: 1920 450: 1920 417: 1919 411: 1919 76:newspapers 10876:Australia 10841:Gibraltar 10799:Catalonia 10722:Lithuania 10584:Singapore 10532:Indochina 10522:Hong Kong 10498:Manchuria 10467:Venezuela 10437:Argentina 10374:Greenland 10328:Nyasaland 10188:Nordstern 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1070:Mussolini 956:Wehrmacht 887:Anschluss 696:Anschluss 342:1990–1992 332:1989–1992 296:1948–1989 275:1945–1948 265:1939–1945 255:1939–1945 244:1939–1945 233:1938–1945 223:1938–1939 203:1918–1938 106:June 2008 10762:Slovenia 10757:Slovakia 10747:Portugal 10635:Bulgaria 10589:Thailand 10564:Mongolia 10537:Cambodia 10457:Suriname 10447:Colombia 10271:Ethiopia 10181:Proposed 10162:Holzauge 10065:Caucasia 10058:Proposed 9996:Brittany 9989:Proposed 9980:Wallonia 9965:Slovakia 9915:Bulgaria 9889:Wallonia 9879:Slovakia 9794:Flanders 9676:Slovakia 9625:Brussels 9618:Proposed 9584:Zichenau 9554:Lorraine 9502:Lombardy 9485:Proposed 9373:Westland 9363:Wallonia 9343:Nordmark 9338:Gothland 9328:Flanders 9323:Burgundy 9301:Proposed 9273:Salzburg 9180:Proposed 9166:Westmark 9106:NSDAP/AO 9011:Bayreuth 8988:Altreich 8353:Slovakia 8331:Slovakia 8173:Pre-1918 8111:Category 7891:Slovakia 7860:Ploština 7844:Životice 7832:Kobylisy 7780:Racibórz 7694:Military 7245:Category 7194:document 7104:document 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Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)

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