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interests of the entire proletariat, independently of all nationality. 2. In the various stages of development which the struggle of the working class against the bourgeoisie has to pass through, they always and everywhere represent the interests of the movement as a whole." and acknowledge that
Communists are "the most resolute section of the working class parties... conquest of political power by the proletariat." Despite this, communism will likely not exist immediately after a revolution: "in all probability, the proletarian revolution will transform existing society gradually and will be able to abolish private property only when the means of production are available in sufficient quantity" (Engels'
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1416:, though greatly undermined, yet a form of primeval common ownership of land, pass directly to the higher form of Communist common ownership? Or, on the contrary, must it first pass through the same process of dissolution such as constitutes the historical evolution of the West? The only answer to that possible today is this: If the Russian Revolution becomes the signal for a proletarian revolution in the West, so that both complement each other, the present Russian common ownership of land may serve as the starting point for a communist development".
1326:), it is worthwhile to have some idea of how Marx saw the context in which he advocated permanent revolution. It seems that he believed that "the first act of the approaching revolutionary drama will coincide with the direct victory of their own class in France and will thereby be accelerated". That is, the petty-bourgeois are expected to come to power in Germany at the same time as the direct victory of the proletariat in France. Furthermore, Marx seems to believe that the former and hence of both is "imminent" (c.f. the third paragraph of the
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of their own class in France and will thereby be accelerated. But they themselves must contribute most to their final victory, by informing themselves of their own class interests, by taking up their independent political position as soon as possible, by not allowing themselves to be misled by the hypocritical phrases of the democratic petty bourgeoisie into doubting for one minute the necessity of an independently organized party of the proletariat. Their battle-cry must be: The
Permanent Revolution.
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the theory of permanent revolution since Lenin died in 1924 and the sinister anti-revolutionary reign of Stalin started". In the face of what Tagore termed "the next diabolical machineries of vilification and terror of
Stalinocracy", Trotsky kept "the banner of revolutionary communism flying in the best traditions of Marx and Lenin. Therein lies Trotsky's invaluable service in the theory of Permanent Revolution. So far as the Theory itself is concerned, it is pure and simple revolutionary Marxism".
1437:—that a Marxist analysis of events begins with the international level of development, both economic and social. National peculiarities are only an expression of the contradictions in the world system. According to this perspective, the tasks of the bourgeois-democratic revolution could not be achieved by the bourgeoisie itself in a reactionary period of world capitalism; Trotsky cites Russia as an example of this. This conception was first developed in the essays later collected in his book
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to the international tasks of the revolution which makes it imperative for the first victorious revolution to operate as the yeast of revolution in the world arena. Trotsky became the target of Stalin's vengeance only so far as he drew the attention of the communists throughout the world to the betrayal of world revolution (Permanent
Revolution) by Stalin". Tagore also argued that the theory of permanent revolution has nothing to do with Trotskyism, but it is pure Marxism and
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supported his "political aim of conquest". Thus, he substituted "permanent war for permanent revolution". However, the final two sentences show that the bourgeoisie did not give up hope, but continued to pursue their interests. For Marx, permanent revolution involves a revolutionary class (in this case, the bourgeoisie) continuing to push for and achieve its interests despite the political dominance of actors with opposing interests.
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permanent revolution is concerned, i.e. that it is possible for a country to pass directly from the dominance of the semi-feudal aristocrats, who held political power in Russia in the early part of the 19th century, to the dominance of the working class, without an interceding period of dominance by the bourgeoisie. On the contrary, Marx's statements in his March 1850
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positions, until the proletariat has conquered state power and until the association of the proletarians has progressed sufficiently far – not only in one country but in all the leading countries of the world – that competition between the proletarians of these countries ceases and at least the decisive forces of production are concentrated in the hands of the workers.
1550:. In essence, a section of the Bolshevik Party leadership, whose views were voiced at the theoretical level by Bukharin, argued that socialism could be built in a single country, even an underdeveloped one like Russia. Bukharin argued that Russia's pre-existing economic base was sufficient for the task at hand, provided the Soviet Union could be militarily defended.
1588:. In contrast to the conceptions inherent within stagist theory, the theory of uneven and combined development states that all class-based societies, including capitalist nations, develop unevenly and that some parts of these societies will develop more swiftly than others. Trotsky argued that this development is combined, and that each part of the
1573:.) By contrast, Trotsky generalised his theory of permanent revolution, which had only been previously applied to Russia. He argued that the proletariat needed to take power in a process of uninterrupted and permanent revolution in order to not only carry out the tasks of the bourgeois-democratic revolution, but also to implement socialism.
1277:, Marx is concerned about attempts to "bribe the workers with a more or less disguised form of alms and to break their revolutionary strength by temporarily rendering their situation tolerable". Therefore, the workers' party must use their autonomous organisation to push a political programme which threatens the bourgeois
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theory that undeveloped countries must pass through two distinct revolutions. First, the bourgeois-democratic revolution which socialists would assist and at a later stage the socialist revolution with an evolutionary period of capitalist development separating those stages. This is often referred to
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it is our interest and our task to make the revolution permanent until all the more or less propertied classes have been driven from their ruling positions, until the proletariat has conquered state power and until the association of the proletarians has progressed sufficiently far – not only in one
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According to Tagore, Lenin was just as much a champion of the permanent revolution as
Trotsky was and with a "much more sure grasp of revolutionary reality". However, he argues that Trotsky "certainly had done a great service to revolutionary communism by drawing out attention over and over again to
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alludes to Marx's view that the dominance of the bourgeoisie is a necessary prelude to that of the proletariat, arguing that "the bourgeoisie therefore produces its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable". In this sense, Trotsky's version of the theory
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Although the German workers cannot come to power and achieve the realization of their class interests without passing through a protracted revolutionary development, this time they can at least be certain that the first act of the approaching revolutionary drama will coincide with the direct victory
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and an international communist leader, argued that "the theory of
Permanent Revolution has two aspects, one relating to the revolution of a particular country, the immediate passing over from the bourgeois democratic phase of the revolution to the socialist revolution. The second aspect is related
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In this passage, we can see that Marx believes the proletariat should refuse to moderate its demands to the petty-bourgeois consensus and advocate extensive nationalisation. Furthermore, the demand of the workers should always seek to push the bourgeois further than they are prepared to go, without
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1. They can force the democrats to make inroads into as many areas of the existing social order as possible, so as to disturb its regular functioning and so that the petty-bourgeois democrats compromise themselves; furthermore, the workers can force the concentration of as many productive forces as
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initially held to an intermediate theory. Lenin's earlier theory shared
Trotsky's premise that the bourgeoisie would not complete a bourgeois revolution. Lenin thought that a democratic dictatorship of the workers and peasants could complete the tasks of the bourgeoisie. By 1917, Lenin was arguing
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How far the proletariat would be able to continue would depend upon the further course of events and not upon the designation of the revolution as bourgeois-democratic. In this sense, the revolution would be made permanent. Trotsky believed that a new workers' state would not be able to hold out
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Marx and Engels do not claim that socialism is impossible in one country, but they do say "Communists are distinguished from the other working-class parties by this only: 1. In the national struggles of the proletarians of the different countries, they point out and bring to the front the common
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2. They must drive the proposals of the democrats to their logical extreme (the democrats will in any case act in a reformist and not a revolutionary manner) and transform these proposals into direct attacks on private property. If, for instance, the petty bourgeoisie propose the purchase of the
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In the remainder of the text, Marx outlines his proposal that the proletariat "make the revolution permanent". In essence, it consists of the working class maintaining a militant and independent approach to politics both before, during and after the struggle which will bring the petty-bourgeois
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in France from becoming fulfilled; that is, he prevented bourgeois political forces from achieving a total expression of their interests. According to Marx, he did this by suppressing the "liberalism of bourgeois society" and did it because he saw "the state as an end in itself", a value which
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The basic idea of
Trotsky's theory is that in Russia the bourgeoisie would not carry out a thorough revolution which would institute political democracy and solve the land question. These measures were assumed to be essential to develop Russia economically. Therefore, it was argued the future
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Marx and Engels advocated permanent revolution as the proletarian strategy of maintaining organisational independence along class lines and a consistently militant series of political demands and tactics. However, at no stage does Marx make the central claim with which
Trotsky's conception of
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as an abandonment of
Trotsky's theory in all but name in favour of the stagist theory, countering that Cliff was more cautious than Trotsky about the potential of the working class in underdeveloped countries to seize power. Cliff saw such revolutions as a detour or deflection on the road to
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While the democratic petty bourgeois want to bring the revolution to an end as quickly as possible, achieving at most the aims already mentioned, it is our interest and our task to make the revolution permanent until all the more or less propertied classes have been driven from their ruling
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railways and factories, the workers must demand that these railways and factories simply be confiscated by the state without compensation as the property of reactionaries. The demands of the workers will thus have to be adjusted according to the measures and concessions of the democrats.
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In an article two years earlier, Marx had referred to "a programme of permanent revolution, of progressive taxes and death duties, and of organisation of labour". This confirms the impression that Marx's theory of permanent revolution is not about revolution
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is increasingly bound together with all other parts. The conception of uneven and combined development also recognises that some areas may regress economically and socially as a result of their integration into a world economy.
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not only that the Russian bourgeoisie would not be able to carry through the tasks of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and therefore the proletariat had to take state power, but also that it should take economic power via a
1269:, but rather more about the attitude that a revolutionary class should adopt in the period of their political subjection, including the programme of political demands they should propose. This aspect is raised in the
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country but in all the leading countries of the world – that competition between the proletarians of these countries ceases and at least the decisive forces of production are concentrated in the hands of the workers.
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revolution must be led by the proletariat, who would not only carry through the tasks of the bourgeois-democratic revolution, but would also commence a struggle to surpass the bourgeois-democratic revolution itself.
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makes clear that despite : "Though not in substance, yet in form, the struggle of the proletariat with the bourgeoisie is at first a national struggle" (loc. cit.). Trotsky's theory took it for granted (as did
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in the late 19th century. The uncertain relationship between international and national parameters in relation to class power underlies many of the disputes concerning the theory of the permanent revolution.
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groups which have developed since then. However, the theory has been extended only modestly, if at all. While their conclusions differ, works by mainstream Trotskyist theoreticians such as Robert Chester,
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1543:. However, this proposal was rejected by the Politburo which was controlled by Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev who decided to send a commission of lower-ranking Russian Communist Party members.
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and adventurist during the succession struggle when in fact Trotsky encouraged revolutions in Europe but was not at any time proposing "reckless confrontations" with the capitalist world.
1517:, the Bolsheviks, now including Trotsky, did not discuss the theory of permanent revolution as such. However, its basic theses can be found in such popular outlines of communist theory as
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in Germany, faced with the prospect that "the petty-bourgeois democrats will for the moment acquire a predominant influence", i.e. temporary political power. He enjoins them as such:
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Later on after Lenin's death in the 1920s, the theory did assume importance in the internal debates within the Bolshevik Party and was a bone of contention within the opposition to
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against the pressures of a hostile capitalist world unless socialist revolutions quickly took hold in other countries as well. This notion later became a point of contention with
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argued that a stagist strategy was correct for China. (These writings were lost in the 1930s; if copies exist in the Soviet archives, they have not been located since the
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explicitly contradict such a view, assuming a "period of petty-bourgeois predominance over the classes which have been overthrown and over the proletariat". In his
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within their reach. Although circumstances did not develop as anticipated, this observation proved accurate at the dawn of the 20th century leading into the
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It must be borne in mind that for Marx the dominance of the bourgeoisie as a prerequisite for subsequent proletarian rule holds on a world scale as
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may be able to carry out a bourgeois revolution. He further argues that the use of Marxist concepts by such elements (most notably in Cuba and
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1990:"2. The Permanent Revolution is Not a 'Leap' by the Proletariat, but the Reconstruction of the Nation under the Leadership of the Proletariat"
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or similar philosophies) is not genuine, but is the use of Marxism as an ideology of power. This reflects his view that these countries are
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the revolutionary forces achieve a defined goal (such as socialism or communism). This contrasts with the permanent (that is, ongoing
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According to political scientist Baruch Knei-Paz, Trotsky's theory of "permanent revolution" was grossly misrepresented by Stalin as
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society ... He perfected the terror by substituting permanent war for permanent revolution. " Marx said that Napoleon prevented the
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By 1849, Marx and Engels were able to quote the use of the phrase by other writers (Eugen Alexis Schwanbeck, a journalist on the
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Marx first used the term in the phrase "by substituting permanent war for permanent revolution" in the following passage from
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at the behest of the Bolshevik Party was a topic of argument within the opposition to Stalin in the party. Figures such as
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represents both a development and to some observers a contradiction of the expressed opinions of Marx and Engels.
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and stated that socialist revolutions needed to happen across the world in order to combat the global capitalist
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emphasises the contingency of political developments on material historical circumstances (as against
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pursuing its own interests independently and without compromise or alliance with opposing sections of
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1506:". The first reaction of the majority of Bolsheviks was one of rejection. Initially, only
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Marx's view of "permanent" revolution sees revolutionary activity as continuously ongoing
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possible – means of transport, factories, railways, etc. – in the hands of the state.
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The Holy Family, or Critique of Critical Criticism: Against Bruno Bauer and Company
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in 1940, the theory of permanent revolution has been maintained by the various
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Marx's most famous use of the phrase permanent revolution is his March 1850
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The Permanent Revolution and Results and Prospects by Leon Trotsky (1931)
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International Trotskyism 1929–1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement
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in late-developing capitalist countries are incapable of developing the
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2193:. Marxists Internet Archive Encyclopedia entry on permanent revolution.
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1806:"Critical Battle Against the French Revolution (Ch. VI, part 3, § c)"
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had requested that Moscow send Leon Trotsky to Germany to direct the
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Political programme of demands which threaten the bourgeois consensus
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2244:. An International Socialist Review editor's rebuttal of the above.
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Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
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Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
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1111:(1879–1940), have used the phrase to refer to different concepts.
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socialist revolution rather than a necessary preliminary to it.
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This article is about the theoretical term. For other uses, see
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An attempt to elaborate an exception to the theory was made by
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as early as 1850. Since then different theorists, most notably
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Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
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which sought to explain the program of the Bolshevik Party by
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1663:
1273:. As well as overtures for organisational alliance with the
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could occur in societies that have not achieved an advanced
3038:
2690:
1639:
1880:"Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League"
1787:"Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League"
1895:"The French Working Class and the Presidential Elections"
1708:
Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League
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which can be found today in a single book together with
1510:
rallied to Lenin's position within the Bolshevik Party.
1238:
Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League
1231:
Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League
1114:
Trotsky's permanent revolution is an explanation of how
2277:
2016:. International Committee of the Fourth International
1969:. International Committee of the Fourth International
1478:
Trotsky's theory was developed in opposition to the
1576:His position was put forward in his essay entitled
825:
International Committee of the Fourth International
742:
Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma
3568:American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky
3416:The Permanent Revolution and Results and Prospects
1961:"Socialism in one country or permanent revolution"
1426:The Permanent Revolution and Results and Prospects
815:Committee for a Workers' International (refounded)
3512:Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence
1634:related it to post-war political developments in
1187:
3671:
2927:Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun
2092:The Social and Political Thought of Leon Trotsky
1349:
2197:What is the theory of the Permanent Revolution?
2062:"The fading relevance of permanent revolution"
1406:In the preface to the 1882 Russian edition of
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2994:
2263:
2008:"Three conceptions of the Russian Revolution"
1062:
2219:The Fading Relevance of Permanent Revolution
1666:, but also for example by regimes espousing
1309:by summarising the themes elucidated above:
3008:
1681:Cliff's views have been criticised by more
1646:Tony Cliff's deflected permanent revolution
1130:in such a manner as to achieve the sort of
957:List of Trotskyist organizations by country
669:Organisation of Communist Internationalists
3363:
3349:
3001:
2987:
2270:
2256:
2199:. Unsigned article on Trotsky.net website.
2160:Alexander, Robert J. (13 February 2005) .
2059:
1940:
1925:
1069:
1055:
868:Trotskyist Fraction – Fourth International
2887:The East wind prevails over the West wind
2159:
1958:
1297:the revolution threatening them as well.
820:Fourth International (post-reunification)
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1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
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1122:. Trotsky's theory also argues that the
772:Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1944)
3579:Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky
3535:The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany
2208:. It explains the permanent revolution.
2034:
2005:
1987:
1757:
1603:
1134:which will fully develop an industrial
654:Internationalist Workers' Left (Greece)
3672:
2176:– via Marxists Internet Archive.
2149:– via Marxists Internet Archive.
2134:
2060:Whitehouse, David (July–August 2006),
1941:Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (1882),
1926:Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (1848).
1910:
1892:
1845:
1803:
1699:Revolutionary Communist Party of India
881:Committee for a Workers' International
714:Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition
623:1968–1969 Japanese university protests
3344:
2982:
2251:
2234:The Necessity of Permanent Revolution
2115:
1959:Van Auken, Bill (27 September 2005).
1858:
1447:and later developed in his 1929 book
863:Revolutionary Communist International
1877:
1822:
1784:
1758:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021) .
762:League for Socialist Action (Canada)
757:International Socialist Organization
2278:Marxist phraseology and terminology
2035:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
1846:Engels, Friedrich (15 March 1849).
858:League for the Fourth International
838:International Socialist Alternative
699:Socialist Party (England and Wales)
13:
3496:The Stalin School of Falsification
1531:. According to Russian historian,
1334:in which the proletariat have the
794:Workers Party of the United States
591:Minneapolis general strike of 1934
14:
3706:
3590:List of Trotskyist internationals
3527:The Spanish Revolution, 1931-1939
3480:History of the Russian Revolution
2528:Commanding heights of the economy
2394:Primitive accumulation of capital
2229:. International Socialist Review.
2184:
2006:Trotsky, Leon (21 October 2008).
1919:
1362:History of the Russian Revolution
1154:. According to Russian historian
952:List of Trotskyist internationals
684:Socialist Alternative (Australia)
474:History of the Russian Revolution
3456:Towards Socialism or Capitalism?
3370:
3112:
2942:Revolution is not a dinner party
2912:Whole-process people's democracy
2162:"International Trotskyism-India"
2118:"Deflected Permanent Revolution"
2095:. Clarendon Press. p. 343.
1036:
1024:
1012:
853:Internationalist Communist Union
843:International Socialist Tendency
834:International Revolutionary Left
729:Workers Revolutionary Party (UK)
628:1970s Hong Kong student protests
52:
2839:Uneven and combined development
2354:Dictatorship of the proletariat
2168:. Durham: Duke University Press
2153:
2135:Tagore, Saumyendranath (1944).
2128:
2109:
2082:
2053:
2028:
1999:
1981:
1952:
1934:
1825:"The Division of Labour in the
1823:Marx, Karl (11 February 1849).
1586:uneven and combined development
1571:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1419:
1202:represented the last battle of
1198:(1844) in which he wrote that "
694:Socialist Equality Party (U.S.)
164:Uneven and combined development
109:Decentralized economic planning
2608:Socially necessary labour time
2066:International Socialist Review
2039:. Mehring Books. p. 272.
1904:
1886:
1839:
1816:
1812:. Translated by Richard Dixon.
1797:
1778:
1764:. Mehring Books. p. 367.
1751:
1608:
1188:Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
830:International Communist League
782:Socialist Workers Party (U.S.)
1:
2968:People's Multiparty Democracy
2518:Capitalist mode of production
2503:Critique of political economy
2334:Capitalist mode of production
2068:, no. 48, archived from
1744:
1615:assassination of Leon Trotsky
1483:as the theory of stages, the
1350:Relation to Trotskyist theory
1300:
1120:capitalist mode of production
902:Revolutionary Workers Ferment
892:Fourth International Posadist
848:International Workers' League
556:Joseph Stalin's rise to power
84:Critique of political economy
3064:Proletarian internationalism
2882:Continuous revolution theory
2603:Socialist mode of production
2459:Workers of the world, unite!
2434:Socialist mode of production
2399:Proletarian internationalism
1174:Continuous Revolution Theory
704:Socialist Workers Party (UK)
689:Socialist Alternative (U.S.)
679:Socialist Action (Hong Kong)
134:Proletarian internationalism
21:Continuous revolution theory
7:
2598:Simple commodity production
2116:Cliff, Tony (Spring 1963).
1804:Engels, Friedrich (1956) .
1717:
1371:The Principles of Communism
1283:along the following lines:
777:Socialist Appeal (UK, 1992)
752:International Marxist Group
747:Communist League of America
608:Proletarian Military Policy
10:
3711:
3170:Situationist International
2867:Antagonistic contradiction
2814:Degenerated workers' state
1911:Engels, Friedrich (1847).
1893:Engels, Friedrich (1848),
1557:and the subjection of the
1423:
1182:critical utopian discourse
581:Bloc of Soviet Oppositions
99:Degenerated workers' state
25:
18:
3614:
3585:Leon Trotsky House Museum
3545:
3432:Literature and Revolution
3386:Leon Trotsky bibliography
3378:
3325:
3274:
3178:
3157:
3139:Insurrectionary anarchism
3121:
3110:
3016:
2960:
2857:
2799:
2711:People's democratic state
2696:General line of the party
2651:
2487:
2419:Revolutionary spontaneity
2283:
2089:Knei-Paz, Baruch (1978).
1928:"The Communist Manifesto"
1913:"Principles of Communism"
1878:Marx, Karl (March 1850).
1785:Marx, Karl (March 1850).
1099:, it was first coined by
947:Leon Trotsky bibliography
444:Literature and Revolution
255:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko
79:Bureaucratic collectivism
16:Concept in Marxist theory
3520:Writings of Leon Trotsky
3472:The Permanent Revolution
2761:Socialism in one country
2721:Political rehabilitation
2013:World Socialist Web Site
1994:The Permanent Revolution
1966:World Socialist Web Site
1734:Socialism in one country
1578:The Permanent Revolution
1535:, the leadership of the
1469:socialism in one country
1449:The Permanent Revolution
1395:The State and Revolution
1169:) activity envisaged in
1148:socialism in one country
987:Socialist Equality Party
787:Young Socialist Alliance
19:Not to be confused with
3652:Aleksandra Sokolovskaya
3488:The Revolution Betrayed
3424:Terrorism and Communism
3165:The Invisible Committee
3074:Revolutionary base area
3010:Revolutionary socialism
2937:Revolutionary base area
2897:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
2809:Deformed workers' state
2588:Relations of production
2508:Accumulation of capital
2488:Sociology and economics
2304:Base and superstructure
2284:Philosophy and politics
2122:International Socialism
1947:The Communist Manifesto
1852:Neue Rheinische Zeitung
1833:Neue Rheinische Zeitung
1676:deformed workers states
1656:Socialist Workers Party
1559:Chinese Communist Party
1408:The Communist Manifesto
1385:The Communist Manifesto
1376:The Communist Manifesto
1373:, Sections 17 and 19).
1142:. Trotsky also opposed
942:Johnson–Forest Tendency
659:Lanka Sama Samaja Party
484:The Revolution Betrayed
434:Terrorism and Communism
94:Deformed workers' state
3685:Revolution terminology
3553:First exile of Trotsky
3292:Collectivist anarchism
3069:Proletarian revolution
2756:Socialist accumulation
2404:Proletarian revolution
2359:Historical materialism
2141:. Calcutta: Samar Bose
1988:Trotsky, Leon (1931),
1674:societies rather than
1537:German Communist Party
1525:Yevgeni Preobrazhensky
1471:could be built in the
1316:
1294:
1251:
1240:. His audience is the
613:New York Intellectuals
380:Yevgeni Preobrazhensky
3191:Louis Auguste Blanqui
2676:Democratic centralism
2319:Bourgeois nationalism
2205:In Defence of October
1697:, the founder of the
1695:Saumyendranath Tagore
1690:Saumyendranath Tagore
1582:Results and Prospects
1445:Results and Prospects
1311:
1285:
1246:
1116:socialist revolutions
1084:is the strategy of a
709:The Struggle Pakistan
633:Militant in Liverpool
576:Trotskyism in Vietnam
561:The Declaration of 46
522:The Dilemmas of Lenin
104:Democratic centralism
3595:Permanent revolution
3079:Revolutionary terror
3054:Permanent revolution
3029:Communist revolution
2917:One Divides Into Two
2824:Permanent revolution
2781:Democracy in Marxism
2741:Revolutionary terror
2538:Commodity production
2523:Crisis of capitalism
2429:Scientific socialism
2324:Bourgeois revolution
2191:Permanent revolution
2138:Permanent Revolution
1848:"The Model Republic"
1729:Communist revolution
1683:orthodox Trotskyists
1604:Theory since Trotsky
1553:The question of the
1520:The ABC of Communism
1254:democrats to power.
1212:bourgeois revolution
1204:revolutionary terror
1082:Permanent revolution
1031:Socialism portal
1019:Communism portal
932:Democracy in Marxism
897:Permanent Revolution
887:Fourth International
719:Workers' Cause Party
674:People Before Profit
512:The Stalinist Legacy
494:Transitional Program
129:Political revolution
124:Permanent revolution
89:Cross-class alliance
28:Permanent Revolution
3690:Revolutions by type
3680:Marxist terminology
3392:Our Political Tasks
3282:Anarchist communism
2834:Transitional demand
2701:National liberation
2686:Enemy of the people
2568:Means of production
2329:Bourgeois socialism
2314:Bourgeois democracy
1508:Alexandra Kollontai
1463:faction within the
1305:Marx concludes his
1132:advanced capitalism
1095:. As a term within
1043:Politics portal
982:Socialist economics
937:Fifth International
724:Workers' Left Front
207:Orthodox Trotskyism
159:Transitional demand
3448:Lessons of October
3084:Situationist prank
2947:Social imperialism
2771:Social imperialism
2643:Worker cooperative
2583:Production for use
2573:Mode of production
2424:Revolutionary wave
2389:Petite bourgeoisie
2299:Barracks communism
2240:2017-10-19 at the
2225:2017-12-14 at the
1561:to control by the
1555:Chinese Revolution
1515:October Revolution
1467:, which held that
1344:Russian Revolution
549:October Revolution
544:Russian Revolution
503:Thesis of Pulacayo
464:Lessons of October
385:Christian Rakovsky
3667:
3666:
3563:Lenin's Testament
3338:
3337:
3089:Social revolution
2976:
2975:
2877:Capitalist roader
2829:Social revolution
2671:Central Committee
2578:Productive forces
2543:Dominant ideology
2439:Super-imperialism
2374:Lumpenproletariat
2102:978-0-19-827234-2
2046:978-1-893638-97-6
1827:Kölnische Zeitung
1771:978-1-893638-97-6
1642:, and elsewhere.
1541:1923 insurrection
1480:social-democratic
1443:and in his essay
1336:social revolution
1332:productive forces
1275:petty bourgeoisie
1220:Kölnische Zeitung
1128:productive forces
1079:
1078:
767:Militant tendency
571:Lenin's Testament
427:Theoretical works
139:Social revolution
3702:
3624:(brother-in-law)
3365:
3358:
3351:
3342:
3341:
3330:Socialism portal
3307:Radical feminism
3287:Anarcho-pacifism
3206:Friedrich Engels
3116:
3104:World revolution
3003:
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2952:Struggle session
2872:Anti-revisionism
2849:World revolution
2776:Soviet democracy
2661:Anti-revisionism
2653:Marxist–Leninist
2623:Subject of labor
2553:Free association
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2479:World revolution
2469:Workers' control
2464:Workers' council
2449:Two-stage theory
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1672:state capitalist
1529:Nikolai Bukharin
1485:two-stage theory
1435:Alexander Parvus
1146:'s principle of
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1071:
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993:Socialist Worker
972:Orthodox Marxism
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189:World revolution
149:State capitalism
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2344:Commodification
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2242:Wayback Machine
2227:Wayback Machine
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270:Alex Callinicos
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154:Substitutionism
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3400:Our Revolution
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3275:Related topics
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3256:Thomas Sankara
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3241:Rosa Luxemburg
3238:
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3231:Vladimir Lenin
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2379:Means of labor
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2214:. Online book.
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195:
192:
191:
186:
181:
179:Vanguard party
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
74:Anti-Stalinism
71:
65:
62:
61:
58:
57:
49:
48:
42:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3707:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3648:(second wife)
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3628:Olga Kameneva
3626:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
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3405:
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3343:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3302:Popular front
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3261:Joseph Stalin
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
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3199:
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3105:
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3097:
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3077:
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3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:Impossibilism
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:Communization
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2992:
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2985:
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2969:
2966:
2965:
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2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2907:New Democracy
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
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2878:
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2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:Popular front
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
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2674:
2672:
2669:
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2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:Surplus value
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:Social murder
2616:
2614:
2613:Socialization
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
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2506:
2504:
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2500:
2498:
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2250:
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2201:
2198:
2195:
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2188:
2167:
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2156:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2072:on 2017-12-14
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1922:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1899:Gesamtausgabe
1896:
1889:
1881:
1874:
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1864:
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1849:
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1807:
1800:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1739:Perpetual war
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:Joseph Hansen
1620:
1616:
1601:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1590:world economy
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1548:Joseph Stalin
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1533:Vadim Rogovin
1530:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
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1378:
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1333:
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1321:
1315:
1310:
1308:
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1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1255:
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1243:
1239:
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1225:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1156:Vadim Rogovin
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:Joseph Stalin
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1086:revolutionary
1083:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
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1009:
1008:
1007:
1000:
997:
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988:
985:
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958:
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938:
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930:
928:
927:
923:
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890:
888:
885:
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879:
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866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
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823:
821:
818:
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780:
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715:
712:
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707:
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650:
642:
641:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
602:
601:Moscow trials
599:
598:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
550:
547:
546:
545:
542:
541:
535:
534:
524:
523:
519:
514:
513:
509:
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496:
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491:
486:
485:
481:
476:
475:
471:
466:
465:
461:
456:
455:
451:
446:
445:
441:
436:
435:
431:
430:
424:
423:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
395:Max Shachtman
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
365:George Novack
363:
361:
358:
356:
355:Nahuel Moreno
353:
351:
350:Ernest Mandel
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
320:Joseph Hansen
318:
316:
315:Duncan Hallas
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
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243:
241:
238:
237:
231:
230:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
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204:
198:
197:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
66:
60:
59:
55:
51:
50:
47:
44:
43:
39:
35:
34:
29:
22:
3654:(first wife)
3640:Sergei Sedov
3594:
3577:
3533:
3525:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3462:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3372:Leon Trotsky
3266:Leon Trotsky
3221:Karl Kautsky
3201:RĂ©gis Debray
3094:United front
3053:
3049:People's war
2922:People's war
2844:United front
2823:
2786:United front
2593:Ruling class
2558:Law of value
2454:Wage slavery
2444:Theoretician
2233:
2218:
2204:
2170:. Retrieved
2165:
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2137:
2130:
2121:
2111:
2091:
2084:
2074:, retrieved
2070:the original
2065:
2055:
2036:
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
2011:
2001:
1993:
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1964:
1954:
1946:
1936:
1921:
1906:
1898:
1888:
1851:
1841:
1832:
1826:
1818:
1809:
1799:
1790:
1780:
1760:
1753:
1712:
1707:
1693:
1680:
1649:
1632:Livio Maitan
1628:Michael Löwy
1612:
1595:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1552:
1545:
1518:
1512:
1504:April Theses
1489:
1487:or stagism.
1477:
1473:Soviet Union
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1431:Leon Trotsky
1429:
1420:Leon Trotsky
1411:
1407:
1405:
1393:
1384:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1327:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1252:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1219:
1217:
1206:against the
1193:
1191:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1113:
1109:Leon Trotsky
1081:
1080:
991:
977:Shachtmanism
924:
874:
873:
809:
735:
734:
648:
520:
510:
492:
482:
472:
462:
452:
442:
432:
410:Peter Taaffe
400:Ivan Smirnov
370:Michel Pablo
345:Livio Maitan
305:Pierre Frank
245:Martin Abern
240:Leon Trotsky
174:United front
123:
69:Anti-fascism
3622:Lev Kamenev
3538:(1931-1940)
3530:(1930-1940)
3515:(1938–1940)
3211:Che Guevara
3149:Syndicalism
3144:Mao-spontex
3099:Vanguardism
3059:Platformism
2932:Revisionism
2819:French Turn
2791:Vanguardism
2746:Secretariat
2736:Revisionism
2563:Materialism
2414:Revisionism
2364:Imperialism
2309:Bourgeoisie
1609:Trotskyists
1400:imperialism
1242:proletariat
1224:Henri Druey
1136:proletariat
1124:bourgeoisie
883:(1974–2019)
596:Great Purge
586:French Turn
405:Tạ Thu Thâu
360:David North
325:Gerry Healy
285:Ross Dowson
265:Hugo Blanco
3695:Trotskyism
3674:Categories
3660:(daughter)
3607:(assassin)
3600:Trotskyism
3440:New Course
3246:Mao Zedong
3134:De Leonism
3122:Tendencies
2801:Trotskyist
2681:Dual power
2349:Dialectics
2203:Trotsky's
2076:2007-10-31
1745:References
1652:Tony Cliff
1619:Trotskyist
1613:Since the
1567:Karl Radek
1563:Kuomintang
1513:After the
1495:Bolsheviks
1424:See also:
1301:In context
1280:status quo
1178:Tom Moylan
875:Historical
736:Historical
454:New Course
415:Alan Woods
375:J. Posadas
300:Tony Cliff
295:Chen Duxiu
290:Hal Draper
212:Third camp
46:Trotskyism
3634:Lev Sedov
3312:Reformism
3251:Karl Marx
3129:Blanquism
2902:Mass line
2892:Four Olds
2716:Politburo
2706:New class
2633:Use value
2533:Commodity
1943:"Preface"
1598:defeatist
1461:Stalinist
1413:obshchina
1208:bourgeois
1140:peasantry
1101:Karl Marx
999:Stalinism
390:Lev Sedov
310:Ted Grant
250:Tariq Ali
3630:(sister)
3017:Concepts
2238:Archived
2223:Archived
2172:1 August
2145:1 August
1718:See also
1704:Leninism
1493:and the
1342:and the
1324:idealism
1200:Napoleon
1152:hegemony
926:Chavismo
335:Lal Khan
222:Pabloism
217:Posadism
201:Branches
119:Leninism
114:Entryism
63:Concepts
38:a series
36:Part of
3546:Related
3464:My Life
2513:Capital
2493:Marxian
2289:Marxist
1654:of the
1636:Algeria
1357:Address
1328:Address
1320:Marxism
1307:Address
1271:Address
1167:forever
1093:society
920:Campism
810:Current
649:Current
645:Parties
538:History
3615:Family
3507:(1938)
3499:(1937)
3491:(1937)
3483:(1932)
3475:(1930)
3467:(1930)
3459:(1925)
3451:(1925)
3443:(1924)
3435:(1924)
3427:(1920)
3419:(1919)
3411:(1908)
3403:(1906)
3395:(1904)
3179:People
3158:Groups
2859:Maoist
2124:. 1st.
2099:
2043:
2020:3 June
1973:3 June
1768:
1630:, and
1500:soviet
1318:Since
1266:per se
1222:; and
1176:or in
1171:Maoist
962:Maoism
618:May 68
526:(2017)
516:(1984)
506:(1946)
498:(1938)
488:(1936)
478:(1930)
468:(1924)
458:(1924)
448:(1924)
438:(1920)
234:People
3642:(son)
3636:(son)
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2638:Value
1664:China
1163:until
1089:class
3408:1905
3039:Foco
2691:Foco
2174:2020
2147:2020
2097:ISBN
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2022:2013
1975:2013
1766:ISBN
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