Coup d'état - Knowledge

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legitimacy and economic growth, while leaders who stay in power after failed coup attempts see it as a sign that they must enact meaningful reforms to remain in power. A 2014 study found that 40% of post-Cold War coups were successful. The authors argue that this may be due to the incentives created by international pressure. A 2016 study found that democracies were installed in 12% of Cold War coups and 40% of the post-Cold War coups. A 2020 study found that coups tended to lead to increases in state repression, not reductions.

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Another 2015 study shows that coups are the strongest predictor for the imposition of democratic sanctions. A third 2015 study finds that Western states react strongest against coups of possible democratic and human rights abuses. A 2016 study shows that the international donor community in the post-Cold War period penalizes coups by reducing foreign aid. The US has been inconsistent in applying aid sanctions against coups both during the Cold War and post-Cold War periods, a likely consequence of its geopolitical interests.

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d'etat Project by the Cline Center, the Colpus coup dataset, and the Coups and Agency Mechanism dataset. A 2023 study argued that major coup datasets tend to over-rely on international news sources to gather their information, potentially biasing the types of events included. Its findings show that while such a strategy is sufficient for gathering information on successful and failed coups, attempts to gather data on coup plots and rumors require a greater consultation of regional and local-specific sources.

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Middle East have experienced 13.1% and 15.8% of total global coups, respectively. Europe has experienced by far the fewest coup attempts: 2.6%." Most coup attempts occurred in the mid-1960s, but there were also large numbers of coup attempts in the mid-1970s and the early 1990s. From 1950 to 2010, a majority of coups failed in the Middle East and Latin America. They had a somewhat higher chance of success in Africa and Asia. Numbers of successful coups have decreased over time.

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military; and development of multiple internal security agencies with overlapping jurisdiction that constantly monitor one another. It may also involve frequent salary hikes and promotions for members of the military, and the deliberate use of diverse bureaucrats. Research shows that some coup-proofing strategies reduce the risk of coups occurring. However, coup-proofing reduces military effectiveness, and limits the

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social classes increases the likelihood of coups. A fifth 2016 study finds no evidence that coups are contagious; one coup in a region does not make other coups in the region likely to follow. One study found that coups are more likely to occur in states with small populations, as there are smaller coordination problems for coup-plotters.

1589:. One reason why authoritarian governments tend to have incompetent militaries is that authoritarian regimes fear that their military will stage a coup or allow a domestic uprising to proceed uninterrupted – as a consequence, authoritarian rulers have incentives to place incompetent loyalists in key positions in the military. 6018: 1704:

the army after a coup has been foiled. If it starts the mass killing of elements of the army, including officers who were not involved in the coup, this may trigger a "counter-coup" by soldiers who are afraid they will be next. To prevent such a desperate counter-coup that may be more successful than

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Autocratic incumbents invested in spatial rivalries need to strengthen the military in order to compete with a foreign adversary. The imperative of developing a strong army puts dictators in a paradoxical situation: to compete with a rival state, they must empower the very agency—the military—that is

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among coup plotters and make international actors less likely to punish coup leaders. A third 2016 study finds that coups become more likely in the wake of elections in autocracies when the results reveal electoral weakness for the incumbent autocrat. A fourth 2016 study finds that inequality between

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A coup d ́etat occurs whenever the incumbent ruling regime or regime leader is ousted from power (or a presumptive regime leader is prevented from taking power) as a result of concrete, observable, and unconstitutional actions by one or more civilian members of the incumbent ruling regime and/or one

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A 2014 study found that "coups promote democratization, particularly among states that are least likely to democratize otherwise". The authors argue that coup attempts can have this consequence because leaders of successful coups have incentives to democratize quickly in order to establish political

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Coups have been found to appear in environments that are heavily influenced by military powers. Multiple of the above factors are connected to military culture and power dynamics. These factors can be divided into multiple categories, with two of these categories being a threat to military interests

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According to Clayton Thyne and Jonathan Powell's coup data set, there were 457 coup attempts from 1950 to 2010, of which 227 (49.7%) were successful and 230 (50.3%) were unsuccessful. They find that coups have "been most common in Africa and the Americas (36.5% and 31.9%, respectively). Asia and the

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Many factors may lead to the occurrence of a coup, as well as determine the success or failure of a coup. Once a coup is underway, coup success is driven by coup-makers' ability to get others to believe that the coup attempt will be successful. The number of successful coups has decreased over time.

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The international community tends to react adversely to coups by reducing aid and imposing sanctions. A 2015 study finds that "coups against democracies, coups after the Cold War, and coups in states heavily integrated into the international community are all more likely to elicit global reaction."

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found that personalist dictatorships are more likely to take coup-proofing measures than other authoritarian regimes; the authors argue that this is because "personalists are characterized by weak institutions and narrow support bases, a lack of unifying ideologies and informal links to the ruler".

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A 2018 study found that "oil price shocks are seen to promote coups in onshore-intensive oil countries, while preventing them in offshore-intensive oil countries". The study argues that states which have onshore oil wealth tend to build up their military to protect the oil, whereas states do not do

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Some research suggests that increased repression and violence typically follow both successful and unsuccessful coup attempts. However, some tentative analysis by political scientist Jay Ulfelder finds no clear pattern of deterioration in human rights practices in wake of failed coups in post-Cold

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are more vulnerable to coups than very authoritarian states or democratic states. A 2021 study found that democratic regimes were not substantially more likely to experience coups. A 2015 study finds that terrorism is strongly associated with re-shuffling coups. A 2016 study finds that there is an

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Although the concept of a coup d'état has featured in politics since antiquity, the phrase is of relatively recent coinage. It did not appear within an English text before the 19th century except when used in the translation of a French source, there being no simple phrase in English to convey the

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In what is referred to as "coup-proofing", regimes create structures that make it hard for any small group to seize power. These coup-proofing strategies may include the strategic placing of family, ethnic, and religious groups in the military and the fragmenting of military and security agencies.

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We have a set of categories including military coup, dissident coup, rebel coup, palace coup, foreign-backed coup, auto coup and others. So an attempted dissident coup is a coup initiated by a small group of discontents to include ex-military leaders, religious leaders, former government leaders,

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According to a 2020 study, "external reactions to coups play important roles in whether coup leaders move toward authoritarianism or democratic governance. When supported by external democratic actors, coup leaders have an incentive to push for elections to retain external support and consolidate

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regimes. New dictatorships launched by coups engage in higher levels of repression in the year after the coup than existed in the year before the coup. One-third of coups in dictatorships during the Cold War and 10% of later ones reshuffled the regime leadership. Democracies were installed in the

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To summarize, our definition of a coup attempt includes illegal and overt attempts by the military or other elites within the state apparatus to unseat the sitting executive... Coups may be undertaken by any elite who is part of the state apparatus. These can include non-civilian members of the

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In what is referred to as "coup-proofing", regimes create structures that make it hard for any small group to seize power. These coup-proofing strategies may include the strategic placing of family, ethnic, and religious groups in the military; creation of an armed force parallel to the regular

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A number of political science datasets document coup attempts around the world and over time, generally starting in the post-World War II period. Major examples include the Global Instances of Coups dataset, the Coups & Political Instability dataset by the Center of Systemic Peace, the Coup

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According to political scientists Curtis Bell and Jonathan Powell, coup attempts in neighbouring countries lead to greater coup-proofing and coup-related repression in a region. A 2017 study finds that countries' coup-proofing strategies are heavily influenced by other countries with similar

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A 2020 study found that elections had a two-sided impact on coup attempts, depending on the state of the economy. During periods of economic expansion, elections reduced the likelihood of coup attempts, whereas elections during economic crises increased the likelihood of coup attempts.

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ethnic component to coups: "When leaders attempt to build ethnic armies, or dismantle those created by their predecessors, they provoke violent resistance from military officers." Another 2016 study shows that protests increase the risk of coups, presumably because they ease

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There should be a strong presumption against forcibly removing a democratic regime. But that presumption might be overcome if the government in question poses a grave threat to human rights, or is likely to destroy democracy itself by shutting down future political

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and Lucan Way found that political-military fusion, where the ruling party is highly interlinked with the military and created the administrative structures of the military from its inception, is extremely effective at preventing military coups. For example, the

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members of legislatures, parliament and civilians, but does not include security forces or police as they're organized arms of the government. And certainly by using that label, I am not trying to categorize in any sense the politics of people who are involved.

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By one estimate, there were 457 coup attempts from 1950 to 2010, half of which were successful. Most coup attempts occurred in the mid-1960s, but there were also large numbers of coup attempts in the mid-1970s and the early 1990s. Coups occurring in the

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is usually started spontaneously by larger groups of uncoordinated people. The distinction between a revolution and a coup is not always clear. Sometimes, a coup is labelled as a revolution by its plotters to feign democratic legitimacy.

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A 2017 study found that autocratic leaders whose states were involved in international rivalries over disputed territory were more likely to be overthrown in a coup. The authors of the study provide the following logic for why this

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A 2019 study found that states that had recently signed civil war peace agreements were much more likely to experience coups, in particular when those agreements contained provisions that jeopardized the interests of the military.

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Failed coups in authoritarian systems are likely to strengthen the power of the authoritarian ruler. The cumulative number of coups is a strong predictor of future coups, a phenomenon referred to as the "coup trap".

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an entire sequence of elections may occur peacefully, with or without alternations, and then some exogenous event may lead to a coup, usurpation of power by the current incumbent, civil war, or some other constitutional

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In autocracies, the frequency of coups seems to be affected by the succession rules in place, with monarchies with a fixed succession rule being much less plagued by instability than less institutionalized autocracies.

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Oftentimes, military spending is an indicator of the likelihood of a coup taking place. Nordvik found that about 75% of coups that took place in many different countries rooted from military spending and oil windfalls.

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A 2023 study found that civilian elites are more likely to be associated with instigating military coups while civilians embedded in social networks are more likely to be associated with consolidating military coups.

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was promulgated in consequence of innumerable complaints and murmurs which have found their way to the ears of the Sovereign. Our merchants contend, that they experience the greatest difficulties in trading with the

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refers to the illegitimate overthrow of a sitting government—usually through violence or the threat of violence. The technical term for attempting to stay in power illegitimately—such as after losing an election—is

3217: 937:) or coup from the top, is a form of coup d'état in which a nation's head, having come to power through legal means, stays in power through illegal means. The leader may dissolve or render powerless the national 745: 1774:(OAS) have adopted anti-coup frameworks. Through the threat of sanctions, the organizations actively try to curb coups. A 2016 study finds that the AU has played a meaningful role in reducing African coups. 4566:

where a monarch who had not been directly running the country (in the sense that there was a prime minister and responsible government...) decides to assume all power. Yugoslavia in 1929 was an example of

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Prime Minister, Head of Government (under Tunisian Constitution, Shared Executive Power), Kais Saied Also Abolished the Parliament, which represents the Legislative Power in a representative Democracy)

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Other types of actual or attempted seizures of power are sometimes called "coups with adjectives". The appropriate term can be subjective and carries normative, analytical, and political implications.

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reduce the occurrence of coup attempts. Succession rules are believed to hamper coordination efforts among coup plotters by assuaging elites who have more to gain by patience than by plotting.

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Nabiyev was forced to resign by government militia on 7 September 1992, with Emomali Rahmon assumed interim power in November. Emomali Rahmon was, at the time, known as Emomali Rahmonov (see

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The literature review in a 2016 study includes mentions of ethnic factionalism, supportive foreign governments, leader inexperience, slow growth, commodity price shocks, and poverty.

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is a coup in which one faction within the ruling group displaces another faction within a ruling group. Along with popular protests, palace coups are a major threat to dictators. The

872:: "There was a report in circulation yesterday of a sort of coup d'état having taken place in France, in consequence of some formidable conspiracy against the existing government." 4127: 3532:

Brown, Cameron S.; Fariss, Christopher J.; McMahon, R. Blake (1 January 2016). "Recouping after Coup-Proofing: Compromised Military Effectiveness and Strategic Substitution".

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David Lane: 'The Orange Revolution: 'People's Revolution' or Revolutionary Coup?', The British Journal of Politics and International Relations (BJPIR): 2008 Vol. 10, 525–549

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A 2017 study found that negative international responses, especially from powerful actors, have a significant effect in shortening the duration of regimes created in coups.

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Escribà-Folch, Abel; Böhmelt, Tobias; Pilster, Ulrich (1 September 2020). "Authoritarian regimes and civil–military relations: Explaining counterbalancing in autocracies".

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in staunchly authoritarian regimes have become less likely to end in democracy over time, and that the positive influence has strengthened since the end of the Cold War.

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and support for military interests. If interests go in either direction, the military will find itself either capitalizing off that power or attempting to gain it back.

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Escribà-Folch, Abel; Böhmelt, Tobias; Pilster, Ulrich (9 April 2019). "Authoritarian regimes and civil–military relations: Explaining counterbalancing in autocracies".

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Bleck, Jaimie; Michelitch, Kristin (9 May 2017). "Capturing the Airwaves, Capturing the Nation? A Field Experiment on State-Run Media Effects in the Wake of a Coup".

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One early use within text translated from French was in 1785 in a printed translation of a letter from a French merchant, commenting on an arbitrary decree, or

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found that leaders who survive coup attempts and respond by purging known and potential rivals are likely to have longer tenures as leaders. A 2019 study in

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Piplani, Varun; Talmadge, Caitlin (1 December 2016). "When War Helps Civil–military Relations Prolonged Interstate Conflict and the Reduced Risk of Coups".

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A 2014 study of 18 Latin American countries in the 20th-century study found the legislative powers of the presidency does not influence coup frequency.

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Powell, Jonathan M., et al. "A Coup At the Capitol? Conceptualizing Coups and Other Antidemocratic Actions." International Studies Review 24.1 (2022)

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Dissident coup, in which the culprits are nominally protestors without backing from any military or police units (e.g. sometimes used to describe the

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Curtice, Travis B; Arnon, Daniel (14 May 2019). "Deterring threats and settling scores: How coups influence respect for physical integrity rights".

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Gassebner, Martin; Gutmann, Jerg; Voigt, Stefan (1 December 2016). "When to expect a coup d'état? An extreme bounds analysis of coup determinants".

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Miller, Michael K.; Joseph, Michael; Ohl, Dorothy (26 May 2016). "Are Coups Really Contagious? An Extreme Bounds Analysis of Political Diffusion".

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However, coup-proofing reduces military effectiveness as loyalty is prioritized over experience when filling key positions within the military.

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Johnson, Jaclyn; Thyne, Clayton L. (26 June 2016). "Squeaky Wheels and Troop Loyalty How Domestic Protests Influence Coups d'état, 1951–2005".

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A 2019 study found that when a country's politics is polarized and electoral competition is low, civilian-recruited coups become more likely.

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Harkness, Kristen A. (1 June 2016). "The Ethnic Army and the State Explaining Coup Traps and the Difficulties of Democratization in Africa".

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However, two 2016 studies found that leaders who were involved in militarized confrontations and conflicts were less likely to face a coup.

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for 'knock'), denotes the political-military actions of an unsuccessful minority reactionary coup. The term was initially coined for the

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Thyne, Clayton L.; Powell, Jonathan M. (1 April 2014). "Coup d'état or Coup d'Autocracy? How Coups Impact Democratization, 1950–2008".

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Leaders are arranged in chronological order by the dates they assumed power, and categorized by the continents their countries are in.

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A 2014 study of 18 Latin American countries in the 20th century study found that coup frequency does not vary with development levels,

1335: 780:, is typically an illegal and overt attempt by a military organization or other government elites to unseat an incumbent leadership. A 4658:

Ben Hammou, Salah; Powell, Jonathan; Sellers, Bailey (2023). "Sourcing and Bias in the Study of Coups: Lessons from the Middle East".

1229:('quarter' or 'barracks'), in which the mutiny of specific military garrisons sparks a larger military revolt against the government. 7552: 7548:

John J. Chin, David B. Carter & Joseph G. Wright. Dataset on all military and non-military coup attempts in the world since 1946.

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and unlawfully assume extraordinary powers not granted under normal circumstances. Other measures may include annulling the nation's

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Arbatli, Cemal Eren; Arbatli, Ekim (2014). "External threats and political survival: Can dispute involvement deter coup attempts?".

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Shannon, Megan; Thyne, Clayton; Hayden, Sarah; Dugan, Amanda (1 October 2015). "The International Community's Reaction to Coups".

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Talmadge, Caitlin (2016). "Different Threats, Different Militaries:Explaining Organizational Practices in Authoritarian Armies".

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No regime change, as when a leader is illegally shuffled out of power without changing the ruling group or the type of government

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Hadi was forced to resign by Houthi rebels on 22 January 2015, but later renounced his resignation. The coup culminated into a

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A 2021 study found that oil wealthy nations see a pronounced risk of coup attempts but these coups are unlikely to succeed.

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n'Diaye, Boubacar (2016). "How Not to Institutionalize Civilian Control: Kenya's Coup Prevention Strategies, 1964–1997".

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Chin, John J; Carter, David B; Wright, Joseph G (2021). "The Varieties of Coups D'état: Introducing the Colpus Dataset".

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Chin, John J; Carter, David B; Wright, Joseph G (2021). "The Varieties of Coups D'état: Introducing the Colpus Dataset".

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the initial attempt, governments usually resort to firing prominent officers and replacing them with loyalists instead.

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is the formal declaration deposing the previous government and justifying the installation of the new government by the

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period have been more likely to result in democratic systems than Cold War coups, though coups still mostly perpetuate

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period have been more likely to result in democratic systems than Cold War coups, though coups still mostly perpetuate

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Leon, Gabriel (1 April 2014). "Soldiers or politicians? Institutions, conflict, and the military's role in politics".

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domestic legitimacy. When condemned, coup leaders are apt to trend toward authoritarianism to assure their survival."

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Thyne, Clayton; Powell, Jonathan; Parrott, Sarah; VanMeter, Emily (15 January 2017). "Even Generals Need Friends".

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Frantz, Erica; Stein, Elizabeth A. (4 July 2016). "Countering Coups Leadership Succession Rules in Dictatorships".

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Woldense, Josef (2022). "What Happens When Coups Fail? The Problem of Identifying and Weakening the Enemy Within".

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Powell, Jonathan; Lasley, Trace; Schiel, Rebecca (7 January 2016). "Combating Coups d'état in Africa, 1950–2014".

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According to a 2020 study, coups increase the cost of borrowing and increase the likelihood of sovereign default.

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Casper, Brett Allen; Tyson, Scott A. (1 April 2014). "Popular Protest and Elite Coordination in a Coup d'état".

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Research suggests that protests spur coups, as they help elites within the state apparatus to coordinate coups.

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Hiroi, Taeko; Omori, Sawa (1 February 2013). "Causes and Triggers of Coups d'état: An Event History Analysis".

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The study found that about half of all coups in dictatorships—both during and after the Cold War—install new

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Kinney, Drew Holland (2019). "Politicians at Arms: Civilian recruitment of soldiers for Middle East Coups".

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Raphael Boleslavsky; Mehdi Shadmehr; Konstantin Sonin (June 2021). "Media Freedom in the Shadow of a Coup".

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Easton, Malcolm R.; Siverson, Randolph M. (2018). "Leader survival and purges after a failed coup d'état".

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is still used by Germans to describe the event, often with quotation marks as the 'so-called Röhm Putsch'.

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Lachapelle, Jean (21 November 2019). "No Easy Way Out: The Effect of Military Coups on State Repression".

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Ben Hammou, Salah (2023). "The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics".

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Londregan, John B.; Poole, Keith T. (1990). "Poverty, the Coup Trap, and the Seizure of Executive Power".

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is when a leader, having come to power through legal means, tries to stay in power through illegal means.

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Royal coup, in which a monarch dismisses democratically elected leaders and seizes all power (e.g. the

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Aksoy, Deniz; Carter, David B.; Wright, Joseph (1 July 2015). "Terrorism and the Fate of Dictators".

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a coup to forcibly overthrow a democratic government might be sometimes justified. Commenting on the

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Narang, Vipin; Talmadge, Caitlin (31 January 2017). "Civil-military Pathologies and Defeat in War".

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Powell, Jonathan (1 December 2012). "Determinants of the Attempting and Outcome of Coups d'état".

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The accumulation of previous coups is a strong predictor of future coups, a phenomenon called the

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Between 1946 and the beginning of 2021, an estimated 148 self-coup attempts took place, 110 in

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Nordvik, Frode Martin (1 April 2019). "Does Oil Promote or Prevent Coups? The Answer is Yes".

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Houle, Christian (1 September 2016). "Why class inequality breeds coups but not civil wars".

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A 2003 review of the academic literature found that the following factors influenced coups:

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White, Peter (2020). "The Perils of Peace: Civil War Peace Agreements and Military Coups".

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According to a 2019 study, coup attempts lead to a reduction in physical integrity rights.

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Kurrild-Klitgaard, Peter (2000). "The constitutional economics of autocratic succession".

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Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990

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Przeworski, Adam; Alvarez, Michael E.; Cheibub, Jose Antonio; Limongi, Fernando (2000).

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Ousting of the dictatorship followed by democratization (also called "democratic coups")

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contextualized idea of a 'knockout blow to the existing administration within a state'.

334: 49: 7474: 7427: 7398: 7300: 7230: 7183: 7148: 7063: 6978: 6935: 6773: 6724: 6640: 6536: 6483: 6436: 6374: 6286: 6154: 6111: 6056: 5933: 5883: 5786: 5743: 5700: 5665: 5607: 5557: 5526: 5483: 5397: 5354: 5301: 5258: 5203: 5156: 5113: 5060: 4941: 4898: 4850: 4752: 4362: 4248: 4119: 4062: 3707: 3603: 3557: 3511: 3473: 3339: 3291: 3283: 3195: 3170:

Belkin, Aaron; Schofer, Evan (2003). "Toward a Structural Understanding of Coup Risk".

3104: 2870: 2759: 2152: 1717: 1639: 946: 865: 641: 577: 527: 485: 455: 443: 381: 356: 344: 329: 314: 269: 159: 144: 41: 6658:

Derpanopoulos, George; Frantz, Erica; Geddes, Barbara; Wright, Joseph (1 April 2017).

6023:

Revista de Historia Economica – Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History

5848:

Nordvik, Frode Martin (2019). "Does Oil Promote or Prevent Coups? the Answer Is Yes".

5175: 3578:

Bausch, Andrew W. (2018). "Coup-proofing and Military Inefficiencies: An Experiment".

932: 899:, as butchering, or poisoning, or drowning, en masse, they are exclusively employed." 7478: 7431: 7402: 7370: 7319: 7304: 7234: 7222: 7187: 7152: 7140: 7055: 7013: 6982: 6970: 6939: 6927: 6777: 6765: 6728: 6716: 6681: 6632: 6597: 6559: 6540: 6528: 6487: 6440: 6428: 6366: 6290: 6278: 6240: 6195: 6146: 6115: 6103: 6060: 6048: 5987: 5937: 5925: 5887: 5875: 5827: 5790: 5778: 5747: 5735: 5704: 5657: 5611: 5599: 5561: 5530: 5518: 5487: 5475: 5428: 5401: 5389: 5358: 5346: 5305: 5293: 5262: 5250: 5195: 5160: 5148: 5105: 5064: 5052: 5017: 4976: 4945: 4933: 4902: 4842: 4793: 4756: 4744: 4693: 4555: 4449: 4312: 4252: 4240: 4221:"Feofan Prokopovich's Pravda voli monarshei as Fundamental Law of the Russian Empire" 4123: 4109: 4066: 4054: 3936: 3911: 3711: 3699: 3645: 3607: 3595: 3561: 3549: 3515: 3465: 3413: 3343: 3295: 3275: 3223: 3187: 3108: 3096: 3045: 3022: 2976: 2932: 2862: 2816: 2751: 2644: 2628: 2612: 2457: 2008: 1713: 1635: 1502: 1140: 1129: 1023: 848: 629: 599: 567: 507: 339: 234: 224: 154: 129: 7067: 7035: 6644: 6615:

Powell, Jonathan M. (3 July 2014). "An assessment of the 'democratic' coup theory".

6378: 6158: 5207: 5117: 4854: 4825:

Thyne, Clayton (25 March 2015). "The impact of coups d'état on civil war duration".

4332: 4177:

Autocracy and China's Rebel Founding Emperors: Comparing Chairman Mao and Ming Taizu

4025:"Coup with Adjectives: Conceptual Stretching or Innovation in Comparative Research?" 3199: 2874: 2364: 1747:

A 2017 study finds that the use of state broadcasting by the putschist regime after

1553:

A 2019 study found that regional rebellions made coups by the military more likely.

1074: 7466: 7441: 7419: 7390: 7292: 7214: 7175: 7132: 7109: 7105: 7047: 7005: 6962: 6919: 6755: 6708: 6671: 6624: 6589: 6518: 6510: 6475: 6420: 6358: 6350: 6270: 6232: 6185: 6138: 6095: 6038: 6030: 5979: 5917: 5865: 5857: 5817: 5770: 5727: 5692: 5669: 5649: 5591: 5549: 5510: 5465: 5457: 5420: 5381: 5336: 5328: 5285: 5242: 5187: 5140: 5095: 5087: 5044: 5007: 4968: 4925: 4888: 4880: 4834: 4736: 4667: 4394: 4232: 4158: 4101: 4044: 4036: 3903: 3691: 3637: 3587: 3541: 3503: 3477: 3457: 3331: 3267: 3179: 3086: 3078: 3012: 2966: 2922: 2854: 2808: 2763: 2743: 2592: 2321: 2055: 1915: 1391: 1082: 1019: 1011: 926: 879:, the phrase came to be used to describe the various murders by Napoleon's alleged 793: 710: 604: 522: 420: 388: 264: 7283:

Beeson, Mark (2008). "Civil–Military Relations in Indonesia and the Philippines".

6424: 5806:"War Makes the Regime: Regional Rebellions and Political Militarization Worldwide" 5595: 3591: 3545: 3461: 3067:"The Rush to Personalize: Power Concentration after Failed Coups in Dictatorships" 7553:

Powell, Jonathan & Clayton Thyne. Global Instances of Coups from 1950–Present

6628: 5424: 4646: 4308: 4148: 3930: 3879: 3407: 2685: 2283: 2077: 2032: 1910: 1865: 1660: 1622: 1162: 829: 756: 666: 594: 547: 463: 376: 3373: 2238: 1700:(2014), it is "fairly rare" for the prevailing existing government to violently 1523: 1248:, consistent with the constitution, often by exploiting loopholes or ambiguities 818:, literally meaning a 'stroke of state' or 'blow of state'. In French, the word 7929: 7470: 6362: 5576: 2639: 2417: 2200: 1830: 1825: 1132: 1066: 1038:

between 1725 and 1801 were either overthrown or usurped power in palace coups.

1015: 291: 192: 182: 7218: 7136: 6099: 6034: 5822: 5805: 5774: 5553: 5385: 5332: 5048: 4579: 3695: 3641: 3082: 2858: 2326: 1383:

wake of 12% of Cold War coups in dictatorships and 40% of post-Cold War ones.

8388: 7423: 7394: 7296: 7226: 7179: 7144: 7059: 7051: 7017: 6974: 6966: 6931: 6827: 6769: 6760: 6743: 6720: 6685: 6676: 6659: 6636: 6601: 6532: 6514: 6479: 6432: 6370: 6282: 6274: 6244: 6199: 6190: 6173: 6150: 6142: 6107: 6052: 5991: 5929: 5921: 5879: 5831: 5782: 5739: 5696: 5661: 5653: 5603: 5522: 5514: 5479: 5461: 5393: 5350: 5297: 5289: 5254: 5246: 5199: 5191: 5152: 5144: 5109: 5091: 5056: 5021: 5012: 4995: 4980: 4937: 4929: 4846: 4838: 4748: 4740: 4697: 4244: 4220: 4105: 4058: 4040: 3915: 3703: 3649: 3599: 3553: 3507: 3469: 3335: 3279: 3191: 3183: 3100: 3026: 2980: 2971: 2954: 2936: 2927: 2910: 2866: 2820: 2755: 2747: 2555: 2157: 2117: 1767: 1497: 1128:

has also been described as a putsch, mostly as a thematic parallel comparing

1118: 880: 876: 286: 219: 7410:

McGowan, Patrick J. (2016). "Coups and Conflict in West Africa, 1955–2004".

7381:

McGowan, Patrick J. (2016). "Coups and Conflict in West Africa, 1955–2004".

6556:

Revolution and Dictatorship: The Violent Origins of Durable Authoritarianism

5983: 4365:(in German). Deutsches Historisches Museum (DHM), German Historical Museum. 3222:. Cambridge Studies in the Theory of Democracy. Cambridge University Press. 1619:

Revolution and Dictatorship: The Violent Origins of Durable Authoritarianism

1277:

Medical coup, having a leader declared incapacitated by doctors, such as in

1101: 1065:

of 6 September 1839 in Switzerland. It was also used for attempted coups in

1060: 1014:

of the 12th century BC was one of the earliest. Palace coups were common in

7356: 4162: 3626:"Technology, civil-military relations, and warfare in the developing world" 2582: 2385: 1586: 1358: 1136: 1097: 1078: 1054: 942: 4671: 4546:

Barbara Geddes; Joseph George Wright; Joseph Wright; Erica Frantz (2018).

4236: 3996:"With brazen assault on election, Trump prompts critics to warn of a coup" 3907: 2812: 6792:"Is the overthrow of a democratically elected government ever justified?" 6354: 6236: 5870: 4893: 2587: 2037: 1741: 1729: 1070: 960: 956: 938: 886: 614: 7522: 5341: 2448:

Head of the Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions

661: 6523: 6043: 5861: 5470: 4972: 4884: 4049: 3409:

The Dictator's Army: Battlefield Effectiveness in Authoritarian Regimes

3287: 3091: 2278: 1843: 1675: 1379: 1314: 636: 229: 68: 7009: 6593: 5100: 8361: 8340: 7593: 7588: 4181:

China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture

2634: 2622: 1953: 1318: 1268: 973: 922: 914: 781: 249: 187: 4866: 4864: 3271: 7547: 6923: 6712: 5731: 5176:"Cues to Coup Plotters Elections as Coup Triggers in Dictatorships" 4495: 4421: 4390:"Wagner putsch is symptomatic of Russia's ongoing imperial decline" 2617: 2408:

President of the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland

2243: 2170: 1600:

histories. Coup-proofing is more likely in former French colonies.

1387: 950: 853: 789: 281: 6334:

Böhmelt, Tobias; Ruggeri, Andrea; Pilster, Ulrich (1 April 2017).

4686:"Orderly transfers of power occur less often than you might think" 2784:

military and security services, or civilian members of government.

1353:

Successful coups are one method of regime change that thwarts the

19:"Counter-coup" and "Coup" redirect here. For the injury type, see 6017:

Sabaté, Oriol; Espuelas, Sergio; Herranz-Loncán, Alfonso (2021).

4861: 2296: 1928: 1394:. Coups that occur during civil wars shorten the war's duration. 244: 177: 7096:

Masaki, Takaaki (1 March 2016). "Coups d'État and Foreign Aid".

6172:

Braithwaite, Jessica Maves; Sudduth, Jun Koga (1 January 2016).

4266: 7536: 7263:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 26 June 2017. Archived from 6657: 6336:"Counterbalancing, Spatial Dependence, and Peer Group Effects*" 4725:"Acquiring the Habit of Changing Governments Through Elections" 3215: 2904: 2845:

Marinov, Nikolay; Goemans, Hein (2014). "Coups and Democracy".

2339: 2050: 833:) is capitalized when it denotes a sovereign political entity. 239: 4916:

Bell, Curtis (17 February 2016). "Coup d'État and Democracy".

1783: 1357:. A 2016 study categorizes four possible outcomes to coups in 5966:

Powell, Jonathan; Schiel, Rebecca; Ben Hammou, Salah (2021).

5901:

Krishnarajan, Suthan; Rørbæk, Lasse Lykke (21 January 2020).

4179:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), p. 324; Charles O. Hucker, 3949: 2470: 2430: 2213: 2130: 1883: 1701: 1556: 1545: 1524:

Territorial disputes, internal conflicts, and armed conflicts

1187: 1093: 1031: 1027: 734: 719: 7491:; scholars say coup is the ouster of the current government. 6016: 4548:

How Dictatorships Work: Power, Personalization, and Collapse

2729:"Global instances of coups from 1950 to 2010: A new dataset" 1251:

Counter-coup, a coup to repeal the result of a previous coup

7261:"Twenty Years Later: The Tajik Civil War And Its Aftermath" 6660:"Are coups good for democracy? A response to Miller (2016)" 6500: 5447: 3065:

Timoneda, Joan C.; Escribà-Folch, Abel; Chin, John (2023).

2256: 725: 276: 7344:

The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics

7165: 5415:

Kurrild-Klitgaard, Peter (2004). "Autocratic Succession".

1223:

is another type of military revolt, from the Spanish term

3822:. Office québécois de la langue française. Archived from 3064: 2480: 2440: 2399: 2349: 2306: 2266: 2223: 2180: 2140: 2100: 2060: 2020: 1938: 1893: 1853: 1313:

While a coup is usually a conspiracy of a small group, a

7316:

How to Stage a Military Coup: From Planning to Execution

7034:

Soest, Christian von; Wahman, Michael (1 January 2015).

6995: 5968:"Oil Wealth, Risk Acceptance, and the Seizure of Power" 4657: 4207:

Politics Or Markets? Essays on Haitian Underdevelopment

4023:

Marsteintredet, Leiv; Malamud, Andrés (November 2020).

2727:

Powell, Jonathan M.; Thyne, Clayton L. (1 March 2011).

6174:"Military purges and the recurrence of civil conflict" 5965: 5804:

Eibl, Ferdinand; Hertog, Steffen; Slater, Dan (2019).

4492:"Ask the 'Coupologists': Just What Was Jan. 6 Anyway?" 4192:

Patrick Milton, Michael Axworthy & Brendan Simms,

1058: 6333: 5318: 4225:

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

4022: 3932:

Uruguay in Transition: From Civilian to Military Rule

3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 2826:

or more members of the military or security apparatus

1534:

most likely to threaten their own survival in office.

1034:

in the 19th to early 20th centuries. The majority of

716: 713: 7508:

Seizing Power: The Strategic Logic of Military Coups

5903:"The Two-sided Effect of Elections on Coup Attempts" 3042:

Seizing Power: The Strategic Logic of Military Coups

1698:

Seizing Power: The Strategic Logic of Military Coups

731: 722: 7496:Schiel, R., Powell, J., & Faulkner, C. (2020). 4996:"Political Institutions and Coups in Dictatorships" 3001:"Integrating the Civil–Military Relations Subfield" 728: 7122: 6823:"Why Turkey's coup failed, according to an expert" 6554:Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan (13 September 2022). 6305:"Will Turkey's coup attempt prompt others nearby?" 6171: 5900: 5174:Wig, Tore; Rød, Espen Geelmuyden (1 August 2016). 4474:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 3987: 3531: 3317: 3302: 1751:did not elevate explicit approval for the regime. 1371:Replacement of incumbent with another dictatorship 6407:Mehrl, Marius; Choulis, Ioannis (28 March 2021). 5414: 5371: 5034: 4295: 4271:DWDS – Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache 1303:Slow-motion (or slow-moving or slow-rolling) coup 1146: 8386: 7125:Studies in Comparative International Development 6409:"The colonial roots of structural coup-proofing" 5803: 4994:Kim, Nam Kyu; Sudduth, Jun Koga (3 March 2021). 4611:"Change Caused by Revolutions, Coups & Wars" 4490:Zeitz, Joshua; Althaus, Scott (19 August 2022). 4417:"Russia's aborted Wagner putsch: How it evolved" 4388:Cashman, Richard; Ogryzko, Lesia (6 July 2023). 3893: 2798: 2189:Chairman of the Transitional Sovereignty Council 7029: 7027: 6909: 5639: 5275: 4513: 3624:Biddle, Stephen; Zirkle, Robert (1 June 1996). 1691: 1492: 7313: 6820: 6465: 5682: 4387: 3922: 3493: 3318:Lehoucq, Fabrice; Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal (2014). 3257: 2844: 1642:) or the extreme political instability of the 1592:A 2016 study shows that the implementation of 7574: 5577:"Spatial Rivalry and Coups Against Dictators" 4716: 4523:. Cline Center for Advanced Social Research. 4307:] (in German) (second ed.). Berlin: 3887: 3169: 1267:Judicial coup, a "legal" coup, utilizing the 1224: 1218: 1209: 1203: 1197: 1170: 1153: 1147: 684: 7024: 6952: 6406: 5130: 4678: 4489: 4151:Journal of the European Economic Association 3861: 3838: 3623: 3253: 3251: 1906:Chairman of the State Administration Council 1191: 1105: 884: 841: 819: 813: 7456: 7033: 6583: 6553: 6260: 5760: 4355: 2955:"Reanalysis: Are coups good for democracy?" 2726: 1784:Current leaders who assumed power via coups 761: 7581: 7567: 6741: 6698: 5543: 4993: 4958: 4722: 4183:(Stanford University Press: 1975), p. 304. 3134:Habtom, Naman Karl-Thomas (21 July 2023). 2660:List of coups and coup attempts since 2010 2650:List of coups and coup attempts by country 1861:President of the Supreme Political Council 1557:Economy, development, and resource factors 1546:Popular opposition and regional rebellions 1336:List of coups and coup attempts by country 945:, suspending civil courts, and having the 691: 677: 7440: 7350: 6759: 6675: 6522: 6226: 6189: 6042: 5869: 5821: 5469: 5340: 5099: 5011: 4892: 4289: 4048: 3883:. Canterbury. 16 October 1804. p. 2. 3820:"Banque de dépannage linguistique – état" 3371: 3248: 3090: 3016: 2970: 2926: 1757: 1325: 1096:to eliminate opponents, particularly the 6085: 5077: 4608: 4196:(Oxford University Press, 2019), p. 104. 4194:Towards A Westphalia for the Middle East 4091: 3993: 3447: 3405: 2994: 2992: 2990: 1308: 35: 8322:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024) 7965:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004) 7409: 7380: 6742:Thyne, Clayton; Hitch, Kendall (2020). 5847: 4870: 4443: 4437: 4301:Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen 4098:Routledge Handbook of State Recognition 4018: 4016: 3955: 2233:for the Salvation of the People of Mali 1696:According to Naunihal Singh, author of 1659:Research suggests that coups promoting 1434:collusion with a foreign military power 8387: 7346:. London: Pall Mall Press. p. 98. 7282: 7200: 7095: 7091: 7089: 6614: 6388:from the original on 22 September 2017 6343:Political Science Research and Methods 6128: 5574: 5500: 5173: 3673: 3671: 3619: 3617: 3577: 3573: 3571: 3527: 3525: 3489: 3487: 3443: 3441: 3401: 3399: 3372:Quinlivan, James T. (1 January 2000). 3367: 3365: 3236:from the original on 24 September 2018 3211: 3209: 3136:"When Failed Coups Strengthen Leaders" 3133: 2998: 2952: 2905:Derpanopoulos, George; Frantz, Erica; 1259:January 6 United States Capitol attack 48:in Saint-Cloud, detail of painting by 7562: 7501:Conflict Management and Peace Science 7450:(in French). Paris: Éditions Grasset. 7341: 7314:Connor, Ken; Hebditch, David (2008). 6955:Conflict Management and Peace Science 6579: 6577: 6575: 6503:Conflict Management and Peace Science 6256: 6254: 6067:from the original on 18 February 2021 5843: 5841: 5717: 5685:Conflict Management and Peace Science 5450:Conflict Management and Peace Science 5232: 4827:Conflict Management and Peace Science 4824: 4785: 4343:from the original on 10 February 2021 4333:"Definition of putsch: Did you know?" 4218: 4073:from the original on 13 December 2022 3677: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3039: 3018:10.1146/annurev-polisci-060518-025407 2987: 2794: 2792: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2693:from the original on 29 November 2021 1611:Conflict Management and Peace Science 1437:military's national security doctrine 828: 755: 6891:from the original on 29 January 2017 6802:from the original on 9 February 2023 6315:from the original on 21 October 2019 6212: 5998:from the original on 13 January 2021 5810:British Journal of Political Science 4915: 4704:from the original on 12 January 2022 4621:from the original on 18 October 2022 4590:from the original on 8 November 2021 4527:from the original on 4 February 2021 4175:Anita M. Andrew & John A. Rapp, 4013: 3800:from the original on 11 January 2021 3778:from the original on 18 August 2017. 3384:from the original on 21 October 2019 3071:British Journal of Political Science 2948: 2946: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2847:British Journal of Political Science 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2523:Mugabe resigned on 21 November 2017. 2392:September 2022 Burkinabé coup d'état 2357:President of the Patriotic Movement 1018:. They have also occurred among the 925:, also called an autocoup (from 7241:from the original on 4 January 2023 7203:"Coups d'état and the cost of debt" 7159: 7086: 7074:from the original on 4 January 2023 6865:from the original on 22 August 2016 6447:from the original on 4 January 2023 5419:. Vol. 103. pp. 358–362. 4763:from the original on 19 August 2021 4369:from the original on 11 August 2014 4277:from the original on 4 January 2023 3956:Tufekci, Zeynep (7 December 2020). 3928: 3730: 3668: 3614: 3568: 3522: 3484: 3438: 3396: 3362: 3206: 2598:List of protective service agencies 2314:Chairman of the National Committee 2231:Chairman of the National Committee 1722:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66 1587:rents that an incumbent can extract 1425:contagion from other regional coups 13: 7367:Coup d'État: A Practical Handbook. 7275: 7201:Balima, Hippolyte Weneyam (2020). 6572: 6251: 5972:Journal of Global Security Studies 5838: 5621:from the original on 14 March 2023 5214:from the original on 3 August 2023 3994:Nakamura, David (5 January 2021). 3656:from the original on 30 April 2020 3426:from the original on 3 August 2023 3158: 3005:Annual Review of Political Science 2789: 2705: 1712:Notable counter-coups include the 1576:, or the rate of economic growth. 1410:military organizational grievances 14: 8416: 7515: 7510:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 6835:from the original on 17 July 2016 5947:from the original on 11 June 2023 5417:The Encyclopedia of Public Choice 4723:Przeworski, Adam (January 2015). 4446:Coup d'État: A Practical Handbook 4305:Etymological Dictionary of German 3718:from the original on 5 March 2022 3684:American Political Science Review 3146:from the original on 29 July 2023 3115:from the original on 31 July 2023 2943: 2881: 2831: 2577:Coup d'État: A Practical Handbook 2316:of Reconciliation and Development 1464:regime legitimacy and past coups. 1416:military attitudinal cohesiveness 8368: 8367: 7596:, and attempted coups since 1991 7535: 7521: 7253: 7207:Journal of Comparative Economics 7194: 7116: 6989: 6946: 6903: 6877: 6847: 6814: 6784: 6735: 6692: 4806:from the original on 20 May 2021 4130:from the original on 4 July 2021 3350:from the original on 4 July 2021 2773:from the original on 27 May 2022 2571:Civilian control of the military 2535: 2526: 2517: 2504: 2491: 2463: 2423: 2378: 2332: 2289: 2249: 2206: 2163: 2123: 2083: 2043: 2002: 1921: 1876: 1836: 1680:2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt 1579: 913:This section is an excerpt from 902: 709: 660: 75: 8212:Central African Republic (2021) 8106:Central African Republic (2013) 7920:Central African Republic (2003) 7900:Central African Republic (2001) 7606:List of coups and coup attempts 6855:"Are coups good for democracy?" 6821:Zack Beauchamp (16 July 2016). 6651: 6608: 6547: 6494: 6459: 6400: 6327: 6297: 6206: 6165: 6122: 6079: 6010: 5959: 5894: 5797: 5754: 5711: 5676: 5633: 5568: 5537: 5494: 5441: 5408: 5365: 5312: 5269: 5226: 5167: 5124: 5071: 5028: 4987: 4952: 4909: 4818: 4779: 4651: 4633: 4602: 4572: 4539: 4483: 4462: 4409: 4381: 4325: 4259: 4212: 4199: 4186: 4169: 4142: 4085: 3966:In political science, the term 3896:International Studies Quarterly 3870: 3851: 3812: 3782: 3760: 3320:"Breaking Out of the Coup Trap" 3127: 2911:"Are coups good for democracy?" 2801:International Studies Quarterly 2655:List of coups and coup attempts 2096:Republic of the Congo Civil War 1772:Organization of American States 1738:Coup d'état of December Twelfth 1332:List of coups and coup attempts 852:,1804, reporting the arrest by 7498:"Mutiny in Africa, 1950–2018". 7168:Journal of Conflict Resolution 7110:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.004 6748:Journal of Conflict Resolution 6558:. Princeton University Press. 6131:Journal of Conflict Resolution 5910:Journal of Conflict Resolution 5642:Journal of Conflict Resolution 5278:Journal of Conflict Resolution 5180:Journal of Conflict Resolution 5133:Journal of Conflict Resolution 5080:Journal of Conflict Resolution 4786:Varol, Ozan O. (20 May 2021). 3496:Journal of Conflict Resolution 3172:Journal of Conflict Resolution 3058: 3033: 2673: 2016:1979 Equatoguinean coup d'état 1562:that for offshore oil wealth. 997: 1: 7526:The dictionary definition of 6425:10.1080/03050629.2021.1898958 6263:Comparative Political Studies 6088:Comparative Political Studies 5596:10.1080/09636412.2017.1360072 5000:Comparative Political Studies 4918:Comparative Political Studies 4729:Comparative Political Studies 4273:(in German). 31 August 2022. 3592:10.1080/03050629.2017.1289938 3546:10.1080/03050629.2015.1046598 3462:10.1080/09636412.2016.1134192 3324:Comparative Political Studies 2666: 2359:for Safeguard and Restoration 1989:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo 1407:officers' personal grievances 1397: 986:, sometimes referred to as a 8277:São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) 7940:São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) 7779:São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) 7336:How to Prevent Coups d'État. 6629:10.1080/10246029.2014.926949 5425:10.1007/978-0-306-47828-4_39 4660:International Studies Review 4476:, vol. 2, p. 305. New York: 4448:. Harvard University Press. 4094:"Recognition of governments" 3630:Journal of Strategic Studies 3412:. Cornell University Press. 2453:Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema 1692:Repression and counter-coups 1654: 1493:Regime type and polarization 1480: 1386:Coups occurring in the post- 1355:peaceful transition of power 967: 907: 807: 29:Coup d'état (disambiguation) 7: 7318:. Pen and Sword Books Ltd. 4792:. Oxford University Press. 2953:Miller, Michael K. (2016). 2548: 2176:2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état 1714:Ottoman countercoup of 1909 1674:According to legal scholar 1455:officers' class composition 1440:officers' political culture 1348: 812:The term comes from French 10: 8421: 8400:Changes in political power 7471:10.1177/0095327X0202800406 7459:Armed Forces & Society 7412:Armed Forces & Society 7383:Armed Forces & Society 7369:Harvard University Press. 7285:Armed Forces & Society 6413:International Interactions 5546:Armed Forces & Society 5503:Armed Forces & Society 4789:The Democratic Coup d'État 4552:Cambridge University Press 4209:(Routledge, 2002), p. 321. 3935:. Transaction Publishers. 3580:International Interactions 3534:International Interactions 3406:Talmadge, Caitlin (2015). 2371:Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba 1951: 1766:Organizations such as the 1734:1971 Sudanese counter-coup 1726:1966 Nigerian counter-coup 1329: 1160: 971: 912: 18: 16:Deposition of a government 8335: 8199: 8043: 7857: 7626: 7601: 7351:Goodspeed, D. J. (1962). 7338:Cornell University Press. 7219:10.1016/j.jce.2020.04.001 7137:10.1007/s12116-015-9210-6 7040:Journal of Peace Research 6885:"Jay Ulfelder on Twitter" 6468:Journal of Peace Research 6100:10.1177/00104140211047402 6035:10.1017/S0212610920000270 5823:10.1017/S0007123419000528 5775:10.1017/S0022381613001485 5554:10.1177/0095327X231155667 5333:10.1007/s11127-016-0365-0 5235:Journal of Peace Research 5049:10.1017/S0043887115000118 3958:"This Must Be Your First" 3696:10.1017/S0003055422000089 3642:10.1080/01402399608437634 3083:10.1017/S0007123422000655 2909:; Wright, Joseph (2016). 2859:10.1017/S0007123413000264 2736:Journal of Peace Research 2476:2023 Gabonese coup d'état 2436:2023 Nigerien coup d'état 2219:2019 Sudanese coup d'état 2136:2013 Egyptian coup d'état 1947: 1718:1960 Laotian counter-coup 1649: 1606:Journal of Peace Research 1461:strength of civil society 1443:noninclusive institutions 1422:domestic political crisis 1298:Alexander I of Yugoslavia 1041: 885: 8405:Civil–military relations 7960:Equatorial Guinea (2004) 7506:Singh, Naunihal. (2014) 7447:Technique du Coup d'État 7424:10.1177/0095327X05277886 7395:10.1177/0095327X05277885 7297:10.1177/0095327X07303607 7180:10.1177/0022002716685611 7052:10.1177/0022343314551081 6967:10.1177/0738894219843240 6761:10.1177/0022002720935956 6677:10.1177/2053168017707355 6515:10.1177/0738894219836285 6480:10.1177/0022343318763713 6275:10.1177/0010414016655538 6191:10.1177/2053168016630730 6143:10.1177/0022002712445732 5922:10.1177/0022002719900001 5697:10.1177/0738894214545956 5654:10.1177/0022002714567950 5515:10.1177/0095327X18777983 5462:10.1177/0738894219836285 5290:10.1177/0022002716649232 5247:10.1177/0022343316652187 5192:10.1177/0022002714553106 5145:10.1177/0022002716654742 5092:10.1177/0022002714545332 5013:10.1177/0010414021997161 4930:10.1177/0010414015621081 4839:10.1177/0738894215570431 4741:10.1177/0010414014543614 4645:27 November 2022 at the 4444:Luttwak, Edward (1979). 4106:10.4324/9781351131759-16 4041:10.1177/0032321719888857 3508:10.1177/0022002716684627 3336:10.1177/0010414013488561 3184:10.1177/0022002703258197 3040:Singh, Naunihal (2014). 2999:Brooks, Risa A. (2019). 2972:10.1177/2053168016681908 2928:10.1177/2053168016630837 2748:10.1177/0022343310397436 2566:Civil-military relations 2345:2021 Guinean coup d'état 1934:2021 Myanmar coup d'état 1889:Houthi takeover in Yemen 1628:People's Liberation Army 1232: 1090:Night of the Long Knives 7365:Luttwak, Edward (1979) 7334:De Bruin, Erica (2020) 6998:Foreign Policy Analysis 6912:The Journal of Politics 6701:The Journal of Politics 6670:(2): 2053168017707355. 6664:Research & Politics 6617:African Security Review 6586:Foreign Policy Analysis 6184:(1): 2053168016630730. 6178:Research & Politics 5763:The Journal of Politics 5720:The Journal of Politics 5575:Florea, Adrian (2018). 5386:10.1023/A:1005078532251 4924:(9): 0010414015621081. 4833:(3): 0738894215570431. 4814:– via Amazon.com. 4584:Encyclopedia Britannica 4478:Charles Scribner's Sons 4468:Little-Siebold, Todd. " 4092:Peterson, M.J. (2019). 2965:(4): 2053168016681908. 2959:Research & Politics 2921:(1): 2053168016630837. 2915:Research & Politics 2302:2021 Tunisian self-coup 2262:2021 Malian coup d'état 1996:Francisco Macías Nguema 1791: 1730:1967 Greek counter-coup 1632:Chinese Communist Party 1621:, political scientists 1271:as the main instrument. 1217:A "barracks revolt" or 1059: 124:By other characteristic 8374:Plots and conspiracies 7880:Solomon Islands (2000) 6215:Oxford Economic Papers 4219:Erren, Lorenz (2016). 3862: 2561:Civilian-based defense 2196:Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 1758:International response 1689: 1536: 1503:coordination obstacles 1326:Prevalence and history 1294:6 January Dictatorship 1225: 1219: 1210: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1171: 1154: 1148: 1126:Wagner Group rebellion 1106: 931: 842: 820: 814: 53: 23:. For other uses, see 21:Coup contrecoup injury 7744:Bophuthatswana (1994) 5984:10.1093/jogss/ogaa053 4961:Politics & Policy 4237:10.1353/kri.2016.0027 2603:Military dictatorship 2413:Abdourahamane Tchiani 1871:Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi 1849:Tajikistani Civil War 1684: 1531: 1452:undiversified exports 1330:Further information: 1309:Revolution, rebellion 1190:origin for a type of 978:Nonviolent revolution 426:Bulgarian unification 102:Counter-revolutionary 39: 25:Coup (disambiguation) 8317:Guinea-Bissau (2023) 8272:Guinea-Bissau (2022) 8256:Burkina Faso (2022) 8091:Guinea-Bissau (2012) 8066:Guinea-Bissau (2011) 7935:Guinea-Bissau (2003) 7910:Côte d'Ivoire (2002) 7885:Côte d'Ivoire (2001) 7849:Côte d'Ivoire (1999) 7834:Guinea-Bissau (1998) 7544:at Wikimedia Commons 7342:Finer, S.E. (1962). 6355:10.1017/psrm.2015.55 5850:The Economic Journal 4873:The Economic Journal 4163:10.1093/jeea/jvaa040 4100:. pp. 205–219. 3678:Paine, Jack (2022). 2608:Political corruption 2113:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi 2073:Denis Sassou Nguesso 1603:A 2018 study in the 1449:economic development 1431:participation in war 887:Gens d'Armes d'Elite 198:Contentious politics 69:Political revolution 8312:Sierra Leone (2023) 8307:Burkina Faso (2023) 8161:Burkina Faso (2016) 8151:Burkina Faso (2015) 7915:Burkina Faso (2003) 7694:Sierra Leone (1992) 7659:Georgia (1991–1992) 7649:Soviet Union (1991) 6796:The Washington Post 6363:20.500.11850/130560 5548:: 0095327X2311556. 4672:10.1093/isr/viad031 4000:The Washington Post 3908:10.1093/isq/sqab058 3742:Oxford Dictionaries 2813:10.1093/isq/sqab058 1644:Cultural Revolution 1630:was created by the 1617:In their 2022 book 1574:economic inequality 1413:military popularity 1246:Constitutional coup 1196:. Specifically the 1121:also use the term. 1115:1961 Algiers putsch 1069:, such as the 1920 891:, who executed the 667:Politics portal 46:Coup of 18 Brumaire 8010:Philippines (2007) 7930:Philippines (2003) 6237:10.1093/oep/gpt024 5916:(7–8): 1279–1306. 5862:10.1111/ecoj.12604 5856:(619): 1425–1456. 4973:10.1111/polp.12001 4885:10.1111/ecoj.12604 4879:(619): 1425–1456. 3848:, 5 January 49 BC. 3846:Caesar's civil war 3748:on 6 November 2015 2153:Emmerson Mnangagwa 1640:Great Leap Forward 1286:Parliamentary coup 1242:Civil society coup 947:head of government 897:grand coups d'état 642:Second Arab Spring 54: 42:Napoleon Bonaparte 8382: 8381: 8071:Bangladesh (2011) 8056:Madagascar (2010) 8030:Madagascar (2009) 8020:Mauritania (2008) 8000:Madagascar (2006) 7985:Mauritania (2005) 7925:Mauritania (2003) 7814:Bangladesh (1996) 7769:Azerbaijan (1995) 7714:Azerbaijan (1993) 7663:Venezuela (1992) 7540:Media related to 7442:Malaparte, Curzio 7375:978-0-674-17547-1 7325:978-1-84832-503-6 7267:on 8 August 2017. 7098:World Development 7010:10.1111/fpa.12043 6754:(10): 1857–1884. 6594:10.1111/fpa.12046 5434:978-0-306-47828-4 4799:978-0-19-062602-0 4561:978-1-107-11582-8 4455:978-0-674-17547-1 4318:978-3-05-000626-0 4297:Pfeifer, Wolfgang 4115:978-1-351-13175-9 4029:Political Studies 3942:978-1-4128-4084-2 3858:Norfolk Chronicle 3419:978-1-5017-0175-7 3229:978-0-521-79379-7 3051:978-1-4214-1336-5 2645:Succession crisis 2629:Seven Days in May 2613:Political warfare 2486: 2485: 2458:Ali Bongo Ondimba 2400:30 September 2022 2009:Equatorial Guinea 1965:Post-coup leader 1944: 1943: 1803:Post-coup leader 1636:Chinese Civil War 1289:Presidential coup 1141:Yevgeny Prigozhin 1130:Russian President 1008:palace revolution 849:Morning Chronicle 701: 700: 235:Mass mobilization 225:Guerrilla warfare 8412: 8371: 8370: 7905:Venezuela (2002) 7734:Lithuania (1993) 7709:Guatemala (1993) 7583: 7576: 7569: 7560: 7559: 7555:via Archive.org. 7539: 7525: 7482: 7451: 7435: 7406: 7360: 7353:Six Coups d'État 7347: 7329: 7308: 7269: 7268: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7174:(7): 1406–1432. 7163: 7157: 7156: 7120: 7114: 7113: 7093: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7031: 7022: 7021: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6887:. 16 July 2016. 6881: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6763: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6707:(4): 1354–1372. 6696: 6690: 6689: 6679: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6581: 6570: 6569: 6551: 6545: 6544: 6526: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6463: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6387: 6340: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6258: 6249: 6248: 6230: 6228:10.1.1.1000.7058 6210: 6204: 6203: 6193: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6137:(6): 1017–1040. 6126: 6120: 6119: 6094:(7): 1236–1265. 6083: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6046: 6014: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6003: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5946: 5907: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5873: 5845: 5836: 5835: 5825: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5648:(8): 1368–1394. 5637: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5620: 5584:Security Studies 5581: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5473: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5344: 5327:(3–4): 293–313. 5316: 5310: 5309: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5103: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5015: 5006:(9): 1597–1628. 4991: 4985: 4984: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4896: 4868: 4859: 4858: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4770: 4768: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4655: 4649: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4504: 4502: 4487: 4481: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4395:Atlantic Council 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4216: 4210: 4203: 4197: 4190: 4184: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4157:(3): 1782–1815. 4146: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4052: 4035:(4): 1014–1035. 4020: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3902:(4): 1040–1051. 3891: 3885: 3884: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3855: 3849: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3796:. 15 July 2016. 3786: 3780: 3779: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3744:. 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2205: 2187: 2164: 2162: 2124: 2122: 2101:25 October 1997 2084: 2082: 2078:Pascal Lissouba 2061:29 January 1986 2044: 2042: 2033:Yoweri Museveni 2003: 2001: 2000: 1987: 1968:Deposed leader 1956: 1950: 1945: 1939:2 February 2021 1922: 1920: 1911:Min Aung Hlaing 1904: 1894:6 February 2015 1877: 1875: 1866:Mahdi al-Mashat 1837: 1835: 1806:Deposed leader 1794: 1786: 1760: 1694: 1661:democratization 1657: 1652: 1623:Steven Levitsky 1582: 1559: 1548: 1526: 1495: 1483: 1467: 1446:colonial legacy 1428:external threat 1400: 1351: 1338: 1328: 1311: 1306: 1279:Tunisia in 1987 1254:Democratic coup 1235: 1211:pronunciamiento 1205:golpe de estado 1199:pronunciamiento 1186:) is a term of 1183: 1180: 1177: 1172:Pronunciamiento 1167: 1164:Pronunciamiento 1159: 1149:Pronunciamiento 1135:to Hitler, and 1100:faction led by 1044: 1000: 980: 972:Main articles: 970: 965: 964: 918: 910: 905: 893:Duke of Enghien 825: 810: 776:), or simply a 773: 771:stroke of state 770: 767: 764: 752: 743: 742: 712: 708: 697: 659: 654: 653: 310: 302: 301: 173: 165: 164: 125: 117: 116: 87: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8418: 8408: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8353: 8345: 8343:or its attempt 8336: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8327:Bolivia (2024) 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8268: 8267: 8262: 8254: 8253: 8252: 8247: 8239: 8237:Tunisia (2021) 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8217:Myanmar (2021) 8214: 8209: 8203: 8201: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8146:Burundi (2015) 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8101:Eritrea (2013) 8098: 8093: 8088: 8087: 8086: 8081: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8047: 8045: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7890:Burundi (2001) 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7865:Ecuador (2000) 7861: 7859: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7799:Burundi (1996) 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7759:Liberia (1994) 7756: 7754:Lesotho (1994) 7751: 7746: 7741: 7739:Nigeria (1993) 7736: 7731: 7729:Burundi (1993) 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7699:Algeria (1992) 7696: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7684: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7639:Lesotho (1991) 7636: 7630: 7628: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7613: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7586: 7585: 7578: 7571: 7563: 7557: 7556: 7550: 7545: 7533: 7517: 7516:External links 7514: 7512: 7511: 7504: 7493: 7492: 7484: 7483: 7465:(4): 619–640. 7453: 7452: 7437: 7436: 7418:(2): 234–253. 7407: 7378: 7362: 7361: 7348: 7339: 7331: 7330: 7324: 7310: 7309: 7291:(3): 474–490. 7279: 7277: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7252: 7213:(3): 509–528. 7193: 7158: 7131:(4): 482–502. 7115: 7085: 7023: 7004:(4): 363–376. 6988: 6961:(6): 655–673. 6945: 6924:10.1086/690616 6918:(3): 873–889. 6902: 6876: 6846: 6813: 6783: 6734: 6713:10.1086/707309 6691: 6650: 6623:(3): 213–224. 6607: 6571: 6565:978-0691169521 6564: 6546: 6509:(5): 559–579. 6493: 6474:(5): 596–608. 6458: 6419:(4): 750–776. 6399: 6349:(2): 221–239. 6326: 6296: 6269:(7): 935–962. 6250: 6221:(2): 533–556. 6205: 6164: 6121: 6078: 6029:(2): 205–241. 6009: 5958: 5893: 5837: 5796: 5769:(2): 548–564. 5753: 5732:10.1086/705683 5710: 5691:(2): 115–152. 5675: 5632: 5567: 5536: 5509:(4): 681–701. 5493: 5456:(5): 559–579. 5440: 5433: 5407: 5380:(1/2): 63–84. 5364: 5311: 5284:(2): 410–441. 5268: 5241:(5): 680–695. 5225: 5186:(5): 787–812. 5166: 5139:(3): 597–625. 5123: 5086:(4): 587–616. 5070: 5043:(3): 423–468. 5037:World Politics 5027: 4986: 4951: 4908: 4860: 4817: 4798: 4778: 4735:(1): 101–129. 4715: 4677: 4650: 4632: 4609:Kevin Newton. 4601: 4571: 4560: 4538: 4512: 4482: 4461: 4454: 4436: 4425:. 26 June 2023 4408: 4380: 4354: 4324: 4317: 4288: 4258: 4231:(2): 333–360. 4211: 4205:Mats Lundahl, 4198: 4185: 4168: 4141: 4114: 4084: 4012: 3986: 3948: 3941: 3929:Kaufman, Edy. 3921: 3886: 3869: 3850: 3837: 3826:on 1 July 2012 3811: 3781: 3759: 3729: 3667: 3636:(2): 171–212. 3613: 3567: 3521: 3483: 3456:(1): 111–141. 3437: 3418: 3395: 3361: 3301: 3266:(2): 151–183. 3260:World Politics 3247: 3228: 3205: 3178:(5): 594–620. 3157: 3126: 3077:(3): 878–901. 3057: 3050: 3032: 3011:(1): 379–398. 2986: 2942: 2880: 2853:(4): 799–825. 2830: 2788: 2742:(2): 249–259. 2704: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2640:State collapse 2637: 2632: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2534: 2525: 2516: 2503: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2483: 2481:30 August 2023 2478: 2473: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2420: 2418:Mohamed Bazoum 2415: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2396: 2388: 2375: 2367: 2365:Ibrahim Traoré 2362: 2353: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2227: 2226: 2224:21 August 2019 2221: 2216: 2203: 2201:Omar al-Bashir 2198: 2193: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2013: 1998: 1993: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1957: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1901:Prime Minister 1897: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1833: 1831:Rahmon Nabiyev 1828: 1826:Emomali Rahmon 1823: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1785: 1782: 1759: 1756: 1693: 1690: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1581: 1578: 1558: 1555: 1547: 1544: 1525: 1522: 1498:Hybrid regimes 1494: 1491: 1482: 1479: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1396: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1350: 1347: 1327: 1324: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1275: 1272: 1265: 1264:Electoral coup 1262: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1231: 1161:Main article: 1158: 1145: 1133:Vladimir Putin 1075:Küstrin Putsch 1067:Weimar Germany 1043: 1040: 1016:Imperial China 999: 996: 992:bloodless coup 969: 966: 919: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 856:in France, of 809: 806: 699: 698: 696: 695: 688: 681: 673: 670: 669: 656: 655: 652: 651: 650: 649: 639: 634: 633: 632: 627: 622: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 581: 580: 575: 570: 565: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 494: 493: 488: 478: 477: 476: 471: 466: 458: 453: 448: 447: 446: 441: 433: 428: 423: 418: 417: 416: 411: 406: 401: 399:Italian states 391: 386: 385: 384: 379: 369: 364: 359: 354: 353: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 317: 311: 308: 307: 304: 303: 300: 299: 294: 292:Tax resistance 289: 284: 279: 274: 273: 272: 267: 262: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 216: 215: 205: 200: 195: 193:Class conflict 190: 185: 183:Civil disorder 180: 174: 171: 170: 167: 166: 163: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 126: 123: 122: 119: 118: 115: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 88: 85: 84: 81: 80: 72: 71: 65: 64: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8417: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8375: 8364: 8363: 8359: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8338: 8337: 8334: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8287:Gambia (2022) 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8241:Sudan (2021) 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8232:Guinea (2021) 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8156:Turkey (2016) 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8136:Gambia (2014) 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8048: 8046: 8042: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8025:Guinea (2008) 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7856: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7829:Zambia (1997) 7827: 7825: 7824:Turkey (1997) 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7784:Guinea (1996) 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7749:Gambia (1994) 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7719:Russia (1993) 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7625: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7607: 7604: 7603: 7600: 7595: 7591: 7584: 7579: 7577: 7572: 7570: 7565: 7564: 7561: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7543: 7538: 7534: 7532:at Wiktionary 7531: 7530: 7524: 7520: 7519: 7509: 7505: 7502: 7499: 7495: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7485: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7455: 7454: 7449: 7448: 7443: 7439: 7438: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7379: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7363: 7358: 7354: 7349: 7345: 7340: 7337: 7333: 7332: 7327: 7321: 7317: 7312: 7311: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7281: 7280: 7266: 7262: 7256: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7197: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7162: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7119: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7092: 7090: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7030: 7028: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6992: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6949: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6906: 6890: 6886: 6880: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6817: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6787: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6738: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6695: 6687: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6654: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6611: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6567: 6561: 6557: 6550: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6497: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6462: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6337: 6330: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6257: 6255: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6125: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6013: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5962: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5872: 5871:11250/2657360 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5844: 5842: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5757: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5444: 5436: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5374:Public Choice 5368: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5321:Public Choice 5315: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4990: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4894:11250/2657360 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4867: 4865: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4821: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4782: 4775: 4774:irregularity. 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4719: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4690:The Economist 4687: 4681: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4636: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4580:"Coup D'etat" 4575: 4568: 4563: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4509: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4457: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4412: 4397: 4396: 4391: 4384: 4368: 4364: 4363:"Röhm-Putsch" 4358: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4320: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4202: 4195: 4189: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4017: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3944: 3938: 3934: 3933: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3882: 3881: 3873: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3847: 3841: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3790:"Turkey Coup" 3785: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3768:"Coup d'état" 3763: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3738:"Coup d'état" 3733: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3672: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3618: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3574: 3572: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3526: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3488: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3442: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3402: 3400: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3366: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3252: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3221: 3220: 3212: 3210: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3053: 3047: 3044:. JHU Press. 3043: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2947: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2795: 2793: 2785: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2730: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2681:"coup d'état" 2676: 2672: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2556:Assassination 2554: 2553: 2538: 2529: 2520: 2513: 2507: 2500: 2494: 2490: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 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and the 1676:Ilya Somin 1398:Predictors 1380:autocratic 1315:revolution 1220:cuartelazo 1155:cuartelazo 1102:Ernst Röhm 1061:Züriputsch 959:and 38 in 870:Bernadotte 637:Euromaidan 585:Bolivarian 533:Nicaraguan 513:Guatemalan 451:Young Turk 431:Philippine 260:Nonviolent 255:Resistance 230:Insurgency 140:Nonviolent 135:From above 107:Democratic 8362:self-coup 8341:Self-coup 8265:September 8245:September 7479:145783304 7432:144602647 7403:144318327 7305:144520194 7235:219428475 7227:0147-5967 7188:151393698 7153:155591291 7145:0039-3606 7104:: 51–68. 7060:0022-3433 7018:1743-8594 6983:182783295 6975:0738-8942 6940:157667393 6932:0022-3816 6778:222111312 6770:0022-0027 6729:222428308 6721:0022-3816 6686:2053-1680 6637:1024-6029 6602:1743-8594 6541:159416397 6533:0738-8942 6488:117585945 6441:233642733 6433:0305-0629 6371:2049-8470 6291:157014887 6283:0010-4140 6245:0030-7653 6223:CiteSeerX 6200:2053-1680 6151:0022-0027 6116:248921794 6108:0010-4140 6061:234382957 6053:0212-6109 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6645:58937153 6451:29 March 6445:Archived 6383:Archived 6379:56130442 6313:Archived 6159:54646102 6065:Archived 5996:Archived 5942:Archived 5616:Archived 5590:: 1–26. 5218:12 March 5212:Archived 5208:17684023 5118:54538341 4855:19036952 4804:Archived 4761:Archived 4702:Archived 4643:Archived 4619:Archived 4588:Archived 4525:Archived 4496:Politico 4422:Euractiv 4373:26 March 4367:Archived 4341:Archived 4299:(1993). 4275:Archived 4267:"Putsch" 4128:Archived 4071:Archived 3977:autocoup 3798:Archived 3776:Archived 3716:Archived 3660:31 March 3654:Archived 3424:Archived 3382:Archived 3348:Archived 3234:Archived 3200:40848052 3144:Archived 3113:Archived 2875:55915744 2768:Archived 2691:Archived 2618:Sabotage 2549:See also 2244:Bah Ndaw 2171:Zimbabwe 1971:Country 1809:Country 1388:Cold War 1349:Outcomes 1081:'s 1923 953:powers. 862:Berthier 854:Napoleon 790:Cold War 647:Sudanese 625:Egyptian 620:Tunisian 573:Romanian 474:Cultural 460:Chinese 435:Iranian 404:February 325:American 320:Atlantic 309:Examples 282:Samizdat 86:By class 61:a series 59:Part of 40:General 8351:attempt 8260:January 8250:October 6895:17 July 6869:17 July 6839:16 July 6588:: n/a. 6319:30 July 5670:3627631 4767:29 June 4708:29 June 4531:21 July 3877:"unk". 3844:Julius 3722:4 March 3478:3655994 3288:2010462 3150:21 July 3119:21 July 2777:20 June 2764:9066792 2697:4 April 2297:Tunisia 1929:Myanmar 1226:cuartel 1188:Spanish 1139:leader 1053:, from 949:assume 927:Spanish 875:In the 866:Masséna 826:French: 765: 753:French: 578:Singing 528:Rwandan 503:Spanish 498:Siamese 486:Russian 456:Mexican 382:Belgian 357:Serbian 345:Haitian 330:Brabant 315:English 245:Protest 178:Boycott 172:Methods 145:Passive 8372: 7489:online 7477: 7430: 7401: 7373: 7322: 7303: 7245:18 May 7233: 7225: 7186: 7151: 7143: 7066: 7058: 7016: 6981: 6973: 6938: 6930: 6776: 6768: 6727: 6719: 6684: 6643: 6635: 6600: 6562: 6539: 6531: 6486: 6439: 6431: 6392:4 July 6377: 6369: 6289: 6281: 6243: 6225: 6198: 6157: 6149: 6114: 6106: 6071:28 May 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