1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état

837:, voters were presented with a single list from the National Front, which officially won 89.2% of the vote; within the National Front list, the Communists had an absolute majority of 214 seats (160 for the main party and 54 for the Slovak branch). This majority grew even larger when the Social Democrats merged with the Communists later in the year. Practically all non-Communist parties that had participated in the 1946 election were also represented within the National Front list and thus received parliamentary seats. However, by this time they had all transformed themselves into loyal partners of the Communists, and the few independent-minded members of those parties were either in prison or in exile. The National Front was converted into a broad patriotic organisation dominated by the Communists, and no political group outside it was allowed to exist. Consumed by these events, Beneš resigned on 2 June and was succeeded by Gottwald twelve days later. Beneš died in September, bringing a symbolic close to the sequence of events, and was buried before an enormous and silent throng come to mourn the passing of a popular leader and of the democracy he had come to represent. 354: 1712:, which had been allowed to lapse the previous year. He also sought congressional approval for a programme of Universal Military Training (UMT). He aimed to send a signal of determination to the Soviet Union that U.S. military posture was strong and that the country with this expansion of military preparedness was also prepared in the future to rearm massively if necessary. Congress rejected UMT, but did vote to resume selective service, and voted the money for a seventy-group air force, 25% larger than the official request. 1653:, the following month; mutual security was the new watchword. Until early 1948, Western and Soviet representatives had communicated in regular meetings at the foreign minister level; the Czechoslovak coup constituted a final rupture in relations between the two superpowers, with the West now signaling its determination to commit itself to collective self-defence. By early March, even a previously wavering France was demanding a concrete military alliance with definite promises to help in certain circumstances. 672:, not himself a Communist but very amenable to cooperation with the Soviets, and who hoped for restraint by the Allied powers, thus invited Gottwald to be prime minister. Although the government still had a non-Communist majority (nine Communists and seventeen non-Communists), the KSČ had initial control over the police and armed forces, and came to dominate other key ministries such as those dealing with propaganda, education, social welfare and agriculture; they also soon dominated the civil service. 140: 769:, who had been his country's ambassador to Czechoslovakia from 1945 to 1947, returned to Prague to help with the final arrangements for the coup. Armed militia and police took over Prague, Communist demonstrations were mounted and an anti-Communist student demonstration was broken up. The ministries of the non-Communist ministers were occupied, civil servants dismissed and the ministers prevented from entering their own ministries. The army, under the direction of Defence Minister 859: 187: 164: 579: 724:

aware that a revolutionary coup would be unacceptable. It desired to gain an absolute majority at elections scheduled for 1948, but the fracturing of the left-wing coalition made this unrealistic. This pushed the party into extra-parliamentary action. The organization of "spontaneous" demonstrations to "express the will of the people" and continuous visits to parliament by workers' delegations were meant to ensure "mobilization of the masses".

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Communists and 12 non-Communists (nine members from non-Communist parties and three independents). In truth, the new government was dominated by Communists and pro-Moscow Social Democrats. The Social Democrats' leader, Fierlinger, had been a proponent of closer ties with the Communists for some time; as mentioned above, he openly sided with the Communists during the dispute. Members of the

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in Czechoslovakia. The Italian foreign minister, despite his alarm over the coup's timing, remained optimistic, assuring Bevin (who saw Italy as "the immediate danger spot") that the army and police were in excellent shape and that the coup would have an adverse effect, turning swing voters away from the socialists.

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mobilised groups of their supporters in the country. On 21 February, twelve non-Communist ministers resigned in protest after Nosek refused to reinstate eight non-Communist senior police officers despite a majority vote of the cabinet in favour of doing so. Most of the ministers remained at their posts, with

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However, the coup was one of several factors that led a strong plurality of voters to vote for Christian Democracy and defeat the left. Stalin, satisfied that America had not moved militarily after the Czech coup and unwilling to provoke war, respected the result, considering Italy a Western country.

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for material that would persuade Congress to spend more on military readiness than with any hard evidence of Soviet intent to launch a war in Europe. Still, in Europe too in February and March "war was being commonly, even calmly discussed in streets and cafes on the Continent", a fear exacerbated by

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As a result, a series of quick fixes followed to ensure that American forces would not be caught completely off guard in the event of war. More important was the sensitivity with which American officials now treated the nervousness of their European counterparts; the Americans now became more willing

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understood that in 1946 and 1947 the American people were not prepared for a massive conventional arms buildup or a confrontation with the Soviet Union. He was reluctant to increase the military budget dramatically and instead chose a gradual and balanced buildup. Expecting to spend large amounts on

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In Grenville's opinion, had Beneš held his line, the Communists would not have been able to form a government. The historian believed there could have been only two non-violent means of resolving the crisis—give way to the non-Communists or risk defeat in early elections which the KSČ would not have

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On 12 February, the non-Communists in the cabinet demanded punishment for the offending Communists in the government and an end to their supposed subversion. Nosek, backed by Gottwald, refused to yield. He and his fellow Communists threatened to use force and, in order to avoid defeat in parliament,

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During the winter of 1947–48, both in the cabinet and in parliament tension between the Communists and their opponents led to increasingly bitter conflict. Matters came to a head in February 1948, when Nosek illegally extended his powers by attempting to purge remaining non-Communist elements in the

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On 26 February, Bevin again reiterated that the best way to prevent another Czechoslovakia was to evolve a joint Western military strategy, and this time he got a more receptive hearing, especially considering American anxiety over Italy. That spring, European leaders quietly met with U.S. defence,

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Bevin was especially alarmed by the ability of the PCI, through the use of its dominant position in the trade union movement, to organise industrial disturbances not only to sabotage the success of the Marshall Plan, but also to subvert the Italian government through factory committees of action as

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Nevertheless, the change in American foreign policy in response to the crisis-like atmosphere of early 1948 was more symbolic than real. American willingness to consult on new security arrangements for Europe was the product of neither a changed estimate of Soviet intentions nor a readiness to take

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From the Soviet's point of view, the coup could not have come at a worse time. The government crisis in Prague lasted from 20 to 27 February, just when Western foreign ministers were meeting in London. From the West's perspective, the coup was an example of Communism in its most unacceptable form;

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and concluded the partition of Europe, which appeared to vindicate and certainly crystallized the pessimistic appraisals of Soviet power in the West by people who felt certain that it was folly to try to do business with the USSR. Because its impact was equally profound in Western Europe as in the

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The non-Communists assumed that Beneš would refuse to accept their resignations, keeping them in a caretaker government and in the process embarrassing the Communists enough to make them yield. Beneš initially insisted that no new government could be formed which did not include ministers from the

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Along with passage of the Marshall Plan, the other far-reaching implication of the Czech coup for U.S. foreign policy was to heed Bevin's call for a Western defence association. He had found the Truman Administration reluctant to accept an unambiguous and binding alliance with Western Europe even

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The American Ambassador in Rome worried that the coup would push self-interested voters to side with what they considered the winning side, and that events in Prague probably increased the PCI's prestige, "direct the politics of the generally opportunistic Italian toward the Communist bandwagon".

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Marshall's own reaction was that "in so far as international affairs are concerned, a seizure of power by the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia would not materially alter...the situation which has existed in the last three years". Even as he was holding a press conference to push his economic aid

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that the Soviets seemed to be consolidating their defences, not preparing for aggression. He later wrote that the Prague coup and the Berlin Blockade were "defensive reactions" to the Marshall Plan's initial successes and to the Western decision to press for an independent West German state. This

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with a plan for the final seizure of power. Slánský remarked, "as in the international field, we have gone on the offensive on the domestic front as well." The KSČ pursued a two-pronged strategy. The party knew it had to maintain the façade of working within the electoral political system and was

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observed that Soviet victory had helped achieve "the complete victory of the working class over the bourgeoisie in every East European land except Czechoslovakia, where the power contest still remains undecided." This clearly implied the KSČ should be accelerating its own efforts to take complete

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unless Beneš agreed to form a new Communist-dominated government. Zorin at one point offered the services of the Red Army, camped on the country's borders. However, Gottwald declined the offer, believing that the threat of violence combined with heavy political pressure would be enough to force

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The Czech coup, the PCF's failed policy of sabotage and the Marshall Plan's likely passage were all beginning to sway French public opinion. 70% of French people now believed the U.S. would do more than any other country to help France, compared to 7% who thought the USSR would do more. Despite

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This was observed when Communist and socialist leaders in Italy defended the Czech coup as a victory for democracy, rationalizing that the violation of civil rights was a necessary and just response to a reactionary threat posed by Western imperialist (i.e., American) interests; such discourse

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unless Beneš appointed a Communist-dominated government. Armed Communist militia and police took over Prague and mass demonstrations were mounted. On 25 February, Beneš, fearing civil war and Soviet intervention, capitulated and allowed the formation of a new government in accordance with KSČ

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On 25 February 1948, Beneš, fearful of civil war and Soviet intervention, capitulated. He accepted the resignations of the non-Communist ministers and appointed a new government in accordance with KSČ demands. Gottwald continued as prime minister of a new government comprising 25 members–13

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French concern about Germany, it was becoming increasingly clear that the Soviet threat was greater than the German. France would still seek an advantageous power position vis-à-vis Germany, but it was becoming reconciled to the prospect of a rehabilitated Germany as part of postwar Europe.

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reported that "We do not believe...that this event reflects any sudden increase in Soviet capabilities, more aggressive intentions, or any change in current Soviet policy or tactics...The Czech coup and the demands on Finland...do not preclude the possibility of Soviet efforts to effect a

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However, the coup served to expose the limitations of U.S. conventional forces and its over-reliance on atomic power. At the time of the Prague crisis, roughly ten ill-equipped and poorly trained U.S. and West European divisions faced over thirty Soviet divisions. When taking into account

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said in 1945 that "in spite of the favourable situation, the next goal is not soviets and socialism, but rather carrying out a really thorough democratic national revolution", thereby linking his party to the Czechoslovak democratic tradition (he even claimed to be a disciple of

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rule, the longing for real change that followed it, and the new political realities of living within the Soviet orbit to produce a surge in membership from 40,000 in 1945 to 1.35 million in 1948. Moreover, the Soviets viewed the country as a strategic prize: it bordered

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had also written to Truman that "the timing of the coup in Czechoslovakia was forced upon the Kremlin when the non-Communists took action endangering Communist control of the police. A Communist victory in the May elections would have been impossible without such control".

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stood a realistic chance of victory. In the hysteria and foreboding that gripped Western circles following the Czech coup, it was concluded that similar tactics could be employed in Italy, whose citizens might not even have a chance to vote. British Foreign Minister

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non-Communist parties. However, an atmosphere of mounting tension, coupled with massive Communist-led demonstrations occurring throughout the country, convinced Beneš to remain neutral over the issue, for fear the KSČ foment an insurrection and give the

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sent an alarming telegram from Berlin that advised of its likelihood: "Within the last few weeks, I have felt a subtle change in Soviet attitude which I cannot define but which now gives me a feeling that it may come with dramatic suddenness". General

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At the same time, the non-Communist ministers seemed to behave as if this was just an old-fashioned pre-1939 governmental crisis. They did not know that the Communists were mobilizing from below to take complete power. Soviet deputy foreign minister

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Wójtowicz, Norbert. ''Nástup komunistickej diktatúry v Československu z pohľadu Poľska'', ''Február 1948 a Slovensko (Zborník z vedeckej konferencie, Bratislava 14. – 15. február 2008)'', red. Ondrej Podolec, Bratislava: Ústav pamäti národa, 2008,

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parties still figured, so the government was still nominally a coalition. However, this was no longer a coalition in any real sense of the term. The other parties had been taken over by Communist sympathizers, and ministers using these labels were

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Communist "Action Committees" and trade union militias were quickly set up, armed, and sent into the streets, as well as being prepared to carry through a purge of anti-Communists. In a speech before 100,000 of these people, Gottwald threatened a

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probably damaged the Front's credibility and undercut its promises of moderation. Kennan cabled to suggest the PCI should be outlawed and the U.S. should intervene militarily in the likely event of a civil war, but he quickly softened his line.

683:, and some workers were angry at Communist demands that they increase output without being given higher wages. The general expectation was that the Communists would be soundly defeated in the May 1948 elections. That September, at the first 1634:. The loss of the last remaining liberal democracy in Eastern Europe came as a profound shock to millions in the West. For the second time in a decade, Western eyes saw Czechoslovak independence and democracy snuffed out by a foreign 811:, who was however found dead two weeks later outside a third-floor window. Some friends and admirers believed Masaryk committed suicide out of despair. However, there was longstanding Western suspicion was that he had actually been 268:

On 21 February 1948, twelve non-Communist ministers resigned in protest. They objected to Gottwald's refusal to stop packing the police with Communists, and believed that Gottwald would give way. Instead, the latter threatened a

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United States, it helped unify Western countries against the Communist bloc. It gave an air of prescience to the French and Italian governments for having forced their local Communists out of their governments a year earlier.

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Amidst the general alarm, more sanguine voices were also raised. The Truman Administration had months earlier written off Czechoslovakia as little more than a Soviet satellite; in November 1947 U.S. Secretary of State

822:, freely elected two years earlier, quickly fell into line and gave Gottwald's revamped government a vote of confidence in March. The 230–0 result was unanimous, although nine MPs had resigned following the coup. 1716:

on a larger share of the burden of defending Western Europe. Rather, it was a tactical maneuver intended to mitigate the effect of the coup in Czechoslovakia and the brief but intense war scare that followed.

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In France, interesting political currents were also set in motion. The United States was still pushing the French government to support German rehabilitation. In the aftermath of the coup, foreign minister

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wrote that the coup and the telegram had combined to create "a real war scare" where "the military and the intelligence fraternity" had "overreacted in the most deplorable way". Only a week later, the

253:. By summer 1947, however, the KSČ's popularity had significantly dwindled, and the party was expected to be soundly defeated in the May 1948 elections. This, along with the electoral failures of the 602:(KSČ) was in a favorable position. Its powerful influence on Czechoslovak politics since the 1920s, its clean wartime record and cooperation with non-Communist parties, its identification with the 1399: 818:

Following the coup, the Communists moved quickly to consolidate their power. Thousands were fired and hundreds were arrested. Thousands fled the country to avoid living under Communism. The

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had time to rig. The non-Communists saw this as a moment of opportunity, needing to act quickly before the Communists had total control over the police and threatened the electoral process.

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told a cabinet meeting that the Soviets would probably soon consolidate their hold on Eastern Europe by clamping down on Czechoslovakia as a "purely defensive move", and Kennan cabled from

1097: 786:, Beneš had been in poor health since 1945, and by 1948 was "a shell of a man" who did not have the emotional or physical stamina to hold out against the "rough, rough players" of the KSČ. 791: 102: 4450: 3085:

Wójtowicz, Norbert. ''Przewrót komunistyczny w Czechosłowacji 1948 roku widziany z polskiej perspektywy'', Warszawa: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2021, 368 pp., ISBN 978-83-8229-162-9

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Blaive, Muriel, "The Danger of Over-Interpreting Dissident Writing in the West: Communist Terror in Czechoslovakia, 1948–1968", in Friederike Kind-Kovács and Jessie Labov (eds.),

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military and diplomatic officials at the Pentagon, under Marshall's orders, exploring a framework for a new and unprecedented association for mutual defence. The following year,

606:, one of the country's liberators, and its determination to become the country's leading political force without alarming the West (a strategy also followed by Communist parties 289:, in which voters were presented with a single list of candidates, all but confirmed the Communist victory. Beneš resigned on 2 June and was succeeded by Gottwald as president. 833:." Although it was not a completely Communist document (indeed, the KSČ was not even mentioned), it was close enough to the Soviet model that Beneš refused to sign it. At the 5785: 1693:

complaints that the U.S. atomic arsenal and the air power to use it were starkly inadequate, it became clear that the U.S. lacked a credible military deterrent in Europe.

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to keep communists out of power in France, Greece and especially Italy, and steps toward mutual security that would, in little over a year, result in the establishment of

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view of the event sees Truman's reaction as him seizing on a necessary crisis to sell the Marshall Plan and the rearmament programme the Pentagon had long been pushing.

1669:, but a shocked and aroused public opinion overwhelmed this, and Congress promptly approved over US$ 5 billion for the first year of the European Recovery Program. 782:

Beneš to surrender. As he said after the coup, Beneš "knows what strength is, and this led him to evaluate this realistically". Additionally, according to historian

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Additionally, it finally discredited Soviet moves to prevent the formation of a West German state and accelerated the construction of a West European alliance, the

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that June made clear that constant reassurance was needed to bind the Europeans to the U.S. system; hence, the remobilization of U.S. armed forces began.

6410: 1267: 1198: 696:, when party archives were opened and showed that Stalin gave up the whole idea of a parliamentary path for Czechoslovakia when the Communist parties of 565: 6395: 4115: 590:

at a 1947 meeting of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. The slogan reads: "With Gottwald we won, with Gottwald we shall complete the Two-Year Plan"

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and the British Cabinet saw the cooperation between the two leading parties of the Italian left in almost apocalyptic terms, believing that once the

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by capitalizing on popular intense anti-German feelings. During the early postwar period, working with the other parties in a coalition called the

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The coup's significance extended well beyond the state's boundaries as it was a clear marker along the already well-advanced road to full-fledged

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won 38% of the vote. This was the best-ever performance by a European Communist party in a free election, and was far more than the 22% won by

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However, by the summer of 1947 the KSČ had alienated whole blocs of potential voters. The activities of the police—headed by Interior Minister

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to sign a treaty of mutual assistance, contributing to expectations it would be the next domino to fall; pressure for a treaty was placed on

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National Police Force. The security apparatus and police were being transformed into instruments of the KSČ, and consequently, according to

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The KSČ enjoyed a period of popularity following the reestablishment of pre-war Czechoslovakia. After a successful performance during the

5820: 4707: 1819:. Bevin immediately concluded that the "forces of democratic Socialism" must be strengthened in Italy, and that Britain must support the 1203: 1027: 657: 2190: 1967:

Soutou Georges-Henri, « 1948 : la séquence fondatrice », Revue Défense Nationale, 2018/5 (N° 810), p. 95-100. URL :

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Founded as the Czech National Social Party in 1897, the party's name was changed to the Czechoslovak National Socialist Party in 1926.

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conference in London in December 1947; Marshall was not prepared to accept the idea in discussions with Bevin that 17 December.

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handpicked by the Communists. The only senior minister who was neither a Communist nor a fellow traveller was Foreign Minister

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Webb, Alban (2006). "AUNTIE GOES TO WAR AGAIN:: The BBC External Services, the Foreign Office and the early Cold War".

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The Czechoslovak coup changed the whole tone of the debate on the U.S. military budget. It helped spark a new round of

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later wrote that when he read Clay's "lugubrious assessment" in Washington he was "lifted right out of chair", and

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Indeed, the fear of war between the Soviets and the West reached a high point after the coup. On 5 March, General

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The coup's impact in the United States was immediate. Opposition towards the Marshall Plan had developed in the

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the following year in the only other free and fair postwar election in the Soviet area of influence. President

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The Fall: A Comparative Study of the End of Communism in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary and Poland

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intent on dominating the small country (though unlike in 1938–39, the KSČ did most of the "dirty work").

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called for "a worldwide counter-offensive" against the Soviet bloc, including U.S. military aid to the

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to take steps to boost morale in Europe and ease the now-widespread anxieties there. The coup and the

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Hucker, Daniel (2011). "Public Opinion between Munich and Prague: The View from the French Embassy".

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In fact, Clay's warning had more to do with a request by Army director of intelligence Lt. Gen.

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and the Marshall Plan and a heavy reliance on atomic power as a shield to support it. President

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America's Strategic Blunders: Intelligence Analysis and National Security Policy, 1936–1991

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Lukes, Igor. "The 1948 Coup d'État in Prague through the Eyes of the American Embassy."

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The Most Noble Adventure: The Marshall Plan and the Time When America Helped Save Europe

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the Marshall Plan, he sought to keep the annual defence budget below $ 15 billion.

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the USSR seemed to the West bent on ruthless expansion and the suppression of freedom.

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Harry S. Truman and the War Scare of 1948: A Successful Campaign to Deceive the Nation

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Czechoslovakia was ruled by a victorious Communist Party of Czechoslovakia until the

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Hetland, Tom (1986). "The soviet view of the Nordic countries and NATO, 1948–1952".

770: 653:, the Communists kept up the appearance of being willing to work within the system. 227: 5980: 5657: 5582: 5512: 5497: 5477: 5424: 5207: 5202: 5182: 5132: 5122: 4949: 4914: 4899: 4848: 4577: 4517: 4357: 4016: 3996: 3705: 3647: 3641: 3608: 3588: 3578: 3427: 3228: 3220: 2876: 2059: 2024: 1989: 1737: 1673: 1251: 804: 679:, a Communist—were acutely offensive to many citizens; farmers objected to talk of 637: 583: 395: 305: 242: 193: 2958:

Smetana, Vít. "The US “Loss” of Czechoslovakia: On the Edge of Historical Truth."

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The Communist Subversion of Czechoslovakia, 1938–1948: The Failure of Co-existence

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Natural Enemies: The United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War, 1917–1991

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demands. The Communists quickly consolidated their power following the coup. The

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From Fascism to Democracy: Culture and Politics in the Italian Election of 1948

2286:"SMRT Jana Masaryka kriminalisté v dalším vyšetřování neobjasnili - Novinky.cz" 1921: 1852: 1782:

rapprochement with the West", but the administration chose a different course.

1728: 1555: 1366: 812: 778: 766: 734: 688: 270: 223: 177: 2637:

Samizdat, Tamizdat, and Beyond: Transnational Media During and After Socialism

2063: 1993: 222:(KSČ), with Soviet backing, assumed undisputed control over the government of 6364: 6347: 6181: 5866: 5712: 5607: 5572: 5557: 5517: 5059: 4889: 4627: 4537: 4400: 4380: 4267: 4028: 4006: 3971: 3550: 3545: 3500: 3422: 3382: 3131: 2858: 2775: 2229:"Communist coup confirmed Czechoslovak reality but was wake-up call for West" 1565: 1428: 1356: 1309: 1093: 693: 587: 489: 297: 262: 296:. The event alarmed Western countries and helped spur quick adoption of the 6061: 5958: 5946: 5652: 5602: 5532: 5522: 5376: 5364: 5351: 5157: 4984: 4485: 3733: 3583: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3138: 3063: 1884: 1808: 1733: 1022: 848: 626: 621: 603: 313: 301: 145: 6110: 5697: 5302: 5272: 5127: 5117: 5016: 4879: 4672: 4161: 3991: 3976: 3787: 3635: 3603: 3490: 3305: 3210: 3149: 1642: 1485: 1475: 1125: 1084: 1062: 808: 630: 5456: 5167: 5137: 5091: 5006: 4974: 4966: 4909: 4597: 4312: 4001: 3889: 3495: 3023:

Risk Taking and Decisionmaking: Foreign Military Intervention Decisions

2247: 1815:(PCI) won power it would marginalise any moderating influence from the 1448: 1326: 783: 169: 4110: 578: 6100: 5963: 5752: 5597: 5446: 5419: 5232: 5187: 5096: 5064: 5044: 5036: 4365: 4155: 2929: 2812: 2689: 2670: 1969:

https://www.cairn-int.info/revue-defense-nationale-2018-5-page-95.htm

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had been on economic containment of Communism, primarily through the

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Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, Volume 4

1920:; In Czech and Slovak, the coup is known as "Victorious February" ( 1631: 1510: 1208: 754: 293: 30: 4451:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

2892:

Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945–1953

1700:

lobbying for a substantial rise in the military budget, while the

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Macropolitics: Essays on the Philosophy & Science of Politics

2248:"Czech Republic: Fiftieth Anniversary Of Communist Coup Observed" 1753: 1188: 1132: 1089: 1641:

The USSR seemed to have completed the formation of a monolithic

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of 1989. More immediately, the coup became synonymous with the

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American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

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was approved by parliament, which declared Czechoslovakia a "

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to harden his approach and order Gottwald to seize power.

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Seeing Babies in a New Light: the Life of Hanuš Papoušek

2686:

A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century

1802:

were scheduled for 18 April and the Communist-dominated

2989:

Friendly Rivals: Bargaining and Burden-Shifting in NATO

2652:

Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic in World Politics

1744:

recommended rearmament and a restoration of the draft.

719:, represented the KSČ at the meeting. He returned to 1470:

De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania

2446: 2444: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 1949: 749:

making no secret of his support for the Communists.

757:a pretext to invade the country and restore order. 692:power. That notion would be reinforced during the 2945:Czechoslovakia's Lost Fight for Freedom, 1967–1969 2578: 2576: 2590: 2588: 2521: 2519: 2441: 2434: 2432: 2297: 2295: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2168: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2130: 2128: 6362: 5771:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 2100: 2098: 4208:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 3615:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 2911:Britain, Italy, and the Origins of the Cold War 2573: 2226: 1752:reports on 27 February that Stalin had invited 715:The KSČ's number-two leader, general secretary 2585: 2516: 2429: 2292: 2258: 2245: 2137: 2125: 230:. It marked the beginning of four decades of 5931: 3104: 2095: 1875:would ultimately be born out of these talks. 1607: 559: 5847:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 3398:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 43:Pro-Communist demonstrations before the coup 4708:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 2220: 5938: 5924: 5811:United States involvement in regime change 3366:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 3111: 3097: 2377: 2375: 2079:1948: Vítězný únor : cesta k převratu 1614: 1600: 566: 552: 37: 2794:Civil Society in Communist Eastern Europe 2204: 2202: 1912:In English, the coup is often called the 1863:after the irretrievable breakdown of the 6391:Democratic backsliding in Czechoslovakia 6082:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 3044:. Manchester University Press ND, 1993, 2967:Walter Lippmann and the American Century 2721:Historical dictionary of the Czech State 620:) dovetailed with popular opposition to 577: 3937:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 3042:The End of the Communist Power Monopoly 2718: 2372: 2049: 1955: 6363: 6186:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 5781:Russian espionage in the United States 4053:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 2982:Communism in Czechoslovakia, 1948–1960 2199: 2014: 1672:Until the Czech coup, the emphasis in 6396:Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations 6152:1949 East German State Railway strike 6124:World Federation of Democratic Youth 5919: 5776:Soviet espionage in the United States 3932:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 3711:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 3376:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 3092: 2739:George F. Kennan: Cold War Iconoclast 2650:Cabada, Ladislav and Waisová, Šárka. 2076: 6411:1940s coups d'état and coup attempts 6023:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan 5852:Soviet Union–United States relations 4203:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 2947:. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, 2381:Europa Publications Limited, p. 304. 2227:Chris Johnstone (24 February 2018). 1979: 1149:World Federation of Democratic Youth 737:, endangering basic civic freedoms. 629:and boasted uranium deposits around 279:approved a new constitution on 9 May 5816:Soviet involvement in regime change 2246:Jolyon Naegele (23 February 1998). 1793: 13: 6245:Sovietization of the Baltic states 5857:Soviet Union–United States summits 3331:1947 Polish parliamentary election 3216:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 3057: 2184: 1223:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 312:and the definitive drawing of the 14: 6437: 6116:World Federation of Trade Unions 4618:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 4553:United States invasion of Grenada 3823:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 3764:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 2984:Princeton University Press, 1961. 600:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 220:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 6406:Military coups in Czechoslovakia 6333:January 1991 events in Lithuania 5991:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 5945: 4693:United States invasion of Panama 4543:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 4183:1971 Turkish military memorandum 4146:Communist insurgency in Thailand 4116:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 4048:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 3875:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 3803:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 3321:Restatement of Policy on Germany 2969:. Transaction Publishers, 1999, 2781:. Transaction Publishers, 1969, 1660: 1144:World Federation of Trade Unions 857: 448:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 352: 185: 162: 138: 6057:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 5413:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 4794:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 4723:Fall of the inner German border 4623:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 4273:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 4263:Spanish transition to democracy 4223:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 3850:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 3356:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 3237:Occupation of the Baltic states 2723:. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press. 2684:Grenville, John Ashley Soames. 2609: 2597: 2564: 2555: 2546: 2537: 2528: 2507: 2498: 2489: 2480: 2471: 2462: 2453: 2420: 2411: 2402: 2393: 2384: 2363: 2354: 2322: 2313: 2304: 2278: 2239: 2211: 2159: 2116: 2107: 2052:Scandinavian Journal of History 1823:, despite all of their faults. 479:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 232:the party's rule in the country 6421:February 1948 events in Europe 4193:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 3828:Mozambican War of Independence 3267:Indonesian National Revolution 2070: 2043: 2008: 1973: 1961: 1906: 1897: 281:, declaring Czechoslovakia a " 77:communist-dominated government 1: 6338:January 1991 events in Latvia 6328:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 6077:Socialist Republic of Romania 6052:People's Republic of Bulgaria 6044:People's Republic of Albania 6013:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 5791:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 4806:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 4759:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 4481:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 4446:Seven Days to the River Rhine 4178:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 3465:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 3393:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 2665:Europa Publications Limited. 1943: 1586:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 535:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 323: 300:, the creation of a state in 24:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 6323:Collapse of the Soviet Union 6313:Fall of communism in Albania 4784:Fall of communism in Albania 4754:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 4703:Polish Round Table Agreement 4043:1968 Polish political crisis 3860:Eritrean War of Independence 3626:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 3521:East German uprising of 1953 3453:Chinese Communist Revolution 3118: 2913:. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, 2029:10.1080/13619462.2011.597551 2017:Contemporary British History 1865:Council of Foreign Ministers 1581:Fall of communism in Albania 1536:Polish Round Table Agreement 1491:Cuban intervention in Angola 666:their Hungarian counterparts 406:Second Czechoslovak Republic 261:communist parties, prompted 7: 6298:End of communism in Hungary 6067:Hungarian People's Republic 4658:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 4386:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 4131:Corrective Movement (Syria) 4095:New People's Army rebellion 4090:Sino-Soviet border conflict 3818:Angolan War of Independence 3681:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 3561:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 3206:Jamaican political conflict 3008:University of Toronto Press 2960:Journal of Cold War Studies 1878: 969:Allied and satellite states 796:Czech National Social Party 727: 704:failed to achieve power in 458:Third Czechoslovak Republic 386:First Czechoslovak Republic 249:at the behest of President 245:became prime minister of a 239:1946 parliamentary election 218:In late February 1948, the 10: 6442: 6381:Politics of Czechoslovakia 6062:German Democratic Republic 4854:Sino-Indian border dispute 4683:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 4613:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 4371:1976 Argentine coup d'état 4283:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 4233:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 3917:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 3885:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 3574:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 3341:Asian Relations Conference 2866:Diplomacy & Statecraft 2233:Radio Prague International 636:Nonetheless, party leader 6273: 6250:Information dissemination 6227: 6177:1956 Hungarian Revolution 6167:1953 East German uprising 6135: 6093: 6036: 5973: 5953: 5890: 5839: 5761: 5738:William Appleman Williams 5683:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 5465: 5437: 5386: 5318: 5311: 5245: 5110: 5035: 4965: 4958: 4867: 4814: 4746: 4459: 4198:Bangladesh Liberation War 4188:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 4103: 4075:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 4063:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 3726: 3501:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 3478: 3188: 3126: 3027:Stanford University Press 2896:Stanford University Press 2743:Columbia University Press 2707:. Lexington Books, 2001, 2654:. Lexington Books, 2011, 2310:Cabada and Waisová, p.53. 2165:Killingsworth, pp. 51–52. 2077:Čapka, František (2012). 2064:10.1080/03468758608579084 1994:10.1080/13688800600807965 1785:On 2 March, CIA director 1636:totalitarian dictatorship 1506:1984 Los Angeles Olympics 840: 831:people's democratic state 596:aftermath of World War II 366:Origins of Czechoslovakia 283:people's democratic state 151: 114:(anti-communist factions) 86: 47: 36: 28: 23: 6235:Emigration and defection 6072:Polish People's Republic 4513:1980 Turkish coup d'état 4348:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 4318:1978 Somali coup attempt 4278:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 4243:1973 Chilean coup d'état 4068:Revolutionary Government 3962:South African Border War 3754:1960 Turkish coup d'état 3671:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 3526:1953 Iranian coup d'état 3506:1952 Egyptian revolution 2639:. Berghahn Books, 2013, 1890: 1804:Popular Democratic Front 1327:Czechoslovakia 1976–1990 131:(pro-communist factions) 99:National Socialist Party 6293:Fall of the Berlin Wall 6219:1981 protests in Kosovo 6157:Rebellion of Cazin 1950 4718:Fall of the Berlin Wall 4663:People Power Revolution 4648:Central American crisis 4588:1986 Black Sea incident 4238:1973 Afghan coup d'état 4136:Western Sahara conflict 3947:1966 Syrian coup d'état 3870:1963 Syrian coup d'état 3813:Portuguese Colonial War 3776:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 3541:1954 Syrian coup d'état 3418:Annexation of Hyderabad 3361:1947–1949 Palestine war 3070:. Brno: Doplněk, 1997, 2762:Temple University Press 2758:Rethinking the Cold War 2195:Encyclopædia Britannica 1813:Italian Communist Party 1787:Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter 1571:End of the Soviet Union 1546:Fall of the Berlin Wall 1106: (until 1948) 1081: (until 1977) 1070: (until 1989) 1004: (until 1961) 983: (until 1961) 6376:1948 in Czechoslovakia 5012:Neoclassical economics 4523:Gulf of Sidra incident 4080:1969 Libyan revolution 3771:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 3556:1954 Geneva Conference 3316:Turkish straits crisis 3311:Corfu Channel incident 2719:Hochman, Jiří (1998). 2208:Grenville, pp. 370–71. 1933: 1925: 1849:French Communist Party 1843:was afraid of stoking 1777:plan on 10 March, the 1706:Western European Union 1667:United States Congress 1260:Protests and uprisings 591: 376:Washington Declaration 152:Commanders and leaders 6416:Communist revolutions 6343:Breakup of Yugoslavia 5862:Russia–NATO relations 5743:Jonathan Reed Winkler 5027:Democratic capitalism 5022:Supply-side economics 4990:American conservatism 4789:Breakup of Yugoslavia 4678:Bougainville conflict 4593:South Yemen civil war 4528:Martial law in Poland 4391:Nicaraguan Revolution 4366:Dirty War (Argentina) 4173:1971 JVP insurrection 3987:Years of Lead (Italy) 3865:North Yemen civil war 3783:Berlin Crisis of 1961 3759:Albanian–Soviet split 3691:1959 Tibetan uprising 3656:Syrian Crisis of 1957 3511:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 3371:1948 Arab–Israeli War 3021:Vertzberger, Yaacov. 2991:. M.E. Sharpe, 2002, 2962:17.3 (2015): 220–226. 2909:Pedaliu, Effie G. H. 2871:Matthias, Willard C. 2868:22.3 (2011): 431–449. 2792:Killingsworth, Matt. 1845:anti-German sentiment 1742:Joint Chiefs of Staff 1576:Post-Soviet conflicts 1561:Breakup of Yugoslavia 1464:Albanian–Soviet split 1175:Anti-Soviet partisans 1118:Related organizations 581: 306:paramilitary measures 6191:1970 Polish protests 6172:1956 Poznań protests 6037:Soviet-allied states 5283:Non-Aligned Movement 4905:Peaceful coexistence 4859:North Borneo dispute 4774:German reunification 4769:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 4467:Salvadoran Civil War 4416:Grand Mosque seizure 4411:Yemenite War of 1979 4303:Mozambican Civil War 4258:Carnation Revolution 4213:Yemenite War of 1972 4151:1970 Polish protests 3982:1967 Hong Kong riots 3957:Argentine Revolution 3907:Guatemalan Civil War 3835:Cuban Missile Crisis 3749:Bay of Pigs Invasion 3621:1956 Poznań protests 3599:Geneva Summit (1955) 3201:Hukbalahap Rebellion 3180:Non-Aligned Movement 2796:. ECPR Press, 2012, 2622:Simon & Schuster 2360:Vertzberger, p. 217. 2191:Czechoslovak history 2113:Morton Kaplan, p. 83 2081:(in Czech). Cpress. 1556:Barricades in Latvia 1501:1980 Moscow Olympics 1481:Cuban Missile Crisis 513: 488: 467: 436: 425: 247:coalition government 6308:Romanian revolution 6281:Revolutions of 1989 6162:1953 Plzeň uprising 5728:Alex von Tunzelmann 5718:Vladimir Tismăneanu 5643:Thomas J. McCormick 5638:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 5538:Robert Hugh Ferrell 5401:Crusade for Freedom 5198:Illiberal democracy 5082:Ho Chi Minh Thought 4885:Eisenhower Doctrine 4738:Peaceful Revolution 4733:Romanian Revolution 4713:Revolutions of 1989 4698:1988 Polish strikes 4608:Operation INFEKTION 4603:1987 Lieyu massacre 4508:Eritrean Civil Wars 4491:Peruvian Revolution 4441:1979 Herat uprising 4431:Sino-Vietnamese War 4396:Uganda–Tanzania War 4376:Egyptian–Libyan War 4343:Third Indochina War 4338:Sino-Albanian split 4328:Ethiopian Civil War 4228:Eritrean Civil Wars 4168:Ping-pong diplomacy 4141:Cambodian Civil War 3967:Korean DMZ Conflict 3952:Cultural Revolution 3922:Dominican Civil War 3900:Tlatelolco massacre 3686:1959 Mosul uprising 3676:1958 Lebanon crisis 3403:Al-Wathbah uprising 3326:First Indochina War 3296:Iran crisis of 1946 3068:Pět kapitol o Únoru 3002:Ventresca, Robert. 2943:Skroug, Kenneth N. 2924:Saxonberg, Steven. 2330:"Czechoslovak Unit" 1821:Christian Democrats 1749:Stephen Chamberlain 1541:Revolutions of 1989 813:thrown to his death 525:Federative Republic 427:Bohemia and Moravia 318:Revolutions of 1989 55:21–25 February 1948 6371:Cold War conflicts 6318:Singing Revolution 6201:June 1976 protests 5986:Soviet occupations 5882:Russian Revolution 5678:Mary Elise Sarotte 5663:William B. Pickett 5588:Patrick J. Hearden 5568:Gabriel Gorodetsky 5563:Timothy Garton Ash 5548:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 5143:Ethnic nationalism 4895:Hallstein Doctrine 4779:Yemeni unification 4568:1985 Geneva Summit 4533:Casamance conflict 4436:New Jewel Movement 4421:Iranian Revolution 4406:Chadian–Libyan War 4353:Cambodian conflict 4333:Lebanese Civil War 4323:Western Sahara War 4298:June 1976 protests 4293:Cambodian genocide 4058:17 July Revolution 4012:Nigerian Civil War 3927:Rhodesian Bush War 3912:Colombian conflict 3855:Ramadan Revolution 3594:Bandung Conference 3470:Operation Valuable 3351:Partition of India 2987:Thies, Wallace J. 2980:Taborsky, Edward. 2890:Offner, Arnold A. 2855:Is Peace Possible? 2852:Lonsdale, Kathleen 2832:Palgrave Macmillan 2737:Hixson, Walter L. 2703:Grogin, Robert C. 2570:Ventresca, p. 232. 2450:Thies, pp. 32, 33. 2408:Grenville, p. 371. 2181:Grenville, p. 370. 1766:George C. Marshall 1691:Defense Department 1651:Treaty of Brussels 1531:Singing Revolution 1305:Novocherkassk 1962 592: 16:Soviet-backed coup 6386:Conflicts in 1948 6358: 6357: 6303:Velvet Revolution 6265:Telephone tapping 6239:list of defectors 6028:Tito–Stalin split 5913: 5912: 5900:List of conflicts 5748:Rudolph Winnacker 5693:Giles Scott-Smith 5668:Ronald E. Powaski 5623:Melvyn P. Leffler 5553:John Lewis Gaddis 5528:Robert D. English 5493:Warren H. Carroll 5483:Michael Beschloss 5452:Nuclear arms race 5433: 5432: 5339:Neues Deutschland 5241: 5240: 5223:White nationalism 5193:Liberal democracy 4930:Ulbricht Doctrine 4920:Brezhnev Doctrine 4728:Velvet Revolution 4472:Soviet–Afghan War 4288:Angolan Civil War 4085:Goulash Communism 3942:ASEAN Declaration 3895:Mexican Dirty War 3793:Annexation of Goa 3744:1960 U-2 incident 3718:Sino-Soviet split 3696:Laotian Civil War 3536:Bricker Amendment 3516:Mau Mau rebellion 3460:Malayan Emergency 3448:Chinese Civil War 3408:Tito–Stalin split 3262:Division of Korea 3040:Waller, Michael. 2776:Kaplan, Morton A. 2645:978-0-857-45586-4 2552:Ventresca, p. 82. 2477:Thies, pp. 32–33. 2390:Saxonberg, p. 15. 2319:Blaive, p.142-43. 2252:Radio Free Europe 2088:978-80-264-0089-9 1710:selective service 1628:Velvet Revolution 1624: 1623: 1459:Sino-Soviet split 1439:Tito–Stalin split 1434:Czechoslovak coup 1412: 1411: 1352:Ukraine 1989–1991 1290:East Germany 1953 1232:Soviet occupation 820:National Assembly 805:fellow travellers 800:Slovak Democratic 747:Zdeněk Fierlinger 743:Social Democratic 647:Czech nationalism 576: 575: 543: 542: 504:Velvet Revolution 416:German occupation 276:National Assembly 216: 215: 211:Zdeněk Fierlinger 82: 81: 75:Appointment of a 6433: 6147:Goryani Movement 6127: 6119: 6085: 6047: 5981:Yalta Conference 5940: 5933: 5926: 5917: 5916: 5658:David S. Painter 5583:John Earl Haynes 5513:Nicholas J. Cull 5498:Adrian Cioroianu 5478:Thomas A. Bailey 5425:Voice of America 5316: 5315: 5228:White separatism 5208:Social democracy 5203:Guided democracy 5183:Authoritarianism 5133:Ultranationalism 5123:Anti-imperialism 5050:Marxism–Leninism 4963: 4962: 4950:Kinmen Agreement 4915:Johnson Doctrine 4900:Kennedy Doctrine 4816:Frozen conflicts 4799:1991 August Coup 4688:Afghan Civil War 4583:Reykjavík Summit 4578:Somali Rebellion 4518:Ugandan Bush War 4496:Gdańsk Agreement 4017:Protests of 1968 3997:War of Attrition 3706:Cuban Revolution 3642:We will bury you 3609:Cyprus Emergency 3589:Kashmir Princess 3579:Jebel Akhdar War 3428:Western betrayal 3113: 3106: 3099: 3090: 3089: 2877:Penn State Press 2734: 2604: 2603:Behrman, p. 157. 2601: 2595: 2592: 2583: 2582:Behrman, p. 155. 2580: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2535: 2534:Ventresca, p. 6. 2532: 2526: 2523: 2514: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2469: 2468:Matthias, p. 62. 2466: 2460: 2457: 2451: 2448: 2439: 2436: 2427: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2400: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2370: 2367: 2361: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2341: 2335:. Archived from 2334: 2326: 2320: 2317: 2311: 2308: 2302: 2299: 2290: 2289: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2256: 2255: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2224: 2218: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2197: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2135: 2132: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2105: 2102: 2093: 2092: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2012: 2006: 2005: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1937: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1794:Italy and France 1738:George F. Kennan 1616: 1609: 1602: 1525: 1472: 1423: 1268:Poland 1944–1989 1252:Operation Jungle 1171: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1119: 970: 880: 878: 872: 861: 860: 851: 845: 844: 835:30 May elections 827:new constitution 681:collectivization 638:Klement Gottwald 584:Klement Gottwald 568: 561: 554: 396:Munich Agreement 362: 361: 356: 346: 328: 327: 287:30 May elections 243:Klement Gottwald 194:Klement Gottwald 189: 166: 144: 142: 141: 128:Social Democracy 111:Social Democracy 107:Democratic Party 49: 48: 41: 21: 20: 6441: 6440: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6430: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6269: 6223: 6210:Soviet reaction 6196:Croatian Spring 6140: 6138: 6131: 6125: 6117: 6089: 6083: 6045: 6032: 6018:Berlin Blockade 5969: 5968: 5949: 5944: 5914: 5909: 5886: 5877:Second Cold War 5835: 5763: 5757: 5733:Odd Arne Westad 5723:Patrick Vaughan 5708:Athan Theoharis 5688:Ellen Schrecker 5673:Yakov M. Rabkin 5648:Timothy Naftali 5593:Tvrtko Jakovina 5578:Jussi Hanhimäki 5461: 5439: 5429: 5407:Paix et Liberté 5382: 5326:Active measures 5307: 5237: 5218:White supremacy 5178:Totalitarianism 5106: 5031: 4954: 4940:Reagan Doctrine 4935:Carter Doctrine 4875:Truman Doctrine 4863: 4810: 4742: 4637:Soviet reaction 4548:Ndogboyosoi War 4455: 4426:Saur Revolution 4253:1973 oil crisis 4218:Munich massacre 4126:Alcora Exercise 4121:Black September 4099: 3845:Sino-Indian War 3739:Simba rebellion 3722: 3566:Capture of the 3474: 3413:Berlin Blockade 3346:May 1947 crises 3336:Truman Doctrine 3301:Greek Civil War 3290:Blacklist Forty 3257:Gouzenko Affair 3244:Cursed soldiers 3196:Morgenthau Plan 3184: 3122: 3117: 3060: 3058:Further reading 3055: 2844:Korbel, Josef. 2826:Kofsky, Frank. 2807:Koester, Otto. 2756:Hunter, Allen. 2731: 2616:Behrman, Greg. 2612: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2594:Pedaliu, p. 97. 2593: 2586: 2581: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2561:Pedaliu, p. 82. 2560: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2525:Pedaliu, p. 69. 2524: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2504:Kofsky, p. 127. 2503: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2442: 2438:Grogin, p. 136. 2437: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2417:Grogin, p. 148. 2416: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2399:Offner, p. 237. 2398: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2345: 2343: 2342:on 4 March 2016 2339: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2301:Koester, p. 18. 2300: 2293: 2288:. 8 March 2021. 2284: 2283: 2279: 2275:Grogin, p. 135. 2274: 2259: 2244: 2240: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2200: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2156:Grogin, p. 134. 2155: 2138: 2134:Grogin, p. 133. 2133: 2126: 2122:Lonsdale, p. 14 2121: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2104:Grogin, p. 132. 2103: 2096: 2089: 2075: 2071: 2048: 2044: 2013: 2009: 1978: 1974: 1966: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1940: 1934:Víťazný február 1911: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1881: 1841:Georges Bidault 1796: 1722:Berlin Blockade 1682:Harry S. Truman 1678:Truman Doctrine 1663: 1620: 1591: 1590: 1526: 1523: 1516: 1515: 1468: 1444:Berlin Blockade 1424: 1422:Cold War events 1421: 1414: 1413: 1337:Kazakhstan 1986 1168: 1163: 1161: 1154: 1153: 1120: 1117: 1110: 1109: 971: 968: 961: 960: 881: 876: 870: 868: 858: 849: 843: 730: 572: 515:Post-revolution 438:Slovak Republic 344: 337: 326: 241:, party leader 209: 205: 201: 197: 182:Bohumil Laušman 180: 176: 172: 168: 139: 137: 136: 132: 130: 126: 124:Communist Party 122: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 67: 42: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6439: 6429: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6283: 6277: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6143: 6141: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6121: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6009: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5983: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5943: 5942: 5935: 5928: 5920: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5767: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5703:Timothy Snyder 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5633:Vojtech Mastny 5630: 5628:Geir Lundestad 5625: 5620: 5618:Walter Laqueur 5615: 5613:Walter LaFeber 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5543:André Fontaine 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5473:Gar Alperovitz 5469: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5443: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5403: 5398: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5373: 5368: 5361: 5354: 5349: 5342: 5335: 5328: 5322: 5320: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5213:Third-Worldism 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5041: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 5002:Libertarianism 4999: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4982: 4980:Chicago school 4977: 4971: 4969: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4925:Nixon Doctrine 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4871: 4869: 4868:Foreign policy 4865: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4820: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4653:Operation RYAN 4650: 4645: 4640: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4558:Able Archer 83 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4474: 4469: 4463: 4461: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4308:Oromo conflict 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4248:Yom Kippur War 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4071: 4070: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4031: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3880:Aden Emergency 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3831: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3798:Papua conflict 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3768: 3767: 3766: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3715: 3714: 3713: 3703: 3701:Kitchen Debate 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3661:Sputnik crisis 3658: 3653: 3645: 3638: 3633: 3631:Polish October 3628: 3623: 3618: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3531:Pact of Madrid 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3486:Bamboo Curtain 3482: 3480: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3285: 3277: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3246: 3241: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3226: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3135: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3116: 3115: 3108: 3101: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3082:p. 63-83. 3079: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3053: 3038: 3019: 3000: 2985: 2978: 2965:Steel Ronald. 2963: 2956: 2941: 2922: 2907: 2888: 2869: 2862: 2849: 2842: 2824: 2805: 2790: 2773: 2754: 2735: 2729: 2716: 2701: 2682: 2663: 2648: 2633: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2605: 2596: 2584: 2572: 2563: 2554: 2545: 2543:Hixson, p. 75. 2536: 2527: 2515: 2513:Kofsky, p. 96. 2506: 2497: 2495:Steel, p. 452. 2488: 2479: 2470: 2461: 2459:Hunter, p. 76. 2452: 2440: 2428: 2419: 2410: 2401: 2392: 2383: 2371: 2369:Waller, p. 75. 2362: 2353: 2321: 2312: 2303: 2291: 2277: 2257: 2238: 2219: 2210: 2198: 2183: 2167: 2158: 2136: 2124: 2115: 2106: 2094: 2087: 2069: 2058:(2): 149–181. 2042: 2023:(3): 407–427. 2007: 1988:(2): 117–132. 1972: 1960: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1905: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1880: 1877: 1853:Maurice Thorez 1795: 1792: 1729:Lucius D. Clay 1662: 1659: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1618: 1611: 1604: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1551:January Events 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1527: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1425: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1379: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1362:Lithuania 1991 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1226: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1178: 1177: 1169: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1129: 1121: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1101: 1087: 1082: 1076: 1071: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1018:Czechoslovakia 1015: 1010: 1005: 999: 994: 989: 984: 978: 972: 967: 966: 963: 962: 959: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 882: 867: 866: 863: 862: 854: 853: 842: 839: 779:general strike 771:Ludvík Svoboda 767:Valerian Zorin 735:John Grenville 729: 726: 717:Rudolf Slánský 689:Andrei Zhdanov 660:, the KSČ and 651:National Front 574: 573: 571: 570: 563: 556: 548: 545: 544: 541: 540: 537: 531: 530: 527: 521: 520: 517: 510: 509: 506: 500: 499: 496: 485: 484: 481: 475: 474: 471: 464: 463: 460: 454: 453: 450: 444: 443: 440: 433: 432: 429: 422: 421: 418: 412: 411: 408: 402: 401: 398: 392: 391: 388: 382: 381: 378: 372: 371: 368: 358: 357: 349: 348: 345:Czechoslovakia 339: 338: 331: 325: 322: 271:general strike 224:Czechoslovakia 214: 213: 207:Václav Kopecký 199:Rudolf Slánský 190: 178:Jozef Lettrich 154: 153: 149: 148: 119:Prime Minister 115: 103:People's Party 89: 88: 84: 83: 80: 79: 73: 69: 68: 65:Czechoslovakia 63: 61: 57: 56: 53: 45: 44: 34: 33: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6438: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6349: 6348:Yugoslav Wars 6346: 6345: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6182:Prague Spring 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6120: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6094:Organizations 6092: 6086: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5996:Baltic states 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5936: 5934: 5929: 5927: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5867:War on terror 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5762:Espionage and 5760: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5713:Andrew Thorpe 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5608:Gabriel Kolko 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5573:Fred Halliday 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5558:Lloyd Gardner 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5518:Norman Davies 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5503:John Costello 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5438:Technological 5436: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319:Pro-communist 5317: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246:Organizations 5244: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5060:Eurocommunism 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4890:Domino theory 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4844:South Ossetia 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4628:8888 Uprising 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4573:Iran–Iraq War 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4538:Falklands War 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4401:NDF Rebellion 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4381:German Autumn 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4268:Metapolitefsi 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4032: 4030: 4029:Prague Spring 4027: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4007:Al-Wadiah War 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3972:12-3 incident 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3772: 3769: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3551:Domino theory 3549: 3547: 3546:Petrov Affair 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3423:Madiun Affair 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3383:Marshall Plan 3381: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3284: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3218: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3134: 3133: 3132:United States 3129: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3109: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3084: 3080: 3077: 3076:80-85765-73-X 3073: 3069: 3065: 3064:Kaplan, Karel 3062: 3061: 3051: 3050:0-7190-3819-7 3047: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3035:0-8047-2747-3 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3017: 3016:0-8020-8768-X 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2997:0-7656-1017-5 2994: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2976: 2975:0-7658-0464-6 2972: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2953:0-275-96622-4 2950: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2938:90-5823-097-X 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2919:0-333-97380-1 2916: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2904:0-8047-4774-1 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2885:0-271-02290-6 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2859:Penguin Books 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2841: 2840:0-312-12329-9 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2821:0-8058-4270-5 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2803: 2802:1-9073-0127-5 2799: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2787:0-2023-6716-9 2784: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2770:1-56639-562-3 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2751:0-231-06895-6 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2730:9780810833388 2726: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2713:0-7391-0160-9 2710: 2706: 2702: 2699: 2698:0-415-28954-8 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2680: 2679:1-85743-058-1 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2660:0-7391-6734-0 2657: 2653: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2630:0-7432-8263-9 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2600: 2591: 2589: 2579: 2577: 2567: 2558: 2549: 2540: 2531: 2522: 2520: 2510: 2501: 2492: 2486:Thies, p. 34. 2483: 2474: 2465: 2456: 2447: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2426:Thies, p. 32. 2423: 2414: 2405: 2396: 2387: 2378: 2376: 2366: 2357: 2338: 2331: 2325: 2316: 2307: 2298: 2296: 2287: 2281: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2253: 2249: 2242: 2234: 2230: 2223: 2214: 2205: 2203: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2162: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2119: 2110: 2101: 2099: 2090: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2046: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1982:Media History 1976: 1970: 1964: 1958:, p. 52. 1957: 1952: 1948: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1909: 1900: 1896: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1876: 1874: 1868: 1866: 1860: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1791: 1788: 1783: 1780: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1717: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1661:United States 1658: 1654: 1652: 1647: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1594: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1566:Yugoslav Wars 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1520: 1519: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1454:Secret Speech 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1429:Marshall Plan 1427: 1426: 1418: 1417: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1166: 1158: 1157: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1114: 1113: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1094:North Vietnam 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 982: 979: 977: 974: 973: 965: 964: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 883: 879: 873: 865: 864: 856: 855: 852: 847: 846: 838: 836: 832: 828: 823: 821: 816: 814: 810: 806: 801: 797: 793: 787: 785: 780: 774: 772: 768: 762: 758: 756: 750: 748: 744: 738: 736: 725: 722: 718: 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 694:Prague Spring 690: 686: 682: 678: 673: 671: 667: 663: 659: 658:1946 election 656:Thus, in the 654: 652: 648: 644: 643:Tomáš Masaryk 639: 634: 632: 628: 623: 619: 616: 612: 609: 605: 601: 597: 589: 588:Joseph Stalin 585: 582:Portraits of 580: 569: 564: 562: 557: 555: 550: 549: 547: 546: 538: 536: 533: 532: 528: 526: 523: 522: 518: 516: 512: 511: 507: 505: 502: 501: 497: 495: 491: 490:Prague Spring 487: 486: 482: 480: 477: 476: 472: 470: 466: 465: 461: 459: 456: 455: 451: 449: 446: 445: 441: 439: 435: 434: 430: 428: 424: 423: 419: 417: 414: 413: 409: 407: 404: 403: 399: 397: 394: 393: 389: 387: 384: 383: 379: 377: 374: 373: 369: 367: 364: 363: 360: 359: 355: 351: 350: 347: 341: 340: 335: 330: 329: 321: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 298:Marshall Plan 295: 290: 288: 284: 280: 277: 272: 266: 264: 263:Joseph Stalin 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 235: 233: 229: 225: 221: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 195: 191: 188: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 165: 160: 156: 155: 150: 147: 135: 134:Supported by: 129: 125: 121: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 95: 91: 90: 85: 78: 74: 71: 70: 66: 62: 59: 58: 54: 51: 50: 46: 40: 35: 32: 27: 22: 19: 6401:Eastern Bloc 6285: 6012: 5959:Soviet Union 5947:Eastern Bloc 5872:Brinkmanship 5764:intelligence 5653:Marius Oprea 5603:Harvey Klehr 5533:Herbert Feis 5523:Willem Drees 5488:Archie Brown 5405: 5393: 5375: 5365:Trybuna Ludu 5363: 5356: 5352:Radio Moscow 5344: 5337: 5330: 5158:Anti-Zionism 5074: 4997:Keynesianism 4985:Conservatism 4849:Transnistria 4829:China-Taiwan 4486:Gera Demands 4359: 4160: 4035: 3840:El Porteñazo 3734:Congo Crisis 3649: 3584:Algerian War 3567: 3443:Western Bloc 3438:Eastern Bloc 3433:Iron Curtain 3392: 3289: 3281: 3273: 3250: 3230: 3222: 3139:Soviet Union 3137: 3130: 3067: 3041: 3022: 3003: 2988: 2981: 2966: 2959: 2944: 2925: 2910: 2891: 2872: 2865: 2854: 2845: 2827: 2808: 2793: 2778: 2757: 2738: 2720: 2704: 2685: 2666: 2651: 2636: 2617: 2610:Bibliography 2599: 2566: 2557: 2548: 2539: 2530: 2509: 2500: 2491: 2482: 2473: 2464: 2455: 2422: 2413: 2404: 2395: 2386: 2365: 2356: 2344:. Retrieved 2337:the original 2324: 2315: 2306: 2280: 2241: 2222: 2217:Skoug, p.85. 2213: 2186: 2161: 2118: 2109: 2078: 2072: 2055: 2051: 2045: 2020: 2016: 2010: 1985: 1981: 1975: 1963: 1956:Hochman 1998 1951: 1926:Vítězný únor 1917: 1913: 1908: 1899: 1885:Gajda Affair 1869: 1861: 1857: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1809:Ernest Bevin 1797: 1784: 1775: 1762: 1746: 1734:Omar Bradley 1726: 1718: 1714: 1695: 1687: 1671: 1664: 1655: 1648: 1640: 1625: 1433: 1400:to Hong Kong 1395:East Germany 1347:Tbilisi 1989 1332:Romania 1977 1300:Hungary 1956 1295:Georgia 1956 1131: 1124: 1023:East Germany 850:Eastern Bloc 825:On 9 May, a 824: 817: 788: 775: 763: 759: 751: 739: 731: 714: 677:Václav Nosek 674: 670:Edvard Beneš 655: 635: 627:West Germany 604:Soviet Union 593: 468: 314:Iron Curtain 302:West Germany 291: 267: 251:Edvard Beneš 236: 217: 203:Václav Nosek 192: 159:Edvard Beneš 157: 146:Soviet Union 133: 117: 92: 87:Belligerents 29:Part of the 18: 6274:Dissolution 6214:Martial law 6137:Revolts and 6111:Warsaw Pact 5698:Shen Zhihua 5508:Michael Cox 5440:competition 5387:Pro-Western 5377:Soviet Life 5303:Safari Club 5273:Warsaw Pact 5128:Nationalism 5118:Imperialism 5017:Reaganomics 4880:Containment 4673:Perestroika 4162:Realpolitik 3992:Six-Day War 3977:Greek junta 3788:Berlin Wall 3636:Suez Crisis 3604:Vietnam War 3491:McCarthyism 3306:Baruch Plan 3251:Unthinkable 3211:Dekemvriana 3150:Warsaw Pact 1918:Prague coup 1643:Soviet bloc 1486:Vietnam War 1476:Berlin Wall 1405:North Korea 1342:Brașov 1987 1310:Prague 1968 1273:Poznań 1956 1126:Warsaw Pact 1085:South Yemen 1063:North Korea 976:Afghanistan 896:Byelorussia 809:Jan Masaryk 469:Coup d'état 343:History of 228:coup d'état 6365:Categories 6228:Conditions 6206:Solidarity 6139:opposition 5466:Historians 5457:Space Race 5358:Rudé právo 5312:Propaganda 5168:Neo-Nazism 5138:Chauvinism 5092:Trotskyism 5007:Monetarism 4975:Liberalism 4967:Capitalism 4959:Ideologies 4910:Ostpolitik 4633:Solidarity 4598:Toyota War 4501:Solidarity 4358:Operation 4313:Ogaden War 4002:Dhofar War 3890:Shifta War 3648:Operation 3496:Korean War 3288:Operation 3280:Operation 3272:Operation 3249:Operation 3229:Operation 3221:Operation 1944:References 1914:Czech coup 1817:socialists 1798:In Italy, 1674:Washington 1496:Afghan War 1449:Korean War 1285:Plzeň 1953 1164:Opposition 1104:Yugoslavia 1058:Mozambique 956:Uzbekistan 941:Tajikistan 911:Kazakhstan 891:Azerbaijan 784:Igor Lukes 324:Background 316:until the 226:through a 174:Jan Šrámek 170:Petr Zenkl 6426:War scare 6287:Die Wende 6260:Economies 6101:Cominform 6084:(to 1948) 6046:(to 1961) 5974:Formation 5964:Communism 5753:Ken Young 5598:Tony Judt 5447:Arms race 5420:Red Scare 5288:NN States 5233:Apartheid 5188:Autocracy 5097:Stalinism 5065:Guevarism 5055:Castroism 5045:Communism 5037:Socialism 4563:Star Wars 4156:Koza riot 3282:Beleaguer 3274:Masterdom 2930:Routledge 2813:Routledge 2690:Routledge 2671:Routledge 2037:145435987 2002:161190860 1847:that the 1800:elections 1367:Riga 1991 1357:Baku 1990 1247:Lithuania 1139:Cominform 1043:Kampuchea 946:Turkmenia 926:Lithuania 916:Kirghizia 871:Republics 687:meeting, 685:Cominform 645:) and to 529:1990–1992 519:1989–1992 483:1948–1989 462:1945–1948 452:1939–1945 442:1939–1945 431:1939–1945 420:1938–1945 410:1938–1939 390:1918–1938 94:President 6255:Politics 5905:Timeline 5895:Category 5840:See also 5332:Izvestia 5173:Islamism 5070:Hoxhaism 4945:Rollback 4824:Abkhazia 4764:Gulf War 4668:Glasnost 4038:incident 3808:Sand War 3666:Ifni War 3175:Rio Pact 3120:Cold War 3029:, 1998, 3010:, 2004, 2932:, 2001, 2898:, 2002, 2879:, 2003, 2834:, 1995, 2815:, 2005, 2764:, 1998, 2745:, 1989, 2692:, 2005, 2673:, 1999, 2624:, 2007, 1879:See also 1698:Pentagon 1632:Cold War 1511:Gulf War 1315:Invasion 1189:Bulgaria 1053:Mongolia 1028:Ethiopia 997:Bulgaria 931:Moldavia 792:People's 755:Red Army 728:The coup 631:Jáchymov 494:Invasion 334:a series 332:Part of 294:Cold War 60:Location 31:Cold War 6106:COMECON 6006:Romania 6001:Hungary 5395:Amerika 5278:Comecon 5163:Fascism 5153:Zionism 5102:Titoism 4643:Contras 4111:Détente 3388:Comecon 2861:, 1957. 2848:(1959). 1754:Finland 1376:Dissent 1278:1980–89 1237:Estonia 1214:Ukraine 1204:Romania 1194:Croatia 1184:Albania 1133:Comecon 1090:Vietnam 1079:Somalia 1074:Romania 1038:Hungary 1033:Grenada 981:Albania 951:Ukraine 906:Georgia 901:Estonia 886:Armenia 874:of the 745:leader 594:In the 285:". 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1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état

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