803:
886:
1091:
848:
747:
1324:
1300:
1103:
523:
577:
1336:
1123:
64:
86:
1312:
692:
1348:
947:
631:
474:
1056:. The Weimar constitution provided that the president could be removed from office prematurely by a referendum initiated by the Reichstag. To require such a referendum the Reichstag had to pass a motion supported by at least two-thirds of votes cast in the chamber. If such a proposal to depose the president was rejected by voters the president would be deemed to have been re-elected and the Reichstag would be automatically dissolved.
1076:
378:(legislature) and that his emergency powers would be exercised only in extraordinary circumstances, but the political instability of the Weimar period, and a paralysing factionalism in the legislature, meant that the president came to occupy a position of considerable power, capable of legislating by decree and appointing and dismissing governments at will.
1032:) because the presidential decrees more and more replaced the Reichstag legislature. Under Brüning the social democrats still tolerated the government by not supporting motions that revoked the decrees, but after Papen (1932) they refused to do so. This made Hindenburg dismiss the parliament twice, to "buy" time without a functioning Parliament.
1021:
The Weimar constitution created a system in which the cabinet was answerable to both the president and the legislature. This meant that the parliament had the power to make a government retreat without the burden to create a new one. Ebert and
Hindenburg (initially) both attempted to appoint cabinets
1207:
to head the first "presidential cabinet", which did not enjoy the support of the
Reichstag. In July Hindenburg adopted the national budget by decree and, when the Reichstag reversed this act, he dissolved the legislature. The years that followed would see an explosion of legislation by decree, where
984:
Foreign relations: The president was entitled to represent the nation in its foreign affairs, to accredit and receive ambassadors and to conclude treaties in the name of the state. However approval of the
Reichstag was required to declare war, conclude peace or to conclude any treaty that related to
929:
to the office. Hindenburg died in office in August 1934, a little over two years after his reelection, having since appointed Hitler as
Chancellor. Hitler then assumed the powers of the presidency, though not the actual office. Prior to his suicide in 1945, Hitler named Karl Dönitz his successor as
968:
were appointed and dismissed by the president. No vote of confirmation was required in the
Reichstag before the members of the cabinet could assume office, but any member of the cabinet was obliged to resign if the body passed a vote of no confidence in him. The president could appoint and dismiss
1226:
as chancellor in
December, Hindenburg responded to growing civil unrest and Nazi activism by appointing Hitler as chancellor in January, 1933. A parliamentary dissolution followed after which Hitler's government, with the aid of another party, were able to command the support of a majority in the
1004:
empowered the president, if "public order and security seriously disturbed or endangered" to "take all necessary steps to re-establish law and order". These permissible steps included the use of armed force, the suspension of many of the civil rights guaranteed by the constitution and using his
1040:
The Weimar constitution did not provide for a vice presidency. If the president died or left office prematurely a successor would be elected. During a temporary vacancy, or in the event that the president was "unavailable", the powers and functions of the presidency passed to the chancellor. In
1012:
The
Reichstag had to be informed immediately of any measures taken under Article 48 and had the right to reverse any such measures. Though the article was intended for use only in an extraordinary emergency, it was used to by-pass parliament in the latter years of the Weimar Republic.
972:
Dissolution of the
Reichstag: The president had the right to dissolve the Reichstag at any time, in which case a general election had to occur within sixty days. Legally, he was not permitted to do so more than once for the same reason, but this limitation had little significance in
976:
Promulgation of the law: The president was responsible for signing bills into law. The president was constitutionally obliged to sign every law passed in accordance with the correct procedure but could insist that a bill first be submitted to the electorate in a
881:
persuaded the other centrist parties that the situation was still too turbulent to hold elections. Hence, the
Reichstag extended Ebert's term to June 30, 1925, in late 1922, which required a constitutional change. However, Ebert died in office in February 1925.
1590:"Article 180: Until the first Reichstag will convene, this national assembly is regarded as Reichstag. The President elected by the national assembly will serve in office until June 30th 1925." where "2nd sentence version based on the law of Oct. 27th 1922"
1063:, a court exclusively concerned with disputes between state organs. However it could only do this on a charge of willfully violating German law; furthermore the move had to be supported by a two-thirds majority of votes cast, at a meeting with a
841:
I swear to devote my energy to the welfare of the German people, to increase its prosperity, to prevent damage, to hold up the constitution of the Reich and its laws, to consciously honour my duties and to exercise justice to every
1025:
Ebert (especially in 1923) and
Hindenburg (from 1930 onwards) supported governments also by presidential decrees. The last four cabinets of the republic (Brüning I and II, Papen, Schleicher) are even called "presidential" cabinets
825:. If no candidate received the support of an absolute majority of votes cast (i.e. more than half) in a first round of voting, a second vote was held at a later date. In this round the candidate who received the support of a
1200:. Many on the right hoped that once in office Hindenburg would destroy Weimar democracy from the inside but in the years that followed his election Hindenburg never attempted to overthrow the Weimar constitution.
1580:"§ 1 The office of the Reichspräsident is merged with that of the Reichskanzler. Therefore, the previous rights of the Reichspräsident pass over to the Führer and Reichskanzler Adolf Hitler. He names his deputy."
1153:) , that is, a substitute for the monarch who had reigned in Germany from 1871 until 1918. The new president's role was therefore informed, at least in part, by that played by the Emperors, such as
1005:
authority to oblige a state government to cooperate if it failed to meet its obligations under the constitution or under federal law. Most importantly, the president could issue emergency decrees (
1238:" providing that upon Hindenburg's death (which occurred the next day) the offices of President and Chancellor would be merged into one and held by Hitler. However, Hitler styled himself as
1188:
in 1920. His term came to an abrupt end with his death in 1925. In the election that followed, Hindenburg was eventually settled on as the candidate of the political right, while the
836:(parliament) at the same time. The constitution required that on taking office the president swore the following oath (the inclusion of additional religious language was permitted):
1022:
that enjoyed the confidence of the Reichstag. Most of the Weimar governments were minority cabinets of the centrist parties tolerated by the social democrats or the conservatives.
1265:
was to succeed him as chancellor. Goebbels committed suicide shortly after Hitler and within days Dönitz ordered Germany's military (not political) surrender on the 7 May, which
930:
president. Neither Hitler's nor Dönitz's accession to the presidency occurred within the bounds of constitutional legality and the title "President" was virtually never used in
1215:, decided to stand for re-election. Adolf Hitler was his major opponent but Hindenburg won the election by a substantial margin. In June he replaced Brüning as chancellor with
821:
The law provided that the presidency was open to all German citizens who had reached 35 years of age. The direct election of the president occurred under a form of the
969:
the chancellor at will, but all other cabinet members could, save in the event of a no confidence motion, only be appointed or dismissed at the chancellor's request.
829:
of voters was deemed elected. A group could also nominate a substitute candidate in the second round, in place of the candidate it had supported in the first.
17:
1848:
1169:
as to the term of office and powers of the presidency, and the method by which the president would be elected. The structure of the relationship between the
1235:
1619:
1184:(SPD) as the first Reich President by 379 votes to 277. While in office he used emergency decrees on a number of occasions, including to suppress the
374:
was directly elected under universal adult suffrage for a seven-year term. It was intended that the president would rule in conjunction with the
422:
1219:
and again dissolved the Reichstag before it could adopt a vote of no confidence. After reconvening it was again dissolved in September.
1261:, Hitler intended to split again the two offices he had merged: he appointed Karl Dönitz as the new president, and propaganda minister
1041:
December 1932, according to a constitutional amendment, if the president died or was permanently incapacitated, the President of the
1483:
802:
746:
1612:
1258:
1231:, which effectively brought an end to democracy. From this point onwards almost all political authority was exercised by Hitler.
418:, thus reviving the presidential office. However, this revival only lasted until shortly after the German surrender in May 1945.
403:
847:
1273:
as head of government and the two attempted to gather together a government. However this government was not recognised by the
885:
981:. Such a referendum could, however, only override the decision of the Reichstag if a majority of eligible voters participated.
1843:
859:
Only two regular presidential elections under the provisions of the Weimar Constitution actually occurred, in 1925 and 1932:
1090:
1838:
897:
was held in 1925. After the first ballot had not resulted in a clear winner, the right-wing parties urged their candidate,
1323:
1299:
818:, the president was directly elected by universal adult suffrage for a term of seven years; reelection was not limited.
1605:
1181:
507:
522:
1628:
922:
894:
681:
677:
512:
30:
This article is about the head of the German state that existed 1919–1945. For the modern President of Germany, see
1001:
576:
917:
throwing the election to Hindenburg) was controversial at the time and later officially declared a mistake by the
1589:
1270:
1853:
1654:
1369:
1335:
1266:
139:
1045:(Supreme Court) would be interim president instead of the chancellor, holding the post until new elections.
1523:
1102:
1692:
1446:
833:
375:
367:
925:, this time nominated by the pro-republican parties, who thought only he could prevent the election of
906:
351:, which was officially in force from 1919 to 1945. In English he was usually simply referred to as the
402:("Leader and Chancellor"), highlighting the positions he already held in party and government. In his
1650:
1311:
691:
300:
1727:
1519:
1479:
867:
630:
359:
1757:
1158:
1053:
918:
873:
Ebert intended to stand in presidential elections in 1922 when the outcry about assassination of
103:
1285:
1274:
1197:
1110:(standing left) who wants to declare the dismissal, above at the right the Reichstag president
473:
1399:
1277:
and was dissolved when its members were captured and arrested by British forces on 23 May at
1154:
1122:
390:
1347:
1028:
1807:
1364:
1228:
965:
643:
426:
363:
312:
266:
69:
63:
31:
8:
1672:
1597:
1494:
1374:
1223:
1126:
1095:
951:
902:
852:
815:
650:
382:
348:
256:
230:
192:
146:
1204:
1000:
The Weimar constitution granted the president sweeping powers in the event of a crisis.
1548:
1379:
826:
394:
134:
85:
914:
878:
877:
seemed to generate a pro-republican atmosphere. However, National Liberal politician
1707:
1552:
1111:
910:
1712:
1538:
1189:
1146:
874:
822:
433:), which is, however, a chiefly ceremonial post largely devoid of political power.
170:
1802:
1782:
1747:
1668:
1262:
1216:
1107:
1079:
863:
485:
407:
341:
333:
220:
165:
155:
53:
1742:
1575:
1543:
1165:, the writer of the Weimar constitution, is said to have accepted the advice of
1792:
1174:
1150:
1130:
202:
177:
91:
1684:
764:
411:
237:
1832:
1777:
1752:
1722:
1717:
1702:
1432:, Matthew Soberg Shugart and John M. Carey, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
1412:
1083:
1042:
960:
758:
588:
344:
119:
946:
1767:
1737:
1732:
1676:
1636:
1250:
1193:
988:
Commander-in-chief: The president held supreme command of the armed forces.
931:
926:
703:
672:
617:
563:
386:
1180:
On 11 February 1919, the National Assembly elected Friedrich Ebert of the
1787:
1284:
On 5 June 1945, the four occupying powers signed a document creating the
1185:
1162:
1049:
898:
807:
534:
1524:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns"
1484:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns"
1797:
1658:
1447:"Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's concept: A New Political System Model"
1115:
978:
786:
733:
109:
921:
and East German historiography. Hindenburg served a full term and was
1278:
1166:
1059:
The Reichstag also had authority to impeach the president before the
935:
714:
398:
288:
1288:, that did not mention the name of the previous German government.
1212:
1052:
or deposition of the president are similar to those found in the
1211:
In March 1932, Hindenburg, although suffering from the onset of
1075:
905:, who won a plurality on the second ballot. The decision of the
1254:
1064:
1009:) which had the same legal force as laws passed by parliament.
151:
95:
1491:
Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies
913:
in the second round in 1925 (widely considered to have been a
1246:. The law was approved by a popular referendum on 19 August.
991:
Amnesties: The president had the right to confer amnesties.
810:(conservatives and national liberals) in 1925, first round.
1627:
1208:
previously this power had been used only occasionally.
1576:
Gesetz über das Staatsoberhaupt des Deutschen Reichs
1236:
Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich
855:, right-wing candidate in the second round of 1925.
1242:("Leader and Chancellor"), not using the title of
1234:On 1 August 1934, Hitler's government issued the "
1048:The provisions of the Weimar constitution for the
1227:Reichstag. On 23 March the Reichstag adopted the
1830:
1173:and Reichstag is said to have been suggested by
1249:Hitler committed suicide on 30 April 1945, as
1067:of two-thirds of the total number of members.
362:in which power was divided between president,
184:with the possibility of indefinite re-election
1613:
1106:The Reichstag, 12 September 1932: Chancellor
862:The first office-holder, the Social Democrat
423:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
1849:Lists of political office-holders in Germany
1405:
870:on 11 February 1919 on a provisional basis.
641:
310:
298:
286:
45:
832:The president could not be a member of the
27:Head of state under the Weimar Constitution
1620:
1606:
1571:
1569:
1454:Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences
1098:(center) at the Reichstag, 1 January 1931.
84:
1542:
1291:
1035:
889:Propaganda at a poll site, 12 April 1932.
1438:
1121:
1101:
1089:
1074:
945:
934:regardless, Hitler preferring to go by "
884:
846:
801:
436:
1566:
1518:
1478:
941:
393:, assumed the powers of the presidency
14:
1831:
1629:Heads of State of Germany (since 1871)
1411:Acting President, as President of the
1392:
410:his successor as chancellor but named
381:In 1934, after the death of President
18:President of Germany (Weimar Republic)
1601:
1444:
1016:
441:† denotes people who died in office.
1472:
1203:In March 1930, Hindenburg appointed
964:("Chancellor of the Reich") and his
1512:
995:
958:Appointment of the Government: The
455:
452:
24:
1129:, president 1925–1934, painted by
1082:, president 1919–1925, painted by
358:The Weimar constitution created a
25:
1865:
1346:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1298:
745:
690:
629:
575:
521:
472:
62:
90:The Presidential Palace at the
1583:
13:
1:
1422:
1370:List of presidents of Germany
1141:was established as a kind of
1844:Presidents by former country
727:10 years, 271 days
406:in April 1945, Hitler named
7:
1839:Weimar Republic politicians
1693:Federal Republic of Germany
1544:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087
1358:
1269:. He had by then appointed
1224:General Kurt von Schleicher
901:, to drop out in favour of
895:first presidential election
797:
10:
1870:
1118:) who looks the other way.
1070:
907:Communist Party of Germany
666:9 years, 82 days
501:6 years, 17 days
425:established the office of
29:
1816:
1766:
1691:
1635:
1430:Presidents and Assemblies
1259:Final Political Testament
1222:After briefly appointing
461:
277:
246:
226:
216:
208:
198:
188:
176:
161:
145:
133:
125:
115:
102:
81:
70:Standard of the President
61:
44:
39:
1681:Führer and Reichskanzler
1385:
1257:drew to a close. In his
1240:Führer und Reichskanzler
715:Führer und Reichskanzler
399:Führer und Reichskanzler
360:semi-presidential system
1821:indicates acting holder
1758:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
1520:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
1480:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
1267:ended the war in Europe
1182:Social Democratic Party
1159:constitutional monarchy
1054:Constitution of Austria
909:to run their candidate
498:28 February 1925 †
265:(Allied dissolution of
189:Constituting instrument
1728:Richard von Weizsäcker
1292:Presidential standards
1286:Allied Control Council
1134:
1119:
1099:
1087:
1036:Removal and succession
954:
890:
856:
811:
642:
337:
330:president of the Reich
311:
301:Präsident der Republik
299:
287:
46:
40:President of the Reich
1854:Presidents of Germany
1445:Veser, Ernst (1997).
1400:Chancellor of Germany
1398:Acting President, as
1155:William II of Germany
1125:
1105:
1093:
1078:
949:
888:
850:
805:
437:List of officeholders
1808:Sabine Bergmann-Pohl
1365:President of Germany
1157:under the system of
942:Duties and functions
724:30 April 1945 †
663:2 August 1934 †
644:Generalfeldmarschall
353:president of Germany
267:Flensburg Government
32:President of Germany
1673:Paul von Hindenburg
1375:Politics of Germany
1127:Paul von Hindenburg
1096:Paul von Hindenburg
952:Weimar Constitution
903:Paul von Hindenburg
866:was elected by the
853:Paul von Hindenburg
816:Weimar constitution
651:Paul von Hindenburg
349:Weimar constitution
257:Paul von Hindenburg
231:Paul von Hindenburg
193:Weimar constitution
140:Presidential Palace
1482:(September 2005).
1380:History of Germany
1271:Ludwig von Krosigk
1135:
1120:
1100:
1088:
1029:Präsidialkabinette
1017:Powers in practice
955:
891:
857:
812:
234:(constitutionally)
1826:
1825:
1522:(December 2005).
1500:on 19 August 2008
1061:Staatsgerichtshof
923:reelected in 1932
915:spoiler candidate
879:Gustav Stresemann
868:National Assembly
795:
794:
771:
710:
657:
601:
595:
547:
541:
492:
427:Federal President
326:
325:
16:(Redirected from
1861:
1713:Gustav Heinemann
1622:
1615:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1578:, 1 August 1934:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1546:
1528:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1493:. Archived from
1488:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1451:
1442:
1416:
1409:
1403:
1396:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1205:Heinrich Brüning
1190:Weimar coalition
1161:being replaced.
1094:Reichspräsident
996:Emergency powers
875:Walther Rathenau
823:two round system
769:
756:
749:
718:
708:
701:
694:
655:
647:
640:
639:Hindenburg, Paul
633:
597:
593:
586:
579:
551:28 February 1925
543:
539:
532:
525:
495:11 February 1919
490:
483:
482:Ebert, Friedrich
476:
444:
443:
319:
316:
307:
304:
295:
292:
280:
270:
260:
242:
235:
212:11 February 1919
171:two-round system
88:
76:
66:
57:
49:
37:
36:
21:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1812:
1803:Manfred Gerlach
1783:Walter Ulbricht
1770:
1762:
1748:Christian Wulff
1695:
1687:
1669:Friedrich Ebert
1661:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1531:French Politics
1526:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1342:
1339:
1330:
1327:
1318:
1315:
1306:
1303:
1294:
1263:Joseph Goebbels
1244:Reichspräsident
1217:Franz von Papen
1171:Reichspräsident
1139:Reichspräsident
1108:Franz von Papen
1080:Friedrich Ebert
1073:
1038:
1019:
1007:Notverordnungen
998:
944:
864:Friedrich Ebert
851:Propaganda for
800:
768:
762:
754:
751:
750:
712:
711:
707:
699:
696:
695:
680:
654:
648:
638:
635:
634:
602:
596:
592:
584:
581:
580:
548:
542:
538:
530:
527:
526:
489:
486:Friedrich Ebert
481:
478:
477:
450:Reichspräsident
439:
431:Bundespräsident
416:Reichspräsident
408:Joseph Goebbels
372:Reichspräsident
338:Reichspräsident
322:
317:
313:Bundespräsident
305:
293:
278:
273:
264:
254:
240:
236:
233:
221:Friedrich Ebert
183:
168:
166:Direct election
98:
89:
77:
74:
73:
51:
47:Reichspräsident
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1867:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1793:Erich Honecker
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1708:Heinrich Lübke
1705:
1699:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1643:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1582:
1565:
1537:(3): 323–351.
1511:
1471:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1404:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1192:united behind
1175:Robert Redslob
1149:: replacement
1131:Max Liebermann
1112:Hermann Göring
1072:
1069:
1037:
1034:
1018:
1015:
997:
994:
993:
992:
989:
986:
982:
974:
970:
943:
940:
911:Ernst Thälmann
845:
844:
799:
796:
793:
792:
789:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
752:
744:
743:
740:
739:
736:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
697:
689:
688:
685:
684:
675:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
636:
628:
627:
624:
623:
620:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
585:Simons, Walter
582:
574:
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566:
561:
558:
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552:
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479:
471:
470:
467:
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463:
460:
459:Time in office
457:
454:
451:
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438:
435:
324:
323:
321:
320:
308:
296:
283:
281:
275:
274:
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261:
253:2 August 1934
250:
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106:
100:
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92:Wilhelmstrasse
83:
82:
79:
78:
75:(1933–1934/35)
67:
59:
58:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1866:
1855:
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1778:Wilhelm Pieck
1776:
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1753:Joachim Gauck
1751:
1749:
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1736:
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1723:Karl Carstens
1721:
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1718:Walter Scheel
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1703:Theodor Heuss
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1413:Reichsgericht
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1275:Allied powers
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1084:Lovis Corinth
1081:
1077:
1068:
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1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1043:Reichsgericht
1033:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1003:
990:
987:
983:
980:
975:
971:
967:
963:
962:
961:Reichskanzler
957:
956:
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950:Chart of the
948:
939:
937:
933:
928:
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920:
916:
912:
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904:
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835:
830:
828:
824:
819:
817:
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790:
788:
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779:
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774:30 April 1945
773:
767:
766:
761:
760:
753:
748:
742:
741:
737:
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723:
721:2 August 1934
720:
717:
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706:
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700:Hitler, Adolf
698:
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621:
619:
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605:12 March 1925
604:
600:
591:
590:
589:Walter Simons
583:
578:
572:
571:
567:
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562:
559:
556:
554:12 March 1925
553:
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546:
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345:head of state
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291:
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285:
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279:Superseded by
276:
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120:Head of state
118:
114:
111:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
87:
80:
72:
71:
65:
60:
55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
1818:
1768:East Germany
1743:Horst Köhler
1738:Johannes Rau
1733:Roman Herzog
1696:(since 1949)
1680:
1677:Adolf Hitler
1663:
1662:
1645:
1644:
1637:German Reich
1585:
1556:. Retrieved
1534:
1530:
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1495:the original
1490:
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1457:
1453:
1440:
1429:
1407:
1394:
1283:
1251:World War II
1248:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1229:Enabling Act
1221:
1210:
1202:
1198:Centre Party
1194:Wilhelm Marx
1179:
1170:
1143:Ersatzkaiser
1142:
1138:
1136:
1060:
1058:
1047:
1039:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1011:
1006:
999:
985:German laws.
959:
932:Nazi Germany
927:Adolf Hitler
892:
872:
861:
858:
840:
831:
820:
813:
780:23 days
763:
757:
755:Dönitz, Karl
713:
704:Adolf Hitler
702:
673:Non partisan
649:
618:Non partisan
611:61 days
598:
587:
564:Non partisan
557:12 days
544:
533:
531:Luther, Hans
484:
440:
430:
420:
415:
397:
387:Adolf Hitler
380:
371:
357:
352:
329:
327:
263:23 May 1945
227:Final holder
217:First holder
182:Seven years,
68:
1788:Willi Stoph
1771:(1949–1990)
1685:Karl Dönitz
1640:(1871–1945)
1428:Chapter 4,
1186:Kapp Putsch
1163:Hugo Preuss
1050:impeachment
899:Karl Jarres
842:individual.
808:Karl Jarres
777:23 May 1945
770:(1891–1980)
765:Karl Dönitz
759:Großadmiral
709:(1889–1945)
660:12 May 1925
656:(1847–1934)
608:12 May 1925
594:(1861–1937)
540:(1879–1962)
535:Hans Luther
491:(1871–1925)
456:Left office
453:Took office
412:Karl Dönitz
318:(from 1949)
306:(1949–1960)
294:(1934–1945)
238:Karl Dönitz
178:Term length
1833:Categories
1798:Egon Krenz
1664:Presidents
1659:Wilhelm II
1558:15 October
1504:15 October
1464:15 October
1460:(1): 39–60
1423:References
1002:Article 48
979:referendum
814:Under the
806:Candidate
391:chancellor
389:, already
383:Hindenburg
368:parliament
347:under the
340:) was the
255:(Death of
241:(de facto)
110:Excellency
1651:Wilhelm I
1353:1934–1945
1341:1933–1934
1329:1926–1933
1317:1921–1926
1305:1919–1921
1279:Flensburg
1167:Max Weber
973:practice.
919:Komintern
834:Reichstag
827:plurality
465:Election
447:Portrait
404:last will
376:Reichstag
247:Abolished
209:Formation
199:Precursor
162:Appointer
135:Residence
129:Abolished
1646:Emperors
1553:73642272
1359:See also
1213:senility
1133:in 1927.
1086:in 1924.
798:Election
169:under a
1819:Italics
1196:of the
1151:Emperor
1147:English
1071:History
966:cabinet
364:cabinet
156:Germany
1551:
1255:Europe
1065:quorum
936:Führer
783:
730:
669:
614:
599:Acting
560:
545:Acting
504:
370:. The
342:German
334:German
289:Führer
152:Berlin
126:Status
96:Berlin
54:German
50:
1549:S2CID
1527:(PDF)
1498:(PDF)
1487:(PDF)
1450:(PDF)
1386:Notes
1116:NSDAP
787:NSDAP
734:NSDAP
462:Party
104:Style
1683:) •
1560:2016
1506:2016
1466:2016
1137:The
893:The
682:1932
678:1925
513:1919
421:The
366:and
328:The
147:Seat
116:Type
108:His
1539:doi
1253:in
938:".
508:SPD
414:as
94:in
1835::
1675:•
1671:•
1667::
1657:•
1653:•
1649::
1568:^
1547:.
1533:.
1529:.
1489:.
1458:11
1456:.
1452:.
1281:.
1177:.
395:as
385:,
355:.
336::
154:,
1679:(
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1562:.
1541::
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1415:.
1402:.
1145:(
1114:(
1026:(
791:–
738:–
622:–
568:–
429:(
332:(
269:)
259:)
56:)
52:(
34:.
20:)
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