177:, and thus sits outside the main body of text, the short title for modern legislation is explicitly defined by a specific section, typically at the very end or very beginning of the main text. As with the above example, short titles are generally made up of just a few words that describe in broad terms the area of law being changed or the thing affected, followed by the word "Act" and then the year in which the legislation is formally enacted. Occasionally, the word "Act" may be replaced with another descriptor. Common examples are "Code" and "Charter".
724:(Finance (No. 3) Act 2010) and commencement orders that bring parts of an Act into force (Environment Act 1995 (Commencement No.13) (Scotland) Order 1998). However, for laws that amend other laws, this ordinal numbering does not reset every year (For example, even though only two amendments were made to the Israeli Criminal Procedure Law in 2018, these amendments are numbered No.81 and No.82 in their titles.)
536:. For example, modern legislation would simply refer to "the Evidence Act 1845", whereas in the past it would have been necessary to use wording such as "the Act passed in the eighth and ninth year of Her Majesty's reign chapter one hundred and thirteen intitled 'An Act to facilitate the Admission in Evidence of certain official and other Documents
717:
Labourers' Dwellings Act 1868, amended by the
Artizans' and Labourers' Dwellings Act 1868 (Amendment) Act 1869, and itself amended by the Artizans' and Labourers' Dwellings Act 1868 (Amendment) Act 1879 (Amendment) Act 1880. The more recent shorter convention is that an act amending "Foo Act yyy1" will have short title "Foo (Amendment) Act yyy2".
184:, in which this convention is reversed. The short title sits outside the main body of legislation, and the summary description of the law, which is made optional, is defined by a specific section if existing. For example, the Combating Iran's Nuclear Program Act, which under the usual convention would have begun with the long title
222:, since 1986, follows a similar practice, having a title comparable to a short title outside the main body of the legislation and a purpose section establishing the purpose of the legislation. Bills continue to have long titles (in similar terms to the purpose section) so that the scoping rules described in the
752:
Australian long titles are more like
American than British ones in that they are short and broad: for example, "A Bill for an Act to provide for the establishment of the Automotive Transformation Scheme, and for related purposes". However, not all states use long titles and an Act may instead have an
124:
Short titles for acts of
Parliament were not introduced until the mid-19th century, and were not provided for every act passed until late in the century; as such, the long title was used to identify the act. Short titles were subsequently given to many unrepealed acts at later dates; for example, the
116:
In the United
Kingdom, the long title is important since, under the procedures of Parliament, a bill cannot be amended to go outside the scope of its long title. For that reason, modern long titles tend to be rather vague, ending with the formulation "and for connected purposes". The long title of an
743:
until 2015, after an intervening referendum and court challenge. Section 2(2) of the act, which assigns the short title, could not be amended between the houses' passing the bill and its being enacted (though it could still be amended by a subsequent act of the
Oireachtas). This act's short title is
213:
The purpose of this Act is to sanction entities assisting Iran in promoting its nuclear program or obtaining weapons of mass destruction or means of carrying weapons of mass destruction and to limit corporations who have business relations with Iran, for its favor or in its territory, as part of the
716:
Laws that relate primarily to other laws, such as amendments, contain the short titles of those laws in their own short titles, for example the
Sustainable Communities Act 2007 (Amendment) Act 2010. Subsequent enactments can lead to particularly lengthy short titles; for example, the Artizans' and
272:
Since the early 20th century, it has become popular in the United States to include the names of key legislators in the short titles of the most important acts. This was at first done informally; that is, the names appeared in legal treatises and court opinions but were not part of the statute as
835:
also vary both in the exact wording and the level of detail of long titles. A typical long title in
Illinois is, "AN ACT concerning safety", giving only a very broad characterization of the subject matter. On the other hand, a recent New Hampshire law carried the long title, "AN ACT relative to
411:
The fact that for the purpose of identification only and not of enactment also authority is given to identify the statute by a particular name in which the word "action" occurs is, I think, immaterial. The words "This Act may be cited as the
Vexatious Actions Act 1896," effect nothing by way of
188:
An Act to sanction entities assisting Iran in promoting its nuclear program or obtaining weapons of mass destruction or means of carrying weapons of mass destruction and to limit corporations who have business relations with Iran, for its favor or in its territory, as part of the international
459:
If much of an older act was repealed by the time a short title was assigned to it, the short title may describe only the parts in force at the time of assignment. For example, the act 59 George III c.84 as enacted regulated publicly funded roadbuilding throughout
Ireland, but by
819:. UK bills substitute the words "A Bill" for "An Act". Thus, before it passed, the long title of the House of Lords Bill 1999 was "A Bill to restrict membership...". Because of the way they are used to define the scope of bills, many British long titles are quite long.
77:, section headings, side notes, and short title), the long title seldom affects the operative provisions of an act, except where the operative provisions are unclear or ambiguous and the long title provides a clear statement of the legislature's intention.
241:(US). Even if no year was included in the official short title enacted by Congress, it is traditional always to precede the year with an "of" if it needs to be appended in prose after the short title. This convention is followed by most but not all
836:
establishing a municipal bond rescission process, authorizing governing bodies to call a special meeting to consider reduction or rescission of appropriations, and clarifying special procedures enabling towns to respond appropriately to the
650:) legislation that has been "inherited" by the legal systems of other countries has also sometimes ended up with a short title in one jurisdiction that differs from that used in another: for example, the act of Parliament that created
816:
An Act to restrict membership of the House of Lords by virtue of a hereditary peerage; to make related provision about disqualifications for voting at elections to, and for membership of, the House of
Commons; and for connected
100:
An Act to restrict membership of the House of Lords by virtue of a hereditary peerage; to make related provision about disqualifications for voting at elections to, and for membership of, the House of Commons; and for connected
765: are cited by a combination of letters and numbers, e.g. '(EU) 2015/35' as short titles; but occasionally there are descriptive short titles, e.g. Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 = 'Single CMO Regulation', the
630:
In a few cases, particular acts have had more than one short title given to them, for example because subsequent amendments to their contents have rendered the earlier name inaccurate. For example, when the 1992 version of
269:, titling of legislation primarily follows the U.S. convention, although many acts contain the word "Law" instead of the more conventional "Act" either at the end of the title or before "of " if they are comprehensive.
805:
The wording after "An Act" varies somewhat between jurisdictions. In some jurisdictions, including the United Kingdom, the long title opens with the words "An Act to ...". For example, the short title of the
558:
Short titles were first introduced for acts of Parliament in the 1840s. Amending acts also began to take the opportunity to create short titles for earlier acts as well as for themselves. Eventually the
341:
It is not necessary to use the comma as it is not part of an act of Parliament; although normal punctuation is now used by draftsmen, and is included in King's Printer's copies of acts of Parliament.
333:
In citing an act by its short title, a comma immediately before a reference to a year and a comma immediately after such a reference that is not required for the purpose of punctuation may be omitted.
325:
Originally short titles had a comma preceding the year. Whether this is retained or not depends on the country involved: it has been dropped in Ireland and the United Kingdom, but retained in Canada.
451:
Looking at the two statutes, at the nature of the provisions which they both contain, and in particular at the short and long titles of both statutes, it appears to this court that they are clearly
73:) or other legislative instrument. The long title is intended to provide a summarised description of the purpose or scope of the instrument. Like other descriptive components of an act (such as the
412:
enactment. They do no more than create a name, and whether it is as matter of description accurate or not is immaterial. In support of this view I refer to that which Lord Haldane said in
229:
The titles of legislation enacted by the United States Congress, if they include a year, invariably add the preposition "of" between the word "Act" and the year. Compare the Australian
485:
Notwithstanding the repeal of an enactment giving a short title to an act, the act may, without prejudice to any other mode of citation, continue to be cited by that short title.
720:
If a law is passed with the same title as another law passed in the same year, an ordinal number will be added to distinguish it from the others; this is particularly common for
728:
278:
392:
643:, and renamed it as "Knesset and Prime Minister Elections Law, 1969". This change was reverted following the abolition of direct Prime Ministerial elections in 2001.
640:
92:
which, while usually being more fully descriptive of the legislation's purpose and effects, is generally too unwieldy for most uses. For example, the short title
273:
enacted. Eventually members of Congress began to formally write their own names into short titles (thereby immortalizing themselves for posterity), as in the
274:
416:(2) as regards the title "Trade Disputes Act, 1906," and that which Lord Moulton said in the same case(3), and to that which the latter said further in
552:
1056:, Statute Law Revision: Fifteenth Report, Draft Statute Law Repeals Bill, Law Com 233, Scot Law Com 150, Part IV, para. 4.2, p. 76, footnote 2
837:
709:
More narrowly focused legislation may have a secondary phrase in parentheses, such as the Road Traffic (Vehicle Emissions) Regulations 2002 (a
1429:
1288:"Publications Office – Interinstitutional Style Guide – 3. Rules on drafting documents – 3.2. References to an act – 3.2.1. Forms of title"
524:
within legislation itself. In the UK this replaced the earlier method of citing the long title together with the chapter number and the
391:
between "Appropriations Act" and the year of passage, beginning in the 2000s. However, a 1990s example of this titling pattern is the
789:
Long and short titles were used in New Zealand up to and including 1999. From 1 January 2000 they were replaced by a single title.
580:
572:
1079:, Statute Law Revision: Fifteenth Report, Draft Statute Law Repeals Bill, Law Com 233, Scot Law Com 150, Part IV, para. 4.2, p. 76
238:
504:(2) An Act may continue to be cited by the short title authorised by any enactment notwithstanding the repeal of that enactment.
690:
Most short titles include a descriptive phrase followed by the type of legislation and the year of enactment; for example, the
1228:
1089:
567:
c. 10) was passed to create short titles for almost all remaining legislation. This statute was repealed and replaced by the
493:
An act may continue to be cited by the short title authorised by any enactment notwithstanding the repeal of that enactment.
344:
The comma preceding the calendar year in printed copies of acts is omitted on the authority of a note by Sir Noel Hutton QC,
1206:
1401:
1393:
1385:
371:
694:
is an act of Parliament relating to human rights that received Royal Assent in 1998. Some exceptions exist, such as the
1072:
1049:
927:
310:
286:
234:
230:
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362:
said that it "seems sensible" to omit the comma preceding the calendar year in references to acts passed before 1963.
289:, the statutory basis of the "5150" involuntary psychiatric hold used for temporarily detaining psychiatric patients.
1412:
965:
254:
662:
in British law; note also the differing comma convention. Similarly, the Act "21 & 22 George III c.48" of the
520:
Since the second half of the nineteenth century, short titles have become the usual method of referencing earlier
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461:
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353:
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longer than its long title, which is "An Act to Amend the Constitution", as required by the constitution.
1444:
345:
266:
828:
317:
at the beginning of the "statute title" should be omitted when citing a statute of the United Kingdom.
258:
17:
547:) had become so long that they were no longer a useful means of citation. For example, the title of
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1122:
1076:
1053:
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1010:
807:
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135:
An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown
94:
1179:
831:
begin, "An Act making appropriations for...". Bills begin "A Bill for an Act..." Legislation in
154:, an optional part of an act setting out a number of preliminary statements of facts similar to
1449:
1407:
Tobias A Dorsey. Legislative Drafter's Deskbook: A Practical Guide. The Capitol.Net Inc. 2006.
655:
584:
1416:
1317:
Tanner, George (2005). "Imperatives in drafting legislation a brief New Zealand perspective".
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691:
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529:
138:
130:
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349:
262:
219:
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to specific federal government departments, agencies and programs has a comma rather than
8:
969:
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671:
440:
381:
293:
126:
39:
1334:
1287:
1261:
1184:
1155:. Votes & Proceedings. Vol. 2. New South Wales Legislative Council. p. 44
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1006:
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do not include the year of enactment as part of the short title. In acts passed by the
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Short titles were introduced because the titles of statutes (now commonly known as
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314:
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147:(1803), was called "An Act to establish the Judicial Courts of the United States".
1330:
736:
452:
377:
70:
38:(such as Canada or Australia), as well as the United States and the Philippines,
1454:
197:
This Act may be cited as the 'Combating Iran's Nuclear Program Act, 5772-2012'.
85:
1097:
1438:
639:
elected, it added provisions regarding the Prime Ministerial election to the
226:
continue to apply, but are removed and noted in the endnotes upon enactment.
155:
1275:
Every such Bill shall be expressed to be "An Act to amend the Constitution".
827:
While the long titles of most acts of the US Congress read, "An Act to...",
533:
250:
35:
731:
was enacted in 2015 rather than 2012. It was passed by both houses of the
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525:
521:
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or other document by, amongst other things, the short title of the act.
356:, Fourth Edition, Reissue, Volume 44(1), footnote 10 to paragraph 1268.
1381:
832:
732:
703:
679:
544:
242:
133:, having until then been formally referred to only by its long title,
61:
in some jurisdictions) is the formal title appearing at the head of a
548:
296:) also uses short titles, but substitutes the word "Bill" for "Act".
1233:
702:) is simply "Bill of Rights", without a year, although it is not a
170:
151:
74:
1362:
1207:"Thirty-First Amendment of the Constitution (Children) Bill 2012"
465:
62:
30:
In certain jurisdictions, including the United Kingdom and other
762:
651:
181:
118:
1382:
The Digest: Annotated British, Commonwealth and European Cases
729:
Thirty-First Amendment of the Constitution (Children) Act 2012
674:; the short titles were assigned respectively by Acts of the
281:. In some states, like California, some short titles consist
555:) ran to 65 lines of King's Printer and to over 400 words.
393:
Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Appropriations Act, 1999
635:– the so-called "Direct Election law" – made the post of
279:
Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
571:, which conferred short titles on about 2,000 acts. The
1404:(for this volume). Title: "Statutes". Pages 411 to 414.
1180:"Thirty-first Amendment of the Constitution Act, 2012"
698:, whose formal short title in the UK (as given by the
214:
international struggle against Iran's nuclear program.
84:
is the formal name by which legislation may by law be
27:
Naming conventions for legislative or government acts
930:. Third Edition. 2010. Paragraph 23.2.1 at page 243.
685:
583:
conferred short titles on 164 pre-union acts of the
129:, an act of 1689, was given that short title by the
797:Long titles in South Africa omit the initial "An".
1152:Sanitary Legislation and Administration in England
414:Vacher & Sons v. London Society of Compositors
352:24-24. The validity of this note is questioned by
472:, so the 1896 short title is "Kinsale Act 1819".
249:that consolidated the governments of the city of
150:The long title was traditionally followed by the
1436:
348:, as to which see "The Citation of Statutes" 82
1374:. Fourth Edition. Reissue. 1995. Volume 44(1).
1229:"Court rejects appeal on Children's Referendum"
575:conferred short titles on 179 acts applying to
553:Attainder of Earl of Kellie and others Act 1746
285:of the names of the key legislators, as in the
205:Combating Iran's Nuclear Program Act, 5772-2012
1430:Bills and Acts – A Bill's Parliamentary Stages
1396:(for the complete set of volumes). Volume 45.
838:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
257:is generally (though not formally) called the
141:, which was ruled unconstitutional in part by
1115:
1090:"Yelverton's Act (Ireland) 1781 [I]"
418:National Telephone Co. v. Postmaster-General
275:Hart–Scott–Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act
987:. Eleventh Edition. Stevens. 1982. Page 44.
654:in 1867 is formally known in Canada as the
464:the only unrepealed section was one making
121:, because it was sometimes printed in red.
261:. The vast majority of acts passed by the
169:Unlike the long title, which precedes the
1148:
587:. Further short titles were given by the
1174:
1172:
1170:
666:is "Yelverton's Act (Ireland) 1781 " in
606:short titles have been conferred by the
581:Statute Law Revision (Scotland) Act 1964
573:Short Titles Act (Northern Ireland) 1951
193:and whose first section might have read
189:struggle against Iran's nuclear program.
943:Book (eISB), electronic Irish Statute.
942:
239:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
14:
1437:
1316:
1149:Maclaurin, H. N. (11 September 1893).
945:"electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)"
938:
936:
1386:Butterworth & Co (Publishers) Ltd
1167:
201:actually begins with the short title
1123:"Short Titles Act, 1962, Schedule 1"
964:(1890) 24 Q.B.D. 468 at p. 478, per
933:
800:
488:
475:
372:Appropriations bill (United States)
304:
24:
928:Australian Guide to Legal Citation
822:
311:Australian Guide to Legal Citation
235:Disability Discrimination Act 1995
231:Disability Discrimination Act 1992
117:older act is sometimes termed its
25:
1466:
1423:
756:
686:Examples of use (by jurisdiction)
398:
336:
670:and "Calendar Act, 1781" in the
365:
223:
1349:
1310:
1298:
1280:
1249:
1221:
1199:
1142:
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1029:
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164:
106:
1016:
999:
990:
974:
962:Duke of Devonshire v. O'Connor
955:
921:
897:
872:
784:
676:Parliament of Northern Ireland
660:British North America Act 1867
597:Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1978
593:Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1977
245:; for example, the Act of the
111:
98:contrasts with the long title
13:
1:
1331:10.1080/03050718.2005.9986664
865:
620:Statute Law Revision Act 2012
616:Statute Law Revision Act 2009
612:Statute Law Revision Act 2007
589:Statute Law Revision Act 1948
445:Explosive Substances Act 1883
996:Re Boaler 1 KB 21 at 27, CA
772:
753:explicit "Purpose" section.
747:
658:, but is still known as the
480:
209:and its first section reads
137:. Similarly, in the US, the
7:
843:
346:First Parliamentary Counsel
267:Congress of the Philippines
10:
1471:
1371:Halsbury's Laws of England
777:An act may be cited in an
641:Knesset Election Law, 1969
515:
498:19 Citation of other Acts.
430:(4) A. C. 546, at p. 560.
369:
354:Halsbury's Laws of England
328:
287:Lanterman–Petris–Short Act
259:Act of Consolidation, 1854
1319:Commonwealth Law Bulletin
1257:"Constitution of Ireland"
880:"Criminal Code of Canada"
633:Basic Law: the Government
814:, but its long title is
637:Prime Minister of Israel
439:, Bridge LJ said of the
320:
299:
247:Pennsylvania legislature
218:The Australian state of
88:. It contrasts with the
1077:Scottish Law Commission
1061:Scottish Law Commission
1054:Scottish Law Commission
1037:Interpretation Act 1978
949:www.irishstatutebook.ie
812:House of Lords Act 1999
808:House of Lords Act 1999
509:Interpretation Act 1978
180:A notable exception is
95:House of Lords Act 1999
1292:publications.europa.eu
656:Constitution Act, 1867
585:Parliament of Scotland
513:
457:
433:
216:
207:
199:
191:
1305:Joint Practical Guide
1024:Short Titles Act 1896
700:Short Titles Act 1896
692:Human Rights Act 1998
664:Parliament of Ireland
608:Short Titles Act 1962
569:Short Titles Act 1896
561:Short Titles Act 1892
532:in which it received
530:parliamentary session
495:
449:
427:(3) A. C. at p. 128.
424:(2) A. C. at p. 114.
409:
211:
203:
195:
186:
139:Judiciary Act of 1789
131:Short Titles Act 1896
1415:. Pages 224 to 227.
1384:. 1997 2nd Reissue.
884:Justice Laws Website
855:List of short titles
829:appropriations bills
711:statutory instrument
313:recommends that the
263:Parliament of Canada
1100:on 12 February 2011
905:"Community Charter"
696:Bill of Rights 1689
672:Republic of Ireland
441:Explosives Act 1875
407:, Buckley LJ said:
292:Draft legislation (
255:Philadelphia County
40:primary legislation
1445:Westminster system
1262:Irish Statute Book
1185:Irish Statute Book
1128:Irish Statute Book
1094:legislation.gov.uk
981:Glanville Williams
360:Glanville Williams
144:Marbury v. Madison
1378:para. 1253, 1268.
565:55 & 56 Vict.
67:act of Parliament
16:(Redirected from
1462:
1388:. London. 1997.
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1096:. Archived from
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1005:R v Wheatley 1
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860:Collective title
850:Short Titles Act
767:REACH Regulation
735:in 2012 but not
727:In Ireland, the
668:Northern Ireland
577:Northern Ireland
551:. c. 26 (1745) (
539:
511:
476:Effect of repeal
315:definite article
305:Definite article
224:previous section
175:enacting formula
158:, each starting
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1237:. 24 April 2015
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57:(properly, the
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