3002:. The time had come, Lenin argued, for the destruction of the foundations of the bourgeois state, and its replacement with an ultra-democratic 'Dictatorship of the Proletariat' based on the model of democracy followed by the communards of Paris in 1871. Much of the work was theoretical, designed, by means of quotations from Marx and Engels, to win battles within the international Social Democratic movement against Lenin's arch-enemy Kautsky. However, Lenin was not operating only in the realm of theory. He took encouragement from the rise of a whole range of institutions that seemed to embody class-based, direct democracy, and in particular the soviets and the factory committees, which demanded the right to 'supervise' (kontrolirovat') (although not to take the place of) factory management.
889:
25:
2212:
was called. by the trade union committee, candidates were discussed, and a vote was taken by show of hands. Anybody present had the right to propose a candidate, and the one who was elected was not personally a member of the Party. In considering the claims of the candidates their past activities were discussed, they themselves had to answer questions as to their qualifications, anybody could express an opinion, for or against them, and the basis of all the discussion was: What justification had the candidates to represent their comrades on the local Soviet?
2850:, Arch Getty argued that the Soviet political system was chaotic, that institutions often escaped the control of the centre, and that Stalin's leadership consisted to a considerable extent in responding, on an ad hoc basis, to political crises as they arose. Getty's work was influenced by political science of the 1960s onward, which, in a critique of the totalitarian model, began to consider the possibility that relatively autonomous bureaucratic institutions might have had some influence on policy-making at the highest level.
1849:
801:
1922:
1873:
825:
2195:"Bureaucratic autocracy must give place to Soviet democracy. A restoration of the right of criticism, and a genuine freedom of elections, are necessary conditions for the further development of the country. This assumes a revival of freedom of Soviet parties, beginning with the party of Bolsheviks, and a resurrection of the trade unions. The bringing of democracy into industry means a radical revision of plans in the interests of toilers."
189:." Nonetheless, "revisionist school" historians focused on the relatively autonomous institutions which might influence policy at the higher level, representing those who "insisted that the old image of the Soviet Union as a totalitarian state bent on world domination was oversimplified or just plain wrong. They tended to be interested in social history and to argue that the Communist Party leadership had had to adjust to social forces."
256:
1861:
813:
2168:, the British military, once invited in, proceeded to execute members of the Bolshevik Party who had peacefully stood down from the Soviet when they failed to win the elections. As a result, the Bolsheviks banned each opposition party when it turned against the Soviet government. In some cases, bans were lifted. This banning of parties did not have the same repressive character as later bans enforced under the
2626:
2085:. Repression and minor concessions only temporarily quelled the discontent as Petrograd protests continued that year in March. This time the factory workers were joined by sailors stationed on the nearby island-fort of Kronstadt. Disappointed in the direction of the Bolshevik government, the rebels demanded a series of reforms including a reduction in Bolshevik privileges, newly elected
2211:
I have, while working in the Soviet Union, participated in an election. I, too, had a right to vote, as I was a working member of the community, and nationality and citizenship are no bar to electoral rights. The procedure was extremely simple. A general meeting of all the workers in our organisation
2355:
The
National Assembly elections took place on 19 January 1919. In this time, the radical left-wing parties, including the USPD and KPD, were barely able to get themselves organised, leading to a solid majority of seats for the MSPD moderate forces. To avoid the ongoing fights in Berlin, the National
2070:. Some believe that one key blow against soviet democracy occurred as early as March 1918, when all nineteen city soviets that were elected during the spring were disbanded in a series of Bolshevik coups d'Ă©tat because workers returned Menshevik-SR majorities, or non-Bolshevik socialist majorities.
161:
Kazuko
Kawamoto writes that soviet democracy "may sound odd to many, especially in the younger generation, while to others in the older generation they may bring back memories of the 'good old' Cold War years, when they supported liberal democracy against Soviet socialist democracy, or vice versa.
2203:
argue, while the top of the soviet system became largely bureaucratic, the local levels of society remained largely participatory. He writes "while sane, calm, and sober, no worker would have dared to say that socialism was a poor system or that Stalin was an idiot" but then goes on to argue that
2114:
and, according to some critics, made the democratic procedures within the party an empty formality, and helped Stalin to consolidate much more authority under the party. Soviets were transformed into the bureaucratic structure that existed for the rest of the history of the Soviet Union and were
219:
Kazuko writes that "the Soviet government did encourage the working people to speak out. As numerous studies have shown, Soviet citizens responded by writing letters and visiting government offices to address the authorities, even if there were limits to the realization of their demands and the
129:
In a soviet democracy, people are organized in basic units; for example, the workers of a company, the inhabitants of a district, or the soldiers of a barracks. They directly elect delegates as public functionaries, which act as legislators, government, and courts in one. Soviets are elected on
224:
took so long, about twenty years according to Kazuko, was "deeply rooted in the ideas of Soviet democracy. The Soviet regime was democratic in its own sense of the word and this article gives it a more democratic face than what is usually imagined, especially among
Western people. However, the
2817:
In 1953, Carl
Friedrich characterised totalitarian systems in terms of five points: an official ideology, control of weapons and of media, use of terror, and a single mass party, 'usually under a single leader.' There was of course an assumption that the leader was critical to the workings of
2097:
for the working class. The workers and sailors of the
Kronstadt rebellion were promptly crushed by Red Army forces, with a thousand rebels killed in battle and another thousand executed the following weeks, with many more fleeing abroad and to the countryside. These events coincided with the
2049:
get a majority) more accurately represented the opinion of the people, which had changed as shown in the elections to the soviets between the time of the elections to the
Assembly and the first meeting of the Assembly. He also explicitly stated that democracy did not include those considered
1989:(1904–1905) increased the strain on Russian industrial production, the workers began to strike and rebel. The soviets represented an autonomous workers' movement, one that broke free from the government's oversight of workers' unions. Soviets sprang up throughout the industrial centers of
2318:
for the USPD it sought to act as a provisional cabinet of ministers. But the power question was unanswered. Although the new government was confirmed by the Berlin worker and soldier council, it was opposed by the
Spartacus League. Ebert called for a "National Congress of Councils"
220:
effectiveness of their entreaties." According to Kazuko, these studies showed that "people demanded to be heard and the authorities responded, however insufficiently, because the ideas of democracy obligated them to do so." The reason why the process leading to the
2404:, and societies of exiled Russian Monarchists. Sporadic fighting continued to flare up around the country. In eastern provinces, forces loyal to Germany's fallen monarchy fought the Republic, while militias of Polish nationalists fought for independence: the
2131:
such as the
Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, and other left parties within the bounds of Soviet legality and their participation in the Soviets on the condition of abandoning armed struggle against the Bolsheviks. According to historian
2268:. The rebellion caused great fear in the establishment and in the middle classes because of the revolutionary aspirations of the councils. It terrified the well-off classes as the country was on the brink of a working class revolution.
130:
several levels; at the residential and business level, delegates are sent through plenary assemblies to a local council which, in turn, delegates members to the next level. This system of delegation continues to a body such as the
2020:
In post-revolutionary Russia local workers' soviets would elect representatives that go on to form regional soviets, which in turn elect representatives that form higher soviets, and so on up to the
Congress of Soviets. Later the
2126:
attributed the establishment of the one-party system to the conditions which were “imposed on
Bolshevism by hostile political forces”. Rogovin highlighted the fact that the Bolsheviks made strenuous efforts to preserve the
2204:
these bounds still allowed for citizens to have meaningful participation on their immediate situation and this local participation meant "ultimately relatively little was controlled by the government or party decree".
2065:
may be part of what led to the decline of soviet democracy in Russia (due to the authority the state took on in war time) and to the emergence of the bureaucratic structure that maintained much control throughout the
162:
Many Cold War contemporaries thought that there was such a thing as soviet democratic theory, despite not believing the Soviet government's claim of the superiority of soviet democracy over liberal democracy."
2788:
Academic Sovietology, a child of the early Cold War, was dominated by the 'totalitarian model' of Soviet politics. Until the 1960s it was almost impossible to advance any other interpretation, in the USA at
2391:
and remnants of the regular army. The fall of the Munich Soviet Republic to these units, many of which were situated on the extreme right, resulted in the growth of far-right movements and organisations in
1328:
3086:
2077:. The outset of the year was marked by strikes and demonstrations - in both Moscow and Petrograd, as well as the countryside - due to discontent with the results of policies that made up
3357:
3330:
138:
at the state level. The electoral processes thus take place from the bottom upward. The levels are usually tied to administrative levels. In contrast to earlier democratic models
1949:
saw the soviet as the basic organizing unit of society in a socialist system and at first supported this form of democracy. The soviets also played a considerable role in the
2818:
totalitarianism: at the apex of a monolithic, centralised, and hierarchical system, it was he who issued the orders which were fulfilled unquestioningly by his subordinates.
648:
3839:
216:, and other left parties within the bounds of Soviet legality and their participation in the soviets on the condition of abandoning armed struggle against the Bolsheviks.
196:
in the Soviet Union to the wartime conditions imposed on the Bolshevik government and others have highlighted the initial attempts to form a coalition government with the
2234:
2107:
2081:. The Bolsheviks, in response to the protests, enacted martial law and sent the Red Army to disperse the workers. This was followed up by mass arrests executed by the
607:
2099:
1664:
2327:
that would be given the task of writing a democratic constitution for parliamentary government, marginalizing the movement that called for a socialist republic.
1682:
1576:
2287:(KAPD) split from the KPD as a distinct council communist tendency. Their main goal was an immediate abolition of bourgeois democracy and the constitution of a
2025:
would become the highest legislative body of the entire country. After Lenin's party, the Bolsheviks, only got a minority of the votes in the election to the
2042:
2116:
2275:, originally part of the USPD, split as a more radical group which advocated for violent proletarian revolution to establish communism. After the failed
1659:
560:
550:
213:
118:, in which elected delegates are exclusively responsible to their conscience. Delegates may accordingly be dismissed from their post at any time through
2323:), which took place from 16 to 20 December 1918, and in which the MSPD had the majority. Thus, Ebert was able to institute elections for a provisional
2846:
Tucker's work stressed the absolute nature of Stalin's power, an assumption which was increasingly challenged by later revisionist historians. In his
2106:
within the Bolshevik party still assured democracy. However, faced with support for Kronstadt within Bolshevik ranks, Lenin also issued a "temporary"
2093:, economic freedom for peasants and workers, dissolution of the bureaucratic governmental organs created during the civil war, and the restoration of
1715:
1649:
626:
580:
2249:
2207:
This is supported by some historical accounts. For example, in Pat Sloan's historical account of participating in a Soviet election, he wrote:
1702:
2459:
2222:
2176:
2128:
205:
2449:
2161:
2141:
688:
653:
530:
3819:
2261:
1791:
1503:
2137:
1488:
1457:
855:
1821:
1654:
703:
683:
658:
3879:
3854:
2330:
In January, the Spartacus League and others in the streets of Berlin made more armed attempts to establish communism, known as the
2153:
1606:
1528:
3844:
2405:
1616:
500:
2284:
1981:
in January 1905. The Russian workers were largely organized at the turn of the 20th century, leading to a government-sponsored
1548:
602:
186:
3849:
3367:
3340:
3313:
3286:
3254:
3087:"1919: When the Bolsheviks Turned on the Workers: Looking Back on the Putilov and Astrakhan Strikes, One Hundred Years Later"
2966:
2939:
2914:
2839:
2810:
2781:
2601:
2136:, Lenin's wartime measures such as banning opposition parties was prompted by the fact that several political parties either
1697:
1523:
221:
3387:"Thurston, Robert Reassessing the History of Soviet Workers - Opportunities to Criticize and Participate in Decision-Making"
3386:
2160:
who were democratically elected to the Soviets in some areas, then proceeded to use their mandate to welcome in Tsarist and
888:
3303:
2292:
1903:
1596:
1591:
2303:
1692:
1672:
1533:
3824:
2257:
2248:
At the time, the Socialist movement which represented mostly laborers was split among two major left-wing parties: the
2022:
1958:
1628:
1425:
1051:
3419:
2491:
1993:, usually organized at the factory level. The soviets disappeared after the Revolution of 1905, but re-emerged under
1957:. At that time, they represented a variety of socialist parties in addition to Bolsheviks. According to the official
1786:
1518:
1308:
963:
520:
68:
46:
2245:. The revolution spread throughout Germany, and participants seized military and civil powers in individual cities.
39:
3506:
1687:
1677:
1563:
1462:
1390:
715:
107:
3488:
2191:
had improved. In exile, Trotsky condemned the Stalinist bureaucracy and called for a revival of Soviet democracy:
2439:
2288:
2010:
1249:
998:
115:
3588:
3455:
2523:
848:
197:
3233:
See note regarding Library of Congress Country Studies. Chapter 7 - The Communist Party. Democratic Centralism
2340:
units consisting of volunteer soldiers. Bloody street fights culminated in the beating and shooting deaths of
2030:
1736:
1726:
933:
918:
353:
209:
2348:
after their arrests on 15 January. With the affirmation of Ebert, those responsible were not tried before a
3869:
3061:
2553:
Daniels, Robert V. (December 1951). "The Kronstadt Revolt of 1921: A Study in the Dynamics of Revolution".
2062:
2026:
1731:
1538:
1513:
968:
358:
173:, follows the view that soviet democracy was a farce and that "the Soviet regime was simply oppressive and
166:
3884:
3864:
3859:
3620:
2635:
2373:
2073:
However, a key development in the course of soviet democracy in Russia occurred in March, 1921, with the
2067:
1776:
1611:
1586:
1581:
1442:
3700:
943:
3184:
2365:
2280:
1415:
928:
3037:
3596:
2641:
2417:
2184:
1781:
1288:
1278:
1234:
1154:
1089:
913:
841:
2986:
275:
3656:
2533:
2380:
2324:
1896:
1621:
1099:
540:
33:
3536:
2033:(SRs) and Mensheviks to honor the sovereignty of soviet democracy, arguing that a system in which
3874:
3814:
1978:
1966:
1938:
1553:
1493:
1318:
1268:
1194:
710:
570:
368:
363:
333:
225:
regime's unique democratic character seemed to make it rather difficult to function adequately."
3676:
2295:(AAUD), who sought to form factory organizations as the basis of region wide workers' councils.
3789:
3694:
3628:
2037:
was sovereign could not fairly represent the workers since it was in practice dominated by the
1558:
1447:
1214:
182:
50:
3644:
3552:
2998:
Lenin defended all four elements of Soviet democracy in his seminal theoretical work of 1917,
106:). Soviets are directly responsible to their electors and bound by their instructions using a
2103:
2090:
1543:
1467:
1410:
1395:
1356:
938:
758:
328:
323:
3732:
3684:
3612:
3670:
2682:
2265:
2034:
1801:
1766:
1721:
1508:
1405:
1346:
958:
923:
510:
280:
150:
89:
3748:
3544:
3015:
2156:
and other Bolshevik leaders. Liebman noted that opposition parties such as the Cadets and
8:
3834:
3780:
3756:
3740:
3650:
2464:
2429:
2397:
2361:
2331:
2291:
through the seizure of power by the workers' councils. Communists in the KAPD formed the
2276:
2111:
2074:
1950:
1934:
1889:
1816:
1771:
1041:
993:
908:
872:
693:
636:
178:
131:
103:
3604:
3809:
3664:
3530:
3524:
3476:
2887:
2710:
2657:
2580:
2413:
2242:
2200:
2165:
1998:
1986:
1954:
1383:
1378:
1337:
1298:
1219:
763:
748:
738:
733:
641:
631:
456:
451:
373:
111:
3724:
1239:
3829:
3716:
3451:
3415:
3363:
3336:
3309:
3282:
3250:
2962:
2935:
2910:
2891:
2879:
2835:
2806:
2777:
2702:
2607:
2597:
2572:
2541:
2519:
2497:
2487:
2434:
2409:
2149:
2058:
1601:
973:
663:
614:
343:
237:
185:
often blamed the Soviet regime for "lacking liberty, which undermined the meaning of
3500:
2298:
In view of the mass support for more radical reforms among the workers' councils, a
1498:
1094:
3768:
3762:
3636:
3580:
3494:
3482:
2982:
2871:
2752:
2694:
2564:
2352:, leading to lenient sentences, which made Ebert unpopular among radical leftists.
2272:
2145:
2086:
2006:
2002:
1865:
1853:
1827:
1806:
1023:
983:
817:
805:
780:
436:
421:
393:
318:
290:
98:
3572:
3516:
2053:
After the revolution, the Bolsheviks had to defend the newly formed government in
3708:
3276:
3244:
2956:
2514:
2482:
2345:
2311:
1877:
1400:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1018:
1003:
988:
829:
743:
471:
378:
193:
174:
123:
119:
192:
Some scholars have had a differing view and attributed the establishment of the
3566:
3560:
2341:
2133:
1942:
1174:
1164:
768:
461:
411:
348:
135:
2029:, he disbanded it by force after its first meeting, citing the refusal of the
3803:
3793:
3690:
3510:
3439:
2883:
2706:
2630:
2576:
2555:
2545:
2444:
2349:
2188:
2123:
2078:
2014:
1435:
1229:
1199:
1189:
1184:
1149:
673:
481:
476:
446:
431:
201:
2611:
3033:
2454:
2310:) was established, consisting of three MSPD and three USPD members. Led by
2094:
1926:
1811:
1244:
1204:
1179:
1139:
1079:
1074:
1008:
903:
698:
441:
416:
2175:
Trotsky also argued that he and Lenin had intended to lift the ban on the
1921:
3447:
2509:
2501:
2477:
2253:
2226:
2054:
2038:
1982:
1430:
1420:
1159:
1119:
1013:
466:
426:
388:
146:
2061:. According to some critics, many of the effects of the wars on the new
1872:
824:
2830:
Davies, Sarah; Harris, James (2005). "Joseph Stalin: Power and Ideas".
2801:
Davies, Sarah; Harris, James (2005). "Joseph Stalin: Power and Ideas".
2714:
2584:
2401:
2315:
2180:
2157:
1946:
1209:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1046:
880:
785:
775:
678:
619:
338:
295:
270:
142:
2862:
Lenoe, Matt (June 2002). "Did Stalin Kill Kirov and Does It Matter?".
3774:
2772:
Sarah Davies; James Harris (2005). "Joseph Stalin: Power and Ideas".
2336:
2299:
2169:
2041:, that the proportional representation did not take into account the
1994:
1833:
1224:
1144:
1084:
300:
285:
93:
2698:
2568:
2233:
among sailors. There, sailors, soldiers, and workers began electing
3246:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
2958:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
2907:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
2875:
2757:
2740:
1760:
1169:
1056:
953:
948:
668:
245:
170:
3622:
The State, Democracy and Legality in the USSR: Lenin's Ideas Today
3470:
3710:
Is the Red Flag Flying? The Political Economy of the Soviet Union
2629:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2393:
1962:
1754:
753:
255:
204:
wrote that the Bolsheviks made strenuous efforts to preserve the
2384:
2357:
1990:
1796:
1452:
2376:. The parliamentary parties obtained a solid 80% of the vote.
2225:
to give more powers to the elected parliament. On 29 October,
1860:
812:
2082:
2001:. Lenin argued for the destruction of the foundations of the
1974:
3062:"Jean-Paul Martin: Democracy and Workers' Rule (March 1953)"
2102:. There, Lenin argued that the soviets and the principle of
3686:
Six Decades That Changed the World: The USSR After 60 Years
3526:
The New Soviet Constitution: A Study in Socialist Democracy
2230:
1925:
The Soviet of Workers' Deputies of St. Petersburg in 1905:
3782:
Soviets of People's Deputies: Democracy and Administration
3562:
Russia Re-Examined: The Land, the People and How They Live
3215:
3128:
2100:
10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
2771:
2115:
completely under the control of party officials and the
3770:
The Russians are Coming: The Politics of Anti-Sovietism
3444:
Before Stalinism: The Rise and Fall of Soviet Democracy
3414:(Left Book Club ed.). Camelot Press. p. 171.
3270:
3268:
3266:
2934:(Reprinted ed.). Penguin books. pp. 111–112.
2834:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 4–5.
2805:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–4.
2594:
A People's Tragedy: A History of the Russian Revolution
3104:
2379:
During the debates in Weimar, fighting continued. The
2360:, giving the future Republic its unofficial name. The
2264:(MSPD), which supported the war effort and favoured a
3702:
Soviet Democracy in the Period of Developed Socialism
3678:
The Soviet Political System Under Developed Socialism
3203:
3016:"The Proletarian Revolution And The Renegade Kautsky"
2216:
3263:
3191:
3164:
3152:
3140:
3116:
2256:
and favored a soviet-style planned economy, and the
3840:
Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
3785:
by Georgi Barabashev and Konstantin Sheremet, 1989.
1660:
International Committee of the Fourth International
1577:
Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma
551:
The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky
1650:Committee for a Workers' International (refounded)
2187:as soon as the economic and social conditions of
1916:
96:of a population is exercised by directly elected
3801:
3295:
3753:by Albert Szymanski, chapters 5, 7 and 8, 1984.
3471:Soviet and pro-Soviet works on Soviet democracy
2518:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Libros de Anarres.
2486:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
2334:. Those attempts were put down by paramilitary
1977:claims that he witnessed the beginnings of the
581:Leninism: Introduction to the Study of Leninism
3538:The Social and State Structure of the U.S.S.R.
3381:
3379:
2250:Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany
2223:constitution of the German Empire was reformed
2108:ban on factions in the Russian Communist Party
177:, and not democratic at all." Critics such as
169:historiography, which was dominant during the
3729:by Fyodor Medvedev and Gennady Kulikov, 1981.
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2460:List of political parties in the Soviet Union
2262:"Majority" Social Democratic Party of Germany
2045:, and that the soviets (where the Bolsheviks
1961:, the first soviet was formed in May 1905 in
1897:
849:
2932:The Bolshevik revolution 1917 - 1923. Vol. 1
2829:
2800:
561:"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder
531:Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
3376:
1792:List of Trotskyist organizations by country
1504:Organisation of Communist Internationalists
122:. Soviet democracy forms the basis for the
3658:Workers' Participation in the Soviet Union
3598:Soviet Democracy and Bourgeois Sovietology
3134:
2975:
2721:
2532:
1904:
1890:
1703:Trotskyist Fraction – Fourth International
856:
842:
3666:Soviet Democracy: Principles and Practice
3301:
2776:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3.
2756:
2683:"The Functions of Soviet Local Elections"
2540:. Princeton, N.J.: Grosset & Dunlap.
2252:(USPD), which called for immediate peace
1973:). In his memoirs, the Russian anarchist
1655:Fourth International (post-reunification)
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
2556:American Slavic and East European Review
1920:
1607:Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1944)
32:This article includes a list of general
3790:Before Stalinism: A Response to Critics
3585:, chapter 3, by V.M. Chkhikvadze, 1969.
3355:
3328:
3274:
3242:
3182:
3110:
2994:Bibliothek der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung
2954:
2904:
2680:
2552:
1489:Internationalist Workers' Left (Greece)
501:The Development of Capitalism in Russia
3802:
3646:Socialist Democracy: Aspects of Theory
3438:
3221:
3209:
3170:
3158:
3122:
2981:
2738:
2508:
2476:
1716:Committee for a Workers' International
1549:Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition
1458:1968–1969 Japanese university protests
603:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
3726:Human Rights and Freedoms in the USSR
3713:by Albert Szymanski, chapter 5, 1979.
3630:People's Control in Socialist Society
3614:The Soviet Form of Popular Government
3502:Soviet Communism: A New Civilisation?
3409:
3305:The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky
3197:
3146:
2861:
2591:
2450:People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)
1698:Revolutionary Communist International
3745:compilation of works by Lenin, 1984.
3362:. Courier Corporation. p. 218.
3335:. Courier Corporation. p. 218.
2929:
2687:Midwest Journal of Political Science
2154:assassination attempts against Lenin
1597:League for Socialist Action (Canada)
1592:International Socialist Organization
18:
3302:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015).
3243:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
3032:
2955:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
2905:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
2658:"The Structure of the Soviet State"
2285:Communist Workers' Party of Germany
2279:, the Spartacist League became the
2241:) modeled after the soviets of the
2009:described as an "ultra-democratic"
1693:League for the Fourth International
1673:International Socialist Alternative
1534:Socialist Party (England and Wales)
13:
3820:Left communism in the Soviet Union
3432:
2258:Social Democratic Party of Germany
2217:In Germany and the Weimar Republic
2162:foreign capitalist military forces
2023:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
1965:(north-east of Moscow) during the
1629:Workers Party of the United States
1426:Minneapolis general strike of 1934
200:. Specifically, Russian historian
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3896:
3590:Soviet Democracy and how it works
3465:
3249:. Mehring Books. pp. 13–14.
3013:
2961:. Mehring Books. pp. 13–14.
2909:. Mehring Books. pp. 13–14.
2745:Japanese Political Science Review
2538:The Russian Revolution, 1917–1921
2356:Assembly convened in the city of
2293:General Workers' Union of Germany
1787:List of Trotskyist internationals
1519:Socialist Alternative (Australia)
1309:History of the Russian Revolution
521:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
3750:Human Rights in the Soviet Union
3734:Working Versus Talking Democracy
3609:compiled by Yuri Akhapkin, 1970.
3554:The Soviet Representative System
3546:How the Soviet Union Is Governed
3281:. Merlin Press. pp. 1–348.
2624:
2304:Council of the People's Deputies
1871:
1859:
1847:
1688:Internationalist Communist Union
1678:International Socialist Tendency
1669:International Revolutionary Left
1564:Workers Revolutionary Party (UK)
1463:1970s Hong Kong student protests
887:
823:
811:
799:
254:
108:delegate model of representation
23:
3880:Dictatorship of the proletariat
3855:Politics of the Weimar Republic
3403:
3356:Trotsky, Leon (15 March 2012).
3349:
3329:Trotsky, Leon (15 March 2012).
3322:
3236:
3227:
3176:
3079:
3054:
3026:
3007:
2948:
2440:Demokratizatsiya (Soviet Union)
2289:dictatorship of the proletariat
2235:workers' and soldiers' councils
2144:, or participated in sabotage,
2031:Right Socialist Revolutionaries
2011:dictatorship of the proletariat
1933:The first soviets, also called
1529:Socialist Equality Party (U.S.)
999:Uneven and combined development
944:Decentralized economic planning
3845:Government of the Soviet Union
3758:Soviet Democracy: A Discussion
3549:by Vyacheslav Karpinsky, 1954.
3541:by Vyacheslav Karpinsky, 1952.
3038:"The Collapse of the U.S.S.R."
2923:
2898:
2855:
2823:
2794:
2765:
2674:
2650:
2387:, but was quickly put down by
2110:. This ban remained until the
2091:socialist and anarchist groups
2005:and its replacement with what
1917:In Russia and the Soviet Union
1665:International Communist League
1617:Socialist Workers Party (U.S.)
198:Left Socialist Revolutionaries
1:
3742:On Soviet Socialist Democracy
3606:First Decrees of Soviet Power
2930:Carr, Edward Hallett (1977).
2864:The Journal of Modern History
2741:"Rethinking Soviet Democracy"
2619:
2470:
1737:Revolutionary Workers Ferment
1727:Fourth International Posadist
1683:International Workers' League
1391:Joseph Stalin's rise to power
919:Critique of political economy
716:Joseph Stalin's rise to power
156:
3850:Politics of the Soviet Union
3689:edited by Marilyn Betchtel,
3638:Soviet Deputy (Legal Status)
3308:. Verso Books. p. 528.
2027:Russian Constituent Assembly
1985:leadership. In 1905, as the
1539:Socialist Workers Party (UK)
1524:Socialist Alternative (U.S.)
1514:Socialist Action (Hong Kong)
969:Proletarian internationalism
359:Proletarian internationalism
167:Soviet and communist studies
165:The "totalitarian model" of
153:exists in soviet democracy.
16:Type of democracy in Marxism
7:
3183:Berkman, Alexander (1922).
2987:"Soviet Democracy, 1917–91"
2848:Origins of the Great Purges
2681:Swearer, Howard R. (1961).
2423:
2374:proportional representation
2364:created a republic under a
2068:history of the Soviet Union
1612:Socialist Appeal (UK, 1992)
1587:International Marxist Group
1582:Communist League of America
1443:Proletarian Military Policy
222:Soviet Constitution of 1936
10:
3901:
3641:by Anatoly Bezuglov, 1973.
3633:by Victor Turovtsev, 1973.
3625:by V.M. Chkhikvadze, 1972.
3617:by V.M. Chkhikvadze, 1972.
2281:Communist Party of Germany
2239:Arbeiter- und Soldatenräte
1416:Bloc of Soviet Oppositions
934:Degenerated workers' state
704:Death and funeral of Lenin
228:
3825:Left communism in Germany
3777:, chapters 4 and 5, 1987.
3721:by M.A. Krutogolov, 1980.
3718:Talks on Soviet Democracy
3601:by Marat Perfilyev, 1970.
3185:"The Kronstadt Rebellion"
2739:Kazuko, Kawamoto (2014).
2642:Federal Research Division
2534:Chamberlin, William Henry
2308:Rat der Volksbeauftragten
2185:Socialist Revolutionaries
1782:Leon Trotsky bibliography
1279:Literature and Revolution
1090:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko
914:Bureaucratic collectivism
210:Socialist-Revolutionaries
3582:The Soviet State and Law
3275:Liebman, Marcel (1985).
2381:Bavarian Soviet Republic
2366:semi-presidential system
1937:, were formed after the
1822:Socialist Equality Party
1622:Young Socialist Alliance
649:History of Soviet Russia
541:The State and Revolution
3661:by Mick Costello, 1977.
3593:by Jessica Smith, 1969.
3478:The Soviet Constitution
3359:The Revolution Betrayed
3332:The Revolution Betrayed
2592:Figes, Orlando (1997).
2406:Greater Poland uprising
2166:In one incident in Baku
2035:parliamentary democracy
1979:Saint Petersburg Soviet
1967:1905 Russian Revolution
1939:1905 Russian Revolution
1777:Johnson–Forest Tendency
1494:Lanka Sama Samaja Party
1319:The Revolution Betrayed
1269:Terrorism and Communism
929:Deformed workers' state
689:Anti-religious campaign
571:Foundations of Leninism
369:Revolutionary situation
364:Revolutionary defeatism
334:Dialectical materialism
187:political participation
53:more precise citations.
3737:by Mike Davidow, 1982.
3681:by E. Chekharin, 1977.
2214:
2199:Other historians like
2197:
1997:leadership during the
1930:
1448:New York Intellectuals
1215:Yevgeni Preobrazhensky
183:Carl Joachim Friedrich
126:system of government.
3577:by M. Saifulin, 1967.
3574:The Soviet Parliament
2832:Stalin: A New History
2803:Stalin: A New History
2774:Stalin: A New History
2221:In October 1918, the
2209:
2193:
2104:democratic centralism
1959:Soviet historiography
1924:
1544:The Struggle Pakistan
1468:Militant in Liverpool
1411:Trotskyism in Vietnam
1396:The Declaration of 46
1357:The Dilemmas of Lenin
939:Democratic centralism
684:National delimitation
659:Collective leadership
329:Democratic centralism
324:Collective leadership
3671:Konstantin Chernenko
3490:How the Soviets Work
3278:Leninism Under Lenin
3000:State and Revolution
2596:. New York: Viking.
2266:parliamentary system
2260:(SPD) also known as
1866:Socialism portal
1854:Communism portal
1767:Democracy in Marxism
1732:Permanent Revolution
1722:Fourth International
1554:Workers' Cause Party
1509:People Before Profit
1347:The Stalinist Legacy
1329:Transitional Program
964:Political revolution
959:Permanent revolution
924:Cross-class alliance
818:Socialism portal
806:Communism portal
151:separation of powers
114:is in contrast to a
90:democracy in Marxism
3870:Marxist terminology
3697:, chapter 14, 1978.
3651:Georgy Shakhnazarov
3521:by Pat Sloan, 1937.
3513:, chapter II, 1936.
3410:Sloan, Pat (1937).
3224:, pp. 210–211.
2465:Socialist democracy
2430:Anarchist communism
2398:Organisation Consul
2362:Weimar Constitution
2332:Spartacist uprising
2302:government called "
2277:Spartacist Uprising
2112:revolutions of 1989
2075:Kronstadt rebellion
1955:October Revolutions
1878:Politics portal
1817:Socialist economics
1772:Fifth International
1559:Workers' Left Front
1042:Orthodox Trotskyism
994:Transitional demand
830:Politics portal
694:New Economic Policy
637:February Revolution
511:What Is to Be Done?
354:National liberation
179:Zbigniew Brzezinski
132:Congress of Soviets
3885:Types of democracy
3865:Soviet phraseology
3860:Russian Revolution
3569:, chapter 9, 1967.
3557:by V. Kotok, 1964.
3531:Anna Louise Strong
2414:Silesian Uprisings
2321:Reichsrätekongress
2243:Russian Revolution
2201:Robert W. Thurston
2177:opposition parties
2122:Russian historian
1999:Russian Revolution
1987:Russo-Japanese War
1931:
1384:October Revolution
1379:Russian Revolution
1338:Thesis of Pulacayo
1299:Lessons of October
1220:Christian Rakovsky
739:Anti-Leninist left
734:26 Baku Commissars
642:October Revolution
632:Russian Revolution
627:RSDLP (Bolsheviks)
452:Grigori Sokolnikov
374:Self-determination
265:Schools of thought
112:imperative mandate
3369:978-0-486-11983-0
3342:978-0-486-11983-0
3315:978-1-78168-721-5
3288:978-0-85036-261-9
3256:978-1-893638-97-6
3187:. pp. 10–11.
3014:Lenin, Vladimir.
2983:Priestland, David
2968:978-1-893638-97-6
2941:978-0-14-020749-1
2916:978-1-893638-97-6
2841:978-1-139-44663-1
2812:978-1-139-44663-1
2783:978-1-139-44663-1
2603:978-0-670-85916-0
2435:Council communism
2410:Province of Posen
2325:National Assembly
2314:for the MSPD and
2148:with the deposed
2142:Soviet government
2063:Soviet government
2059:Russian Civil War
1935:workers' councils
1914:
1913:
1602:Militant tendency
1406:Lenin's Testament
1262:Theoretical works
974:Social revolution
866:
865:
615:Prague Conference
494:Theoretical works
344:Labor aristocracy
104:workers' councils
86:council democracy
79:
78:
71:
3892:
3763:Mikhail Taratuta
3518:Soviet Democracy
3495:H. N. Brailsford
3483:Andrew Rothstein
3461:
3426:
3425:
3412:Soviet Democracy
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3272:
3261:
3260:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3066:www.marxists.org
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3041:www.marxists.org
3030:
3024:
3023:
3020:www.marxists.org
3011:
3005:
3004:
2991:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2736:
2719:
2718:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2662:www.marxists.org
2654:
2645:
2628:
2627:
2615:
2588:
2549:
2529:
2505:
2408:in the Prussian
2383:was declared in
2273:Spartacus League
2140:against the new
2007:David Priestland
1971:Ivanovsky Soviet
1906:
1899:
1892:
1876:
1875:
1864:
1863:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1828:Socialist Worker
1807:Orthodox Marxism
1802:Marxism–Leninism
1362:
1352:
1342:
1334:
1324:
1314:
1304:
1294:
1284:
1274:
1024:World revolution
984:State capitalism
979:Soviet democracy
891:
868:
867:
858:
851:
844:
828:
827:
816:
815:
804:
803:
802:
781:Orthodox Marxism
586:
576:
566:
556:
546:
536:
526:
516:
506:
437:Grigory Zinoviev
422:Nikolai Bukharin
394:World revolution
384:Soviet democracy
319:Anti-imperialism
281:Marxism–Leninism
258:
248:
233:
232:
194:one-party system
120:recall elections
82:Soviet democracy
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3800:
3799:
3473:
3468:
3458:
3435:
3433:Further reading
3430:
3429:
3422:
3408:
3404:
3395:
3393:
3385:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3273:
3264:
3257:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3135:Chamberlin 1965
3133:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3096:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3068:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3031:
3027:
3012:
3008:
2989:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2903:
2899:
2860:
2856:
2842:
2828:
2824:
2813:
2799:
2795:
2784:
2770:
2766:
2737:
2722:
2699:10.2307/2109266
2679:
2675:
2666:
2664:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2637:Country Studies
2634:
2625:
2622:
2604:
2569:10.2307/2492031
2526:
2515:Kronstadt, 1921
2494:
2483:Kronstadt, 1921
2473:
2426:
2346:Karl Liebknecht
2312:Friedrich Ebert
2219:
2095:workers' rights
2087:soviet councils
2003:bourgeois state
1919:
1910:
1870:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1839:
1838:
1750:
1742:
1741:
1707:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1568:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1401:Left Opposition
1374:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1350:
1340:
1332:
1322:
1312:
1302:
1292:
1282:
1272:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1115:Isaac Deutscher
1110:James P. Cannon
1105:Alex Callinicos
1070:
1062:
1061:
1037:
1029:
1028:
1019:World communism
1004:Union democracy
989:Substitutionism
899:
862:
822:
810:
800:
798:
791:
790:
744:De-Leninization
729:
721:
720:
598:
590:
589:
584:
574:
564:
554:
544:
534:
524:
514:
504:
495:
487:
486:
472:Antonio Gramsci
407:
399:
398:
379:Socialist state
314:
306:
305:
291:Right communism
266:
246:
231:
159:
124:soviet republic
92:, in which the
88:, is a type of
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3898:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3875:Marxist theory
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3815:Left communism
3812:
3798:
3797:
3786:
3778:
3766:
3754:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3706:
3698:
3682:
3674:
3662:
3654:
3642:
3634:
3626:
3618:
3610:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3567:William Mandel
3558:
3550:
3542:
3534:
3522:
3514:
3498:
3486:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3466:External links
3464:
3463:
3462:
3456:
3440:Farber, Samuel
3434:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3420:
3402:
3375:
3368:
3348:
3341:
3321:
3314:
3294:
3287:
3262:
3255:
3235:
3226:
3214:
3212:, p. 215.
3202:
3200:, p. 767.
3190:
3175:
3163:
3151:
3149:, p. 760.
3139:
3137:, p. 440.
3127:
3115:
3113:, p. 241.
3103:
3078:
3053:
3025:
3006:
2974:
2967:
2947:
2940:
2922:
2915:
2897:
2876:10.1086/343411
2870:(2): 352–380.
2854:
2840:
2822:
2811:
2793:
2782:
2764:
2758:10.15545/2.111
2751:(2): 111–133.
2720:
2693:(2): 129–149.
2673:
2648:
2647:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2602:
2589:
2563:(4): 241–254.
2550:
2530:
2524:
2506:
2492:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2342:Rosa Luxemburg
2218:
2215:
2134:Marcel Liebman
2129:Soviet parties
1943:Vladimir Lenin
1929:in the center.
1918:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1868:
1856:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1757:
1751:
1749:Related topics
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1643:
1641:Internationals
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1499:Lutte Ouvrière
1496:
1491:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1353:
1343:
1335:
1325:
1315:
1305:
1295:
1285:
1275:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1175:Pierre Lambert
1172:
1167:
1165:C. L. R. James
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1095:Daniel BensaĂŻd
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1014:Vanguard party
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
909:Anti-Stalinism
906:
900:
897:
896:
893:
892:
884:
883:
877:
876:
864:
863:
861:
860:
853:
846:
838:
835:
834:
833:
832:
820:
808:
793:
792:
789:
788:
783:
778:
773:
772:
771:
769:Left communism
766:
761:
751:
746:
741:
736:
730:
728:Related topics
727:
726:
723:
722:
719:
718:
713:
708:
707:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
646:
645:
644:
639:
629:
624:
623:
622:
612:
611:
610:
599:
596:
595:
592:
591:
588:
587:
577:
567:
557:
547:
537:
527:
517:
507:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
462:Amadeo Bordiga
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
412:Vladimir Lenin
408:
405:
404:
401:
400:
397:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
349:Liquidationism
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
251:
250:
242:
241:
230:
227:
206:Soviet parties
158:
155:
136:Supreme Soviet
84:, also called
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3897:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3795:
3794:Samuel Farber
3791:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3695:Jessica Smith
3692:
3691:David Laibman
3688:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3511:Beatrice Webb
3508:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3459:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3423:
3421:9780598628206
3417:
3413:
3406:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3371:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3258:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3239:
3230:
3223:
3218:
3211:
3206:
3199:
3194:
3186:
3179:
3173:, p. 73.
3172:
3167:
3161:, p. 52.
3160:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3131:
3125:, p. 41.
3124:
3119:
3112:
3107:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3034:Blunden, Andy
3029:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2631:public domain
2613:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2493:0-691-08721-0
2489:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:New Democracy
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2418:Upper Silesia
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2350:court-martial
2347:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2229:broke out in
2228:
2224:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2189:Soviet Russia
2186:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2146:collaboration
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2124:Vadim Rogovin
2120:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:war communism
2076:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2015:Paris Commune
2013:based on the
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1923:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1436:Moscow trials
1434:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1230:Max Shachtman
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1200:George Novack
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1190:Nahuel Moreno
1188:
1186:
1185:Ernest Mandel
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:Joseph Hansen
1153:
1151:
1150:Duncan Hallas
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
901:
895:
894:
890:
886:
885:
882:
879:
878:
874:
870:
869:
859:
854:
852:
847:
845:
840:
839:
837:
836:
831:
826:
821:
819:
814:
809:
807:
797:
796:
795:
794:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
725:
724:
717:
714:
712:
709:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
674:War communism
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
650:
647:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
633:
630:
628:
625:
621:
618:
617:
616:
613:
609:
606:
605:
604:
601:
600:
594:
593:
583:
582:
578:
573:
572:
568:
563:
562:
558:
553:
552:
548:
543:
542:
538:
533:
532:
528:
523:
522:
518:
513:
512:
508:
503:
502:
498:
497:
491:
490:
483:
482:Antonio Negri
480:
478:
477:Kwame Nkrumah
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
457:György Lukács
455:
453:
450:
448:
447:Andrei Bubnov
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
432:Joseph Stalin
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
403:
402:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
310:
309:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
262:
261:
257:
253:
252:
249:
244:
243:
239:
235:
234:
226:
223:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:Vadim Rogovin
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
154:
152:
148:
144:
141:
137:
133:
127:
125:
121:
117:
116:trustee model
113:
109:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
87:
83:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3781:
3769:
3757:
3749:
3741:
3733:
3725:
3717:
3709:
3701:
3685:
3677:
3665:
3657:
3645:
3637:
3629:
3621:
3613:
3605:
3597:
3589:
3581:
3573:
3561:
3553:
3545:
3537:
3525:
3517:
3505:Volume I by
3501:
3489:
3477:
3443:
3411:
3405:
3394:. Retrieved
3390:
3358:
3351:
3331:
3324:
3304:
3297:
3277:
3245:
3238:
3229:
3217:
3205:
3193:
3178:
3166:
3154:
3142:
3130:
3118:
3111:Daniels 1951
3106:
3095:. Retrieved
3093:. 2019-03-12
3090:
3081:
3069:. Retrieved
3065:
3056:
3044:. Retrieved
3040:
3028:
3019:
3009:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2977:
2957:
2950:
2931:
2925:
2906:
2900:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2831:
2825:
2816:
2802:
2796:
2787:
2773:
2767:
2748:
2744:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2665:. Retrieved
2661:
2652:
2636:
2623:
2593:
2560:
2554:
2537:
2513:
2510:Avrich, Paul
2481:
2478:Avrich, Paul
2455:Free soviets
2396:, including
2388:
2378:
2369:
2354:
2335:
2329:
2320:
2307:
2297:
2270:
2254:negotiations
2247:
2238:
2220:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2179:such as the
2174:
2138:took up arms
2121:
2072:
2052:
2046:
2019:
1970:
1932:
1927:Leon Trotsky
1826:
1812:Shachtmanism
1759:
1709:
1708:
1644:
1570:
1569:
1483:
1355:
1345:
1327:
1317:
1307:
1297:
1287:
1277:
1267:
1245:Peter Taaffe
1235:Ivan Smirnov
1205:Michel Pablo
1180:Livio Maitan
1140:Pierre Frank
1080:Martin Abern
1075:Leon Trotsky
1009:United front
978:
904:Anti-fascism
764:Luxemburgism
699:Soviet Union
608:2nd Congress
579:
569:
559:
549:
539:
529:
519:
509:
499:
442:Alexei Rykov
417:Leon Trotsky
383:
218:
208:such as the
191:
175:totalitarian
164:
160:
139:
128:
97:
85:
81:
80:
65:
59:October 2017
56:
37:
3448:Verso Books
3391:Google Docs
3222:Avrich 1970
3210:Avrich 1970
3171:Avrich 2004
3159:Avrich 2004
3123:Avrich 2004
2372:elected by
2283:(KPD). The
2089:to include
2055:World War I
2050:bourgeois.
2039:bourgeoisie
2017:'s system.
1983:trade union
1718:(1974–2019)
1431:Great Purge
1421:French Turn
1240:Tạ Thu Thâu
1195:David North
1160:Gerry Healy
1120:Ross Dowson
1100:Hugo Blanco
759:Libertarian
467:Ho Chi Minh
427:Lev Kamenev
389:Vanguardism
147:Montesquieu
51:introducing
3835:Trotskyism
3804:Categories
3775:V.L. Allen
3457:0860915301
3396:2019-09-22
3198:Figes 1997
3147:Figes 1997
3097:2023-06-07
3091:CrimethInc
2667:2020-01-18
2620:References
2525:9872087539
2471:Literature
2412:and three
2402:Nazi Party
2316:Hugo Haase
2181:Mensheviks
2158:Mensheviks
2152:, or made
1947:Bolsheviks
1710:Historical
1571:Historical
1289:New Course
1250:Alan Woods
1210:J. Posadas
1135:Tony Cliff
1130:Chen Duxiu
1125:Hal Draper
1047:Third camp
881:Trotskyism
786:Proletkult
776:Mensheviks
749:Jacobinism
679:Red Terror
620:Bolsheviks
339:Dual power
296:Trotskyism
271:Bolshevism
214:Mensheviks
157:Definition
143:John Locke
110:. Such an
34:references
3810:Communism
2892:142829949
2884:0022-2801
2707:0026-3397
2577:1049-7544
2546:614679071
2389:Freikorps
2370:Reichstag
2368:with the
2337:Freikorps
2300:coalition
2227:rebellion
2172:regime.
2170:Stalinist
2117:politburo
1995:socialist
1834:Stalinism
1225:Lev Sedov
1145:Ted Grant
1085:Tariq Ali
711:Comintern
664:Civil War
301:Workerism
286:Nkrumaism
276:Bordigism
3830:Leninism
3442:(1990).
3071:13 April
3046:13 April
2612:36496487
2536:(1965).
2512:(2004).
2480:(1970).
2424:See also
2150:Tsarists
2057:and the
2043:SR split
1951:February
1945:and the
1761:Chavismo
1170:Lal Khan
1057:Pabloism
1052:Posadism
1036:Branches
954:Leninism
949:Entryism
898:Concepts
873:a series
871:Part of
669:Red Army
313:Concepts
247:Leninism
238:a series
236:Part of
171:Cold War
3765:, 1985.
3705:, 1979.
3673:, 1977.
3653:, 1974.
3533:, 1937.
3497:, 1927.
3485:, 1923.
2715:2109266
2585:2492031
2394:Bavaria
1963:Ivanovo
1755:Campism
1645:Current
1484:Current
1480:Parties
1373:History
754:Marxism
597:History
229:History
134:or the
99:soviets
47:improve
3796:, 1992
3507:Sidney
3454:
3418:
3366:
3339:
3312:
3285:
3253:
2965:
2938:
2913:
2890:
2882:
2838:
2809:
2789:least.
2780:
2713:
2705:
2633:.
2610:
2600:
2583:
2575:
2544:
2522:
2500:
2490:
2400:, the
2385:Munich
2358:Weimar
1991:Russia
1797:Maoism
1453:May 68
1361:(2017)
1351:(1984)
1341:(1946)
1333:(1938)
1323:(1936)
1313:(1930)
1303:(1924)
1293:(1924)
1283:(1924)
1273:(1920)
1069:People
585:(1925)
575:(1924)
565:(1920)
555:(1918)
545:(1917)
535:(1917)
525:(1909)
515:(1902)
505:(1899)
406:People
36:, but
3792:" by
2990:(PDF)
2888:S2CID
2711:JSTOR
2581:JSTOR
2502:67322
2083:Cheka
1975:Volin
654:RSFSR
149:, no
3693:and
3509:and
3452:ISBN
3416:ISBN
3364:ISBN
3337:ISBN
3310:ISBN
3283:ISBN
3251:ISBN
3073:2018
3048:2018
2963:ISBN
2936:ISBN
2911:ISBN
2880:ISSN
2836:ISBN
2807:ISBN
2778:ISBN
2703:ISSN
2608:OCLC
2598:ISBN
2573:ISSN
2542:OCLC
2520:ISBN
2498:OCLC
2488:ISBN
2344:and
2271:The
2231:Kiel
2183:and
1953:and
181:and
145:and
140:Ă la
94:rule
3773:by
3761:by
3669:by
3649:by
3565:by
3529:by
3493:by
3481:by
2872:doi
2753:doi
2695:doi
2565:doi
2416:in
2306:" (
2047:did
3806::
3450:.
3446:.
3389:.
3378:^
3265:^
3089:.
3064:.
3036:.
3018:.
2996:.
2992:.
2985:.
2886:.
2878:.
2868:74
2866:.
2844:.
2815:.
2786:.
2747:.
2743:.
2723:^
2709:.
2701:.
2689:.
2685:.
2660:.
2640:.
2606:.
2579:.
2571:.
2561:10
2559:.
2496:.
2420:.
2164:.
2119:.
1941:.
875:on
240:on
212:,
3788:"
3460:.
3424:.
3399:.
3372:.
3345:.
3318:.
3291:.
3259:.
3100:.
3075:.
3050:.
3022:.
2971:.
2944:.
2919:.
2894:.
2874::
2761:.
2755::
2749:2
2717:.
2697::
2691:5
2670:.
2644:.
2614:.
2587:.
2567::
2548:.
2528:.
2504:.
2319:(
2237:(
1969:(
1905:e
1898:t
1891:v
857:e
850:t
843:v
102:(
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.