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1663:(also known as âthermonuclearâ or âhydrogenâ weapons) use the fission process to initiate fusion. Fusion weapons use the energy released from a fission explosion to fuse hydrogen isotopes together. The energy released from these weapons creates a fireball, which reaches tens of million degrees. A temperature of this magnitude is similar to the temperature found at center of the sun, so it shouldn't be any surprise to learn that the sun runs on fusion as well.
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detonating chemical explosives around a pit of either uranium-235 or plutonium-239 metal. The force from this detonation is directed inwards, causing the pit of uranium or plutonium to compress to a dense point. Once the uranium/plutonium is dense enough, neutrons are then injected. This starts a fission chain reaction also known as an atomic explosion.
1861:(BWC) supplements the Geneva Protocol by prohibiting the development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling, and use of biological weapons. Having entered into force on 26 March 1975, the BWC was the first multilateral disarmament treaty to ban the production of an entire category of weapons of mass destruction. As of March 2021,
1011:" radiological weapons, which have limited destructive potential (and close to none, as far as property is concerned), whereas nuclear and biological weapons have the unique ability to kill large numbers of people with very small amounts of material, and thus could be said to belong in a class by themselves.
1658:
Nuclear fission is when the nucleus of an atom is split into smaller nuclei. This process can be induced by shooting a neutron at the nucleus of an atom. When the neutron is absorbed by the atom, it becomes unstable, causing it to split and release energy. Modern nuclear weapons start this process by
1338:
Under the same statute, conspiring, attempting, threatening, or using a Weapon of Mass
Destruction may be imprisoned for any term of years or for life, and if resulting in death, be punishable by death or by imprisonment for any terms of years or for life. They can also be asked to pay a maximum fine
1296:
any "destructive device" as defined in Title 18 USC Section 921: any explosive, incendiary, or poison gas â bomb, grenade, rocket having a propellant charge of more than four ounces, missile having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one-quarter ounce, mine, or device similar to any of the
748:
It is a very far reaching control which would eliminate the rivalry between nations in this field, which would prevent the surreptitious arming of one nation against another, which would provide some cushion of time before atomic attack, and presumably therefore before any attack with weapons of mass
2862:
found that the trefoil radiation symbol is unintuitive and can be variously interpreted by those uneducated in its meaning; therefore, its role as a hazard warning was compromised as it did not clearly indicate "danger" to many non-Westerners and children who encountered it. As a result of research,
1309:
any device or weapon designed or intended to cause death or serious bodily injury by causing a malfunction of or destruction of an aircraft or other vehicle that carries humans or of an aircraft or other vehicle whose malfunction or destruction may cause said aircraft or other vehicle to cause death
1167:
An additional condition often implicitly applied to WMD is that the use of the weapons must be strategic. In other words, they would be designed to "have consequences far outweighing the size and effectiveness of the weapons themselves". The strategic nature of WMD also defines their function in the
717:). The phrase found its way into the very first resolution the United Nations General assembly adopted in January 1946 in London, which used the wording "the elimination from national armaments of atomic weapons and of all other weapons adaptable to mass destruction." The resolution also created the
2299:
Due to the potentially indiscriminate effects of WMD, the fear of a WMD attack has shaped political policies and campaigns, fostered social movements, and has been the central theme of many films. Support for different levels of WMD development and control varies nationally and internationally. Yet
1110:
Chemical weapons expert Gert G. Harigel considers only nuclear weapons true weapons of mass destruction, because "only nuclear weapons are completely indiscriminate by their explosive power, heat radiation and radioactivity, and only they should therefore be called a weapon of mass destruction". He
2866:
The red background is intended to convey urgent danger, and the sign is intended to be used on equipment where very strong ionizing radiation can be encountered if the device is dismantled or otherwise tampered with. The intended use of the sign is not in a place where the normal user will see it,
2561:
said "Since 2003, coalition forces have recovered approximately 500 weapons munitions which contain degraded mustard or sarin nerve agent". According to David Kay, who appeared before the U.S. House Armed
Services Committee to discuss these badly corroded munitions, they were leftovers, many years
2462:
A poll conducted between June and
September 2003 asked people whether they thought evidence of WMD had been discovered in Iraq since the war ended. They were also asked which media sources they relied upon. Those who obtained their news primarily from Fox News were three times as likely to believe
1003:
that contains an authoritative definition. Instead, international law has been used with respect to the specific categories of weapons within WMD, and not to WMD as a whole. While nuclear, chemical and biological weapons are regarded as the three major types of WMDs, some analysts have argued that
2443:
countries (Australia and the United States) and one opposed to the war (Germany). Results showed that U.S. citizens generally did not correct initial misconceptions regarding WMD, even following disconfirmation; Australian and German citizens were more responsive to retractions. Dependence on the
7613:
1662:
Nuclear fusion is essentially the opposite of fission. It is the fusing together of nuclei, not the splitting of it. When exposed to extreme pressure and temperature, some lightweight nuclei can fuse together and form heavier nuclei, releasing energy in the process. Interestingly, fusion weapons
783:
of 1967, but the treaty provides no definition of the phrase, and the treaty also categorically prohibits the stationing of "weapons" and the testing of "any type of weapon" in outer space, in addition to its specific prohibition against placing in orbit, or installing on celestial bodies, "any
1685:
At the start of 2023, nine statesâthe United States, Russia, the United
Kingdom, France, China, India, Pakistan, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK, or North Korea) and Israelâtogether possessed approximately 12â512 nuclear weapons, of which 9576 were considered to be potentially
1911:
has expanded restrictions to prohibit any use and development of chemical weapons except for very limited purposes (research, medical, pharmaceutical or protective). As of 2018, a handful of countries have known inventories, and many are in the process of being safely destroyed. Nonetheless,
2311:
Fear of WMD, or of threats diminished by the possession of WMD, has long been used to catalyze public support for various WMD policies. They include mobilization of pro- and anti-WMD campaigners alike, and generation of popular political support. The term WMD may be used as a powerful
916:, but all were considered to be unusable because of corrosion or degradation. Iraq, however, declared a chemical weapons stockpile in 2009 which U.N. personnel had secured after the 1991 Gulf War. The stockpile contained mainly chemical precursors, but some munitions remained usable.
2413:
2. Most journalists accepted the Bush administration's formulation of the "War on Terror" as a campaign against WMD, in contrast to coverage during the
Clinton era, when many journalists made careful distinctions between acts of terrorism and the acquisition and use of WMD.
2275:) indiscriminately or are specifically prohibited by international treaties (which have become more comprehensive over time). Proponents of use say that specific uses of such weapons have been necessary for defense or to avoid more deaths in a protracted war. The tactic of
2696:, as both political commentary and humorous outlet. The actual phrase "weapons of mass destruction" has been used similarly and as a way to characterise any powerful force or product since the Iraqi weapons crisis in the lead up to the Coalition invasion of Iraq in 2003.
2364:
defines a weapon of mass destruction as: "a weapon that can cause widespread destruction or kill large numbers of people, especially a nuclear, chemical, or biological weapon." In other words, it does not have to be nuclear, biological or chemical (NBC). For example,
1045:
Chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapons capable of a high order of destruction or causing mass casualties and exclude the means of transporting or propelling the weapon where such means is a separable and divisible part from the weapon. Also called
5574:
819:, countered criticism by saying that "on no account shall we permit an enemy to develop weapons of mass destruction against the people of Israel." This policy of pre-emptive action against real or perceived weapons of mass destruction became known as the
6577:
Reports of the three previous studies in this series can be obtained from the
National Technical Information Service. See ...(3)Kerry G. Herron and Hank C. Jenkins-Smith, 1998, Public Perspectives on Nuclear Security: US National Security Surveys
1367:
allegedly placed crude shrapnel bombs, made from pressure cookers packed with ball bearings and nails, near the finish line of the Boston
Marathon. He was convicted in April 2015. The bombing resulted in three deaths and at least 264 injuries.
3394:
Treaty on
Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, Art. IV, Jan. 27, 1967, T.I.A.S. No. 6347, 610 U.N.T.S. 205, 18 U.S.T. 2410 (effective Oct. 10,
2566:: "When I was running the ISG â the Iraq Survey Group â we had a couple of them that had been turned in to these IEDs, the improvised explosive devices. But they are local hazards. They are not a major, you know, weapon of mass destruction."
965:. However, some scholars have objected to classifying cyber weapons as WMD on the grounds that they "cannot directly injure or kill human beings as efficiently as guns or bombs" or clearly "meet the legal and historical definitions" of WMD.
5487:
2409:
1. Most media outlets represented WMD as a monolithic menace, failing to adequately distinguish between weapons programs and actual weapons or to address the real differences among chemical, biological, nuclear, and radiological weapons.
1275:â bomb, grenade, rocket having a propellant charge of more than four ounces, missile having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one-quarter ounce, mine, or device similar to any of the devices described in the preceding clauses
7672:
1351:
today to define the term 'weapons of mass destruction' and were told it includes airplanes used as missiles". Moussaoui was indicted and tried for conspiracy to both destroy aircraft and use weapons of mass destruction, among others.
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A Russian opinion poll conducted on 5 August 2005 indicated half the population believed new nuclear powers have the right to possess nuclear weapons. 39% believed the
Russian stockpile should be reduced, though not eliminated.
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In addition to previous treaties on bombardment of civilian areas generally, carpet bombing of cities, towns, villages, or other areas containing a concentration of civilians was specifically designated a war crime by the 1977
4648:
2636:
While maintenance of the U.S. nuclear arsenal was considered above average in importance, there was widespread support for a reduction in the stockpile, and very little support for developing and testing new nuclear weapons.
7647:
2348:. Broad reference to Iraqi WMD in general was seen as an element of President Bush's arguments. The claim that Iraq possessed Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) was a major factor that led to the invasion of Iraq in 2003 by
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but in a place where it will be seen by someone who has started to dismantle a radiation-emitting device or equipment. The aim of the sign is to warn people such as scrap metal workers to stop work and leave the area.
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a new radiation hazard symbol (ISO 21482) was developed in 2007 to be placed near the most dangerous parts of radiation sources featuring a skull, someone running away, and using a red rather than yellow background.
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operationally available. An estimated 3844 of these warheads were deployed with operational forces, including about 2000 that were kept in a state of high operational alertâthe same number as the previous year.
7906:
2417:
3. Many stories stenographically reported the incumbent administration's perspective on WMD, giving too little critical examination of the way officials framed the events, issues, threats, and policy options.
5738:"Advice on chemical weapons sample stability and storage provided by the Scientific Advisory Board of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons to increase investigative capabilities worldwide"
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BJP won the elections, and on 14 May, three days after India tested nuclear weapons for the second time, a public opinion poll reported that a majority of
Indians favored the country's nuclear build-up.
1879:
Chemical weapons have been used around the world by various civilizations since ancient times. The oldest reported case of a chemical substance being used as a weapon was in 256 AD during the siege of
1121:
frequently used the term "weapons of mass terror", apparently also recognizing the distinction between the psychological and the physical effects of many things currently falling into the WMD category.
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4. Too few stories proffered alternative perspectives to official line, a problem exacerbated by the journalistic prioritizing of breaking-news stories and the "inverted pyramid" style of storytelling.
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Awareness and opinions of WMD have varied during the course of their history. Their threat is a source of unease, security, and pride to different people. The anti-WMD movement is embodied most in
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Venkatesh; Tsao, Jeffrey Y.; Bustamante, Constanza M. Vidal; Calidas, Doug; Bingen, Kari A.; Williams, Heather; Nye, Joseph S.; Walt, Stephen M.; Brooks, Harvey; Comiter, Marcus (13 May 1998).
2355:
Over 500 munitions containing mustard agent and sarin were discovered throughout Iraq since 2003; they were made in the 1980s and are no longer usable as originally intended due to corrosion.
1788:, Japan conducted aerial attacks on China using fleas carrying the bubonic plague. During the 20th century, at least nine states have operated offensive biological weapons programs, including
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7518:
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1700:
developed a small nuclear arsenal in the 1980s but disassembled them in the early 1990s, making it the only country to have fully given up an independently developed nuclear weapons arsenal.
7901:
1255:, the U.S. Code defines weapons of mass destruction as "chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons, and chemical, biological, and nuclear materials used in the manufacture of such weapons".
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7853:
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1884:. A mixture of tar and sulfur was used to produce sulfur oxides, which helped take control of the city. In the industrial era, chemical weapons were used extensively by both sides during
1236:
any weapon or device that is intended, or has the capability, to cause death or serious bodily injury to a significant number of people through the release, dissemination, or impact of:
4517:
4237:
1612:
6147:
6453:
2455:
Once information is published, its subsequent correction does not alter people's beliefs unless they are suspicious about the motives underlying the events the news stories are about.
1328:(B) any weapon that is designed or intended to cause death or serious bodily injury through the release, dissemination, or impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals, or their precursors;
4656:
554:
1156:
could be described as WMD because the fatalities they cause "dwarf that of all other weapons systems â and in most years greatly exceed the toll of the atomic bombs that devastated
2389:
In March 2004, the Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland (CISSM) released a report examining the media's coverage of WMD issues during three separate periods:
768:
spoke of not filling space "with weapons of mass destruction, but with instruments of knowledge and understanding." The following month, during a televised presentation about the
1278:
any weapon that is designed or intended to cause death or serious bodily injury through the release, dissemination, or impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals, or their precursors
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2912:
2291:
has also been criticized, defended, and prohibited by treaty in the same way; the destructive effect of conventional saturation bombing is similar to that of a nuclear weapon.
1907:. These treaties prohibited the use of poisons or chemical agents in international warfare, but did not place restrictions on development or weapon stockpiles. Since 1997, the
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1133:
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The repetition of tentative news stories, even if they are subsequently disconfirmed, can assist in the creation of false memories in a substantial proportion of people.
1300:
any weapon designed or intended to cause death or serious bodily injury through the release, dissemination, or impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals or their precursors
8728:
8723:
1103:
Chemical and biological weapons and all stocks of agents and all related subsystems and components and all research, development, support and manufacturing facilities.
2463:
that evidence of WMD had been discovered in Iraq than those who relied on PBS and NPR for their news, and one third more likely than those who primarily watched CBS.
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5843:
4604:
1849:, which prohibits the use but not the possession or development of biological and chemical weapons. Upon ratification of the Geneva Protocol, several countries made
1100:"Nuclear weapons or nuclear-weapons-usable material or any sub-systems or components or any research, development, support or manufacturing facilities relating to .
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covertly operated the world's largest, longest, and most sophisticated biological weapons program, in violation of its obligations under international law.
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7652:
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Boston public health officials said Tuesday that they have revised downward their estimate of the number of people injured in the Marathon attacks, to 264.
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released their third report on U.S. perceptions â including the general public, politicians and scientists â of nuclear weapons since the breakup of the
1137:
6177:
2553:
In 2006, Fox News reported the claims of two Republican lawmakers that WMDs had been found in Iraq, based upon unclassified portions of a report by the
1057:
804:" was used to refer to the American nuclear arsenal. However, there is no precise definition of the "strategic" category, neither considering range nor
7757:
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518:. The scope and usage of the term has evolved and been disputed, often signifying more politically than technically. Originally coined in reference to
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radiological materials as well as missile technology and delivery systems such as aircraft and ballistic missiles could be labeled as WMDs as well.
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6008:
3464:
1655:
Nuclear weapons use the energy inside of an atom's nucleus to create massive explosions. This goal is achieved through nuclear fission and fusion.
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590:
Who can think at this present time without a sickening of the heart of the appalling slaughter, the suffering, the manifold misery brought by war
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should be "a very important U.S. foreign policy goal", accomplished through multilateral arms control rather than the use of military threats.
1817:
1172:
as targeting the means a country would use to support and supply its war effort, specifically its population, industry, and natural resources.
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added WMD to its list of terms banished for "Mis-use, Over-use and General Uselessness" (and "as a card that trumps all forms of aggression").
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prefers to call chemical and biological weapons "weapons of terror" when aimed against civilians and "weapons of intimidation" for soldiers.
849:
The end of the Cold War reduced U.S. reliance on nuclear weapons as a deterrent, causing it to shift its focus to disarmament. With the 1990
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598:? Who can think without horror of what another widespread war would mean, waged as it would be with all the new weapons of mass destruction?
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4347:
1809:
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recognized the "considerable and long-standing academic debate about the proper interpretation of the phrase 'weapons of mass destruction
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331:
291:
281:
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2431:
In a separate study published in 2005, a group of researchers assessed the effects reports and retractions in the media had on people's
1219:
or device similar to the above. (2) Poison gas. (3) Any weapon involving a disease organism. (4) Any weapon that is designed to release
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5893:
4022:
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contaminated their adversaries' wells by placing animal corpses in them. However, only by the turn of the 20th century did advances in
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understanding of the nature of the threats is not high, in part because of imprecise usage of the term by politicians and the media.
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186:
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Horowitz, Michael C., and Neil Narang. "Poor Man's atomic bomb? exploring the relationship between "weapons of mass destruction"."
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sentenced some members of the Japanese army to jail terms for the use of biological and chemical weapons during World War II. The
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815:, the destruction of a pre-operational nuclear reactor inside Iraq by the Israeli Air Force in 1981, the Israeli prime minister,
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Also in 1998, nuclear weapons became an issue in India's election of March, in relation to political tensions with neighboring
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or serious bodily injury to humans who may be within range of the vector in its course of travel or the travel of its debris.
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destruction, and which would go a long way toward removing atomic energy at least as a source of conflict between the powers.
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1331:(C) any weapon involving a biological agent, toxin, or vector (as those terms are defined in section 178 of this title); or
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Ballistic missiles with a range greater than 150 kilometres and related major parts, and repair and production facilities."
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inspired the creation of The WMD Awareness Programme to provide trustworthy and up to date information on WMD worldwide.
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1023:
877:
865:
and other western politicians and media continued to use the term, usually in reference to ongoing attempts to dismantle
31:
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7244: (archived 17 February 2006), by Susan D. Moeller, Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland, 2004.
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Testimony of one such soldier expresses the same viewpoint. For a period of several months in the winter of 2002â2003,
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5655:
4900:
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3703:"Defining a Class of Offensive Destructive Cyber Weapons As Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Examination of the Merits"
1363:, was charged in June 2013 with the federal offense of "use of a weapon of mass destruction" after he and his brother
1007:
However, there is an argument that nuclear and biological weapons do not belong in the same category as chemical and "
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5437:(pp. 698-712). Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: Harvard University Press. Retrieved February 7, 2021, from
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Some commentators classify some or all the uses of nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons during wartime as a
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FindLaw Forum: Weapons of mass destruction and international law's principle that civilians cannot be targeted
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Later, wikileaks would show that WMDs of these kinds continued to be found as the Iraqi occupation continued.
2458:
When people ignore corrections, they do so irrespective of how certain they are that the corrections occurred.
2381:. In other words, it was a weapon that caused large-scale death and destruction, without being an NBC weapon.
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7130:
6527:
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2700:
may introduce novel weapons of mass destruction with much greater yields or impact than anything in reality.
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1521:
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1. prevent nuclear proliferation; 2. promote nuclear disarmament; 3. promote peaceful uses of nuclear energy
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A majority also believed the United States should be more forthcoming with its biological research and its
2360:
796:, the term "weapons of mass destruction" was primarily a reference to nuclear weapons. At the time, in the
682:) with tracing what he considers the earliest known English-language use soon after the nuclear bombing of
5575:"The Shortcomings of Indeterminacy in Arms Control Regimes: The Case of the Biological Weapons Convention"
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as WMD, in particular those aimed to bring about large-scale (physical) destruction, such as by targeting
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8810:
7372:
5847:
3619:
2917:
2890:"We wanted something that was memorable but meaningless, so we could educate people as to what it means."
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1908:
1572:
1334:(D) any weapon that is designed to release radiation or radioactivity at a level dangerous to human life;
908:; however, American forces found none in Iraq. They found old stockpiles of chemical munitions including
402:
44:
7204:
United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research: Weapons of Mass Destruction Control & Enforcement
7177:
United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research: Weapons of Mass Destruction Control & Enforcement
7150:
United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research: Weapons of Mass Destruction Control & Enforcement
6017:
3468:
2875:
2794:
2659:(PIPA) reported that U.S. citizens showed high levels of concern regarding WMD, and that preventing the
826:
The term "weapons of mass destruction" continued to see periodic use, usually in the context of nuclear
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8708:
8186:
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7793:
7586:
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1502:
1318:, shoe bombs, and cactus needles coated with a biological toxin have been obtained under 18 USC 2332a.
753:
The term was also used in the introduction to the hugely influential U.S. government document known as
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38:
17:
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6207:
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2948:
Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction
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6617:"Pakistan's Nuclear Tests Attempt to Restore Mutual Deterrence, Pakistan Tells Disarmament Committee"
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5252:
5225:
5198:
3451:
2398:
1853:
regarding its applicability and use in retaliation. Due to these reservations, it was in practice a "
1232:
For the general purposes of national defense, the U.S. Code defines a weapon of mass destruction as:
1220:
885:
857:, Iraq's nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons programs became a particular concern of the first
7044:
Weapons of Mass Destruction: The no-nonsense guide to nuclear, chemical and biological weapons today
5142:
Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World
4629:
4188:
4086:
2320:. It is also used ambiguously, particularly by not distinguishing among the different types of WMD.
1284:
any weapon that is designed to release radiation or radioactivity at a level dangerous to human life
76:
8665:
8486:
8413:
8331:
8321:
8230:
8113:
7936:
7367:
7362:
4488:
4461:
3049:
2622:
2440:
2280:
1387:
920:
801:
595:
579:
84:
5046:
4156:
2886:
According to Charles Dullin, an environmental-health engineer who contributed to its development:
1753:
1081:
are considered weapons of mass destruction, while aircraft capable of carrying bombloads are not.
8885:
8583:
8531:
8480:
8326:
8316:
7387:
7357:
7075:
4343:
4295:
4087:
Review of Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction: Report of a Committee of Privy Counsellors
3381:
2808:
2771:
2370:
1451:
1432:
1356:
1092:". The committee set out to avoid the general term but when using it, employed the definition of
962:
901:
897:
846:, used the term in a 1989 speech to the United Nations, primarily in reference to chemical arms.
6946:
6880:
6424:
5382:
3525:"Confrontation in the Gulf; U.S. Explores New Strategies to Limit Weapons of Mass Destruction â"
3262:
Establishment of a Commission to Deal with the Problems Raised by the Discovery of Atomic Energy
523:
8516:
8392:
8311:
8026:
6827:
6797:
6767:
6680:
6284:
5929:
5301:
3382:
Televised remarks to the American people re "the Soviet military buildup on the island of Cuba"
2987:
2645:
2268:
1828:
4214:
3945:
3865:
3296:
3154:
797:
772:
on 22 October 1962, Kennedy made reference to "offensive weapons of sudden mass destruction."
8856:
8536:
8521:
8511:
8491:
8438:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7377:
7316:
3115:
2957:
2723:
2660:
2539:
2345:
2150:
1835:
905:
733:
679:
397:
6868:
6866:
5885:
5688:
4977:
2562:
old, improperly stored or destroyed by the Iraqis. Charles Duelfer agreed, stating on NPR's
1306:
any weapon designed to release radiation or radioactivity at a level dangerous to human life
8954:
7395:
5168:
4269:
3800:
2378:
889:
805:
776:
769:
714:
657:
562:
543:
158:
5978:
5411:
Chapter 2: Biological warfare before 1945. In Bioterror and Biowarfare: A Beginner's Guide
4514:"FindLaw for Legal Professionals â Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code"
8:
8928:
8890:
8621:
8601:
8223:
8006:
7010:
Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Encyclopedia of Worldwide Policy, Technology, and History
6863:
6737:
6710:
6307:
5855:
5328:
4773:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)"
3281:
2982:
2952:
2603:
2589:
2337:, invoked the fear of a nuclear war and was an element in Johnson's subsequent election.
1343:
1034:
653:
583:
495:
6125:
4344:"US CODE: 50, ch. 43âPreventing Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism"
3968:
3804:
3260:
2748:
2599:
835:
8851:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8638:
8616:
8611:
8578:
8568:
8428:
8423:
8306:
8257:
8011:
7971:
7941:
7340:
7219:
6323:
6255:
5915:
5602:
5479:
5471:
5247:
5117:
5090:
3824:
2922:
2648:(BJP) announced it would "declare India a nuclear weapon state" after coming to power.
1748:
1744:
1459:
1348:
1125:
988:
935:
893:
850:
839:
780:
687:
607:
535:
6616:
5689:"One hundred and one years after a milestone: Modern chemical weapons and World War I"
5355:
3551:"Global Nuclear Arsenal Declines, But Future Cuts Uncertain Amid U.S.-Russia Tensions"
3440:
2610:
In order to increase awareness of all kinds of WMD, in 2004 the nuclear physicist and
713:
used that exact phrase in 1946 (in a speech at the United Nations probably written by
690:(although it is not quite verbatim): a communique from a 15 November 1945, meeting of
8643:
8606:
8443:
8401:
8385:
8088:
8063:
8058:
7991:
7966:
7591:
7250:, by Stephan Lewandowsky, Werner G.K. Stritzke, Klaus Oberauer, and Michael Morales,
7223:
6734:"Russian public opinion on nuclear weapons â Blog â Russian strategic nuclear forces"
6707:"Russian public opinion on nuclear weapons â Blog â Russian strategic nuclear forces"
6543:
6501:
6393:
6368:
6327:
5818:
5623:
5594:
5483:
5414:
5145:
5122:
4164:
4016:
3828:
3816:
3590:"India Completes Chemical Weapons Disposal; Iraq Declares Stockpile | Analysis | NTI"
3414:
3302:
3160:
3121:
2997:
2977:
2779:
2611:
2577:
2448:
that WMD were indeed discovered, while they were not. This led to three conclusions:
2401:
in May 2003. The CISSM report argues that poor coverage resulted less from political
2366:
1850:
1834:
during the Sino-Japanese War (1937â1945), became infamous for conducting often fatal
1364:
1360:
1192:
1000:
904:
of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq that became the primary justification for the
843:
784:
objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction."
591:
575:
519:
5854:
was determined a war crime by Dutch and Iraqi courts, resulting in the execution of
4439:
4109:"Chemical and Biological Weapons: Use in Warfare, Impact on Society and Environment"
4037:"Weapons of Mass Destruction: State Department Oversight of Science Centers Program"
3710:
United States Air Force Center for Unconventional Weapon Studies Trinity Site Papers
3410:
Tactical nuclear weapons : emergent threats in an evolving security environment
2633:. Risks of nuclear conflict, proliferation, and terrorism were seen as substantial.
2444:
initial source of information led to a substantial minority of Americans exhibiting
8846:
8631:
8204:
8143:
8108:
8098:
8031:
7986:
7981:
7946:
7440:
7309:
7211:
7184:
7157:
6598:
6319:
5606:
5586:
5463:
5112:
5102:
4745:
4369:
4321:
3808:
2927:
2855:, and separated from each other by 60°. It is meant to represent a radiating atom.
2284:
1874:
1565:
992:
924:
919:
Because of its prolific use and (worldwide) public profile during this period, the
741:
729:
618:
539:
487:
143:
5763:"Status of Participation in the Chemical Weapons Convention as at 14 October 2013"
4417:
3997:
2943:
Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction
8913:
8805:
8433:
8396:
8301:
8128:
7996:
7578:
7241:
7068:
Bentley, Michelle, "War and/of Worlds: Constructing WMD in U.S. Foreign Policy",
6929:
6842:
6595:
Public perspectives on nuclear security. US national security surveys, 1993--1997
6431:
5897:
5519:
4093:
3952:
3922:"Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents Volume 37, Issue 19 (May 14, 2001)"
3576:
3447:
3329:
2932:
2901:
2697:
2689:
2405:
than from tired journalistic conventions. The report's major findings were that:
2390:
2317:
1904:
1893:
1846:
1720:
1647:
1638:
1592:
1413:
1347:
reported on 30 March 2006: "Jurors asked the judge in the death penalty trial of
984:
947:
939:
812:
765:
761:
626:
603:
547:
491:
148:
4723:
1912:
proliferation and use in war zones remains an active concern, most recently the
1427:
Ban the use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts
706:, as Bush claimed in 1970) referred to "weapons adaptable to mass destruction."
8880:
8449:
8407:
8148:
8103:
8093:
8053:
7264:
7215:
7189:
7162:
7087:
6621:
6609:
6063:
5956:
4814:
4064:
2883:
Developed by Dow Chemical company in the 1960s for their containment products.
2615:
2445:
2330:
2288:
2276:
1773:
1769:
1619:
1314:
Indictments and convictions for possession and use of WMD such as truck bombs,
1118:
913:
820:
816:
710:
699:
695:
671:
661:
630:
499:
336:
153:
5590:
5220:
5193:
4133:
3223:
2688:
Weapons of mass destruction and their related impacts have been a mainstay of
8943:
8501:
8380:
8181:
8171:
8118:
8041:
8021:
7883:
6923:
Drop it and Run! New Symbol Warns of Radiation Dangers and Aims to Save Lives
6331:
5598:
5438:
5274:
4933:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons"
4130:"A Soldier's Viewpoint on Surviving Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Attacks"
3820:
3812:
2821:
2756:
2709:
2558:
2374:
2222:
1772:
in 1346 and possibly much farther back to antiquity. It is believed that the
1292:'s definition is similar to that presented above from the terrorism statute:
1215:
having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one-quarter ounce , or
1176:
1085:
1033:
Other documents expand the definition of WMD to also include radiological or
831:
703:
507:
7268:
7058:
6638:
6564:
5551:
4942:
4846:
4691:
4235:
3843:
3522:
2340:
Later, United States' President George W. Bush used the threat of potential
983:
The most widely used definition of "weapons of mass destruction" is that of
8551:
8455:
8353:
8176:
8123:
8083:
8036:
5665:
5126:
5107:
4910:
4878:
4782:
3899:
3788:
3579:, Military.com, report filed by American Forces Press Service, 29 June 2006
3491:"Excerpts From Bush's Speech at the Opening of the U.N. General Assembly â"
2907:
2630:
1889:
1881:
1854:
1839:
1785:
1784:, German military attempted to introduce anthrax into Allied livestock. In
1777:
1766:
1713:
1377:
1264:
862:
827:
691:
675:
645:
558:
527:
7003:
Repairing the Regime: Preventing the Spread of Weapons of Mass Destruction
3359:
2393:
by India and Pakistan in May 1998; the U.S. announcement of evidence of a
2377:
law 18 U.S.C. 2332A for using a weapon of mass destruction and that was a
8917:
8506:
8341:
8286:
8016:
8001:
6731:
6704:
6475:
5002:
2937:
2341:
2272:
2102:
1781:
1074:
1062:
1038:
1014:
The NBC definition has also been used in official U.S. documents, by the
958:
622:
506:
that can kill or significantly harm many people or cause great damage to
5846:
for various perspectives on the only combat use of nuclear weapons. The
3848:
Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction, Occasional Paper 10
2572:
Many news agencies, including Fox News, reported the conclusions of the
896:
took hold in many countries. The fear reached a crescendo with the 2002
8558:
8336:
7101:
Stefano Felician, Le armi di distruzione di massa, CEMISS, Roma, 2010,
5911:
5475:
5008:
SIPRI Yearbook 2023: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security.
3088:
2402:
1705:
1315:
1272:
1208:
1196:
1153:
1149:
1008:
892:
in the United States, an increased fear of nonconventional weapons and
574:
The first use of the term "weapon of mass destruction" on record is by
5007:
4837:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty"
3844:"Future of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Their Nature and Role in 2030"
923:
voted "weapons of mass destruction" (and its abbreviation, "WMD") the
8246:
7976:
7080:
6563:
Herron, Kerry G.; Jenkins-Smith, Hank C.; Hughes, Scott (June 2000).
6446:"WikiLeaks Show WMD Hunt Continued in Iraq â With Surprising Results"
5884:
in particular has been referred to as mass murder: Volkery, Carsten.
5433:
Leitenberg, M., Zilinskas, R., & Kuhn, J. (2012). Conclusion. In
2816:
2271:
if widespread) because they kill civilians (who are protected by the
2264:
1845:
International restrictions on biological warfare began with the 1925
1827:
The Japanese biological weapons program, which was run by the secret
1675:
1216:
1188:
1169:
1157:
683:
515:
7078:, "What makes a weapon one of mass destruction?" (6 February 2004),
5467:
5047:"U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe | NATO Nuclear Weapons Policy | NTI"
3330:"NSC-68 United States Objectives and Programs for National Security"
1386:
The development and use of WMD is governed by several international
8895:
8546:
8376:
7782:
7062:
6602:
6479:
4061:"Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms"
3465:"CNN Cold War â Historical Documents: Reagan-Gorbachev transcripts"
2967:
2693:
2641:
2477:
2313:
2118:
1831:
1712:
inherited stockpiles of nuclear arms following the break-up of the
1679:
1161:
1129:
854:
793:
649:
612:
553:
6414:
Kay, David. "House Armed Services Committee Hearing", 29 June 2006
5979:"Weapons of Mass Destruction Are Overrated as a Threat to America"
4211:"What makes a weapon one of mass destruction?-News-UK-TimesOnline"
3523:
MICHAEL WINES, Special to The New York Times (30 September 1990).
2439:
during the 2003 Iraq War. The study focused on populations in two
2303:
1838:
on prisoners and producing biological weapons for combat use. The
1325:(A) any destructive device as defined in section 921 of the title;
1271:
any "destructive device" defined as any explosive, incendiary, or
1267:
concerning terrorism, weapons of mass destruction are defined as:
8573:
8563:
8541:
8526:
8166:
8138:
8133:
8048:
6597:(Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI).
4296:"US CODE: 50, ch. 40âDefense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction"
3497:. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Ussr). 26 September 1989.
2837:
2829:
2238:
2085:
1939:
1709:
1701:
1321:
As defined by 18 USC §2332 (a), a Weapon of Mass Destruction is:
1212:
1200:
6588:
6586:
4440:"US CODE: Title 18, § 2332a. Use of weapons of mass destruction"
3406:
1096:, which defined the systems which Iraq was required to abandon:
128:
7332:
3028:
2913:
Commission on the Prevention of WMD proliferation and terrorism
2432:
2426:
Susan D. Moeller, Media Coverage of Weapons of Mass Destruction
2206:
2134:
2035:
1732:
1689:
1204:
996:
754:
511:
503:
6998:(Routledge, 2014.) On the usage of the term in American policy
6644:
5656:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Biological Weapons Convention"
4869:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Biological Weapons Convention"
3946:
CIA Site Redirect – Central Intelligence Agency
1920:
Countries with known or possible chemical weapons, as of 2021
1899:
International restrictions on chemical warfare began with the
8215:
7173:"Compliance Management under the Chemical Weapons Convention"
7146:"Compliance and Enforcement in the Biological Weapons Regime"
6583:
3646:"Lake Superior State University:: Banished Words List:: 2003"
2472:
Respondents believing evidence of WMD had been found in Iraq
2188:
2170:
2067:
2051:
1987:
1971:
1955:
1780:
allow for the large-scale weaponization of pathogens. During
1666:
The only country to have used a nuclear weapon in war is the
909:
67:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
7137:
4901:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Chemical Weapons Convention"
3156:
Is Arsenic an Aphrodisiac?: The Sociochemistry of an Element
1134:
United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms
6996:
Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Strategic Use of a Concept
6732:
Russian public opinion on nuclear weapons (5 August 2005).
6705:
Russian public opinion on nuclear weapons (5 August 2005).
6306:
Kull, Steven; Ramsay, Clay; Lewis, Evan (1 December 2003).
4598:"18 U.S. Code § 2332a - Use of weapons of mass destruction"
4243:. American Institute of Chemists. p. 1. Archived from
3042:
2550:
Based on a series of polls taken from JuneâSeptember 2003.
2019:
2003:
1078:
1051:
957:
There have been calls to classify at least some classes of
951:
7301:
7200:"IAEA Mechanisms to Ensure Compliance with NPT Safeguards"
6874:"Biohazard and radioactive Symbol, design and proportions"
6530:. 26 June 2009. Archived from the original on 26 June 2009
6118:"Munitions Found in Iraq Meet WMD Criteria, Official Says"
4978:"How Nuclear Weapons Work | Union of Concerned Scientists"
3117:
Chemical and Biological Warfare: An Annotated Bibliography
1181:
Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive
656:. The application of the term to specifically nuclear and
8870:
6562:
6252:
Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland
6034:"'Daisy Girl' political ad still haunting 50 years later"
5844:
Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
3789:"The misunderstood acronym: Why cyber weapons aren't WMD"
2573:
2535:
2507:
2497:
2487:
1281:
any weapon involving a biological agent, toxin, or vector
1019:
943:
728:
An exact use of this term was given in a lecture titled "
531:
4714:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Partial Test Ban Treaty"
2803:
2258:
530:, it has later come to refer to large-scale weaponry of
5886:"60 Years after the Bombing of Dresden: A War of Words"
3672:"Criminal Complaint United States vs Dzhokhar Tsarnaev"
3288:
2870:
6425:
Expert: Iraq WMD Find Did Not Point to Ongoing Program
6178:"18 U.S.C. 2332a - Use of weapons of mass destruction"
5022:"Nuclear Warhead - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
3762:"The Pentagon Thinks Cyber Ops Could Be The Next WMDs"
2836:
Radiation Laboratory. At the time, it was rendered as
2828:
The international radioactivity symbol (also known as
27:
Weapon that can kill many people or cause great damage
5542:"Disarmament Treaties Database: 1925 Geneva Protocol"
4682:"Disarmament Treaties Database: 1925 Geneva Protocol"
4236:
Capt. G. Shane Hendricks, Dr. Margot J. Hall (2007).
3732:"Cyber Weapons â The New Weapons of Mass Destruction"
1719:
Countries where nuclear weapons are deployed through
664:
to the Russian phrase "ĐŃŃМио ПаŃŃОвОгО пОŃаМониŃ" â
5806:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
5788:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
5767:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
3413:(1. ed.). Washington DC: Brassey's. p. 7.
606:
had not been developed. Japan conducted research on
6760:"Unicode Character 'SKULL AND CROSSBONES' (U+2620)"
6652:
Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
6593:Herron, K.G.; Jenkins-Smith, H.C. (1 August 1998).
6592:
4746:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Outer Space Treaty"
4097:(HC 898), London: The Stationery Office, 2004, §14.
3301:(in German). Oxford University Press. p. 158.
1716:, but relinquished them to the Russian Federation.
876:In early 2019, more than 90% of the world's 13,865
6850:"Origin of the Radiation Warning Symbol (Trefoil)"
6016:
6002:
6000:
5819:https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/destruction-progress/
7120:Weapons of Mass Destruction and International Law
5449:
4238:"The History and Science of CBRNE Agents, Part I"
3266: 24 January 1946. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
3192:
3190:
3188:
3152:
1258:
1136:and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, quoted the
8941:
6898:"Origin of the Radiation Warning Sign (Trefoil)"
6548:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6373:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6355:. Archived from the original on 10 February 2006
6087:"President Bush Meets with Prime Minister Blair"
6085:Blair, Tony; Bush, George W. (31 January 2003).
4649:"Injury toll from Marathon bombs reduced to 264"
1239:toxic or poisonous chemicals or their precursors
7114:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540
6790:"Unicode Character 'RADIOACTIVE SIGN' (U+2622)"
6305:
6245:"Media coverage of weapons of mass destruction"
5997:
5091:"Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa"
4805:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Sea-bed Treaty"
1914:use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War
1651:US and Russian nuclear stockpiles, 1945 to 2014
1061:Protest in Amsterdam against the deployment of
6502:"Iraq WMD Inspectors End Search, Find Nothing"
5981:. The Independent Institute. 28 January 2004.
5778:
5776:
5452:"Legal Aspects of the Geneva Protocol of 1925"
3407:Brian Alexander, Alistair Millar, ed. (2003).
3185:
2717:Symbol Type (Toxic, Radioactive or Biohazard)
2684:Weapons of mass destruction in popular culture
1896:) though Allied powers also stockpiled them.
1627:
1251:For the purposes of the prevention of weapons
1094:United Nations Security Council Resolution 687
8231:
7317:
7238:Media Coverage of Weapons of Mass Destruction
6820:"Unicode Character 'BIOHAZARD SIGN' (U+2623)"
6308:"Misperceptions, the Media, and the Iraq War"
6281:"Psychological Science â Journal Information"
5757:
5755:
5661:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
5629:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
5547:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
5515:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
4938:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
4906:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
4874:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
4842:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
4810:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
4778:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
4751:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
4719:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
4687:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
3029:"Hydrogen Bomb test explosion - Redwing Tewa"
3003:United States and weapons of mass destruction
2847:, the blades having an internal radius of 1.5
1903:, and was expanded significantly by the 1925
459:
65:The examples and perspective in this article
7248:Memory for fact, fiction, and misinformation
6556:
6062:. Anderson Valley Advertiser. Archived from
5831:List of weapons of mass destruction treaties
4270:"US CODE: Title 50âWar and National Defense"
2843:It is drawn with a central circle of radius
1600:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
1382:List of weapons of mass destruction treaties
7027:Common sense on weapons of mass destruction
5802:"Myanmar Joins Chemical Weapons Convention"
5773:
5001:Kristensen, Hans M; Korda, Matt. (2023). "
4161:International Encyclopedia of Public Health
3518:
3516:
3275:
3159:. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 241.
3113:
880:were owned by Russia and the United States.
8238:
8224:
7324:
7310:
7092:Definition of 'Weapon of Mass Destruction'
6476:"CIA's Final Report: No WMD Found in Iraq"
6348:Misperceptions, the Media and the Iraq War
5752:
5450:Baxter RR, Buergenthal T (28 March 2017).
5439:http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbscf.30
4370:"US CODE: 50, ch. 43; § 2902. Definitions"
4322:"US CODE: 50, ch. 40, § 2302. Definitions"
3841:
3356:"John F. Kennedy Moon SpeechâRice Stadium"
3294:
3199:"On Language; Weapons of Mass Destruction"
2592:, and led to the formation of the British
2576:that, based upon the investigation of the
1892:(both in battle and in extermination camp
1863:183 states have become party to the treaty
1297:devices described in the preceding clauses
1071:separable and divisible part of the weapon
968:
569:
466:
452:
127:
7291:Program on International Policy Attitudes
7188:
7161:
7138:Compliance with international WMD regimes
7022:(Britannica Educational Publishing, 2011)
6567:(Report). UNM Institute for Public Policy
6443:
6283:. Blackwellpublishing.com. Archived from
6084:
6057:
5735:
5456:The American Journal of International Law
5116:
5106:
4155:Sidel, Victor W.; Levy, Barry S. (2016).
4154:
4063:. Dtic.mil. 12 April 2001. Archived from
3842:Caves, John; Carus, W. Seth (June 2014).
3569:Munitions Found in Iraq Meet WMD Criteria
2657:Program on International Policy Attitudes
2294:
1516:Ban stationing of WMD on the ocean floor
642:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
103:Learn how and when to remove this message
8862:Post-conflict reception of war criminals
7197:
7051:
6392:. Fox News. 22 June 2006. Archived from
6390:"Report: Hundreds of WMDs Found in Iraq"
5869:Aerial bombardment and international law
3622:. Americandialect.org. 13 January 2003.
3513:
3242:
2815:
2703:
2598:
2302:
1752:
1688:
1646:
1056:
871:
552:
7279:
7143:
6565:Mass and Elite Viewson Nuclear Security
6242:
6115:
6031:
6006:
5736:Timperley, Christopher (October 2018).
5693:Educacion Quimica (chemistry education)
5686:
5169:"The A to Z of international relations"
5088:
4418:"US CODE: Title 18, § 921. Definitions"
4106:
3434:
3050:"Weapon of mass destruction - weaponry"
2397:in October 2002; and revelations about
1546:Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention
1454:except for those conducted underground
1303:any weapon involving a disease organism
1054:(intercontinental ballistic missiles).
978:
787:
775:An early use of the exact phrase in an
14:
8942:
7107:
7029:(University of Washington Press, 2011)
7025:Graham Jr, Thomas, and Thomas Graham.
5950:
4462:"What is A Weapon of Mass Destruction"
4021:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3859:
3857:
3196:
3008:Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission
2993:Russia and weapons of mass destruction
2904: â 2015 American documentary film
2670:commitment of nuclear arms reduction.
1227:
8219:
7305:
7170:
7124:American Society of International Law
6953:from the original on 17 February 2007
6116:Quigley, Samantha L. (29 June 2006).
6058:St. Clair, Jeffrey (13 August 2003).
5636:from the original on 15 February 2021
5618:
5616:
5579:American Journal of International Law
5572:
5435:The Soviet Biological Weapons Program
5408:
5163:
5161:
5139:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4420:. .law.cornell.edu. 13 September 1994
4107:Harigel, Gert G. (22 November 2001).
3965:"Message of the Secretary of Defense"
3729:
3700:
2804:Radioactive weaponry or hazard symbol
2677:
2583:
2259:Ethics and international legal status
1738:
1522:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
1028:U.S. Government Accountability Office
652:, the term came to refer more to non-
582:, in 1937 in reference to the aerial
514:structures (e.g., mountains), or the
8292:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868
6624:Meetings Coverage and Press Releases
5490:from the original on 27 October 2017
5057:from the original on 7 November 2018
4646:
4468:from the original on 13 October 2010
3863:
3786:
3701:Hatch, Benjamin B. (December 2017).
3336:from the original on 24 October 2010
3089:"Biological Weapons Program â Japan"
2871:Biological weaponry or hazard symbol
2840:, and was set on a blue background.
2580:, WMDs are yet to be found in Iraq.
2395:North Korean nuclear weapons program
1371:
51:
6736:. Russianforces.org. Archived from
6709:. Russianforces.org. Archived from
6679:. 29 September 2005. Archived from
6528:"Welcome â WMD Awareness Programme"
6444:Shachtman, Noah (23 October 2010).
6208:"Case 1:13-mj-02106-MBB Document 3"
5919:
5729:
5687:Vilches, Diego (15 November 2015).
4578:from the original on 2 January 2016
4572:"The Free Lance-Star â 14 Jul 1998"
4398:from the original on 19 August 2010
4346:. .law.cornell.edu. 23 March 2010.
4298:. .law.cornell.edu. 23 March 2010.
4272:. .law.cornell.edu. 23 March 2010.
3854:
3736:United Service Institution of India
3600:from the original on 3 January 2016
3173:from the original on 2 January 2016
3134:from the original on 2 January 2016
2557:. Quoting from the report, Senator
2555:National Ground Intelligence Center
1868:
1693:Global nuclear weapon numbers, 2023
1643:List of states with nuclear weapons
1223:at a level dangerous to human life.
1179:organizations, the category is now
954:as a "weapon of mass destruction."
24:
8297:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
7269:Is All Fair in Biological Warfare?
6674:"The Pipa/Knowledge Networks Poll"
6508:from the original on 5 August 2007
6456:from the original on 24 March 2014
6324:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2003.tb00406.x
6243:Moeller, Susan D. (9 March 2004).
5882:Bombing of Dresden in World War II
5648:
5613:
5510:"Text of the 1925 Geneva Protocol"
5443:
5158:
4957:
4630:"Indictment of ZACARIAS MOUSSAOUI"
4394:. .law.cornell.edu. 28 June 2010.
4302:from the original on 27 April 2010
4276:from the original on 27 April 2010
4187:. 2 September 2007. Archived from
4159:. In Cockerham, William C. (ed.).
3876:from the original on 2 August 2015
3787:Carr, Jeffrey (1 September 2013).
3501:from the original on 18 March 2009
2874:
2860:International Atomic Energy Agency
2834:University of California, Berkeley
2807:
1901:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
1632:
1211:charge of more than four ounces ,
736:. He delivered the lecture to the
723:International Atomic Energy Agency
25:
8971:
8786:Sudanese civil war (2023âpresent)
7297:
6224:from the original on 23 June 2014
6032:Nowicki, Dan (6 September 2014).
5985:from the original on 13 June 2010
5951:Wright, David T. (11 June 2003).
4610:from the original on 20 July 2017
4520:from the original on 10 June 2011
4392:"US CODE: Chapter 113BâTerrorism"
4372:. .law.cornell.edu. 23 March 2010
4350:from the original on 28 July 2010
4324:. .law.cornell.edu. 23 March 2010
3793:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
3626:from the original on 15 June 2006
3400:
3197:Safire, William (19 April 1998).
3095:from the original on 27 July 2010
3078:(London), 28 December 1937, p. 9.
2832:) first appeared in 1946, at the
2384:
2369:, one of the perpetrators of the
1909:Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)
1757:The Biological Weapons Convention
621:had seen wide battlefield use in
8924:
8923:
8729:Myanmar civil war (2021âpresent)
8200:
8199:
7059:WMD: Words of mass dissemination
6965:
6939:
6915:
6890:
6812:
6782:
6752:
6725:
6698:
6666:
6520:
6494:
6468:
6437:
6417:
6408:
6382:
6338:
6299:
6273:
6236:
6200:
6188:from the original on 12 May 2015
6170:
6140:
6109:
6078:
6051:
6025:
5971:
5955:. The Last Ditch. Archived from
5944:
5903:
5874:
5861:
5836:
5823:
5812:
5794:
5089:Wheelis, Mark (September 2002).
4442:. .law.cornell.edu. 28 June 2010
4132:. Sightm1911.com. Archived from
3230:from the original on 6 June 2012
2793:
2770:
2747:
2668:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
2594:Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
1888:, and by the Axis powers during
1479:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
1116:U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense
1020:U.S. Central Intelligence Agency
973:
938:against the main suspect of the
764:on 12 September 1962, President
625:. Their use was outlawed by the
435:
434:
56:
8819:Yemeni civil war (2014âpresent)
6987:
5703:
5680:
5624:"Biological Weapons Convention"
5566:
5534:
5502:
5427:
5402:
5375:
5348:
5321:
5294:
5267:
5240:
5213:
5186:
5133:
5082:
5069:
5039:
5014:
4995:
4925:
4893:
4861:
4829:
4797:
4765:
4738:
4706:
4674:
4647:Kotz, Deborah (24 April 2013).
4640:
4622:
4590:
4564:
4532:
4506:
4480:
4454:
4432:
4410:
4384:
4362:
4336:
4314:
4288:
4262:
4229:
4213:. 11 March 2007. Archived from
4203:
4177:
4163:. Academic Press. p. 402.
4148:
4122:
4100:
4079:
4053:
4029:
3983:
3957:
3939:
3914:
3888:
3835:
3780:
3754:
3723:
3694:
3664:
3638:
3612:
3582:
3561:
3555:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
3543:
3483:
3457:
3386:
3374:
3348:
3322:
3295:Pais, A.; Crease, R.P. (2007).
3276:Oppenheimer, Robert J. (1955).
3269:
3249:United Nations General Assembly
3120:. Scarecrow Press. p. 30.
2973:New physical principles weapons
2323:A television commercial called
1473:Ban stationing of WMD in space
1433:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
1290:Federal Bureau of Investigation
1183:(CBRNE), which defines WMD as:
1050:This may also refer to nuclear
633:against civilians and soldiers
534:-related technologies, such as
8245:
7287:Americans on WMD Proliferation
7034:Journal of Conflict Resolution
3730:Kumar, Davinder (March 2013).
3380:Kennedy JF (22 October 1962).
3224:"UNODA â Nuclear Weapons Home"
3216:
3146:
3107:
3081:
3068:
3021:
1540:Ban all nuclear weapons tests
1259:Criminal (civilian) definition
1084:In 2004, the United Kingdom's
1069:The significance of the words
942:bombing of 15 April 2013, the
929:Lake Superior State University
732:as a Contemporary Problem" by
668:(weapon of mass destruction).
666:oruzhiye massovogo porazheniya
510:structures (e.g., buildings),
13:
1:
5953:"Weapons of mass distraction"
5711:"Gas Warfare at Dura-Europos"
5573:Beard, Jack M. (April 2007).
5077:Biological Weapons Convention
4157:"Weapons of Mass Destruction"
3866:"Weapons of Mass Destruction"
3467:. 18 May 2008. Archived from
3298:J. Robert Oppenheimer: A Life
3014:
2606:protest march in Oxford, 1980
2279:from aircraft, and generally
1859:Biological Weapons Convention
1763:history of biological warfare
1073:is that missiles such as the
838:, when referring to the 1967
8359:International Criminal Court
6947:"IAEA news release Feb 2007"
6152:American Heritage Dictionary
6148:"Weapon of mass destruction"
5413:. Oneworld. pp. 11â31.
5095:Emerging Infectious Diseases
2644:. Prior to the election the
2361:American Heritage Dictionary
1723:agreements include Belgium,
7:
8950:Weapons of mass destruction
8759:Russian invasion of Ukraine
7614:National Revolutionary Army
7331:
7293:/Knowledge Networks survey.
7020:Weapons of Mass Destruction
6647:"Indian Nuclear Escalation"
6504:. Fox News. 26 April 2005.
6312:Political Science Quarterly
5848:Khabarovsk War Crime Trials
2918:List of CBRN warfare forces
2894:
2851:and an external radius of 5
2692:since the beginning of the
2627:Institute for Public Policy
1857:" agreement only. The 1972
1628:Use, possession, and access
1573:Chemical Weapons Convention
995:(NBC) although there is no
806:yield of the nuclear weapon
610:
565:Redwing Tewa was detonated.
121:Weapons of mass destruction
79:, discuss the issue on the
46:Weapons of Mass Distraction
33:Weapons of Mass Destruction
10:
8976:
8733:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
7426:War of the Triple Alliance
7133:" (20 November 2001), CNN.
6973:"Biohazard Symbol History"
6215:U.S. Department of Justice
4516:. Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com.
4489:"United States v. McVeigh"
4464:. Fbi.gov. 30 March 2007.
3927:. Frwebgate.access.gpo.gov
3648:. Lssu.edu. Archived from
3620:"American Dialect Society"
3358:. nasa.gov. Archived from
3153:William R. Cullen (2008).
2963:Mutual assured destruction
2707:
2681:
1872:
1765:goes back at least to the
1742:
1674:on the Japanese cities of
1636:
1503:Seabed Arms Control Treaty
1375:
1245:radiation or radioactivity
1024:U.S. Department of Defense
480:weapon of mass destruction
40:Weapons of Mass Distortion
29:
8910:
8839:
8674:
8592:
8468:
8419:Joint criminal enterprise
8369:
8349:Responsibility to protect
8277:
8266:
8253:
8195:
8159:
7929:
7882:
7781:
7623:
7577:
7454:
7446:Pre-20th century firearms
7386:
7348:
7339:
7273:Journal of Medical Ethics
7258:
7144:Lentzos, Filippa (2019).
5852:Halabja poison gas attack
5591:10.1017/S0002930000030098
5388:Nuclear Threat Initiative
5361:Nuclear Threat Initiative
5334:Nuclear Threat Initiative
5307:Nuclear Threat Initiative
5280:Nuclear Threat Initiative
5253:Nuclear Threat Initiative
5226:Nuclear Threat Initiative
5199:Nuclear Threat Initiative
5003:World Nuclear Forces 2023
4540:"U.S. v. Richard C. Reid"
3452:Nuclear Threat Initiative
2661:spread of nuclear weapons
2344:as justification for the
1405:Number of states parties
1402:Date of entry into force
1263:For the purposes of U.S.
886:11 September 2001 attacks
7834:CambodianâVietnamese War
7824:South African Border War
7606:Second Sino-Japanese War
7231:
7001:Cirincione, Joseph, ed.
6936:482 (March 2007): 70â72.
6430:16 December 2018 at the
6122:US Department of Defense
5922:"Carpet or Area Bombing"
5896:9 September 2007 at the
5140:Mayor, Adrienne (2003).
5011:Oxford University Press.
3813:10.1177/0096340213501373
3454:(NTI), updated May, 2014
3441:Country Profiles -Israel
2623:University of New Mexico
2307:An atomic-bomb blueprint
1672:dropped two atomic bombs
1388:conventions and treaties
1128:, the Vice President of
1065:missiles in Europe, 1981
921:American Dialect Society
834:used it during the 1986
744:, on 17 September 1947.
719:Atomic Energy Commission
580:Archbishop of Canterbury
30:Not to be confused with
8886:Crimes against humanity
8724:Libyan civil war (2011)
8584:Wartime sexual violence
8532:Human trophy collecting
8517:Enforced disappearances
7814:Portuguese Colonial War
7254:, 16(3): 190â195, 2005.
7210:. Geneva, Switzerland.
7198:Heinonen, Olli (2020).
7183:. Geneva, Switzerland.
7156:. Geneva, Switzerland.
6928:20 January 2012 at the
5409:Dando, Malcolm (2006).
5075:United Nations (1972).
3074:"Archbishop's Appeal,"
3054:Encyclopedia Britannica
2371:Boston Marathon bombing
1357:Boston Marathon bombing
969:Definitions of the term
963:critical infrastructure
898:Iraq disarmament crisis
867:Iraq's weapons programs
570:Early uses of this term
8537:Indiscriminate attacks
8522:Extrajudicial killings
8393:Command responsibility
8182:Civilian gun ownership
7216:10.37559/WMD/19/WMDCE2
7190:10.37559/WMD/19/WMDCE3
7163:10.37559/WMD/19/WMDCE4
7072:22 (Jan. 2013), 68â97.
7061:" (12 February 2003),
6379:, PIPA, 2 October 2003
5108:10.3201/eid0809.010536
3951:4 October 2006 at the
3575:1 October 2012 at the
2892:
2880:
2825:
2813:
2655:On 15 April 2004, the
2646:Bharatiya Janata Party
2607:
2437:search for WMD in Iraq
2429:
2399:Iran's nuclear program
2335:presidential candidacy
2308:
2295:United States politics
2269:crime against humanity
1829:Imperial Japanese Army
1758:
1694:
1652:
1225:
1066:
1048:
881:
842:. Reagan's successor,
751:
635:in Ethiopia in 1935â36
600:
566:
561:, the 5-megaton-yield
8857:List of global issues
8686:GazaâIsrael conflict
8512:Desecration of graves
8492:Collective punishment
7859:Nicaraguan Revolution
7809:Araguaia Guerilla War
7378:Early thermal weapons
7252:Psychological Science
7052:Definition and origin
7012:(2 vol 2004); 1024pp
5026:www.sciencedirect.com
2958:List of global issues
2888:
2878:
2819:
2811:
2704:Common hazard symbols
2602:
2407:
2391:nuclear weapons tests
2346:2003 invasion of Iraq
2329:, promoting Democrat
2306:
1820:(1934â1956), and the
1756:
1692:
1682:during World War II.
1650:
1452:nuclear weapons tests
1185:
1168:military doctrine of
1060:
1043:
927:in 2002, and in 2003
906:2003 invasion of Iraq
875:
861:. Following the war,
746:
734:J. Robert Oppenheimer
702:(probably drafted by
680:Brookings Institution
588:
557:On July 20, 1956, at
556:
8912:⥠Does not apply to
8891:Crimes of aggression
8873:international crimes
8771:Sri Lankan Civil War
8579:Use of human shields
8477:humanitarian workers
7864:Salvadoran Civil War
7431:SpanishâAmerican War
7406:American Indian Wars
7285:Steven Kull et al.,
7171:Trapp, Ralf (2019).
7096:Schneier on Security
7042:Hutchinson, Robert.
7018:Curley, Robert, ed.
7008:Croddy, Eric A. ed.
6979:on 13 February 2012.
6949:. 15 February 2007.
6886:on 31 December 2013.
6686:on 29 September 2005
6038:The Arizona Republic
6007:Easterbrook, Gregg.
4092:16 July 2011 at the
3864:Reed, Laura (2014).
3766:Government Executive
3282:Simon & Schuster
3251: Session 1
3114:Eric Croddy (1997).
2604:Anti-nuclear weapons
2403:bias among the media
2379:pressure cooker bomb
2373:, was charged under
1618:Comprehensively ban
1591:Comprehensively ban
1564:Comprehensively ban
1142:UN Secretary-General
1035:conventional weapons
979:Strategic definition
890:2001 anthrax attacks
788:Evolution of its use
777:international treaty
770:Cuban Missile Crisis
721:(predecessor of the
715:Herbert Bayard Swope
658:radiological weapons
654:conventional weapons
629:of 1925. Italy used
563:thermonuclear weapon
85:create a new article
77:improve this article
8749:Russo-Ukrainian War
8386:Civilian casualties
7917:Russo-Ukrainian War
7854:Dominican Civil War
7829:Cambodian Civil War
7790:First Indochina War
7122:" (February 2003),
7046:(Hachette UK, 2011)
6994:Bentley, Michelle.
6740:on 16 February 2006
6713:on 16 February 2006
6158:on 4 September 2015
6021:on 11 October 2007.
5892:, 2 February 2005.
5856:Ali Hassan al-Majid
5790:. 2 September 2013.
4636:. 9 September 2014.
4191:on 2 September 2007
4136:on 1 September 2010
3805:2013BuAtS..69e..32C
3676:The Washington Post
2988:Orbital bombardment
2983:Operations Plus WMD
2953:Kinetic bombardment
2590:nuclear disarmament
2249:September 30, 1998
2199:September 14, 2013
2062:September 15, 1995
1921:
1344:The Washington Post
1228:Military definition
859:Bush Administration
760:During a speech at
584:bombing of Guernica
524:chemical explosives
8960:Man-made disasters
8852:War crime apologia
8766:Second Chechen War
8469:War crimes by type
8429:Military necessity
8424:Medical neutrality
8342:Protocol II (1977)
8307:Geneva Conventions
8258:List of war crimes
7907:Russo-Georgian War
7849:Lebanese Civil War
7819:Rhodesian Bush War
7436:Mexican Revolution
7421:American Civil War
7411:War of the Pacific
7401:Napoleonic Warfare
7280:Public perceptions
7118:David P. Fidler, "
7094:" (6 April 2009),
6423:Duelfer, Charles.
6261:on 22 October 2004
5932:on 2 December 2015
5916:Geneva Conventions
5784:"SIGNATORY STATES"
5769:. 14 October 2013.
5668:on 2 February 2021
5522:on 9 February 2021
4945:on 26 January 2021
4913:on 3 December 2020
4881:on 2 February 2021
4849:on 3 December 2020
4817:on 3 December 2020
4726:on 2 February 2017
4067:on 10 October 2016
3768:. 19 December 2018
3529:The New York Times
3495:The New York Times
3446:2014-10-06 at the
3203:The New York Times
2923:Core (game theory)
2881:
2826:
2814:
2678:In popular culture
2608:
2584:Public perceptions
2564:Talk of the Nation
2309:
2129:November 27, 1997
2030:February 12, 2009
1998:September 3, 1996
1919:
1816:(1920sâ1992), the
1759:
1749:Biological weapons
1745:Biological warfare
1739:Biological weapons
1695:
1653:
1605:20 September 2017
1566:biological weapons
1527:10 September 1996
1460:Outer Space Treaty
1349:Zacarias Moussaoui
1242:a disease organism
1126:Gustavo Bell Lemus
1067:
1041:refers to WMD as:
936:criminal complaint
894:asymmetric warfare
882:
851:invasion of Kuwait
840:Outer Space Treaty
781:Outer Space Treaty
608:biological weapons
567:
8937:
8936:
8906:
8905:
8847:War crimes trials
8675:War crimes by war
8464:
8463:
8444:Protected persons
8337:Protocol I (1977)
8213:
8212:
7925:
7924:
7869:SovietâAfghan War
7844:Laotian Civil War
7592:Spanish Civil War
7289:(15 April 2004),
7129:Joanne Mariner, "
7108:International law
7005:(Routledge, 2014)
6626:. 20 October 1998
6434:NPR. 22 June 2006
6287:on 14 August 2010
6217:. 21 April 2013.
5717:. 7 November 2009
5715:World Archaeology
4170:978-0-12-803708-9
3971:on 1 October 2004
3870:Hampshire College
3742:on 7 January 2022
3652:on 20 August 2017
3420:978-1-57488-585-9
3308:978-0-19-532712-0
3056:. 1 November 1952
2998:Strategic bombing
2978:Nuclear terrorism
2801:
2800:
2612:Nobel Peace Prize
2578:Iraq Survey Group
2548:
2547:
2367:Dzhokhar Tsarnaev
2316:or to generate a
2253:
2252:
2246:January 13, 1993
2230:January 13, 1993
2227:Eliminated, 2023
2145:November 5, 1997
2142:January 13, 1993
2139:Eliminated, 2017
2126:January 13, 1993
2094:January 14, 1993
2072:Eliminated, 2014
2059:January 13, 1993
2043:January 13, 1993
2027:January 13, 2009
2024:Eliminated, 2018
2014:November 3, 1997
2011:January 13, 1993
1995:January 14, 1993
1992:Eliminated, 2009
1963:January 13, 1993
1947:January 14, 1993
1944:Eliminated, 2007
1836:human experiments
1812:(1981â1993), the
1625:
1624:
1578:3 September 1992
1507:11 February 1971
1372:International law
1365:Tamerlan Tsarnaev
1361:Dzhokhar Tsarnaev
1138:Millennium Report
1132:, at 9 July 2001
1001:international law
902:alleged existence
844:George H. W. Bush
802:strategic weapons
757:written in 1950.
576:Cosmo Gordon Lang
476:
475:
113:
112:
105:
87:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
8967:
8927:
8926:
8868:
8867:
8776:Syrian civil war
8719:2006 Lebanon War
8682:Afghanistan wars
8434:Prisoners of war
8275:
8274:
8270:humanitarian law
8240:
8233:
8226:
8217:
8216:
8203:
8202:
8079:Mass destruction
7987:Blunt instrument
7912:Syrian Civil War
7346:
7345:
7326:
7319:
7312:
7303:
7302:
7227:
7194:
7192:
7167:
7165:
7070:Security Studies
6981:
6980:
6975:. Archived from
6969:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6943:
6937:
6921:Linda Lodding, "
6919:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6908:
6894:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6879:. Archived from
6878:
6870:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6846:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6826:. Archived from
6816:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6796:. Archived from
6786:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6775:
6766:. Archived from
6756:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6745:
6729:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6702:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6691:
6685:
6678:
6670:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6659:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6613:
6607:
6606:
6590:
6581:
6580:
6574:
6572:
6560:
6554:
6553:
6547:
6539:
6537:
6535:
6524:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6498:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6487:
6472:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6441:
6435:
6421:
6415:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6396:on 24 April 2008
6386:
6380:
6378:
6372:
6364:
6362:
6360:
6354:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6277:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6260:
6254:. Archived from
6249:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6223:
6212:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6193:
6174:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6163:
6154:. Archived from
6144:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6124:. Archived from
6113:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6097:on 12 March 2011
6093:. Archived from
6082:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6015:. Archived from
6013:The New Republic
6004:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5928:. Archived from
5920:Fischer, Horst.
5907:
5901:
5878:
5872:
5865:
5859:
5840:
5834:
5827:
5821:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5780:
5771:
5770:
5759:
5750:
5749:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5684:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5664:. Archived from
5652:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5620:
5611:
5610:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5550:. Archived from
5538:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5518:. Archived from
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5447:
5441:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5356:"United Kingdom"
5352:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5165:
5156:
5155:
5144:. Abrams Press.
5137:
5131:
5130:
5120:
5110:
5086:
5080:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5018:
5012:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4974:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4941:. Archived from
4929:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4909:. Archived from
4897:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4877:. Archived from
4865:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4845:. Archived from
4833:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4813:. Archived from
4801:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4785:on 3 August 2018
4781:. Archived from
4769:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4722:. Archived from
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4690:. Archived from
4678:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4664:
4659:on 31 March 2019
4655:. Archived from
4653:The Boston Globe
4644:
4638:
4637:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4609:
4602:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4552:on 25 March 2009
4551:
4545:. Archived from
4544:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4249:
4242:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4217:on 11 March 2007
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4104:
4098:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4041:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4020:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4002:
3996:. Archived from
3995:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3967:. Archived from
3961:
3955:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3898:. Archived from
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3861:
3852:
3851:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3738:. Archived from
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3712:. Archived from
3707:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3682:on 22 April 2013
3678:. Archived from
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3586:
3580:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3461:
3455:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3273:
3267:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3194:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3085:
3079:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3025:
2928:Ethnic bioweapon
2797:
2787:
2774:
2764:
2751:
2741:
2714:
2713:
2466:
2465:
2427:
2350:Coalition forces
2285:area bombardment
2281:targeting cities
2078:January 6, 2004
1922:
1918:
1875:Chemical warfare
1869:Chemical weapons
1786:Second World War
1608:22 January 2021
1593:chemical weapons
1467:10 October 1967
1464:27 January 1967
1440:10 October 1963
1421:8 February 1928
1393:
1392:
1146:General Assembly
1091:
993:chemical weapons
925:word of the year
836:ReykjavĂk Summit
742:State Department
619:chemical weapons
616:
468:
461:
454:
438:
437:
419:List of treaties
131:
117:
116:
108:
101:
97:
94:
88:
60:
59:
52:
21:
8975:
8974:
8970:
8969:
8968:
8966:
8965:
8964:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8933:
8914:airborne forces
8902:
8881:Atrocity crimes
8866:
8835:
8670:
8595:committed by...
8594:
8588:
8497:Criminal orders
8460:
8439:Proportionality
8397:Superior orders
8365:
8302:Geneva Protocol
8269:
8262:
8249:
8244:
8214:
8209:
8191:
8187:Science fiction
8155:
8027:Directed-energy
7921:
7897:Afghanistan War
7878:
7777:
7619:
7579:Interwar period
7573:
7474:Austria-Hungary
7450:
7382:
7335:
7330:
7300:
7282:
7261:
7242:Wayback Machine
7234:
7140:
7110:
7054:
7049:
6990:
6985:
6984:
6971:
6970:
6966:
6956:
6954:
6945:
6944:
6940:
6930:Wayback Machine
6920:
6916:
6906:
6904:
6896:
6895:
6891:
6883:
6876:
6872:
6871:
6864:
6854:
6852:
6848:
6847:
6843:
6833:
6831:
6824:fileformat.info
6818:
6817:
6813:
6803:
6801:
6794:fileformat.info
6788:
6787:
6783:
6773:
6771:
6764:fileformat.info
6758:
6757:
6753:
6743:
6741:
6730:
6726:
6716:
6714:
6703:
6699:
6689:
6687:
6683:
6676:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6657:
6655:
6643:
6639:
6629:
6627:
6615:
6614:
6610:
6591:
6584:
6570:
6568:
6561:
6557:
6541:
6540:
6533:
6531:
6526:
6525:
6521:
6511:
6509:
6500:
6499:
6495:
6485:
6483:
6482:. 25 April 2005
6474:
6473:
6469:
6459:
6457:
6442:
6438:
6432:Wayback Machine
6422:
6418:
6413:
6409:
6399:
6397:
6388:
6387:
6383:
6366:
6365:
6358:
6356:
6352:
6344:
6343:
6339:
6304:
6300:
6290:
6288:
6279:
6278:
6274:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6247:
6241:
6237:
6227:
6225:
6221:
6210:
6206:
6205:
6201:
6191:
6189:
6176:
6175:
6171:
6161:
6159:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6131:
6129:
6128:on 14 June 2014
6114:
6110:
6100:
6098:
6091:The White House
6083:
6079:
6069:
6067:
6066:on 11 June 2011
6056:
6052:
6042:
6040:
6030:
6026:
6005:
5998:
5988:
5986:
5977:
5976:
5972:
5962:
5960:
5959:on 15 June 2011
5949:
5945:
5935:
5933:
5908:
5904:
5898:Wayback Machine
5879:
5875:
5866:
5862:
5841:
5837:
5828:
5824:
5817:
5813:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5782:
5781:
5774:
5761:
5760:
5753:
5734:
5730:
5720:
5718:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5685:
5681:
5671:
5669:
5654:
5653:
5649:
5639:
5637:
5622:
5621:
5614:
5571:
5567:
5557:
5555:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5525:
5523:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5493:
5491:
5468:10.2307/2198921
5448:
5444:
5432:
5428:
5421:
5407:
5403:
5393:
5391:
5383:"United States"
5381:
5380:
5376:
5366:
5364:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5339:
5337:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5312:
5310:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5285:
5283:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5258:
5256:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5231:
5229:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5204:
5202:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5177:
5175:
5167:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5138:
5134:
5087:
5083:
5074:
5070:
5060:
5058:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5030:
5028:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5000:
4996:
4986:
4984:
4976:
4975:
4958:
4948:
4946:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4916:
4914:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4884:
4882:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4852:
4850:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4820:
4818:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4788:
4786:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4756:
4754:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4729:
4727:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4697:
4695:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4662:
4660:
4645:
4641:
4634:www.justice.gov
4628:
4627:
4623:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4581:
4579:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4523:
4521:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4497:
4495:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4471:
4469:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4445:
4443:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4423:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4401:
4399:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4375:
4373:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4327:
4325:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4305:
4303:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4279:
4277:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4253:
4251:
4250:on 14 July 2014
4247:
4240:
4234:
4230:
4220:
4218:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4194:
4192:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4171:
4153:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4113:
4111:
4105:
4101:
4094:Wayback Machine
4084:
4080:
4070:
4068:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4014:
4013:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3991:"Archived copy"
3989:
3988:
3984:
3974:
3972:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3953:Wayback Machine
3944:
3940:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3903:
3902:on 2 April 2010
3894:
3893:
3889:
3879:
3877:
3862:
3855:
3840:
3836:
3785:
3781:
3771:
3769:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3745:
3743:
3728:
3724:
3719:on 2 June 2021.
3716:
3705:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3683:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3655:
3653:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3601:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3577:Wayback Machine
3566:
3562:
3557:. 17 June 2019.
3549:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3532:
3521:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3448:Wayback Machine
3439:
3435:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3405:
3401:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3293:
3289:
3274:
3270:
3264: A/RES/1(I)
3247:
3243:
3233:
3231:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3195:
3186:
3176:
3174:
3167:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3128:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3012:
2933:Fallout shelter
2902:The Bomb (film)
2897:
2873:
2806:
2785:
2762:
2739:
2712:
2706:
2698:Science-fiction
2690:popular culture
2686:
2680:
2586:
2428:
2425:
2387:
2318:culture of fear
2297:
2261:
2255:
2233:April 25, 1997
2200:
2182:
2164:
2163:April 20, 2000
2152:
2079:
1905:Geneva Protocol
1877:
1871:
1847:Geneva Protocol
1782:First World War
1751:
1743:Main articles:
1741:
1721:nuclear sharing
1645:
1639:Nuclear warfare
1637:Main articles:
1635:
1633:Nuclear weapons
1630:
1620:nuclear weapons
1414:Geneva Protocol
1384:
1374:
1261:
1230:
1089:
981:
976:
971:
948:pressure-cooker
940:Boston Marathon
878:nuclear weapons
813:Operation Opera
800:the euphemism "
790:
766:John F. Kennedy
762:Rice University
738:Foreign Service
648:and during the
627:Geneva Protocol
604:nuclear weapons
572:
548:nuclear warfare
502:, or any other
472:
109:
98:
92:
89:
74:
61:
57:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8973:
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8962:
8957:
8952:
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8908:
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8903:
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8898:
8893:
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8877:
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8859:
8854:
8849:
8843:
8841:
8840:Related topics
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8803:
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8669:
8668:
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8661:United Kingdom
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8646:
8636:
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8614:
8609:
8604:
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8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8555:
8554:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8527:Hostage-taking
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8487:Child soldiers
8484:
8472:
8470:
8466:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8459:
8458:
8453:
8450:Ruse de guerre
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8408:Hors de combat
8404:
8399:
8390:
8389:
8388:
8381:non-combatants
8373:
8371:
8367:
8366:
8364:
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7994:
7989:
7984:
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7962:Anti-personnel
7959:
7957:Anti-ballistic
7954:
7949:
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7939:
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7931:
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7801:
7796:
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7765:
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7755:
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7725:
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7700:
7695:
7690:
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7673:Czechoslovakia
7670:
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7660:
7655:
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7645:
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7603:
7589:
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7559:United Kingdom
7556:
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7511:
7506:
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7398:
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7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7354:
7352:
7343:
7337:
7336:
7329:
7328:
7321:
7314:
7306:
7299:
7298:External links
7296:
7295:
7294:
7281:
7278:
7277:
7276:
7265:Jacob M. Appel
7260:
7257:
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7255:
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7233:
7230:
7229:
7228:
7195:
7168:
7139:
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7116:
7109:
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7099:
7088:Bruce Schneier
7085:
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6938:
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6889:
6862:
6841:
6830:on 13 May 2018
6811:
6800:on 13 May 2018
6781:
6770:on 13 May 2018
6751:
6724:
6697:
6665:
6637:
6622:United Nations
6608:
6603:10.2172/665965
6582:
6555:
6519:
6493:
6467:
6436:
6416:
6407:
6381:
6337:
6318:(4): 569â598.
6298:
6272:
6235:
6199:
6169:
6139:
6108:
6077:
6050:
6024:
5996:
5970:
5943:
5902:
5873:
5860:
5835:
5822:
5811:
5808:. 9 July 2015.
5793:
5772:
5751:
5728:
5702:
5679:
5647:
5612:
5565:
5554:on 21 May 2019
5533:
5501:
5462:(5): 853â879.
5442:
5426:
5419:
5401:
5374:
5347:
5320:
5302:"South Africa"
5293:
5266:
5239:
5212:
5185:
5157:
5151:978-1585673483
5150:
5132:
5101:(9): 971â975.
5081:
5068:
5038:
5013:
4994:
4982:www.ucsusa.org
4956:
4924:
4892:
4860:
4828:
4796:
4764:
4737:
4705:
4694:on 21 May 2019
4673:
4639:
4621:
4589:
4563:
4531:
4505:
4493:Google Scholar
4479:
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4431:
4409:
4383:
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4313:
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4261:
4228:
4202:
4176:
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4099:
4078:
4052:
4028:
4003:on 1 June 2006
3982:
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3913:
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3779:
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3581:
3560:
3542:
3512:
3482:
3471:on 18 May 2008
3456:
3433:
3419:
3399:
3385:
3373:
3362:on 6 July 2015
3347:
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2752:
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2729:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2708:Main article:
2705:
2702:
2682:Main article:
2679:
2676:
2616:Joseph Rotblat
2585:
2582:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2435:regarding the
2423:
2386:
2385:Media coverage
2383:
2331:Lyndon Johnson
2296:
2293:
2289:carpet bombing
2287:or saturation
2277:terror bombing
2260:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2219:
2218:
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2212:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2153:and Montenegro
2147:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2131:
2130:
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2124:
2121:
2115:
2114:
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2076:
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2048:
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2044:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1966:April 4, 1997
1964:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1928:CW Possession
1926:
1873:Main article:
1870:
1867:
1818:United Kingdom
1804:(1930sâ1945),
1800:(1985â1990s),
1774:Ancient Greeks
1770:siege of Caffa
1740:
1737:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1596:
1595:
1589:
1582:
1581:29 April 1997
1579:
1576:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1555:
1554:26 March 1975
1552:
1551:10 April 1972
1549:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1518:
1517:
1514:
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1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1448:
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1438:
1437:5 August 1963
1435:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1373:
1370:
1355:The surviving
1339:of $ 250,000.
1336:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1260:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1229:
1226:
1119:Paul Wolfowitz
1108:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1016:U.S. President
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
914:mustard agents
821:Begin Doctrine
817:Menachem Begin
811:Subsequent to
789:
786:
711:Bernard Baruch
700:Mackenzie King
696:Clement Attlee
672:William Safire
662:William Safire
640:Following the
571:
568:
520:aerial bombing
474:
473:
471:
470:
463:
456:
448:
445:
444:
443:
442:
429:
428:
427:
426:
423:treaty parties
413:
412:
408:
407:
406:
405:
400:
395:
387:
386:
382:
381:
380:
379:
374:
369:
367:United Kingdom
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
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269:
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259:
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249:
244:
239:
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229:
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209:
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199:
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163:
162:
161:
156:
151:
146:
138:
137:
133:
132:
124:
123:
111:
110:
71:of the subject
69:worldwide view
64:
62:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8972:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8947:
8945:
8930:
8922:
8921:
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8915:
8909:
8897:
8894:
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8887:
8884:
8883:
8882:
8879:
8878:
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8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
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8842:
8838:
8830:
8827:
8826:
8825:
8824:Yugoslav Wars
8822:
8820:
8817:
8813:
8812:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8798:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8754:War in Donbas
8752:
8751:
8750:
8747:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8734:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
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8712:
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8707:
8701:
8698:
8697:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8687:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8679:
8677:
8673:
8667:
8666:United States
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8645:
8642:
8641:
8640:
8637:
8633:
8630:
8629:
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8625:
8623:
8620:
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8608:
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8600:
8599:
8597:
8591:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8553:
8552:Mass killings
8550:
8549:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8507:Death marches
8505:
8503:
8502:Death flights
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8482:
8478:
8474:
8473:
8471:
8467:
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8452:
8451:
8447:
8445:
8442:
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8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
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8417:
8415:
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8410:
8409:
8405:
8403:
8400:
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8394:
8391:
8387:
8384:
8383:
8382:
8378:
8375:
8374:
8372:
8368:
8360:
8357:
8356:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8332:Fourth (1949)
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8322:Second (1949)
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8309:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8284:
8282:
8280:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:International
8265:
8259:
8256:
8255:
8252:
8248:
8241:
8236:
8234:
8229:
8227:
8222:
8221:
8218:
8206:
8198:
8197:
8194:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8158:
8150:
8147:
8146:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8034:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7952:Anti-aircraft
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7934:
7932:
7928:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7892:Yugoslav Wars
7890:
7889:
7887:
7885:
7884:Post-Cold War
7881:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7839:IranâIraq War
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7784:
7780:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7763:United States
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7626:
7622:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7604:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7580:
7576:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7564:United States
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7457:
7453:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7396:Early Warfare
7394:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7385:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7327:
7322:
7320:
7315:
7313:
7308:
7307:
7304:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7283:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7263:
7262:
7253:
7249:
7246:
7243:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7142:
7141:
7132:
7128:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7103:
7100:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7077:
7076:Michael Evans
7074:
7071:
7067:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7055:
7045:
7041:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7028:
7024:
7021:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7004:
7000:
6997:
6993:
6992:
6978:
6974:
6968:
6952:
6948:
6942:
6935:
6934:IAEA Bulletin
6931:
6927:
6924:
6918:
6903:
6899:
6893:
6882:
6875:
6869:
6867:
6851:
6845:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6815:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6785:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6755:
6739:
6735:
6728:
6712:
6708:
6701:
6682:
6675:
6669:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6641:
6625:
6623:
6618:
6612:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6589:
6587:
6579:
6566:
6559:
6551:
6545:
6529:
6523:
6507:
6503:
6497:
6481:
6477:
6471:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6440:
6433:
6429:
6426:
6420:
6411:
6395:
6391:
6385:
6376:
6370:
6351:
6349:
6341:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6302:
6286:
6282:
6276:
6257:
6253:
6246:
6239:
6220:
6216:
6209:
6203:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6173:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6143:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6112:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6081:
6065:
6061:
6054:
6039:
6035:
6028:
6019:
6014:
6010:
6009:"Term Limits"
6003:
6001:
5984:
5980:
5974:
5958:
5954:
5947:
5931:
5927:
5926:Crimes of War
5923:
5917:
5913:
5906:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5877:
5870:
5864:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5832:
5826:
5820:
5815:
5807:
5803:
5797:
5789:
5785:
5779:
5777:
5768:
5764:
5758:
5756:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5732:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5683:
5667:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5651:
5635:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5619:
5617:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5569:
5553:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5537:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5505:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5446:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5422:
5420:9781851684472
5416:
5412:
5405:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5378:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5351:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5324:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5297:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5270:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5243:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5216:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5189:
5174:
5173:The Economist
5170:
5164:
5162:
5153:
5147:
5143:
5136:
5128:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5072:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4998:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4928:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4896:
4880:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4864:
4848:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4816:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4800:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4768:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4741:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4709:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4677:
4670:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4643:
4635:
4631:
4625:
4606:
4599:
4593:
4577:
4573:
4567:
4548:
4541:
4535:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4441:
4435:
4419:
4413:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4371:
4365:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4323:
4317:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4172:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4151:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4082:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4038:
4032:
4024:
4018:
3999:
3992:
3986:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3942:
3923:
3917:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3858:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3517:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3310:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3291:
3284:. p. 23.
3283:
3279:
3278:The Open Mind
3272:
3265:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3172:
3168:
3166:9780854043637
3162:
3158:
3157:
3149:
3133:
3129:
3127:9780810832718
3123:
3119:
3118:
3110:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3077:
3071:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2877:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2824:danger symbol
2823:
2822:radioactivity
2818:
2812:Radioactivity
2810:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2710:Hazard symbol
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2621:In 1998, the
2619:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2559:Rick Santorum
2556:
2551:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2469:Media source
2468:
2467:
2464:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2375:United States
2372:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2301:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:United States
2221:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2181:May 24, 1999
2180:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2097:July 8, 2015
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1950:May 11, 1994
1949:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1934:Ratified CWC
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1824:(1943â1969).
1823:
1822:United States
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1796:(1921â1972),
1795:
1792:(1946â1956),
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1727:, Italy, the
1726:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:United States
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1530:Not in force
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1487:5 March 1970
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1418:17 June 1925
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:perpetrator,
1358:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1253:proliferation
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1177:civil defense
1173:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1087:
1086:Butler Review
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1039:U.S. military
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1002:
999:or customary
998:
994:
990:
986:
974:United States
966:
964:
960:
959:cyber weapons
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
879:
874:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
832:Ronald Reagan
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
785:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
758:
756:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
730:Atomic Energy
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
705:
704:Vannevar Bush
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
667:
663:
660:is traced by
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
631:mustard agent
628:
624:
620:
614:
609:
605:
602:At the time,
599:
597:
593:
587:
585:
581:
577:
564:
560:
555:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
469:
464:
462:
457:
455:
450:
449:
447:
446:
441:
433:
432:
431:
430:
424:
420:
417:
416:
415:
414:
410:
409:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
389:
388:
385:Proliferation
384:
383:
378:
375:
373:
372:United States
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
317:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
173:
172:
169:
166:
165:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
141:
140:
139:
135:
134:
130:
126:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
107:
104:
96:
86:
82:
78:
72:
70:
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53:
48:
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42:
41:
36:
34:
19:
8918:paratroopers
8809:
8808: /
8796:World War II
8695:2023âpresent
8644:Soviet Union
8481:parachutists
8479: /
8456:Safe conduct
8448:
8406:
8395: /
8354:Rome Statute
8327:Third (1949)
8317:First (1949)
8078:
8074:Martial arts
8037:Depth charge
8007:Conventional
7748:Soviet Union
7625:World War II
7275:, June 2009.
7272:
7251:
7207:
7203:
7180:
7176:
7153:
7149:
7095:
7079:
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7026:
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6988:Bibliography
6977:the original
6967:
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6881:the original
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3890:
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3869:
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3837:
3799:(5): 32â37.
3796:
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3782:
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3765:
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3409:
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3376:
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3360:the original
3350:
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3324:
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3297:
3290:
3280:. New York:
3277:
3271:
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3256:
3252:
3244:
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3218:
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3155:
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3109:
3097:. Retrieved
3083:
3075:
3070:
3058:. Retrieved
3053:
3044:
3032:. Retrieved
3023:
2908:CBRN defense
2889:
2885:
2882:
2865:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2827:
2687:
2672:
2665:
2654:
2650:
2639:
2635:
2631:Soviet Union
2620:
2609:
2587:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2552:
2549:
2527:Print media
2461:
2446:false memory
2430:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2388:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2339:
2324:
2322:
2310:
2298:
2262:
2254:
1898:
1894:gas chambers
1890:World War II
1882:Dura-Europos
1878:
1855:no-first-use
1851:reservations
1844:
1840:Soviet Union
1826:
1814:Soviet Union
1810:South Africa
1778:microbiology
1760:
1718:
1714:Soviet Union
1698:South Africa
1696:
1684:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1510:18 May 1972
1484:1 July 1968
1399:Date signed
1385:
1378:Arms control
1354:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1320:
1313:
1287:
1265:criminal law
1262:
1250:
1231:
1186:
1180:
1175:Within U.S.
1174:
1166:
1124:
1113:
1109:
1083:
1070:
1068:
1049:
1044:
1032:
1013:
1006:
982:
956:
946:refers to a
933:
918:
883:
863:Bill Clinton
848:
828:arms control
825:
810:
791:
774:
759:
752:
747:
727:
709:Safire says
708:
692:Harry Truman
676:James Goodby
670:
665:
646:World War II
639:
601:
589:
573:
559:Bikini Atoll
544:radiological
528:World War II
496:radiological
483:
479:
477:
327:South Africa
322:Saudi Arabia
316:Soviet Union
159:Radiological
120:
114:
99:
90:
66:
45:
39:
32:
8955:Mass murder
8791:World War I
8781:Tigray warâ
8475:Attacks on
8402:Distinction
8287:Lieber Code
8012:Crew-served
7972:Area denial
7804:Six-Day War
7799:Vietnam War
7728:New Zealand
7723:Netherlands
7596:Nationalist
7529:New Zealand
7456:World War I
7416:Crimean War
6060:"War Pimps"
5890:Der Spiegel
5721:22 December
5178:23 November
4949:10 February
4917:10 February
4885:10 February
4853:10 February
4821:10 February
4789:10 February
4757:10 February
4730:10 February
4698:10 February
4486:See, e.g.,
3604:12 December
3332:. Fas.org.
3091:. Fas.org.
2938:Game theory
2757:Radioactive
2342:WMD in Iraq
2273:laws of war
2103:North Korea
1931:Signed CWC
1886:World War I
1729:Netherlands
1148:, in which
1075:Pershing II
1063:Pershing II
950:improvised
792:During the
644:that ended
623:World War I
347:Switzerland
332:South Korea
292:Philippines
282:North Korea
277:Netherlands
8944:Categories
8829:Kosovo War
8742:Second war
8714:Korean War
8593:War crimes
8569:Starvation
8559:No quarter
8247:War crimes
8089:Non-lethal
8069:Insurgency
8064:Incendiary
8059:Improvised
7992:Ceremonial
7982:Biological
7942:Amphibious
7794:Korean War
7768:Yugoslavia
7600:Republican
7524:Montenegro
6957:11 January
6907:13 October
6855:13 October
6359:22 October
6101:1 February
6043:2 February
5936:8 December
5912:Protocol I
5585:(2): 277.
5494:27 October
4582:11 January
4498:15 October
4185:"Colombia"
4114:19 January
4007:6 February
3975:6 February
3906:6 February
3896:"Untitled"
3880:21 October
3253:Resolution
3226:. Un.org.
3177:11 January
3138:11 January
3015:References
2201:(acceded)
2183:(acceded)
2165:(acceded)
2080:(acceded)
1706:Kazakhstan
1408:Objective
1376:See also:
1316:pipe bombs
1273:poison gas
1209:propellant
1197:poison gas
1193:incendiary
1154:small arms
1152:said that
1150:Kofi Annan
1026:, and the
1009:dirty bomb
989:biological
884:After the
779:is in the
536:biological
508:artificial
488:biological
377:Yugoslavia
168:By country
144:Biological
93:April 2022
18:NBC weapon
8811:Wehrmacht
8737:First war
8700:by Israel
8690:2008â2009
8627:Palestine
8547:Massacres
8377:Civilians
8109:Pneumatic
8099:Offensive
8032:Explosive
7977:Artillery
7967:Anti-tank
7947:Ancillary
7633:Australia
7587:Chaco War
7469:Australia
7350:Premodern
7224:216424160
7081:The Times
6578:1993â1997
6534:9 October
6450:Wired.com
6332:0032-3195
5599:0002-9300
5484:147499122
4221:24 August
3829:143681333
3821:0096-3402
2879:Biohazard
2820:2007 ISO
2780:Biohazard
2596:in 1957.
2441:coalition
2265:war crime
2243:Possible
2211:Possible
2175:Possible
2157:Probable
2123:Probable
2091:Possible
2056:Probable
2040:Probable
2008:Possible
1976:Probable
1960:Probable
1676:Hiroshima
1221:radiation
1207:having a
1189:explosive
1170:total war
1158:Hiroshima
853:and 1991
725:(IAEA)).
684:Hiroshima
586:, Spain:
516:biosphere
192:Australia
187:Argentina
81:talk page
8929:Category
8896:Genocide
8709:Iraq War
8205:Category
8172:Industry
8129:Tectonic
8114:Practice
8104:Personal
7997:Chemical
7937:Aircraft
7902:Iraq War
7874:Gulf War
7783:Cold War
7773:Infantry
7753:Thailand
7653:Bulgaria
7610:Japanese
7569:Infantry
7534:Portugal
7484:Bulgaria
7464:Chemical
7373:Japanese
7368:Medieval
7063:BBC News
6951:Archived
6926:Archived
6902:orau.org
6744:5 August
6717:5 August
6544:cite web
6506:Archived
6480:NBC News
6460:12 March
6454:Archived
6428:Archived
6369:cite web
6291:5 August
6228:24 April
6219:Archived
6192:24 April
6186:Archived
6162:24 April
6070:5 August
5989:5 August
5983:Archived
5963:5 August
5894:Archived
5634:Archived
5488:Archived
5329:"Russia"
5221:"France"
5194:"Canada"
5127:12194776
5061:19 March
5055:Archived
4663:29 April
4605:Archived
4576:Archived
4556:5 August
4524:5 August
4518:Archived
4472:5 August
4466:Archived
4446:5 August
4424:5 August
4402:5 August
4396:Archived
4376:5 August
4354:5 August
4348:Archived
4328:5 August
4306:5 August
4300:Archived
4280:5 August
4274:Archived
4140:5 August
4090:Archived
4071:5 August
4045:5 August
4017:cite web
3949:Archived
3874:Archived
3686:23 April
3656:5 August
3630:5 August
3624:Archived
3598:Archived
3573:Archived
3535:5 August
3505:5 August
3499:Archived
3444:Archived
3426:22 March
3340:5 August
3334:Archived
3228:Archived
3171:Archived
3132:Archived
3099:5 August
3093:Archived
3034:7 August
2968:NBC suit
2895:See also
2694:Cold War
2642:Pakistan
2424:â
2333:'s 1964
2314:buzzword
2119:Pakistan
2088:(Burma)
1832:Unit 731
1806:Rhodesia
1680:Nagasaki
1670:, which
1450:Ban all
1199:, bomb,
1187:(1) Any
1162:Nagasaki
1130:Colombia
1077:and the
900:and the
888:and the
855:Gulf War
794:Cold War
740:and the
688:Nagasaki
678:(of the
674:credits
650:Cold War
613:Unit 731
596:to China
592:to Spain
540:chemical
492:chemical
440:Category
411:Treaties
403:Missiles
393:Chemical
302:Rhodesia
287:Pakistan
202:Bulgaria
149:Chemical
75:You may
8607:Germany
8602:Croatia
8574:Torture
8564:Perfidy
8542:Looting
8279:Sources
8167:Arsenal
8144:Vehicle
8134:Torpedo
8094:Nuclear
8054:Hunting
8049:Firearm
7743:Romania
7703:Hungary
7693:Germany
7683:Finland
7678:Denmark
7668:Croatia
7643:Belgium
7638:Austria
7539:Romania
7499:Germany
7479:Belgium
7441:Antique
7363:Chinese
7358:African
7341:History
7333:Weapons
7240:at the
7036:(2013)
7014:excerpt
6658:9 March
6630:9 March
6571:9 March
6512:24 July
6400:30 June
6182:GovInfo
6132:1 April
5914:of the
5742:Talanta
5672:2 March
5640:2 March
5607:8354600
5558:2 March
5526:2 March
5476:2198921
5394:4 March
5367:4 March
5340:4 March
5313:4 March
5286:4 March
5275:"Japan"
5259:4 March
5232:4 March
5205:4 March
5118:2732530
5051:nti.org
5031:24 June
4614:27 June
3801:Bibcode
3594:nti.org
3366:30 June
3314:25 June
3259:.
3208:25 June
3060:25 June
2838:magenta
2830:trefoil
2724:Unicode
2720:Symbol
2614:winner
2239:Vietnam
2151:Serbia
2086:Myanmar
1940:Albania
1925:Nation
1725:Germany
1710:Ukraine
1702:Belarus
1602:(TPNW)
1524:(CTBT)
1396:Treaty
1213:missile
1201:grenade
1144:to the
1140:of the
985:nuclear
934:In its
532:warfare
526:during
512:natural
500:nuclear
486:) is a
398:Nuclear
362:Ukraine
307:Romania
272:Myanmar
227:Germany
182:Algeria
177:Albania
154:Nuclear
136:By type
35:(album)
8916:(i.e.
8871:Other
8801:Allied
8656:Turkey
8651:Serbia
8639:Russia
8612:Israel
8414:Intent
8370:Topics
8149:Combat
8119:Ranged
8022:Deadly
7738:Poland
7733:Norway
7718:Mexico
7698:Greece
7688:France
7658:Canada
7648:Brazil
7554:Turkey
7549:Serbia
7544:Russia
7504:Greece
7494:France
7489:Canada
7388:Modern
7259:Ethics
7222:
7038:online
6834:12 May
6804:12 May
6774:12 May
6690:14 May
6486:1 July
6330:
6265:19 May
5605:
5597:
5482:
5474:
5417:
5248:"Iraq"
5148:
5125:
5115:
5005:". In
4987:16 May
4254:4 July
4195:14 May
4167:
3931:14 May
3827:
3819:
3772:3 July
3746:3 July
3531:. IRAQ
3475:14 May
3417:
3395:1967).
3305:
3255:
3234:14 May
3163:
3124:
2790:U+2623
2782:symbol
2767:U+2622
2759:symbol
2744:U+2620
2736:symbol
2728:Image
2433:memory
2207:Taiwan
2193:Known
2135:Russia
2107:Known
2036:Israel
1794:France
1790:Canada
1767:Mongol
1733:Turkey
1731:, and
1708:, and
1575:(CWC)
1548:(BWC)
1481:(NPT)
1205:rocket
1037:. The
1022:, the
1018:, the
997:treaty
755:NSC 68
617:, and
504:weapon
357:Taiwan
342:Sweden
312:Russia
297:Poland
267:Mexico
247:Israel
222:France
207:Canada
197:Brazil
8632:Hamas
8622:Japan
8617:Italy
8177:Mount
8160:Other
8124:Space
8084:Melee
8017:Cyber
7930:Types
7713:Japan
7708:Italy
7663:China
7519:Japan
7514:Italy
7509:India
7232:Media
7220:S2CID
6884:(PDF)
6877:(PDF)
6684:(PDF)
6677:(PDF)
6353:(PDF)
6259:(PDF)
6248:(PDF)
6222:(PDF)
6211:(PDF)
5603:S2CID
5480:S2CID
5472:JSTOR
4608:(PDF)
4601:(PDF)
4550:(PDF)
4543:(PDF)
4248:(PDF)
4241:(PDF)
4040:(PDF)
4001:(PDF)
3994:(PDF)
3925:(PDF)
3825:S2CID
3717:(PDF)
3706:(PDF)
3076:Times
2734:Toxic
2326:Daisy
2283:with
2189:Syria
2171:Sudan
2068:Libya
2052:Japan
1988:India
1972:Egypt
1956:China
1802:Japan
1584:193 (
1557:184 (
1533:176 (
1490:190 (
1443:126 (
1203:, or
1052:ICBMs
991:, or
910:sarin
611:(see
546:, or
522:with
352:Syria
337:Spain
262:Libya
257:Japan
252:Italy
232:India
217:Egypt
212:China
83:, or
43:, or
8806:Axis
8379:and
8312:1864
8042:List
8002:Cold
6959:2016
6909:2021
6857:2021
6836:2018
6806:2018
6776:2018
6746:2010
6719:2010
6692:2012
6660:2024
6632:2024
6573:2024
6550:link
6536:2017
6514:2007
6488:2007
6462:2017
6402:2007
6375:link
6361:2009
6328:ISSN
6293:2010
6267:2021
6230:2015
6194:2015
6164:2015
6134:2014
6103:2021
6072:2010
6045:2022
5991:2010
5965:2010
5938:2015
5880:The
5867:See
5842:See
5829:See
5723:2021
5699:(3).
5674:2021
5642:2021
5595:ISSN
5560:2021
5528:2021
5496:2017
5415:ISBN
5396:2021
5369:2021
5342:2021
5315:2021
5288:2021
5261:2021
5234:2021
5207:2021
5180:2023
5146:ISBN
5123:PMID
5063:2019
5033:2022
4989:2024
4951:2021
4919:2021
4887:2021
4855:2021
4823:2021
4791:2021
4759:2021
4732:2021
4700:2021
4665:2013
4616:2017
4584:2016
4558:2010
4526:2010
4500:2021
4474:2010
4448:2010
4426:2010
4404:2010
4378:2010
4356:2010
4330:2010
4308:2010
4282:2010
4256:2014
4223:2017
4197:2012
4165:ISBN
4142:2010
4116:2021
4073:2010
4047:2010
4023:link
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