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membership had to be present in order for the legislature to consider a constitutional amendment. According to Evans, while Göring was not required to count the KPD deputies in order to get the
Enabling Act passed, he was required to "recognize their existence" by counting them for purposes of the quorum needed to call it up, making his refusal to do so "an illegal act". (Even if the Communists had been present and voting, the session's atmosphere was so intimidating that the Act would have still passed with, at the very least, 68.7% support.) He also argued that the act's passage in the Reichsrat was tainted by the overthrow of the state governments under the Reichstag Fire Decree; as Evans put it, the states were no longer "properly constituted or represented", making the Enabling Act's passage in the Reichsrat "irregular".
1691:
31:
1802:. The decree abolished most civil liberties, including the right to speak, assemble, protest, and due process. Using the decree, the Nazis declared a state of emergency and began a violent crackdown against their political enemies. As Hitler cleared the political arena of anyone willing to challenge him, he contended that the decree was insufficient and required sweeping policies that would safeguard his emerging dictatorship. Hitler submitted a proposal to the Reichstag that if passed would immediately grant all legislative powers to the cabinet, and by extension Hitler. This would in effect allow Hitler's government to act without regard to the constitution.
2287:
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2829:. Article 2 stated that the president's powers were to remain "undisturbed" (or "unaffected", depending on the translation), which has long been interpreted to mean that it forbade Hitler from tampering with the presidency. A 1932 amendment to the constitution made the president of the High Court of Justice, not the chancellor, first in the line of succession to the presidency—and even then on an interim basis pending new elections. However, the Enabling Act provided no remedy for any violations of Article 2, and these actions were never challenged in court.
2037:). Pacelli had been pursuing a German concordat as a key policy for some years, but the instability of Weimar governments as well as the enmity of some parties to such a treaty had blocked the project. The day after the Enabling Act vote, Kaas went to Rome in order to, in his own words, "investigate the possibilities for a comprehensive understanding between church and state". However, so far no evidence for a link between the Enabling Act and the Reichskonkordat signed on 20 July 1933 has surfaced.
1634:
2767:, held no debates and enacted only a few laws. Within three months of the passage of the Enabling Act, all parties except the Nazi Party were banned or pressured into dissolving themselves, followed on 14 July by a law that made the Nazi Party the only legally permitted party in the country. With this, Hitler had fulfilled what he had promised in earlier campaign speeches: "I set for myself one aim ... to sweep these thirty parties out of Germany!"
2710:
1646:
2014:, a Catholic priest, finalizing an agreement by 22 March. Kaas agreed to support the Act in exchange for assurances of the Centre Party's continued existence, the protection of Catholics' civil and religious liberties, religious schools and the retention of civil servants affiliated with the Centre Party. It has also been suggested that some members of the SPD were intimidated by the presence of the
2348:
deputies arrested or in hiding, the final tally was 444 in favour of the
Enabling Act against 94 (all Social Democrats) opposed. The Reichstag had adopted the Enabling Act with the support of 83% of the deputies. The session took place under such intimidating conditions that even if all SPD deputies had been present, it would have still passed with 78.7% support. The same day in the evening, the
2320:
deputies would never be allowed to take their seats; they were thrown in jail as quickly as the police could track them down. Courts began taking the line that since the
Communists were responsible for the fire, KPD membership was an act of treason. Thus, for all intents and purposes, the KPD was banned as of 6 March, the day after the election.
2217:
Verträge des
Reiches mit fremden Staaten, die sich auf Gegenstände der Reichsgesetzgebung beziehen, bedürfen für die Dauer der Geltung dieser Gesetze nicht der Zustimmung der an der Gesetzgebung beteiligten Körperschaften. Die Reichsregierung erläßt die zur Durchführung dieser Verträge erforderlichen
2258:
Articles 1 and 4 gave the government the right to draw up the budget, approve treaties, and enact any laws whatsoever without input from the
Reichstag. By the rules of pre-1933 (and post-1945, if such a law were not now unconstitutional) German legal interpretation, this means that such laws are put
1829:
In order to obtain the act's passage, the Nazis implemented a strategy of coercion, bribery, and manipulation. Hitler removed any remaining political obstacles so his coalition of conservatives, nationalists, and Nazis could begin building the Nazi dictatorship. Once the
Enabling Act was introduced,
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emergency decrees; those had to be decided by the
President; also, all laws issued in the regular manner were, not decided, but still enacted by the President. In the passing of Enabling-Act-based laws however, the President had no role to play at all (Thus creating, until Hitler effectively became
2782:
Though the Act had formally given legislative powers to the government as a whole, these powers were for all intents and purposes exercised by Hitler himself. After its passage, there were no longer serious deliberations in
Cabinet meetings. Its meetings became more and more infrequent after 1934,
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At this stage, the majority of deputies already supported the bill, and any deputies who might have been reluctant to vote in favour were intimidated by the SA troops surrounding the meeting. In the end, all parties except the SPD voted in favour of the
Enabling Act. With the KPD banned and 26 SPD
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spoke against the Act, declaring that the proposed bill could not "destroy ideas which are eternal and indestructible." Kaas had still not received the written constitutional guarantees he had negotiated, but with the assurance it was being "typed up", voting began. Kaas never received the letter.
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deputies. Despite the virulent rhetoric directed against the
Communists, the Nazis did not formally ban the KPD right away. Not only did they fear a violent uprising, but they hoped the KPD's presence on the ballot would siphon off votes from the SPD. However, it was an open secret that the KPD
1961:
To free himself from this dependency, Hitler had the cabinet, in its first post-election meeting on 15 March, draw up plans for an Enabling Act which would give the cabinet legislative power for four years. The Nazis devised the Enabling Act to gain complete political power without the need of the
1986:
The Enabling Act allowed the National Ministry (essentially the cabinet) to enact legislation, including laws deviating from or altering the constitution, without the consent of the Reichstag. Because this law allowed for departures from the constitution, it was itself considered a constitutional
2786:
Due to the great care that Hitler took to give his dictatorship an appearance of legality, the Enabling Act was renewed twice, in 1937 and 1941. However, its renewal was practically assured since all other parties were banned. Voters were presented with a single list of Nazis and Nazi-approved
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Under the Act, the government had acquired the authority to enact laws without either parliamentary consent or control. These laws could (with certain exceptions) even deviate from the Constitution. The Act effectively eliminated the Reichstag as an active player in German politics. While its
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swarming inside and outside the chamber. Hitler's speech, which emphasised the importance of Christianity in German culture, was aimed particularly at appeasing the Centre Party's sensibilities and incorporated Kaas' requested guarantees almost verbatim. Kaas gave a speech, voicing his party's
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of two-thirds of the entire Reichstag membership was required to be present in order to bring up a constitutional amendment bill. In this case, 432 of the Reichstag's 647 deputies would have normally been required for a quorum. However, Göring reduced the quorum to 378 by not counting the 81
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argued that the Enabling Act was legally invalid. He contended that Göring had no right to arbitrarily reduce the quorum required to bring the bill up for a vote. While the Enabling Act only required the support of two-thirds of those present and voting, two-thirds of the entire Reichstag's
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on 23 March 1933. Later that day, the Enabling Act was signed into law by President Paul von Hindenburg. Unless extended by the Reichstag, the act would expire after four years. With the Enabling Act now in force, the cabinet (in practice, the chancellor) could pass and enforce laws without
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Treaties of the Reich with foreign states, which relate to matters of Reich legislation, shall for the duration of the validity of these laws not require the consent of the legislative authorities. The Reich government shall enact the legislation necessary to implement these agreements.
1826:(SA) militia. Contrary to popular belief, Hitler did not win an outright majority in the Reichstag as the majority of Germans did not vote for the Nazi Party. The election was a setback for the Nazis; however, it was insufficient in stopping the ratification of the Enabling Act.
2872:), according to Art. 21 II. The idea behind the concept is the notion that even a majority rule of the people cannot be allowed to install a totalitarian or autocratic regime such as with the Enabling Act of 1933, thereby violating the principles of the German constitution.
1994:
The Social Democrats (SPD) and the Communists (KPD) were expected to vote against the Act. The government had already arrested all Communist and some Social Democrat deputies under the Reichstag Fire Decree. The Nazis expected the parties representing the middle class, the
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Göring also declared that any deputy who was "absent without excuse" was to be considered as present, in order to overcome obstructions. Leaving nothing to chance, the Nazis used the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree to detain several SPD deputies. A few others saw
1838:
The combined effect of the Enabling Act and the Reichstag Fire Decree transformed Hitler's government into a legal dictatorship and laid the groundwork for his totalitarian regime. By July, the NSDAP was the only legally permitted party in Germany. The Reichstag
2148:
Die von der Reichsregierung beschlossenen Reichsgesetze können von der Reichsverfassung abweichen, soweit sie nicht die Einrichtung des Reichstags und des Reichsrats als solche zum Gegenstand haben. Die Rechte des Reichspräsidenten bleiben
2178:
Die von der Reichsregierung beschlossenen Reichsgesetze werden vom Reichskanzler ausgefertigt und im Reichsgesetzblatt verkĂĽndet. Sie treten, soweit sie nichts anderes bestimmen, mit dem auf die VerkĂĽndung folgenden Tage in Kraft. Die
1851:, who miscalculated the true intention of the Nazis to monopolize state power, were soon marginalized by the Nazi regime. By mid-March, the government began sending communists, labor union leaders, and other political dissidents to
3244:
2124:
In addition to the procedure prescribed by the constitution, laws of the Reich may also be enacted by the government of the Reich. This includes the laws referred to by Articles 85 Paragraph 2 and Article 87 of the constitution.
2118:
Reichsgesetze können außer in dem in der Reichsverfassung vorgesehenen Verfahren auch durch die Reichsregierung beschlossen werden. Dies gilt auch für die in den Artikeln 85 Abs. 2 und 87 der Reichsverfassung bezeichneten
1966:'s, because Hitler did not seek to draft a completely new constitution whereas Stalin did so. Technically the Weimar Constitution of 1919 remained in effect even after the Enabling Act, only losing force in 1945 when
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Debate within the Centre Party continued until the day of the vote, 23 March 1933, with Kaas advocating voting in favour of the act, referring to an upcoming written guarantee from Hitler, while former Chancellor
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was set up, co-chaired by Hitler and Centre Party chairman Kaas. However, this committee met only three times without any major impact, and rapidly became a dead letter even before all other parties were banned.
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Despite outlawing the communists and repressing other opponents, the passage of the Enabling Act was not a certainty. Hitler allied with other nationalist and conservative factions, and they steamrolled over the
2154:
Laws enacted by the government of the Reich may deviate from the constitution as long as they do not affect the institutions of the Reichstag and the Reichsrat. The rights of the President remain unaffected.
1953:
Although they received five million more votes than in the previous election, the Nazis failed to gain an absolute majority in parliament, and depended on the 8% of seats won by their coalition partner, the
2247:
Dieses Gesetz tritt mit dem Tage seiner Verkündung in Kraft. Es tritt mit dem 1. April 1937 außer Kraft; es tritt ferner außer Kraft, wenn die gegenwärtige Reichsregierung durch eine andere abgelöst wird.
2082:
Der Reichstag hat das folgende Gesetz beschlossen, das mit Zustimmung des Reichsrats hiermit verkündet wird, nachdem festgestellt ist, daß die Erfordernisse verfassungsändernder Gesetzgebung erfüllt sind:
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to vote in the Cabinet and there decided by majority vote (which was not followed). - Note the position of the Chancellor in Article 3. In the years immediately preceding, government had relied on
2194:. They shall take effect on the day following the announcement, unless they prescribe a different date. Articles 68 to 77 of the Constitution do not apply to laws enacted by the Reich government.
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of being the perpetrators of the fire and claimed the arson was part of a larger effort to overthrow the German government. Using this justification, Hitler persuaded Hindenburg to enact the
2033:, a treaty that formalized the position of the Catholic Church in Germany on a national level. Kaas was a close associate of Cardinal Pacelli, then Vatican Secretary of State (and later
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existence was protected by the Enabling Act, for all intents and purposes it reduced the Reichstag to a mere stage for Hitler's speeches. It only met sporadically until the end of
1962:
support of a majority in the Reichstag and without the need to bargain with their coalition partners. The Nazi regime was unique compared to its contemporaries, most famously
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Ironically, at least two, and possibly three, of the penultimate measures Hitler took to consolidate his power in 1934 violated the Enabling Act. On 14 February 1934, the
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2252:
This law enters into force on the day of its proclamation. It expires on 1 April 1937; it expires furthermore if the present Reich government is replaced by another.
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passed a law giving Hitler power of life and death over every citizen, effectively extending the provisions of the Enabling Act for the duration of the war.
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to the totalitarian Nazi dictatorship. From 1933 onward, Hitler continued to consolidate and centralize power via purges and propaganda. In 1934, Hitler and
1870:. Once the purges of the Nazi Party and German government concluded, Hitler had total control over Germany. Armed with the Enabling Act, Hitler could begin
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2862:("hostile to the constitution") and to be proscribed by the federal government. Political parties can be labeled enemies to the constitution only by the
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also gave its approval, unanimously and without prior discussion. The Act was then signed into law by President Hindenburg, Hitler as Chancellor,
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2814:" (30 January 1934), which dissolved the state parliaments, transferred the states' sovereign powers to the Reich and effectively rendered the
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Article 85 outlined the process by which the Reichstag and Reichsrat approved the Reich budget. Article 87 restricted government borrowing.
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President in 1934, the unique situation in German history that laws were passed entirely without any contribution by the Head of State.).
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called for a rejection of the Act. The majority sided with Kaas, and BrĂĽning agreed to maintain party cohesion by voting for the Act.
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3474:, as used here, means just the chancellor and the cabinet, not the entire national government as it is used in the United States.
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During the negotiations between the government and the political parties, it was agreed that the government should inform the
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2051:, the Enabling Act is quite short, especially considering its implications. The full text, in German and English, follows:
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was depicted by the Nazis as the beginning of a communist revolution, and Hitler urged Hindenburg to pass the presidential
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irrelevant. Article 2 stated that laws passed under the Enabling Act could not affect the institutions of either chamber.
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Die Steuerung der Wirtschaft durch Recht im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland. Das Beispiel der Reichsgruppe Industrie
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After being appointed Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, Hitler asked President von Hindenburg to dissolve the
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1955:
1775:. Critically, the Enabling Act allowed the Chancellor to bypass the system of checks and balances in the government.
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members' votes, he would get the necessary two-thirds majority. Hitler negotiated with the Centre Party's chairman,
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amendment. Thus, its passage required the support of two-thirds of those deputies who were present and voting. A
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3299:"The role of the conservative elite in the Nazi rise to power – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools"
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8 bis 77 der Reichsverfassung finden auf die von der Reichsregierung beschlossenen Gesetze keine Anwendung.
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began removing non-Nazi officials together with Hitler's rivals within the Nazi Party, culminating in the
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Letter from Kaas to von Bergen, German ambassador to the Vatican, translation quoted in Scholder, p. 247
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1950:'s offices raided and its representatives arrested, effectively eliminating them as a political force.
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1933:
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3245:"German Social Democracy and Hitler's 'National Revolution' of 1933: A Study in Democratic Leadership"
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In August, Hindenburg died, and Hitler seized the president's powers for himself in accordance with
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and business interests to vote for the measure, as they had grown weary of the instability of the
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of two-thirds of the entire Reichstag was required to be present in order to call up the bill.
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The Fateful Alliance: German Conservatives and Nazis in 1933: TheMachtergreifungin a New Light
3086:"Franz von Papen, Catholic Conservatives, and the Establishment of the Third Reich, 1933–1934"
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2802:" even though Article 2 of the Enabling Act specifically protected the existence of both the
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3131:"The 1933 election and Enabling Act – Consolidation of power – WJEC – GCSE History Revision"
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Laws enacted by the Reich government shall be issued by the Chancellor and announced in the
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2810:. It also can be argued that the Enabling Act had been breached two weeks earlier by the "
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parties of legislative measures passed under the Enabling Act. For this purpose, a working
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support for the bill amid "concerns put aside", while BrĂĽning notably remained silent.
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Articles 68 to 77 stipulated the procedures for enacting legislation in the Reichstag.
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in the Reichstag Presidential Palace, aimed at financing the election campaign of the
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that Hitler had desired. The conservative elite, which included the vice-chancellor
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Die Quandts. Ihr leiser Aufstieg zur mächtigsten Wirtschaftsdynastie Deutschlands
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has enacted the following law, which is hereby proclaimed with the assent of the
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was held between Hitler and 20 to 25 industrialists at the official residence of
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The passing of the Enabling Act marked the formal transition from the democratic
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A/AS Level History for AQA Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 Student Book
2306:, changed its rules of procedure to make it easier to pass the bill. Under the
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and achieve his aggressive foreign policy aims which ultimately resulted in the
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Later that day, the Reichstag assembled under intimidating circumstances, with
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rights just five days before the election. Hitler used the decree to have the
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2982:"The Reichstag fire – Nazi rise to power – National 5 History Revision"
2734: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Klaus Scholder "The Churches and the Third Reich" volume 1 pp. 160–61
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1759:– the power to make and enforce laws without the involvement of the
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2787:"guest" candidates under far-from-secret conditions. In 1942, the
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Hitler's Reichstag speech promoting the bill was delivered at the
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Transfer of the Reichstag's power to the government under Hitler
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Martin Collier, From Kaiser to Fuhrer: Germany, 1900–45, p. 131
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1996:
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The Enabling Act was renewed twice, but was rendered moot when
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contains a scene portraying the passage of the Enabling Act.
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The Enabling Act was formally declared to be repealed by the
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3156:"The Reichstag Fire and the Enabling Act of March 23, 1933"
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2025:, have maintained that Hitler also promised to negotiate a
2856:, enacted in 1949, allows for social groups to be labeled
3578:"ÖNB-ALEX – Deutsches Reichsgesetzblatt Teil I 1867–1945"
3645:"TV WEEKEND; Architect of Atrocity, The Formative Years"
3514:
Touchstone Edition, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990
3034:
The Reichstag Fire: The Case Against the Nazi Conspiracy
1794:. Acting as chancellor, Hitler immediately accused the
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Law to Remedy the Distress of the People and the Reich
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3628:"Control Council Law No. 1 - Repealing of Nazi Laws"
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2045:As with most of the laws passed in the process of
240:Control Council Law No. 1 - Repealing of Nazi Laws
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3215:Republic to Reich: A History of Germany 1918–1945
3184:
2798:, representing the states, was abolished by the "
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1981:
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58:Law to Remedy the Distress of People and Reich
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3187:"The law that 'enabled' Hitler's dictatorship"
2939:. University of California Press. p. 52.
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1432:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
4433:Democratic backsliding in the interwar period
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3230:Germany, 1858–1990: Hope, Terror, and Revival
2367:
1671:
1176:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
4073:
4064:
4055:
4046:
4037:
4028:
4019:
4010:
4001:
3703:
3603:"Hitler Seizes Life and Death Rule of Nazis"
3461:Uwe Brodersen, Gesetze des NS-Staates, p. 22
3380:
3232:. Oxford University Press. pp. 153–154.
2935:Rabinbach, Anson; Gilman, Sander L. (2013).
2863:
2857:
2245:
2230:
2215:
2200:
2180:
2176:
2161:
2146:
2131:
2116:
2101:
2080:
2058:
1819:
1814:. Germans voted in an atmosphere of extreme
1725:
1716:
1590:
1581:
1451:National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark
1363:
1354:
1326:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1214:
947:
938:
927:
871:
862:
744:
735:
716:
707:
681:
650:
489:
480:
441:
417:
379:
369:
355:
306:
297:
288:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
1830:it was hastily passed by the Reichstag and
1733:
4325:National Political Institutes of Education
3806:
3792:
3696:
3682:
3031:
1678:
1664:
3185:von LĂĽpke-Schwarz, Marc (23 March 2013).
3073:. Cambridge University Press. p. 98.
3050:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2750:Learn how and when to remove this message
1743:Law to Remedy the Distress of People and
1421:German National Movement in Liechtenstein
1186:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
3522:
3520:
3495:
3068:
2285:
2277:
1689:
3642:
3560:
3242:
3178:
2377:
4370:
3227:
2812:Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich
2251:
2244:
2222:
2214:
2189:
2175:
2153:
2145:
2123:
2115:
3787:
3677:
3576:Nationalbibliothek, Ă–sterreichische.
3526:
3517:
3356:"Communists to be interned in Dachau"
3083:
2895:
2800:Law on the Abolition of the Reichsrat
2783:and it never met in full after 1938.
2302:The Reichstag, led by its president,
1855:, the first Nazi concentration camp.
4428:Political repression in Nazi Germany
4352:Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party
4294:National Democratic Party of Germany
3511:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
3319:
2732:adding citations to reliable sources
2703:
1891:a law passed by the occupying powers
1812:5 March 1933 German federal election
1438:National Socialist Movement of Chile
3643:Stanley, Alessandra (16 May 2003).
1196:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
13:
3007:"The Reichstag Fire Decree (1933)"
2848:In the Federal Republic of Germany
1936:for German citizens and suspended
1932:. The decree significantly curbed
1909:was scheduled for 5 March 1933. A
1477:World Union of National Socialists
451:Adolf Hitler's cult of personality
358:Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte
14:
4449:
3212:
2577:Christian Social People's Service
1522:Last surviving war crime suspects
1276:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
3326:(new ed.). Berghahn Books.
3243:Edinger, Lewis J. (April 1953).
2708:
2671:
2668:
2648:
2645:
2617:
2594:
2591:
2568:
2565:
2542:
2539:
2516:
2513:
2487:
2462:
2459:
2433:
2415:
2412:
2060:Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von
1644:
1633:
1632:
1512:Nazi Party leaders and officials
1229:Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes
272:
29:
4357:Samoan branch of the Nazi Party
3636:
3621:
3595:
3569:
3561:Wheaton, Eliot Barculo (1968).
3554:
3486:
3477:
3464:
3455:
3446:
3437:
3428:
3399:
3374:
3348:
3313:
3291:
3236:
3221:
3206:
3148:
2719:needs additional citations for
2699:
2653:
2627:
2599:
2573:
2547:
2521:
2495:
2472:
2446:
2420:
2394:
1605:Political views of Adolf Hitler
1383:Religious views of Adolf Hitler
3813:
3123:
3077:
3062:
3040:
3025:
2999:
2974:
2953:
2928:
2362:Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk
2274:23 March 1933 Reichstag speech
2006:Hitler believed that with the
2003:and would not dare to resist.
1956:German National People's Party
1527:Speeches given by Adolf Hitler
1:
3533:The Coming of the Third Reich
2921:
2883:The Coming of the Third Reich
2823:a law passed the previous day
1982:Preparations and negotiations
1896:
1889:in 1945, and was repealed by
1462:Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)
1206:The Passing of the Great Race
3860:Adolf Hitler's rise to power
3729:Constitution of January 1871
2870:Federal Constitutional Court
2825:, an action confirmed via a
2692:
2687:
2679:
2660:
2637:
2609:
2583:
2557:
2531:
2505:
2490:
2479:
2456:
2441:
2430:
2404:
2290:Act (page 2 with signatures)
2018:throughout the proceedings.
1502:Bibliography of Adolf Hitler
601:Aestheticization of politics
7:
4418:Repealed German legislation
4320:Munich Documentation Centre
4101:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
3563:The Nazi Revolution 1933–35
2909:
2875:
2827:referendum later that month
2634:
2606:
2580:
2554:
2528:
2502:
2453:
2427:
2401:
2373:Voting on the Enabling Act
1893:in September of that year.
1751:), was a law that gave the
1443:National Socialist Movement
1411:Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)
1217:Preussentum und Sozialismus
10:
4454:
4438:Law of the Weimar Republic
4403:Government of Nazi Germany
3890:National Socialist Program
3734:Constitution of April 1871
3406:RĂĽdiger Jungbluth (2002).
3084:Jones, Larry (June 2011).
2937:The Third Reich Sourcebook
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2368:Voting on the Enabling Act
2271:
2267:
1457:Nordic Resistance Movement
408:National Socialist Program
4398:Emergency laws in Germany
4393:Constitutional amendments
4307:
4269:
4086:
3994:
3971:Office of Foreign Affairs
3961:Office of Military Policy
3956:Office of Colonial Policy
3928:
3852:
3821:
3709:
3090:Journal of Modern History
3032:Kellerhoff, Sven (2016).
2961:"Enabling Act Exhibition"
2838:Control Council Law No. 1
2676:
2655:
2474:
2360:as Foreign Minister, and
2021:Some historians, such as
1958:, to reach 52% in total.
1771:, leading to the rise of
1426:Nasjonal Samling (Norway)
1322:German Evangelical Church
245:
238:
233:
208:
200:
192:
164:
156:
146:
138:
133:
125:
117:
109:
96:
86:
76:
66:
44:
37:
28:
23:
4413:Legal history of Germany
4330:Nazi concentration camps
3900:Night of the Long Knives
3704:Constitutions of Germany
3036:. Stroud: History Press.
2903:Hitler: The Rise of Evil
2865:Bundesverfassungsgericht
2016:Nazi Sturmabteilung (SA)
1926:burning of the Reichstag
1868:Night of the Long Knives
1835:legislative oversight.
1818:perpetrated by the Nazi
1755:– most importantly, the
698:Economic interventionism
660:Jewish conspiracy theory
461:Night of the Long Knives
437:Religion in Nazi Germany
4031:Innviertler Heimatblatt
3966:Office of Racial Policy
3631:University of Wisconsin
3228:Kitson, Alison (2001).
3069:Pinfield, Nick (2015).
3048:"Reichstag Fire Decree"
2525:Bavarian People's Party
2499:National People's Party
2424:Social Democratic Party
2326:the writing on the wall
2040:
1845:rubber stamp parliament
1843:effectively became the
1472:Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)
4211:Joachim von Ribbentrop
4206:Konstantin von Neurath
4074:
4065:
4056:
4047:
4038:
4029:
4020:
4011:
4002:
3951:Nazi Party Chancellery
3320:Beck, Hermann (2010).
2864:
2858:
2834:Allied Control Council
2358:Konstantin von Neurath
2356:as Interior Minister,
2291:
2283:
2246:
2231:
2216:
2201:
2181:
2177:
2162:
2147:
2132:
2117:
2102:
2081:
2059:
1820:
1726:
1717:
1703:
1591:
1582:
1364:
1355:
1327:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1215:
948:
939:
928:
903:Social interventionism
872:
863:
745:
736:
731:Greater Germanic Reich
717:
708:
682:
651:
490:
481:
442:
418:
413:Hitler's rise to power
380:
370:
356:
321:League of German Girls
307:
298:
289:
4299:Socialist Reich Party
4290:Deutsche Reichspartei
4111:Richard Walther Darré
4004:Völkischer Beobachter
3885:German Workers' Party
3381:Daniela Kahn (2006).
2916:Streitbare Demokratie
2364:as Finance Minister.
2328:and fled into exile.
2289:
2281:
1930:Reichstag Fire Decree
1800:Reichstag Fire Decree
1722:), officially titled
1693:
1378:Positive Christianity
1338:German Faith Movement
893:Reactionary modernism
838:Anti-Slavic sentiment
568:Human experimentation
300:Geheime Staatspolizei
4315:Adolf Hitler Schools
4241:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
3946:Hitler's Chancellery
3880:Enabling Act of 1933
3744:Enabling Act of 1933
3739:Constitution of 1919
3724:Constitution of 1867
3719:Constitution of 1849
3714:Constitution of 1815
2859:verfassungsfeindlich
2842:Surrender of Germany
2728:improve this article
1708:Enabling Act of 1933
1416:German American Bund
1265:Hitlers Zweites Buch
611:Anti-intellectualism
456:Enabling Act of 1933
24:Enabling Act of 1933
4408:Law of Nazi Germany
4285:German Social Union
4236:Baldur von Schirach
4191:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
3986:SS Education Office
3870:Brown House, Munich
2854:German Constitution
2374:
2308:Weimar Constitution
1974:and ceased to be a
1968:Germany surrendered
1885:surrendered to the
1769:Paul von Hindenburg
1718:Ermächtigungsgesetz
1406:American Nazi Party
672:Cult of personality
641:Class collaboration
553:Extermination camps
538:Concentration camps
476:Anti-Comintern Pact
260:Part of a series on
134:Legislative history
104:Paul von Hindenburg
4013:Das Schwarze Korps
3649:The New York Times
2896:In popular culture
2887:British historian
2372:
2339:Only SPD chairman
2292:
2284:
1816:voter intimidation
1704:
1651:Germany portal
1600:German Romanticism
1517:Nazi Party members
1400:Outside of Germany
583:Racial segregation
309:Deutsches Jungvolk
224:None voted against
4423:March 1933 events
4365:
4364:
4345:Horst-Wessel-Lied
4176:Reinhard Heydrich
4166:Ernst Hanfstaengl
3905:Nuremberg rallies
3781:
3780:
3777:
3751:Basic Law of 1949
3528:Evans, Richard J.
3414:. Campus Verlag.
3392:978-3-465-04012-5
3333:978-1-84545-680-1
2852:Article 9 of the
2844:in World War II.
2760:
2759:
2752:
2697:
2696:
2256:
2255:
2192:Reich Law Gazette
1872:German rearmament
1778:In January 1933,
1696:Kroll Opera House
1688:
1687:
1343:Germanic paganism
1329:Deutsche Christen
1062:Strasser (Gregor)
941:Volksgemeinschaft
886:Völkisch movement
881:Völkisch equality
466:Nuremberg rallies
427:German rearmament
255:
254:
129:20 September 1945
4445:
4388:1933 in politics
4308:Related articles
4261:Julius Streicher
4221:Alfred Rosenberg
4181:Heinrich Himmler
4079:
4070:
4061:
4052:
4043:
4034:
4025:
4016:
4007:
3865:Beer Hall Putsch
3808:
3801:
3794:
3785:
3784:
3776:
3762:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3675:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3640:
3634:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3524:
3515:
3508:William Shirer,
3506:
3493:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3475:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3413:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3166:on 11 March 2019
3162:. Archived from
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2968:German Bundestag
2965:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2932:
2889:Richard J. Evans
2867:
2861:
2840:, following the
2755:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2735:
2712:
2704:
2375:
2371:
2297:Heinrich BrĂĽning
2249:
2234:
2220:
2204:
2187:
2184:
2165:
2151:
2135:
2121:
2105:
2084:
2069:
2054:
1938:freedom of press
1907:general election
1876:Second World War
1864:Heinrich Himmler
1841:from 1933 onward
1825:
1808:Social Democrats
1782:, leader of the
1750:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1720:
1698:, following the
1680:
1673:
1666:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1636:
1635:
1596:
1587:
1584:Drang nach Osten
1452:
1433:
1369:
1360:
1332:
1281:
1271:
1268:
1259:
1256:
1247:
1244:
1241:Das Dritte Reich
1235:
1232:
1223:
1220:
1211:
1201:
1191:
1181:
1157:von Sebottendorf
953:
944:
933:
913:State capitalism
898:Social Darwinism
877:
868:
750:
741:
722:
713:
687:
656:
653:DolchstoĂźlegende
626:Authoritarianism
519:Nuremberg trials
495:
486:
447:
423:
385:
375:
361:
312:
303:
294:
276:
257:
256:
225:
218:
193:Second chamber:
181:
180:94 voted against
174:
33:
21:
20:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4378:1933 in Germany
4368:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4303:
4265:
4251:Gregor Strasser
4156:Joseph Goebbels
4141:Roland Freisler
4126:Dietrich Eckart
4088:Notable members
4082:
3990:
3924:
3848:
3817:
3812:
3782:
3775:
3755:
3705:
3702:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3659:
3641:
3637:
3626:
3622:
3612:
3610:
3609:. 27 April 1942
3607:Chicago Tribune
3601:
3600:
3596:
3586:
3584:
3574:
3570:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3525:
3518:
3507:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3385:. Klostermann.
3379:
3375:
3365:
3363:
3362:. 21 March 1933
3354:
3353:
3349:
3334:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3301:. 10 April 1933
3297:
3296:
3292:
3261:10.2307/2009137
3241:
3237:
3226:
3222:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3195:
3183:
3179:
3169:
3167:
3160:Britannica Blog
3154:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3082:
3078:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3014:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2912:
2898:
2878:
2850:
2756:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2725:
2713:
2702:
2689:
2450:Communist Party
2370:
2276:
2270:
2048:Gleichschaltung
2043:
2027:Reichskonkordat
2001:Weimar Republic
1984:
1976:sovereign state
1948:Communist Party
1899:
1860:Weimar Republic
1849:Franz von Papen
1748:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1684:
1645:
1643:
1625:
1624:
1610:Racial theories
1593:Generalplan Ost
1545:
1537:
1536:
1507:Nazi ideologues
1497:
1489:
1488:
1450:
1445:(United States)
1444:
1431:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1317:Esoteric Nazism
1295:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1199:
1189:
1179:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1087:
1077:
1076:
1067:Strasser (Otto)
967:
957:
956:
930:Gleichschaltung
923:Totalitarianism
808:One-party state
616:Anti-liberalism
596:
588:
587:
509:Tripartite Pact
420:Machtergreifung
398:
390:
389:
284:
229:
223:
216:
188:
179:
172:
139:First chamber:
87:Enacted by
77:Enacted by
62:
59:
54:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4451:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4287:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4161:Hermann Göring
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4131:Adolf Eichmann
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4092:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4071:
4062:
4053:
4044:
4035:
4026:
4017:
4008:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3875:Denazification
3872:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3843:Martin Bormann
3840:
3834:
3827:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3788:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3678:
3670:
3669:
3635:
3620:
3594:
3582:alex.onb.ac.at
3568:
3565:. p. 269.
3553:
3547:978-0141009759
3546:
3516:
3494:
3485:
3476:
3463:
3454:
3445:
3436:
3427:
3420:
3398:
3391:
3373:
3347:
3332:
3312:
3290:
3255:(3): 330–367.
3249:World Politics
3235:
3220:
3217:. McGraw-Hill.
3205:
3192:Deutsche Welle
3177:
3147:
3122:
3102:10.1086/659103
3096:(2): 272–318.
3076:
3061:
3039:
3024:
3013:. 25 July 2012
2998:
2973:
2952:
2946:978-0520276833
2945:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2908:
2900:The 2003 film
2897:
2894:
2877:
2874:
2849:
2846:
2758:
2757:
2716:
2714:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2631:Farmers' Party
2628:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2603:People's Party
2600:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2564:
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2496:
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2478:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2464:
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2458:
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2432:
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2421:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2369:
2366:
2304:Hermann Göring
2269:
2266:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2097:
2096:
2085:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2042:
2039:
2023:Klaus Scholder
1983:
1980:
1970:at the end of
1915:Hermann Göring
1911:secret meeting
1898:
1895:
1822:Sturmabteilung
1753:German Cabinet
1700:Reichstag fire
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1640:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1567:Beefsteak Nazi
1564:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1546:
1544:Related topics
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1498:
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1494:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1287:
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1282:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1202:
1192:
1182:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1132:von Liebenfels
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1042:von Ribbentrop
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
968:
963:
962:
959:
958:
955:
954:
945:
936:
935:
934:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
889:
888:
883:
878:
869:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
794:
793:
788:
783:
778:
768:
763:
761:Indoctrination
758:
757:
756:
751:
742:
738:Heim ins Reich
733:
723:
714:
705:
700:
695:
690:
689:
688:
674:
669:
664:
663:
662:
657:
643:
638:
633:
631:Blood and soil
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
606:Anti-communism
603:
597:
594:
593:
590:
589:
586:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
548:Doctors' Trial
545:
540:
531:Final solution
527:
526:
521:
516:
514:Denazification
511:
506:
501:
496:
487:
478:
473:
471:Nuremberg Laws
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
439:
434:
429:
424:
415:
410:
405:
403:Early timeline
399:
396:
395:
392:
391:
388:
387:
377:
372:Sturmabteilung
367:
362:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
304:
295:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
269:
268:
262:
261:
253:
252:
243:
242:
236:
235:
231:
230:
228:
227:
220:
212:
210:
209:Voting summary
206:
205:
202:
198:
197:
190:
189:
187:
186:
183:
176:
168:
166:
165:Voting summary
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
151:Hitler cabinet
148:
144:
143:
136:
135:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
98:
97:Signed by
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
71:RGBl. I S. 141
68:
64:
63:
61:
60:
57:
47:
46:
45:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4450:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4256:Otto Strasser
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4226:Bernhard Rust
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4201:Josef Mengele
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4146:Wilhelm Frick
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3936:Amt Rosenberg
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:Party offices
3927:
3921:
3920:Thule Society
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3831:Anton Drexler
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3797:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3699:
3694:
3692:
3687:
3685:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3629:
3624:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3564:
3557:
3549:
3543:
3539:
3538:Penguin Press
3535:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3521:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3489:
3480:
3473:
3467:
3458:
3449:
3440:
3431:
3423:
3421:3-593-36940-0
3417:
3412:
3411:
3402:
3394:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3316:
3300:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3231:
3224:
3216:
3213:Mason, K. J.
3209:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3181:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3072:
3065:
3049:
3043:
3035:
3028:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2969:
2962:
2956:
2948:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2880:In his book,
2873:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2754:
2751:
2743:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2717:This section
2715:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2693:109 (16.85%)
2685:
2675:
2666:
2658:
2652:
2643:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2615:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2589:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2563:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2537:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2511:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2485:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2439:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2410:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2376:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2354:Wilhelm Frick
2351:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2288:
2280:
2275:
2265:
2262:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2219:
2218:Vorschriften.
2213:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2038:
2036:
2035:Pope Pius XII
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1964:Joseph Stalin
1959:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1943:habeas corpus
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1721:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1641:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1305:Thule Society
1303:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1052:Seyss-Inquart
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
966:
961:
960:
952:
951:
946:
943:
942:
937:
932:
931:
926:
925:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
887:
884:
882:
879:
876:
875:
874:Untermenschen
870:
867:
866:
865:Rassenschande
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
755:
754:Pan-Germanism
752:
749:
748:
743:
740:
739:
734:
732:
729:
728:
727:
724:
721:
720:
715:
712:
711:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
693:Direct action
691:
686:
685:
684:FĂĽhrerprinzip
680:
679:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
661:
658:
655:
654:
649:
648:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
621:Anti-pacifism
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
598:
592:
591:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
534:
533:
532:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
504:The Holocaust
502:
500:
497:
494:
493:
488:
485:
484:
483:Kristallnacht
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
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283:Organizations
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204:23 March 1933
203:
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184:
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177:
175:
173:444 voted for
170:
169:
167:
163:
160:23 March 1933
159:
155:
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149:
147:Introduced by
145:
142:
137:
132:
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121:23 March 1933
120:
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113:23 March 1933
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43:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4335:Nazi Germany
4246:Albert Speer
4151:Walther Funk
4116:Rudolf Diels
4106:Kurt Daluege
4096:Artur Axmann
3995:Publications
3941:Hitler Youth
3910:Röhm scandal
3879:
3837:Adolf Hitler
3758:East Germany
3756:
3743:
3660:. Retrieved
3648:
3638:
3623:
3611:. Retrieved
3606:
3597:
3585:. Retrieved
3581:
3571:
3562:
3556:
3536:. New York:
3531:
3509:
3488:
3479:
3471:
3466:
3457:
3448:
3439:
3430:
3409:
3401:
3382:
3376:
3364:. Retrieved
3360:The Guardian
3359:
3350:
3322:
3315:
3303:. Retrieved
3293:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3229:
3223:
3214:
3208:
3196:. Retrieved
3190:
3180:
3168:. Retrieved
3164:the original
3159:
3150:
3138:. Retrieved
3135:BBC Bitesize
3134:
3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3093:
3089:
3079:
3070:
3064:
3052:. Retrieved
3042:
3033:
3027:
3015:. Retrieved
3011:Nazi Germany
3010:
3001:
2989:. Retrieved
2986:BBC Bitesize
2985:
2976:
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2955:
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2771:
2769:
2765:World War II
2761:
2746:
2737:
2726:Please help
2721:verification
2718:
2700:Consequences
2684:444 (68.62%)
2683:
2664:
2641:
2621:
2613:
2587:
2561:
2535:
2509:
2483:
2466:
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2282:Act (page 1)
2257:
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2199:
2169:
2160:
2139:
2130:
2109:
2100:
2073:
2057:
2046:
2044:
2020:
2008:Centre Party
2005:
1993:
1985:
1972:World War II
1960:
1952:
1941:
1934:civil rights
1923:
1900:
1883:Nazi Germany
1880:
1857:
1837:
1828:
1804:
1780:Adolf Hitler
1777:
1773:Nazi Germany
1724:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1705:
1642:
1555:Architecture
1532:SS personnel
1481:
1467:SUMKA (Iran)
1366:Kirchenkampf
1274:
1204:
1194:
1184:
1174:
908:Social order
833:Antisemitism
786:Palingenetic
677:Dictatorship
646:Conspiracism
573:Labour camps
543:Deportations
529:
528:
499:World War II
455:
444:Kirchenkampf
432:Nazi Germany
316:Hitler Youth
246:
222:
217:66 voted for
215:
178:
171:
48:
18:
4383:1933 in law
4281:Strasserism
4277:Black Front
4270:Derivatives
4186:Rudolf Höss
4171:Rudolf Hess
4121:Karl Dönitz
4076:Kampfverlag
4067:Der StĂĽrmer
4049:Der Angriff
4040:Arbeitertum
3839:(1921–1945)
3833:(1919–1921)
3342:j.ctt9qdcpj
2551:State Party
2012:Ludwig Kaas
1792:caught fire
1615:Strasserism
1357:Gottgläubig
1122:de Gobineau
1097:Chamberlain
965:Politicians
950:Volkskörper
853:Master race
823:Prussianism
771:Nationalism
726:Imperialism
667:Corporatism
234:Repealed by
4372:Categories
4340:Nazi songs
4231:Fritz Todt
4216:Ernst Röhm
4196:Robert Ley
4136:Hans Frank
3815:Nazi Party
3662:30 October
3613:4 November
3587:14 October
3472:government
2922:References
2740:March 2015
2398:Nazi Party
2272:See also:
2261:Article 48
2149:unberĂĽhrt.
1919:Nazi Party
1897:Background
1796:Communists
1784:Nazi Party
1767:President
1757:Chancellor
1253:Mein Kampf
1169:Literature
1085:Ideologues
918:Syncretism
843:Aryan race
818:Propaganda
766:Militarism
747:Lebensraum
710:Geopolitik
636:Chauvinism
524:Neo-Nazism
365:Nazi Party
185:109 absent
50:Long title
4058:Panzerbär
4022:Das Reich
3657:0362-4331
3470:The word
3285:153745010
3269:1086-3338
3110:143231402
3054:30 August
2816:Reichsrat
2808:Reichsrat
2804:Reichstag
2796:Reichsrat
2789:Reichstag
2776:committee
2772:Reichstag
2690:(14.53%)
2381:Deputies
2350:Reichsrat
2341:Otto Wels
2239:Article 5
2232:Artikel 5
2209:Article 4
2202:Artikel 4
2182:Artikel 6
2170:Article 3
2163:Artikel 3
2140:Article 2
2133:Artikel 2
2110:Article 1
2103:Artikel 1
2093:Reichsrat
2089:Reichstag
2029:with the
1903:Reichstag
1832:Reichsrat
1788:Reichstag
1761:Reichstag
1388:Symbolism
1373:Occultism
1348:Heathenry
1312:Christmas
1300:Ariosophy
1147:Rosenberg
1127:Haushofer
1072:Streicher
858:Nordicism
803:New Order
492:Anschluss
291:Ahnenerbe
195:Reichsrat
141:Reichstag
118:Commenced
101:President
91:Reichsrat
81:Reichstag
39:Reichstag
3976:NSDAP/AO
3530:(2003).
3170:30 March
3140:12 April
3115:12 April
3017:12 April
2910:See also
2876:Validity
2806:and the
2657:Landbund
2387:Against
2119:Gesetze.
2031:Holy See
1638:Category
1577:Glossary
1293:Religion
1137:von List
1092:Baeumler
1027:Goebbels
1012:Heydrich
992:Eichmann
848:Aryanism
813:Populism
703:Eugenics
595:Ideology
558:Genocide
250:Repealed
126:Repealed
67:Citation
3853:History
3633:website
3366:12 July
3305:12 July
3277:2009137
3198:9 April
2991:12 July
2390:Absent
2268:Passage
1997:Junkers
1810:in the
1737:
1572:Economy
1152:Schmitt
1037:Lammers
1017:Himmler
987:Drexler
977:Daluege
972:Bormann
798:New Man
578:Pogroms
563:Ghettos
397:History
247:Status:
3895:Nazism
3845:(1945)
3823:Leader
3655:
3544:
3418:
3389:
3340:
3330:
3283:
3275:
3267:
3108:
2943:
2677:Total
2476:Centre
2402:NSDAP
2378:Party
2333:SA men
2312:quorum
1989:quorum
1887:Allies
1853:Dachau
1765:Weimar
1712:German
1560:Cinema
1280:(1930)
1270:(1928)
1258:(1925)
1246:(1923)
1234:(1922)
1222:(1919)
1210:(1916)
1200:(1903)
1190:(1899)
1180:(1855)
1142:MĂĽller
1112:Eckart
1032:Göring
1022:Hitler
982:Dönitz
828:Racism
781:Racial
719:Heimat
331:NSDStB
266:Nazism
201:Passed
157:Passed
110:Signed
3338:JSTOR
3281:S2CID
3273:JSTOR
3106:S2CID
2964:(PDF)
2581:CSVD
2555:DStP
2503:DNVP
2066:Reich
1745:Reich
1620:Women
1496:Lists
1483:More…
1117:Feder
1102:Darré
1057:Speer
1002:Frick
997:Frank
791:Ultra
776:Ethno
326:NSDĂ„B
4283:) /
3769:1968
3764:1949
3664:2023
3653:ISSN
3615:2023
3589:2016
3542:ISBN
3416:ISBN
3387:ISBN
3368:2021
3328:ISBN
3307:2021
3265:ISSN
3200:2020
3172:2017
3142:2022
3117:2022
3056:2022
3019:2022
2993:2021
2941:ISBN
2680:647
2635:DBP
2607:DVP
2529:BVP
2454:KPD
2431:120
2428:SPD
2405:288
2384:For
2310:, a
2087:The
2064:und
2062:Volk
2041:Text
1940:and
1924:The
1905:. A
1734:lit.
1706:The
1107:Devi
1047:Röhm
1007:Hess
386:(SS)
376:(SA)
346:NSKK
341:NSFK
336:NSRL
3257:doi
3098:doi
2836:in
2730:by
2532:19
2506:52
2480:73
2457:81
2442:26
2409:288
2317:KPD
1763:or
1550:Art
351:NSF
4374::
4292:/
3981:SS
3915:SA
3651:.
3647:.
3605:.
3580:.
3540:.
3519:^
3497:^
3358:.
3336:.
3279:.
3271:.
3263:.
3251:.
3247:.
3189:.
3158:.
3133:.
3104:.
3094:83
3092:.
3088:.
3009:.
2984:.
2966:.
2688:94
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2638:2
2618:—
2610:2
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2584:4
2569:—
2566:—
2558:5
2543:—
2540:—
2536:19
2517:—
2514:—
2510:52
2491:1
2488:—
2484:72
2467:81
2463:—
2460:—
2438:94
2434:—
2416:—
2413:—
1978:.
1921:.
1878:.
1790:–
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3144:.
3119:.
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2995:.
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