2351:
117:
2337:
3432:
enemy, or for interdiction of supporting units to isolate front line units from resupply. In most cases these minefields consist of a combination of anti-tank and anti-personnel mines, with the anti-personnel mines making removal of the anti-tank mines more difficult. Mines of this type used by the United States are designed to self-destruct after a preset period of time, reducing the requirement for mine clearing to only those mines whose self-destruct system did not function. Some designs of these scatterable mines require an electrical charge (capacitor or battery) to detonate. After a certain period of time, either the charge dissipates, leaving them effectively inert or the circuitry is designed such that upon reaching a low level, the device is triggered, thus destroying the mine.
2694:
2176:(IED), which is "a device placed or fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating explosive material, destructive, lethal, noxious, incendiary, pyrotechnic materials or chemicals designed to destroy, disfigure, distract or harass. They may incorporate military stores, but are normally devised from non-military components." Some meet the definition of mines or booby traps and are also referred to as "improvised", "artisanal" or "locally manufactured" mines. Other types of IED are remotely activated, so are not considered mines.
3173:
3573:
2289:, a weapon 12–15 cm across with four sharp spikes that are oriented so that when it is thrown on the ground, one spike always points up. As with modern antipersonnel mines, caltrops are designed to disable soldiers rather than kill them; they are also more effective in stopping mounted forces, who lack the advantage of being able to carefully scrutinize each step they take (though forcing foot-mounted forces to take the time to do so has benefits in and of itself). They were used by the
3588:
2591:). This had the advantage that it was difficult to detonate, so it could withstand the shock of firing by artillery pieces. It was also advantageous for land mines for several reasons: it was not detonated by the shock of shells landing nearby; it was lightweight, unaffected by damp, and stable under a wide range of conditions; it could be melted to fill a container of any shape, and it was cheap to make. Thus, it became the standard explosive in mines after the First World War.
3689:
2833:
3079:
58:
8371:
3884:(automatically or manually via strategic operators.) Development of systems such as Termite, by arms firm EMC Operations has led to criticism from proponents of past multilateral agreements against the placement of land mines and submunitions due to expectations of similar long-dormancy period issues after systems break or fail after it was announced that vehicles would likely be armed to destroy static targets, rather than focus purely on demining efforts.
3337:
3282:
3658:
to conventional remote control mine defusing robots that operate either through precise mechanical dismantling, electronic destabilization and kinetic triggering methods, fully autonomous methods are in development. Notably, these autonomous methods utilize unmanned ground systems, or more recently subterranean systems such as the EMC Operations
Termite, using either outward pressure differentials along system bodies, or corkscrew mechanisms.
3499:
2994:. Only two of Afghanistan's twenty-nine provinces are believed to be free of landmines. The most heavily mined provinces are Herat and Kandahar. Since 1989, nearly 44,000 Afghan civilians have been recorded to have been killed or injured by landmines and explosive remnants of war (ERW) averaging to around 110 people per month. Improvised mines (IM) and ERW from armed clashes caused nearly 99 percent of the casualties recorded in 2021.
4108:
2228:
2897:
3325:
3938:, micro-relief disruption, chemical composition, and loss of productivity". The effects of an explosion depend on: "(i) the objectives and methodological approaches of the investigation; (ii) concentration of mines in a unit area; (iii) chemical composition and toxicity of the mines; (iv) previous uses of the land and (v) alternatives that are available for the affected populations".
3103:
3951:
Similarly, the penguins of the
Falkland Islands have benefited because they are not heavy enough to trigger the mines present. However, these benefits can only last as long as animals, tree limbs, etc. do not detonate the mines. In addition, long idle periods could "potentially end up creating or exacerbating loss of productivity", particularly within land of low quality.
77:
2484:). It was triggered by a flintlock connected to a tripwire on the surface. It could sometimes cause heavy casualties but required high maintenance due to the susceptibility of black powder to dampness. Consequently, it was mainly employed in the defenses of major fortifications, in which role it used in several European wars of the eighteenth century and the
2258:, fallen trees with sharpened branches facing outwards. As with modern land mines, they were "victim-operated", often concealed, and formed zones that were wide enough so that the enemy could not do much harm from outside, but were under fire (from spear throws, in this case) if they attempted to remove the obstacles. A notable use of these defenses was by
2719:, where the open ground favored tanks. However, the first country to use them was Finland. They were defending against a much larger Soviet force with over 6,000 tanks, twenty times the number the Finns had; but they had terrain that was broken up by lakes and forests, so tank movement was restricted to roads and tracks. Their defensive line, the
2162:, which the protocol defines as "any device or material which is designed, constructed or adapted to kill or injure and which functions unexpectedly when a person disturbs or approaches an apparently harmless object or performs an apparently safe act". Such actions might include opening a door or picking up an object. Normally, mines are
3006:, both Russian and Ukrainian forces have used land mines. Ukrainian officials claim Russian forces planted thousands of land mines or other explosive devices during their withdrawal from Ukrainian cities, including in civilian areas. Russian forces have also utilized remotely delivered anti-personnel mines such as the
2270:, the leader of the Gauls, but Vercingetorix managed to send for reinforcements. To maintain the siege and defend against the reinforcements, Caesar formed a line of fortifications on both sides, and they played an important role in his victory. Lilies were also used by Scots against the English at the
2911:, a minimum-metal mine with a narrow diameter, making it difficult to detect with metal detectors or prodding. Its three-pronged pressure piece inspired the nickname "carrot mine". However, it was unreliable in wet conditions. In the 1960s the Canadians developed a similar, but more reliable mine, the
3533:
Anti-tank minefields can be scattered with anti-personnel mines to make clearing them manually more time-consuming; and anti-personnel minefields are scattered with anti-tank mines to prevent the use of armored vehicles to clear them quickly. Some anti-tank mine types are also able to be triggered by
3412:
The extents of minefields are often marked with warning signs and cloth tape, to prevent friendly troops and non-combatants from entering them. Of course, sometimes terrain can be denied using dummy minefields. Most forces carefully record the location and disposition of their own minefields, because
3153:
There is a common misperception that a landmine is armed by stepping on it and only triggered by stepping off, providing tension in movies. In fact the initial pressure trigger will detonate the mine, as they are designed to kill or maim, not to make someone stand very still until it can be disarmed.
3820:
identified "almost 100 companies and government agencies in 48 countries" that had manufactured "more than 340 types of antipersonnel land mines in recent decades". Five to ten million mines were produced per year with a value of $ 50 to $ 200 million. The largest producers were probably China,
3657:
technologies. As of 2008 a joint team of researchers at the
University of New South Wales and Ohio State University was working to develop a system based on multi-sensor integration. Furthermore, defence firms have been increasingly competing on the creation of unmanned demining systems. In addition
2881:
The
Chinese had a lot of success with massed infantry attacks. The extensive forest cover limited the range of machine guns, but anti-personnel mines were effective. However, mines were poorly recorded and marked, often becoming as much a hazard to allies as enemies. Tripwire-operated mines were not
2218:
The history of land mines can be divided into three main phases: In the ancient world, buried spikes provided many of the same functions as modern mines. Mines using gunpowder as the explosive were used from the Ming dynasty to the
American Civil War. Subsequently, high explosives were developed for
3967:
Shrapnel, or abrasions of bark or roots caused by detonated mines, can cause the slow death of trees and provide entry sites for wood-rotting fungi. When land mines make land unavailable for farming, residents resort to the forests to meet all of their survival needs. This exploitation furthers the
3746:
operated in command mode and focuses specifically on anti-personnel mines, because these pose the greatest long term (post-conflict) risk to humans and animals since they are typically designed to be triggered by any movement or pressure of only a few kilograms, whereas anti-tank mines require much
3697:
worse, many factions have not kept accurate records (or any at all) of the exact locations of their minefields, making removal efforts painstakingly slow. These facts pose serious difficulties in many developing nations where the presence of mines hampers resettlement, agriculture, and tourism. The
3649:
Manual clearing remains the most effective technique for clearing mine fields, although hybrid techniques involving the use of animals and robots are being developed. Many animals are desirable due to having a strong sense of smell capable of detecting a land mine. Animals such as rats and dogs can
3470:
every day made comprehensive detection and clearance efforts impractical. The only other viable option was the adoption of mine-protected vehicles which could remain mobile on the roads with little risk to their passengers even if a mine was detonated. South Africa is widely credited with inventing
2104:
Such a device is typically detonated automatically by way of pressure when a target steps on it or drives over it, although other detonation mechanisms are also sometimes used. A land mine may cause damage by direct blast effect, by fragments that are thrown by the blast, or by both. Land mines are
3976:
Near mines that have exploded or decayed, soils tend to be contaminated, particularly with heavy metals. Products produced from the explosives, both organic and inorganic substances, are most likely to be "long lasting, water-soluble and toxic even in small amounts". They can be implemented either
3947:
discourage access for agriculture, water supplies and possibly conservation measures. Reconstruction and development of important structures such as schools and hospitals are likely to be delayed, and populations may shift to urban areas, increasing overcrowding and the risk of spreading diseases.
3696:
The use of land mines is controversial because they are indiscriminate weapons, harming soldier and civilian alike. They remain dangerous after the conflict in which they were deployed has ended, killing and injuring civilians and rendering land impassable and unusable for decades. To make matters
2982:
have all contributed to land mine saturation in Iraq from the 1980s through 2020. In 2019, Iraq was the most saturated country in the world with land mines. Countries that provided land mines during the Iran-Iraq War included
Belgium, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt, France, Italy, Romania, Singapore,
3908:
from mines, IEDs and explosive remnants of war; it estimates that another 1,000 per year go unrecorded. The estimate for all time is over half a million. In 2017, at least 2,793 were killed and 4,431 injured. 87% of the casualties were civilians and 47% were children (less than 18 years old). The
2766:
Mines forced tanks to slow down and wait for soldiers to go ahead and remove the mines. The main method of breaching minefields involved prodding the dirt with a bayonet or stick at an angle of 30 degrees (to avoid putting pressure on the top of the mine and detonating it). Since all mines at the
3754:
agree that they will not use, produce, stockpile or trade in anti-personnel land mines. In 1997, there were 122 signatories; as of early 2016, 162 countries have joined the Treaty. Thirty-six countries, including the People's
Republic of China, the Russian Federation and the United States, which
3510:
Minefields may be laid by several means. The preferred, but most labour-intensive, way is to have engineers bury the mines, since this will make the mines practically invisible and reduce the number of mines needed to deny the enemy an area. Mines can be laid by specialized mine-laying vehicles.
3465:
in South Africa. Namibian insurgents used anti-tank mines to throw South
African military convoys into disarray before attacking them. To discourage detection and removal efforts, they also laid anti-personnel mines directly parallel to the anti-tank mines. This initially resulted in heavy South
3292:
Anti-personnel mines are designed primarily to kill or injure people, as opposed to vehicles. They are often designed to injure rather than kill to increase the logistical support (evacuation, medical) burden on the opposing force. Some types of anti-personnel mines can also damage the tracks or
3244:. At first improvised, purpose-built designs were developed. Set off when a tank passes, they attack the tank at one of its weaker areas – the tracks. They are designed to immobilize or destroy vehicles and their occupants. In U.S. military terminology destroying the vehicles is referred to as a
3142:
Many mines combine the main trigger with a touch or tilt trigger to prevent enemy engineers from defusing it. Land mine designs tend to use as little metal as possible to make searching with a metal detector more difficult; land mines made mostly of plastic have the added advantage of being very
2942:
was larger. Both were packed by the thousand into bombs. All three were designed to inactivate after a period of time, but any that failed to activate presented a safety challenge. Over 37 million Gravel mines were produced between 1967 and 1968, and when they were dropped in places like
Vietnam
3557:
cluster bomb which includes munitions to damage (crater) the runway as well as anti-personnel mines in the same cluster bomb. As a result of the anti-personnel mine ban it was withdrawn from
British Royal Air Force service, and the last stockpiles of the mine were destroyed on October 19, 1999.
3431:
Artillery and aircraft scatterable mines allow minefields to be placed in front of moving formations of enemy units, including the reinforcement of minefields or other obstacles that have been breached by enemy engineers. They can also be used to cover the retreat of forces disengaging from the
2407:
mechanism was not fully described until the early 17th century. When the enemy stepped onto hidden boards, they dislodged a pin, causing a weight to fall. A cord attached to the weight was wrapped around a drum attached to two steel wheels; when the weight fell, the wheels struck sparks against
2736:
tactics, they did not make much use of mines. After 1942, however, they were on the defensive and became the most inventive and systematic users of mines. Their production shot up and they began inventing new types of mines as the Allies found ways to counter the existing ones. To make it more
3950:
Access denial can have positive effects on the environment. When a mined area becomes a "no-man's land", plants and vegetation have a chance to grow and recover. For example, formerly arable lands in Nicaragua returned to forests and remained undisturbed after the establishment of land mines.
3963:
by wiping out vegetation and wildlife during explosions or demining. This extra burden can push threatened and endangered species to extinction. They have also been used by poachers to target endangered species. Displaced refugees hunt animals for food and destroy habitat by making shelters.
2406:
also describes land mines that were set off by enemy movement. A 9-foot (3 m) length of bamboo was waterproofed by wrapping it in cowhide and covering it with oil. It was filled with compressed gunpowder and lead or iron pellets, sealed with wax and concealed in a trench. The triggering
3946:
The most prominent ecological issue associated with land mines (or fear of them) is denial of access to vital resources (where "access" refers to the ability to use resources, in contrast to "property", the right to use them). The presence and fear of presence of even a single land mine can
3216:"Smart mines" utilize a number of advanced technologies developed in the late 20th and early 21st century. Most commonly, this includes mechanisms to deactivate or self-destruct the mine after a preset period of time. This is intended to reduce civilian casualties and simplify demining.
3110:
A conventional land mine consists of a casing that is mostly filled with the main charge. It has a firing mechanism such as a pressure plate; this triggers a detonator or igniter, which in turn sets off a booster charge. There may be additional firing mechanisms in anti-handling devices.
3883:
In recent years, arms industry manufacturers have been utilizing non-static mines that can be specifically targeted in order to remove the imprecision of antipersonnel devices, promoting the use of movable underground systems, movable above ground systems and systems that can be expired
3637:
Whereas the placing and arming of mines is relatively inexpensive and simple, the process of detecting and removing them is typically expensive, slow, and dangerous. This is especially true of irregular warfare where mines were used on an ad hoc basis in unmarked and undocumented areas.
3917:
Natural disasters can have a significant impact on efforts to demine areas of land. For example, the floods that occurred in Mozambique in 1999 and 2000 may have displaced hundreds of thousands of land mines left from the war. Uncertainty about their locations delayed recovery efforts.
2631:
2983:
the former Soviet Union and the U.S., and were concentrated in the Kurdish areas in the northern area of Iraq. During the Gulf War, the U.S. deployed 117,634 mines, with 27,967 being anti-personnel mines and 89,667 being anti-vehicle mines. The U.S. did not use land mines during the
3549:
Multiple anti-tank mines have been buried in stacks of two or three with the bottom mine fuzed, to multiply the penetrating power. Since the mines are buried, the ground directs the energy of the blast in a single direction—through the bottom of the target vehicle or on the track.
2499:, the ability to detonate a charge immediately instead of waiting several minutes for a fuse to burn, became possible after electricity was developed. An electric current sent down a wire could ignite the charge with a spark. The Russians claim first use of this technology in the
2874:, land mine use was dictated by the steep terrain, narrow valleys, forest cover and lack of developed roads. This made tanks less effective and more easily stopped by mines. However, mines laid near roads were often easy to spot. In response to this problem, the US developed the
3150:, or chemically render themselves inert after a period of weeks or months to reduce the likelihood of civilian casualties at the conflict's end. These self-destruct mechanisms are not absolutely reliable, and most land mines laid historically are not equipped in this manner.
2915:("Elsie") and the British army adopted it. The British also developed the L9 bar mine, a wide anti-tank mine with a rectangular shape, which covered more area, allowing a minefield to be laid four times as fast as previous mines. They also upgraded the Dingbat to the
2536:
in Florida in 1840. Over the course of the war, mines only caused a few hundred casualties, but they had a large effect on morale and slowed down the advance of Union troops. Many on both sides considered the use of mines barbaric, and in response, generals in the
2112:
The use of land mines is controversial because of their potential as indiscriminate weapons. They can remain dangerous many years after a conflict has ended, harming civilians and the economy. With pressure from a number of campaign groups organised through the
3304:, have partially supplanted conventional land mines as the source of injury to dismounted (pedestrian) soldiers and civilians. IEDs are used mainly by insurgents and terrorists against regular armed forces and civilians. The injuries from the anti-personnel
5872:
3193:
pockets into which standard pull or pressure-release boobytrap firing devices can be screwed. Alternatively, some mines may mimic a standard design, but actually be specifically intended to kill deminers, such as the MC-3 and PMN-3 variants of the
3157:
There are mines that are armed by stepping on them and exploding after you step off - The MS3 is a pressure-release mine or booby-trap similar in appearance to the PMN anti-personnel mine. It has been found in Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Ukraine.
2847:, the members of NATO were concerned about massive armored attacks by the Soviet Union. They planned for a minefield stretching across the entire West German border, and developed new types of mines. The British designed an anti-tank mine, the
2685:. When triggered, this jumped up to about waist height and exploded, sending thousands of steel balls in all directions. Triggered by pressure, trip wires or electronics, it could harm soldiers within an area of about 2,800 square feet.
2645:(1870), it had only been 20 to 30 fragments. Nevertheless, antipersonnel mines were not a big factor in the war because machine guns, barbed wire and rapid-fire artillery were far more effective defenses. An exception was in Africa (now
3180:
Anti-handling devices detonate the mine if someone attempts to lift, shift or disarm it. The intention is to hinder deminers by discouraging any attempts to clear minefields. There is a degree of overlap between the function of a
3701:
campaigned successfully to prohibit their use, culminating in the 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction, known informally as the
2787:
mine became the most common mine in the war. Mine casings were also made of glass, concrete and clay. The Russians developed a mine with a pressed-cardboard casing, the PMK40, and the Italians made an anti-tank mine out of
2803:
were attached to tanks or cargo trucks, but they did not last long and their weight made the tanks considerably slower. Tanks and bulldozers pushed ploughs that pushed aside any mines to a depth of 30 cm. The
3669:
have become favorite places for penguins, which do not weigh enough to detonate the mines. Therefore, they can breed safely, free of human intrusion. These odd sanctuaries have proven so popular and lucrative for
3755:
together may hold tens of millions of stockpiled antipersonnel mines, are not party to the Convention. Another 34 have yet to sign on. The United States did not sign because the treaty lacks an exception for the
3050:, often referred to as nuclear land mines. These were portable nuclear bombs that could be placed by hand, and could be detonated remotely or with a timer. Some of these were deployed in Europe. Governments in
5118:
4808:
5531:
2155:
is defined as a "munition designed to be placed under, on or near the ground or other surface area and to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a person or vehicle". Similar in function is the
4323:
3018:
In the First World War, the Germans developed a device, nicknamed the "Yperite Mine" by the British, that they left behind in abandoned trenches and bunkers. It was detonated by a delayed charge, spreading
5864:
3545:
anti-tank mines, and fuses separated from mines have all been used for this purpose. Often, single mines are backed by a secondary device, designed to kill or maim personnel tasked with clearing the mine.
2117:, a global movement to prohibit their use led to the 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction, also known as the
4624:(17th century), the material could burn continuously for 20 to 30 days without going out. Its formula included 1 lb (0.45 kg) of white sandal wood powder, 3 oz (85 g) of iron rust (
4995:
Smart, Jeffery K. (2015). A century of innovation: The army's chemical and biological defense program (Report). U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command History Office. pp. 16, 43.
5936:
2851:, to defeat rollers by detonating the second time it was pressed. It also had a 0.7-second delay so the tank would be directly over the mine. They also developed the first scatterable mine, the
3135:
are also frequently employed. Most modern anti-vehicle mines use a magnetic trigger to enable it to detonate even if the tires or tracks did not touch it. Advanced mines are able to sense the
3553:
Another specific use is to mine an aircraft runway immediately after it has been bombed to delay or discourage repair. Some cluster bombs combine these functions. One example was the British
3808:(CCM) is an international treaty that prohibits the use, distribution, or manufacture of cluster munitions. The CCM entered into force in 2010, and has been ratified by over 100 countries.
3762:
There is a clause in the treaty, Article 3, which permits countries to retain land mines for use in training or development of countermeasures. Sixty-four countries have taken this option.
3198:. Anti-handling devices can be found on both anti-personnel mines and anti-tank mines, either as an integral part of their design or as improvised add-ons. For this reason, the standard
3035:, in 1960. The Soviets developed the KhF, a "bounding chemical mine". The French had chemical mines and the Iraqis were believed to have them before the invasion of Kuwait. In 1997, the
7765:
3413:
warning signs can be destroyed or removed, and minefields should eventually be cleared. Minefields may also have marked or unmarked safe routes to allow friendly movement through them.
6349:
2660:
and mines. Improvised mines gave way to mass-produced mines consisting of wooden boxes filled with guncotton, and minefields were standardized to stop masses of tanks from advancing.
2210:
Land mines are divided into two types: anti-tank mines, which are designed to disable tanks or other vehicles; and anti-personnel mines, which are designed to injure or kill people.
2188:, a device that releases several sub munitions ("bomblets") over a large area. The use, transfer, production, and stockpiling of cluster munitions is prohibited by the international
2375:
was invented in China by the 10th century and was used in warfare soon after. An "enormous bomb", credited to Lou Qianxia, was used in 1277 by the Chinese at the Battle of Zhongdu.
5610:
2796:, an entirely non-metallic mine. They ensured that they could detect their own mines by covering them with radioactive sand; the Allies did not find this out until after the war.
2584:
and developed a safe detonator. Even then, dynamite needed to be stored carefully or it could form crystals that detonated easily. Thus, the military still preferred guncotton.
2748:
in 1942, the Germans prepared for an Allied attack by laying about half a million mines in two fields running across the entire battlefield and five miles deep. Nicknamed the "
2437:
planted in the ground. If they pulled on one of these weapons, the butt end disturbed a bowl underneath and a slow-burning incandescent material in the bowl ignited the fuses.
5558:
2622:
of 1904–1905, both sides used land and sea mines, although the effect on land mainly affected morale. The naval mines were far more effective, destroying several battleships.
2889:, a directional fragmentation mine that hurls steel balls in a 60-degree arc at a lethal speed of 1,200 metres per second. They also developed a pressure-operated mine, the
2549:
Starting in the 19th century, more powerful explosives than gunpowder were developed, often for non-military reasons such as blasting train tunnels in the Alps and Rockies.
2101:
concealed under or camouflaged on the ground, and designed to destroy or disable enemy targets, ranging from combatants to vehicles and tanks, as they pass over or near it.
3352:
To create defensive tactical barriers, channelling attacking forces into predetermined fire zones or slowing an invading force's progress to allow reinforcements to arrive.
5501:
4869:
3023:("Yperite"). In the Second World War they developed a modern chemical mine, the SprĂĽh-BĂĽchse 37 (Bounding Gas Mine 37), but never used it. The United States developed the
6241:
5470:
5183:
4800:
5523:
4479:
4315:
3066:. However, such weapons were politically and tactically infeasible, and by 1989 the last of these munitions was retired. The British also had a project, codenamed
3039:
came into force, prohibiting the use of chemical weapons and mandating their destruction. By July 2023 all declared stockpiles of chemical weapons were destroyed.
2522:
3394:, minefields are considered a defensive or harassing weapon, used to slow the enemy down, to help deny certain terrain to the enemy, to focus enemy movement into
5152:
2878:, a mine that was placed off to the side of the road. When triggered by a tripwire, it fired a rocket. However, the mine was not available until after the war.
2759:
The Soviets learned the value of mines from their war with Finland, and when Germany invaded they made heavy use of them, manufacturing over 67 million. At the
2741:
that would explode when soldiers tried to lift them. They also took a formal approach to laying mines and they kept detailed records of the locations of mines.
2641:
One sign of the increasing power of explosives used in land mines was that, by the First World War, they burst into about 1,000 high-velocity fragments; in the
3616:
3139:
types of vehicles by way of a built-in signature catalog. This will theoretically enable friendly forces to use the mined area while denying the enemy access.
2449:
in 1573, three centuries after the Chinese invented the first pressure-operated mine, a German military engineer by the name of Samuel Zimmermann invented the
3219:
Other innovations include "self-healing" minefields, which detect gaps in the field and can direct the mines to rearrange their positions and eliminate it.
2399:
in case of defective connection to the touch hole. These fuses were long and lit by hand, so they required carefully timed calculations of enemy movements.
2350:
5584:
5221:
5928:
2491:
One of the greatest limitations of early land mines was the unreliable fuses and their susceptibility to dampness. This changed with the invention of the
2946:
The next generation of scatterable mines arose in response to the increasing mobility of war. The Germans developed the Skorpion system, which scattered
5741:
4632:), 2 oz (57 g) of willow charcoal powder, 6 oz (170 g) of dried, ground, and powdered red dates, and 3 oz (85 g) of bran.
2453:(flying mine). It consisted of a few pounds of black powder buried near the surface and was activated by stepping on it or tripping a wire that made a
6014:
3409:
with mine-clearing equipment can clear a path through a minefield relatively quickly, mines are usually considered effective only if covered by fire.
6380:
4685:
5402:
3402:
by randomly attacking material and personnel. In some engagements during World War II, anti-tank mines accounted for half of all vehicles disabled.
2148:
5842:
4293:
2615:
against Boer forces with the help of a mixture of real and fake minefields; and they laid mines alongside railroad tracks to discourage sabotage.
2199:, along with unexploded artillery shells and other explosive devices that were not manually placed (that is, mines and booby traps are not UXOs).
5056:
6432:
5760:
5273:
4943:"Ukrainian officials say retreating Russian forces left booby traps including explosives in car trunks, washing machines, and under dead bodies"
4902:
3747:
more weight (or a combination of factors that would exclude humans). Existing stocks must be destroyed within four years of signing the treaty.
5354:
4942:
4191:
4126:
2922:
In the 1950s, the US Operation Doan Brook studied the feasibility of delivering mines by air. This led to three types of air-delivered mine.
6360:
3359:
weapons (to deny the enemy use of valuable terrain, resources or facilities when active defense of the area is not desirable or possible).
2166:
and placed in groups, while booby traps are improvised and deployed one at a time. Also, booby traps can be non-explosive devices such as
2607:
force much larger than British strength was held off for ten months, but the town was ultimately taken and the British massacred. In the
2182:
are dropped from aircraft or carried by devices such as artillery shells or rockets. Another type of remotely delivered explosive is the
5606:
4838:
6287:
4454:
3421:
3977:"directly or indirectly into soil, water bodies, microorganisms and plants with drinking water, food products or during respiration".
2510:, developed in the early 19th century, made them much more reliable, and pressure-operated mines were deployed on land and sea in the
5554:
4353:"Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices (Protocol II), Geneva, 10 October 1980"
4229:
2756:
and small-arms fire. The Allies prevailed, but at the cost of over half their tanks; 20 percent of the losses were caused by mines.
2561:
developed a safe method in 1865. From the 1870s to the First World War, it was the standard explosive used by the British military.
6478:
5839:
The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction
4290:
The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction
3765:
As an alternative to an outright ban, 10 countries follow regulations that are contained in a 1996 amendment of Protocol II of the
1040:
6356:
4034:
4018:
3719:
3698:
2114:
1467:
5906:
5493:
4861:
2763:, which put an end to the German advance, they laid over a million mines in eight belts with an overall depth of 35 kilometres.
2336:
7581:
6331:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic
5244:
5119:"The horrifying purpose of Special Atomic Demolition Munition units: 'We all knew it was a one-way mission, a suicide mission'"
6420:
6414:
6222:
5175:
3804:
can also function as land mines, in that they continue to kill and maim indiscriminately long after conflicts have ended. The
2252:(lilies, so named after their appearance), which were pits in which sharpened logs were arranged in a five-point pattern; and
5446:
3622:
The Nazis used captured civilians who were chased across minefields to detonate the explosives. According to Laurence Rees "
6235:
3259:
to detonate. The high trigger pressure, normally requiring 100 kilograms (220 lb) prevents them from being set off by
2808:, a long thin tube filled with explosives, was invented in 1912 and used to clear barbed wire; larger versions such as the
2767:
beginning of the war had metal casings, metal detectors could be used to speed up the locating of mines. A Polish officer,
6196:
5462:
2656:
Towards the end of the war, the British started to use tanks to break through trench defenses. The Germans responded with
8175:
7870:
4969:
4927:
3487:
1823:
116:
4360:
2317:
from the fourteenth century onward. Caltrops are still strung together and used as roadblocks in some modern conflicts.
5376:
4146:
3766:
3709:
The Treaty came into force on March 1, 1999. The treaty was the result of the leadership of the Governments of Canada,
2018:
1796:
411:
5144:
7990:
7775:
6338:
6269:
6013:(Report). International Campaign to Ban Landmines and Cluster Munition Coalition. November 20, 2018. pp. 49–51.
5724:
5710:
5679:
5641:
5015:
3634:, reported that 'approximately two to three thousand local people were blown up in the clearing of the minefields'."
1472:
5779:
5215:
3534:
infantry, giving them a dual purpose even though their main and official intention is to work as anti-tank weapons.
3003:
1550:
4492:
3363:
Land mines are currently used in large quantities mostly for this first purpose, thus their widespread use in the
2930:) were small steel spheres that discharged tripwires when they hit the ground; each dispenser held 540 mines. The
8200:
4096:
3998:
3805:
3483:
2500:
2189:
1895:
1533:
1320:
165:
5580:
3638:
Anti-personnel mines are most difficult to find, due to their small size and many being made almost entirely of
2990:
Landmines and other unexploded battlefield ordnances, contaminate at least 724 million square meters of land in
6451:
6319:
5040:
3440:
None of the conventional tactics and norms of mine warfare applies when they are employed in a guerrilla role:
2943:
their locations were unmarked and unrecorded. A similar problem was presented by unexploded cluster munitions.
2916:
2816:, which had weights attached by chains to rotating drums. The first version, the Scorpion, was attached to the
1659:
2950:
from a tracked vehicle. The Italians developed a helicopter delivery system that could rapidly switch between
5745:
2076:
1523:
5299:"Injury profile suffered by targets of antipersonnel improvised explosive devices: prospective cohort study"
2506:
Victim-activated mines were also unreliable because they relied on a flintlock to ignite the explosive. The
7423:
6961:
6471:
6010:
4061:
3136:
2716:
2013:
717:
477:
6372:
4677:
3541:
to make clearing them more dangerous. Mixed anti-personnel and anti-tank minefields, anti-personnel mines
3475:, a vee-shaped hull for armoured vehicles which deflects mine blasts away from the passenger compartment.
2882:
defended by pressure mines; the Chinese were often able to disable them and reuse them against UN forces.
2576:
and it turned out to be a much more powerful explosive than guncotton. It was very dangerous to use until
2472:. It consisted of a cone-shape hole with gunpowder at the bottom, covered either by rocks and scrap iron (
2425:
Another victim-operated device was the "underground sky-soaring thunder", which lured bounty hunters with
8396:
7760:
6841:
6408:
6137:
Newman, Robert D.; Mercer, Mary Anne (July 19, 2013). "Environmental Health Consequences of Land Mines".
5764:
4029:
3984:
in land animals, fish and plants. They can act "as a nerve poison to hamper growth", with deadly effect.
3612:
3305:
3301:
3036:
2959:
2745:
2468:, was not victim-operated or mass-produced, but it was a precursor of modern fragmentation mines and the
2290:
2172:
2023:
1210:
1012:
883:
421:
6230:(5th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining. March 2014.
2528:
deployed thousands of "torpedoes" consisting of artillery shells with pressure caps, beginning with the
8401:
7356:
6443:
5834:
4285:
4141:
3384:
3047:
2485:
1487:
42:
35:
17:
5208:
3466:
African military and police casualties, as the vast distances of road network vulnerable to insurgent
2461:, but were probably not very effective because a flintlock does not work for long when left untended.
7805:
5283:
4891:
4453:(2nd ed.). United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA). February 1, 2015. p. 16.
4258:
3830:
3756:
2809:
2529:
1597:
1105:
454:
328:
182:
7430:
2919:, a plastic mine that was fired from a truck-mounted discharger that could fire 72 mines at a time.
8302:
7380:
3458:
2724:
2048:
1915:
1462:
1155:
973:
821:
6447:
5346:
4199:
8349:
8124:
7830:
7825:
7745:
7542:
7489:
7459:
7216:
7146:
7090:
6667:
6464:
4263:
4164:
2753:
2558:
2503:, and with it the fougasse remained useful until it was superseded by the claymore in the 1960s.
2275:
2001:
1983:
1739:
1298:
1220:
1165:
763:
426:
3626:, the SS-ObergruppenfĂĽhrer who, during 1943, conducted another huge anti-partisan action called
2812:
were developed for clearing mines, but were not very effective. One of the best options was the
8374:
8190:
7780:
7677:
7562:
6746:
5082:
Bird, Matthew D (April 2008). "Nuclear History Note US Atomic Demolition Munitions 1954–1989".
4131:
2712:
2664:
2411:, igniting a set of fuses leading to multiple mines. A similar mechanism was used in the first
1868:
1843:
1565:
1477:
1350:
1225:
826:
803:
249:
148:
4830:
3864:. Another seven states reserved the right to make them but were probably not doing so: China,
8327:
8165:
7947:
7700:
7437:
7260:
6589:
5439:
Surviving the Ride: A pictorial history of South African Manufactured Mine-Protected vehicles
4271:
4013:
3909:
largest numbers of casualties were in Afghanistan (2,300), Syria (1,906), and Ukraine (429).
3199:
2979:
2852:
2271:
1457:
1390:
1343:
997:
960:
923:
841:
793:
677:
487:
295:
204:
6280:
5057:"OPCW confirms: All declared chemical weapons stockpiles verified as irreversibly destroyed"
4448:
8312:
7840:
7466:
7265:
7231:
6631:
6513:
4480:"Glossary of mine action terms, definitions and abbreviations. Second edition, Amendment 9"
4158:
4056:
3927:
3892:
Throughout the world there are millions of hectares that are contaminated with land mines.
3674:
that efforts existed to prevent removal of the mines, but the area has since been demined.
3604:
3186:
3167:
3095:
2772:
2738:
2395:
filled with gunpowder. The wad of the mine was made of hard wood, carrying three different
2326:
1848:
1750:
1607:
1602:
1420:
1385:
1120:
940:
798:
734:
588:
558:
155:
3599:
Metal detectors were first used for demining, after their invention by the Polish officer
2962:(FASCAM) that could deliver mines by fast jet, artillery, helicopter and ground launcher.
2693:
2667:
did little work on land mines, but the Germans developed a series of anti-tank mines, the
2457:
fire. Such mines were deployed on the slope in front of a fort. They were used during the
8:
8406:
8129:
7865:
7221:
6599:
5259:
4221:
4136:
4046:
4023:
3852:
identified four countries that were "likely to be actively producing" land mines: India,
3797:
3581:
3285:
3276:
2642:
2554:
2458:
2454:
2193:
1699:
1684:
1560:
1447:
1425:
1400:
1360:
1270:
1080:
985:
935:
702:
692:
657:
449:
439:
209:
133:
3416:
Placing minefields without marking and recording them for later removal is considered a
2306:
8251:
7860:
7835:
7820:
7815:
7665:
7645:
7442:
7003:
6870:
6614:
6170:
6119:
6107:
6076:
5696:
5323:
5298:
5099:
4491:. New York, NY: United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS). November 2018. p. 20.
4417:
4114:
4076:
4066:
4003:
3817:
3639:
3425:
3364:
3297:
3070:, to develop nuclear mines to be buried in Germany; the project was cancelled in 1958.
2931:
2749:
2619:
2518:
2392:
2033:
1888:
1808:
1729:
1674:
1649:
1570:
1516:
1482:
1413:
1330:
1240:
1145:
1090:
980:
945:
898:
773:
744:
697:
635:
610:
444:
258:
177:
30:
This article is about victim-activated explosive devices. For underground tunnels, see
3131:. Anti-personnel mines commonly use the pressure of a person's foot as a trigger, but
8307:
8266:
8241:
8114:
7795:
7635:
7482:
7068:
6946:
6624:
6567:
6334:
6315:
6308:
6265:
6231:
6162:
6154:
6123:
6111:
6068:
5992:
5987:
5974:
5962:
5898:
5706:
5675:
5637:
5442:
5328:
5103:
5036:
5011:
4320:
Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries – Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, 1997
3935:
3905:
3728:
3627:
3623:
3245:
3087:
3028:
2805:
2612:
2600:
2469:
2465:
2419:
2396:
2372:
2294:
2069:
1978:
1925:
1828:
1818:
1813:
1783:
1766:
1761:
1734:
1679:
1380:
1370:
1365:
1355:
1275:
1265:
1260:
1235:
1205:
1095:
1065:
1060:
1050:
1045:
1035:
950:
903:
873:
712:
505:
482:
416:
6174:
6051:
Berhe, A. A. (August 7, 2006). "The contribution of landmines to land degradation".
5245:"Special forces bomb disposal expert rates 10 bomb disposal scenes in movies and TV"
2824:, was faster, at 2 kilometers per hour; it was used during D-Day and the aftermath.
2038:
8281:
8256:
8185:
8109:
7710:
7705:
7640:
7191:
6995:
6574:
6146:
6103:
6080:
6060:
5982:
5318:
5310:
5278:
5091:
4947:
3931:
3842:
3801:
3662:
3577:
3479:
3391:
3376:
3032:
3024:
2708:
2532:
in 1862. As a captain, Rains had earlier employed explosive booby traps during the
2525:
2263:
2184:
2098:
2043:
2008:
1940:
1833:
1771:
1664:
1592:
1585:
1442:
1375:
1325:
1315:
1190:
1110:
1070:
1055:
1022:
1007:
878:
863:
816:
724:
682:
625:
620:
578:
401:
378:
285:
214:
143:
126:
5257:
4919:
3600:
2768:
8170:
8022:
7995:
7935:
7905:
7790:
7755:
7735:
7720:
7275:
7270:
7238:
6999:
6941:
6929:
6911:
6778:
6759:
6685:
6662:
5728:
4091:
4008:
3981:
3789:, which had adhered to this regulation, announced in 2016 that it would join the
3592:
3406:
3241:
3172:
2886:
2760:
2720:
2573:
2565:
2477:
2279:
2163:
1853:
1838:
1756:
1712:
1654:
1310:
1305:
1195:
1185:
1100:
1075:
1017:
858:
788:
778:
630:
615:
538:
510:
310:
290:
138:
5314:
3661:
The laying of land mines has inadvertently led to a positive development in the
3255:
Anti-tank mines are typically larger than anti-personnel mines and require more
2737:
difficult to remove antitank mines, they surrounded them with S-mines and added
8339:
8334:
8000:
7985:
7920:
7910:
7785:
7770:
7670:
7660:
7625:
7499:
7292:
6989:
6956:
6920:
6736:
6594:
6558:
6188:
3735:
3643:
3527:
3506:, still valid more than 40 years after creation of the field by the Syrian army
3233:
3228:
3083:
2569:
2507:
2028:
1776:
1200:
1160:
1138:
1125:
1115:
1085:
1002:
955:
758:
749:
640:
593:
573:
563:
533:
500:
388:
345:
300:
172:
105:
31:
5672:
The Polish contribution to the ultimate Allied victory in the Second World War
5658:
The Polish Contribution to The Ultimate Allied Victory in The Second World War
5297:
Smith, S.; Devine, Melissa; Taddeo, Joseph; McAlister, Vivian Charles (2017).
5095:
3572:
3300:
conflicts and civil wars of the 21st century, improvised explosives, known as
8390:
8344:
8297:
8205:
8195:
8149:
8119:
8104:
8073:
8054:
7915:
7855:
7810:
7725:
7684:
7494:
7127:
7122:
6855:
6818:
6803:
6754:
6699:
6678:
6487:
6158:
6150:
6115:
6094:
Ribot, Jesse C.; Peluso, Nancy Lee (October 22, 2009). "A Theory of Access".
6072:
5978:
5899:
Exposing the source: U.S. Companies and the Production of Antipersonnel Mines
5816:
5798:
4352:
4111:
3790:
3751:
3743:
3724:
3703:
3683:
3666:
3587:
3503:
3341:
3264:
3249:
3147:
2971:
2836:
2682:
2657:
2604:
2533:
2430:
2267:
2259:
2144:
2132:
2119:
1875:
1863:
1719:
1639:
1555:
1538:
1395:
1250:
1230:
913:
908:
888:
868:
783:
754:
729:
605:
583:
568:
543:
383:
305:
268:
263:
160:
66:
6350:
Historical Uses Of Anti-Personnel Landmines: Impact On Land Force Operations
6306:
The Arms Project of Human Rights Watch; Physicians for Human Rights (1993).
4418:"Improvised Explosive Devices (IED): A Humanitarian Mine Action Perspective"
3202:
for mines is often to destroy them on site without attempting to lift them.
2775:. To counter the detector, Germans developed mines with wooden casings, the
2242:
were surrounded by a series of hazards buried in the ground. These included
8322:
8180:
8144:
8099:
8083:
8011:
7964:
7940:
7930:
7925:
7740:
7557:
7418:
7385:
7250:
7186:
7161:
7073:
7047:
7015:
7009:
6951:
6890:
6860:
6708:
6166:
5996:
5332:
4625:
3960:
3822:
3739:
3523:
3067:
3051:
2908:
2776:
2699:
2577:
2340:
Chinese illustration of a land mine with eight explosive charges, from the
2298:
2246:, one-foot-long (30 cm) pieces of wood with iron hooks on their ends;
2239:
2207:(AXO), devices that were never used and were left behind after a conflict.
2062:
1988:
1968:
1963:
1858:
1803:
1437:
1432:
1255:
1170:
918:
652:
553:
350:
254:
81:
6429:
Electronic Mine Information Network by United Nations Mine Action Services
5935:. International Campaign to Ban Landmines and Cluster Munition Coalition.
5817:"Falkland islanders celebrate being landmine free - after nearly 40 years"
5721:
5403:"Ukraine is now the most mined country. It will take decades to make safe"
3444:
The mines are not used in defensive roles (for specific position or area).
3263:
or smaller vehicles of lesser importance. More modern anti-tank mines use
8221:
8078:
8047:
8029:
8017:
7959:
7954:
7895:
7890:
7850:
7750:
7715:
7611:
7514:
7285:
7255:
7245:
7151:
7040:
6657:
6604:
3934:
caused by land mines "can be classified into five groups: access denial,
3873:
3861:
3782:
3654:
3372:
3356:
3128:
3063:
3020:
2991:
2939:
2901:
2832:
2800:
2780:
2668:
2594:
2511:
2492:
2380:
2342:
2302:
2167:
1973:
1724:
1689:
1528:
1215:
1180:
893:
836:
739:
523:
244:
239:
49:
6848:
4252:
3688:
3078:
57:
8246:
8066:
8038:
7969:
7845:
7800:
7730:
7650:
7547:
7452:
7392:
7351:
7329:
7280:
7226:
7176:
7171:
7156:
7115:
7063:
7021:
6966:
6808:
6724:
4086:
4051:
3826:
3714:
3671:
3608:
3538:
3519:
3332:
from a Russian-made mine to clear a minefield outside of Fallujah, Iraq
3313:
3211:
3062:
wanted to have nuclear minefields as a defense against attack from the
2955:
2951:
2871:
2821:
2820:
and used in the Second Battle of El Alamein. The Crab, attached to the
2817:
2813:
2732:
2538:
2158:
1930:
1900:
1622:
991:
70:
62:
8226:
6771:
4486:
3336:
3281:
7586:
7413:
7408:
7341:
6982:
6895:
6825:
6783:
6609:
6579:
6540:
6506:
5702:
4801:"Global death toll of landmines rises due to mines laid by militants"
4629:
3786:
3512:
3490:
land mines have been used for both defensive and guerrilla purposes.
3417:
3395:
3182:
2912:
2848:
2550:
2412:
2389:
2364:
2356:
1920:
1744:
1694:
1644:
1634:
1629:
1494:
1285:
1280:
1245:
687:
373:
340:
229:
6064:
3498:
2893:("toe-popper"). These, too, were ready too late for the Korean war.
8139:
8134:
8059:
7900:
7618:
7593:
7576:
7506:
7447:
7375:
7368:
7211:
7099:
6973:
6793:
6788:
6764:
6692:
6672:
6652:
6619:
6403:
4107:
4071:
3857:
3778:
3567:
3450:
Mines are usually placed singly and not in groups covering an area.
3309:
3260:
3256:
3195:
3132:
3120:
3043:
2984:
2975:
2947:
2890:
2875:
2864:
2844:
2793:
2789:
2646:
2608:
2581:
2446:
1935:
1910:
1543:
1175:
1150:
768:
323:
197:
5607:"House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 25 Oct 1999 (pt 12)"
3102:
8271:
8236:
8231:
7569:
7552:
7537:
7521:
7473:
7401:
7346:
7336:
7304:
7206:
7181:
7166:
6936:
6880:
6798:
6645:
6638:
6584:
6456:
3980:
Toxic compounds can also find their way into bodies of water and
3877:
3853:
3774:
3770:
3631:
3380:
3340:
Argentine minefield at Port William, Falkland Islands created in
2860:
2856:
2723:, integrated these natural defenses with mines, including simple
2650:
2587:
In 1863, the German chemical industry developed trinitrotoluene (
2553:, up to four times more powerful than gunpowder, was invented by
2426:
2286:
2232:
1945:
1905:
1669:
1503:
1499:
846:
831:
707:
368:
363:
333:
272:
234:
6262:
Landmines in War and Peace: From Their Origin to the Present Day
5494:"New landmine emergency threatens communities in Iraq and Syria"
3387:. As of 2023, both Russia and Ukraine have deployed land mines.
3328:
A U.S. Army Explosive Ordnance Disposal technician removing the
2885:
Looking for more destructive mines, the Americans developed the
2799:
Several mechanical methods for clearing mines were tried. Heavy
2630:
2227:
8276:
7630:
7196:
7134:
7078:
7056:
7033:
7026:
6902:
6885:
6717:
6549:
6531:
6501:
3834:
3710:
3472:
3467:
3399:
3368:
3312:
to be far worse than with landmines resulting in multiple limb
3267:
to focus and increase the armor penetration of the explosives.
3124:
3059:
3055:
2859:
and tripwire-operated bounding antipersonnel mines such as the
2678:
2635:
2415:
2368:
2254:
2128:
1452:
853:
670:
406:
6139:
International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health
5377:"'I just want my legs back': Myanmar landmine casualties soar"
2896:
2143:
In the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention (also known as the "
8317:
8261:
8005:
7530:
7361:
7201:
6522:
6286:(Report). United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research.
4081:
3554:
3461:, leading directly to the development of the first dedicated
3324:
3119:
A land mine can be triggered by a number of things including
3007:
2434:
2408:
2314:
2248:
2124:
928:
464:
459:
6417:
1943, Popular Science article on the "Polish" mine detector.
5242:
5031:
Barnaby, Frank (2003). "9. The spread of chemical weapons".
4447:"01.40 – Glossary of terms, definitions and abbreviations".
7299:
7141:
7108:
7083:
6875:
6865:
6834:
6813:
5258:
Andy Smith AVS Humanitarian Mine Action specialist (2021).
4628:), 5 oz (140 g) of "white" charcoal powder (from
4575:
3869:
3865:
3462:
3457:
Land mines were commonly deployed by insurgents during the
3329:
3237:
3190:
3114:
3091:
224:
219:
5296:
3816:
Before the Ottawa Treaty was adopted, the Arms Project of
2285:
A more easily deployed defense used by the Romans was the
6279:
Finaud, Marc; Finckh, Elena; Hardy, Giezendanner (2015).
3838:
2588:
97:
84:
anti-tank-mines of the German Bundeswehr (inert versions)
6436:
6426:
5929:"How many countries produce mines or cluster munitions?"
5217:
US Army Field Manual 20–32 – Mine/Countermine Operations
2580:
found a way to incorporate it in a solid mixture called
2123:. To date, 164 nations have signed the treaty. However,
76:
5524:"Islamic State is losing land but leaving mines behind"
6305:
6221:
5885:
5063:. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
4525:
4513:
3453:
Mines are often left unattended (not covered by fire).
3248:
while only disabling its movement is referred to as a
2595:
Between the American Civil War and the First World War
2192:. If bomblets do not explode, they are referred to as
5437:
Camp, Steve; Helmoed-Römer, Heitman (November 2014).
4970:"Ukraine: Russia Uses Banned Antipersonnel Landmines"
2839:
with firing device and electric blasting cap assembly
2480:
shells, similar to large black powder hand grenades (
5956:
5954:
5491:
2783:(anti-tank). Effective, cheap and easy to make, the
5933:
Landmine & Cluster Munition Monitor: The Issues
4250:
3086:. Note the yellow main charge wrapped around a red
2703:, the most common mine used in the Second World War
6307:
5896:
5742:"Bees, Giant African Rats Used to Sniff Landmines"
5555:"The treacherous battle to free Iraq of landmines"
5243:Ju Shardlow and David Ibekwe (November 11, 2020).
4251:
2771:, developed a portable mine detector known as the
2541:forced Confederate prisoners to remove the mines.
27:Explosive weapon, concealed under or on the ground
6348:Roy, Roger L.; Friesen, Shaye K. (October 1999).
6278:
5951:
5780:"Penguins Find Peace in Falklands War Minefields"
5436:
5266:
5176:"The Ultimate Weapon of War: Nuclear Land Mines?"
4862:"U.S. Military Did Not Use Landmines in Iraq War"
3825:. The companies involved included giants such as
3723:, launched in 1992. The campaign and its leader,
3236:were created not long after the invention of the
2958:. The US developed a range of systems called the
8388:
2149:Protocol on Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices
41:"Minefield" redirects here. For other uses, see
6728:
5799:"The Falklands penguins that would not explode"
5008:Chemical Weaponry : a Continuing Challenge
4671:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4474:
4472:
3515:from a distance of several tens of kilometers.
3073:
2730:While the Germans were advancing rapidly using
7290:
7236:
7054:
6900:
5441:. Pinetown: 30 Degrees South. pp. 19–34.
5432:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5220:. Department of the Army. September 30, 1992.
5203:
5201:
4798:
2105:typically laid throughout an area, creating a
7945:
7675:
7504:
7480:
7097:
7088:
7045:
6769:
6565:
6556:
6472:
6404:ICBL: International Campaign to Ban Landmines
5763:. Asian Surveying and Mapping. Archived from
5347:"Landmines in Myanmar: Politically explosive"
4604:
4602:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4450:International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
4127:Land mines in Latin America and the Caribbean
3611:, to clear the German mine fields during the
3094:well on the side of the mine designed for an
2354:A "self-tripped trespass land mine" from the
2070:
8064:
8045:
8036:
8027:
7616:
7591:
7567:
7528:
7519:
7471:
7457:
7428:
7399:
7390:
7366:
7327:
7132:
7113:
7031:
6980:
6971:
6927:
6918:
6909:
6846:
6832:
6823:
6706:
6683:
6409:Landmines and international humanitarian law
6136:
6046:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6032:
5581:"Yemen: Houthi-Saleh Forces Using Landmines"
5260:"MS3 Anti-personnel blast booby trap device"
5033:The Role and Control of Weapons in the 1990s
4892:"Backgrounder - Landmine Use in Afghanistan"
4654:
4469:
4322:. International Committee of the Red Cross.
3348:Land mines were designed for two main uses:
6715:
6697:
6643:
6629:
6547:
6538:
6529:
6520:
6511:
6093:
5421:
5198:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4548:
4546:
4422:Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
3692:Party states to the Ottawa Treaty (in blue)
3146:Some types of modern mines are designed to
3027:, which used mustard gas, in 1939; and the
2965:
2707:Tens of millions of mines were laid in the
6479:
6465:
6347:
5967:CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal
5963:"Environment and health: 5. Impact of war"
5744:. National Geographic News. Archived from
4831:"Landmines in Iraq: Questions and Answers"
4730:
4718:
4706:
4599:
4587:
4558:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4341:
3665:. Minefields laid near the sea during the
3650:be trained to detect the explosive agent.
3422:Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
2653:) where the warfare was much more mobile.
2077:
2063:
61:Examples of anti-personnel mines. Center:
6029:
5986:
5492:Mines Advisory Group (January 11, 2017).
5322:
5035:(e-book ed.). Taylor & Francis.
3971:
3677:
3379:. Since 2021, land mine use has risen in
6373:"The origins of military mines: part II"
6264:(Kindle ed.). Casemate Publishers.
5777:
5669:
5145:"British army planned nuclear landmines"
4767:
4755:
4736:
4635:
4543:
4411:
4409:
4106:
3687:
3586:
3571:
3497:
3375:and Korea. Syria has used land mines in
3335:
3323:
3280:
3171:
3161:
3115:Firing mechanisms and initiating actions
3101:
3077:
2895:
2831:
2692:
2629:
2557:in 1846. It was dangerous to make until
2349:
2335:
2226:
1041:List of military strategies and concepts
75:
56:
6423:detailed article on types of land mines
6370:
6357:Department of National Defence (Canada)
6328:
6281:Addressing Improvised Explosive Devices
5960:
5552:
5142:
5030:
4908:from the original on February 23, 2024.
4859:
4678:"The origins of military mines: part I"
4675:
4608:
4593:
4581:
4569:
4375:
4363:from the original on September 13, 2018
4338:
4035:TM 31-210 Improvised Munitions Handbook
3954:
3850:Landmine & Cluster Munition Monitor
3720:International Campaign to Ban Landmines
3699:International Campaign to Ban Landmines
3511:Mine-scattering shells may be fired by
3270:
3013:
2673:(plate mines). They also developed the
2115:International Campaign to Ban Landmines
14:
8389:
6421:"How Axis Land Mines Work", April 1944
6293:from the original on November 23, 2018
6130:
5961:Leaning, Jennifer (October 31, 2000).
5909:from the original on December 28, 2019
5796:
5761:"Detecting Land Mines: New Technology"
5613:from the original on December 13, 2021
5583:. Human Rights Watch. April 20, 2017.
5455:
5116:
5005:
4940:
4415:
3344:; clearance inhibited by boggy terrain
2997:
2378:A 14th-century military treatise, the
6460:
6371:Schneck, William C. (November 1998).
6259:
6247:from the original on October 19, 2018
6199:from the original on January 16, 2019
6189:"The penguins that would not explode"
6050:
6017:from the original on November 6, 2021
5778:Milliken, Mary (September 28, 2005).
5631:
5561:from the original on October 11, 2017
5553:Cousins, Sophie (February 20, 2015).
5504:from the original on October 11, 2017
5467:Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor
5174:Gault, Matthew (September 20, 2015).
5173:
4994:
4872:from the original on January 27, 2021
4841:from the original on January 26, 2021
4786:
4761:
4749:
4648:
4552:
4537:
4406:
4400:
4308:
3367:(DMZs) of likely flashpoints such as
3137:difference between friendly and enemy
2938:shape to slow its descent, while the
2170:. Overlapping both categories is the
6433:Detecting Land Mines: New Technology
6359:. Research Note 9906. Archived from
5875:from the original on April 12, 2016.
5865:"Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention"
5758:
5739:
5081:
4799:Gwladys Fouche (November 27, 2019).
4272:participating institution membership
3992:
3653:Other techniques involve the use of
3435:
3189:insofar as some mines have optional
2855:("Dingbat"). The Americans used the
2222:
7871:Weapons Storage and Security System
6383:from the original on August 3, 2020
5740:Mott, Maryann (February 10, 2004).
5587:from the original on March 22, 2018
5473:from the original on August 3, 2020
5357:from the original on August 2, 2020
5274:"U.S. Bets on Land Mine Technology"
4688:from the original on August 3, 2020
4488:International Mine Action Standards
3921:
3607:, was used by the Allies alongside
2907:In 1948, the British developed the
2792:. In 1944, the Germans created the
2688:
24:
6486:
6108:10.1111/j.1549-0831.2003.tb00133.x
6053:Land Degradation & Development
5845:from the original on March 6, 2016
5660:, Worthing, England 1986, Page 221
5534:from the original on March 7, 2018
5224:from the original on June 20, 2019
4811:from the original on April 8, 2020
4296:from the original on March 6, 2016
4286:"States parties to the convention"
4232:from the original on July 30, 2019
4147:Uzbek-Tajikistan border minefields
3767:Convention on Conventional Weapons
3424:, which is itself an annex to the
3222:
2625:
2544:
25:
8418:
6397:
5939:from the original on June 4, 2019
5897:Human Rights Watch (April 1997).
5186:from the original on June 9, 2019
5155:from the original on June 9, 2019
4930:from the original on May 5, 2024.
4676:Schneck, William C. (July 1998).
4495:from the original on May 30, 2019
4403:, Chapter 3: High-explosive mines
4326:from the original on May 30, 2019
3537:Some minefields are specifically
3176:Examples of anti-handling devices
2711:, particularly in the deserts of
8370:
8369:
6314:. New York: Human Rights Watch.
5759:Grad, Paul (February 14, 2009).
5117:Srubas, Paul (January 8, 2019).
4457:from the original on May 1, 2019
3941:
3912:
3811:
3769:(CCW). The countries are China,
3580:educating children on mines and
3463:mine-protected armoured vehicles
3004:2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine
2440:
115:
6181:
6087:
6003:
5921:
5890:
5879:
5857:
5827:
5809:
5797:Teller, Matthew (May 7, 2017).
5790:
5771:
5752:
5733:
5715:
5688:
5663:
5650:
5625:
5599:
5573:
5546:
5516:
5485:
5395:
5369:
5339:
5290:
5282:. April 4, 2004. Archived from
5251:
5236:
5167:
5136:
5110:
5075:
5049:
5024:
4999:
4988:
4962:
4941:Haroun, Azmi (April 14, 2022).
4934:
4912:
4884:
4853:
4823:
4792:
4724:
4712:
4700:
4614:
4531:
4519:
4507:
4097:Bulgarian anti-helicopter mines
3999:Convention on Cluster Munitions
3806:Convention on Cluster Munitions
3615:when 500 units were shipped to
3493:
3488:Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)
2663:Between world wars, the future
2611:(1899–1903), they succeeded in
2274:in 1314, and by Germans at the
6448:"Landmines: A Survivor's Tale"
6333:. Cambridge University Press.
5835:"Ensuring universal adherence"
5143:Edwards, Rob (July 16, 2003).
4440:
4278:
4244:
4214:
4184:
3603:. His invention, known as the
3522:or airplanes, or ejected from
3205:
2934:was small and had a flattened
2924:Wide area anti-personnel mines
2599:The British used mines in the
2501:Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829
13:
1:
7766:British "hedgehog" road block
6435:, by Paul Grad. Published by
6214:
3895:
3042:For a few decades during the
2523:Confederate brigadier general
2309:; in Japan they are known as
2138:
2109:which is dangerous to cross.
5674:. T. Modelski. p. 221.
5010:. Springer. pp. 33–34.
4651:, Chapter 2: Gunpowder mines
4062:Intelligent Munitions System
3734:The treaty does not include
3293:wheels of armored vehicles.
3074:Characteristics and function
2331:
2320:
2297:to slow down the advance of
2266:. His forces were besieging
2205:abandoned explosive ordnance
7:
8176:Cities with defensive walls
7761:Defensive fighting position
7676:
7481:
7291:
7237:
7098:
7089:
7055:
7046:
6901:
6438:Asian Surveying and Mapping
6415:Detector Spots Buried Mines
5722:APOPO Landmine Removal Rats
5699:: when Hitler fought Stalin
5315:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014697
5262:. Humanitarian Mine Action.
4359:. University of Minnesota.
4030:Improvised explosive device
3987:
3613:Second Battle of El Alamein
3561:
3484:Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)
3447:Mined areas are not marked.
3316:and lower body mutilation.
3048:atomic demolition munitions
3037:Chemical Weapons Convention
2960:Family of Scatterable Mines
2827:
2746:Second Battle of El Alamein
2238:Some fortifications in the
2173:improvised explosive device
1534:Military–industrial complex
1013:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
8423:
6310:Landmines: a Deadly Legacy
5886:Landmines: a Deadly Legacy
5784:Environmental News Network
5670:Modelski, Tadeusz (1986).
5006:Spiers, Edward M. (1989).
4526:GICHD Guide to Mine Action
4514:GICHD Guide to Mine Action
4142:Land mines in North Africa
3904:has recorded over 120,000
3887:
3681:
3565:
3518:Mines may be dropped from
3319:
3308:were recently reported in
3274:
3226:
3209:
3165:
2952:SB-33 anti-personnel mines
2367:, an explosive mixture of
2324:
2305:was wounded by one in the
2213:
47:
43:Minefield (disambiguation)
40:
36:Land mine (disambiguation)
29:
8360:
8290:
8214:
8158:
8092:
7978:
7883:
7806:Hardened aircraft shelter
7781:Entry control point (ECP)
7693:
7604:
7320:
7313:
6745:
6494:
5727:January 31, 2010, at the
5096:10.1080/03071840802103306
4259:Oxford English Dictionary
3876:, Russia, Singapore, and
3757:Korean Demilitarized Zone
3731:in 1997 for its efforts.
3630:on the eastern border of
3502:Minefield warning on the
3420:under Protocol II of the
2727:mines mounted on stakes.
2418:in Europe as sketched by
2201:Explosive remnants of war
1598:Loss-of-strength gradient
455:Combat information center
8303:Continuity of government
6329:Needham, Joseph (1987).
6151:10.1179/oeh.2000.6.3.243
5634:The history of landmines
4866:Arms Control Association
4316:"Article 2: Definitions"
4178:
3959:Land mines can threaten
3617:Field Marshal Montgomery
3595:practice mine clearance.
3459:South African Border War
2966:Middle eastern conflicts
2909:No. 6 antipersonnel mine
2752:", they were covered by
2180:Remotely delivered mines
1916:Military science fiction
1401:Technology and equipment
822:List of military tactics
48:Not to be confused with
8125:Motte-and-bailey castle
7831:Missile launch facility
7826:Main line of resistance
6521:
5905:(Report). Vol. 9.
5869:apminebanconvention.org
5209:"1. Conventional mines"
4416:Keeley, Robert (2017).
4264:Oxford University Press
4165:Mine clearance agencies
3900:From 1999 to 2017, the
3785:and the United States.
2634:Cutaway diagram of the
2559:Frederick Augustus Abel
2276:Battle of Passchendaele
2203:(ERW) include UXOs and
1984:Wartime sexual violence
1740:Full-spectrum dominance
1551:Supply-chain management
8201:Military installations
8065:
8046:
8037:
8028:
7946:
7617:
7592:
7568:
7558:Scarp and Counterscarp
7529:
7520:
7505:
7472:
7458:
7429:
7400:
7391:
7367:
7328:
7133:
7114:
7032:
6981:
6972:
6928:
6919:
6910:
6847:
6833:
6824:
6770:
6729:
6716:
6707:
6698:
6684:
6644:
6630:
6566:
6557:
6548:
6539:
6530:
6512:
6452:Journal of Mine Action
6224:A Guide to Mine Action
5694:Laurence Rees (1999).
4731:Roy & Friesen 1999
4719:Roy & Friesen 1999
4707:Roy & Friesen 1999
4132:Land mines in Cambodia
4117:
4019:Mine Protected Vehicle
3972:Chemical contamination
3968:loss of biodiversity.
3693:
3678:International treaties
3642:specifically to evade
3640:non-metallic materials
3596:
3584:
3507:
3345:
3333:
3289:
3177:
3107:
3099:
2904:
2840:
2704:
2638:
2361:
2347:
2235:
1896:Awards and decorations
1869:Peace through strength
1844:Low-intensity conflict
1478:Conscientious objector
1351:Area of responsibility
85:
73:
34:. For other uses, see
7970:Floating water castle
7701:Admiralty scaffolding
6994:Fortified buildings (
6011:Landmine Monitor 2018
5767:on February 13, 2009.
5180:The National Interest
4110:
4014:List of global issues
3691:
3590:
3575:
3501:
3339:
3327:
3284:
3200:render safe procedure
3175:
3162:Anti-handling devices
3106:Diagram of components
3105:
3081:
3046:, the U.S. developed
2956:SB-81 anti-tank mines
2899:
2835:
2739:anti-handling devices
2696:
2633:
2353:
2339:
2272:Battle of Bannockburn
2230:
2135:are not signatories.
488:Torpedo data computer
478:Ship gun fire-control
79:
60:
8313:Subterranean warfare
7266:Viking ring fortress
6260:Croll, Mike (2008).
5823:. November 14, 2020.
5748:on February 2, 2018.
5632:Croll, Mike (1998).
4357:Human Rights Library
4192:"Types of landmines"
4159:Mines Advisory Group
4057:Blast resistant mine
3955:Loss of biodiversity
3936:loss of biodiversity
3928:Asmeret Asefaw Berhe
3605:Polish mine detector
3271:Anti-personnel mines
3187:anti-handling device
3168:Anti-handling device
3096:anti-handling device
3090:, and the secondary
3014:Chemical and nuclear
2810:Snake and the Conger
2779:(antipersonnel) and
2773:Polish mine detector
2754:88 mm anti-tank guns
2464:Another device, the
2388:), describes hollow
2327:History of gunpowder
2014:Military occupations
1849:Military engineering
1751:Unrestricted Warfare
1608:Force multiplication
506:Military manoeuvrers
8130:Quadrangular castle
7866:Weapon storage area
7222:Quadrangular castle
5383:. February 19, 2023
4262:(Online ed.).
4137:Landmines in Israel
4047:Anti-personnel mine
4024:Unexploded ordnance
3798:Unexploded ordnance
3750:Signatories of the
3744:claymore-type mines
3713:, South Africa and
3478:During the ongoing
3365:demilitarized zones
3286:Anti-personnel mine
3277:Anti-personnel mine
3123:, movement, sound,
2998:Invasion of Ukraine
2715:and the steppes of
2677:(also known as the
2643:Franco-Prussian War
2555:Christian Schonbein
2486:American Revolution
2459:Franco-Prussian War
2219:use in land mines.
2195:unexploded ordnance
1700:Penal military unit
1685:Rules of engagement
1361:Command and control
986:Operations research
450:Director (military)
440:Fire-control system
210:Command and control
91:Part of a series on
8397:Chinese inventions
7861:Underground hangar
7646:Fire control tower
7443:Gunpowder magazine
6871:Butter-churn tower
5697:War of the Century
5530:. March 30, 2017.
4974:Human Rights Watch
4899:Human Rights Watch
4835:Human Rights Watch
4611:, pp. 203–204
4572:, pp. 192–193
4118:
4115:Advanced Bomb Suit
4077:Minimum metal mine
4067:List of land mines
4004:Countermine System
3818:Human Rights Watch
3694:
3609:mechanical methods
3597:
3585:
3576:School posters in
3508:
3426:Geneva Conventions
3355:To act as passive
3346:
3334:
3298:asymmetric warfare
3290:
3178:
3108:
3100:
2932:BLU-43 Dragontooth
2905:
2841:
2705:
2639:
2620:Russo-Japanese War
2530:Battle of Yorktown
2519:American Civil War
2497:command initiation
2386:Fire Dragon Manual
2362:
2348:
2236:
2129:Russian Federation
1809:Counter-insurgency
1730:Command of the sea
1675:Jewish laws on war
1650:Geneva Conventions
1186:Divide and conquer
981:Military operation
946:Tactical objective
445:Fire-control radar
422:Electronic-warfare
86:
74:
8402:Explosive weapons
8384:
8383:
8308:Military urbanism
8242:Fortified gateway
8115:Concentric castle
7879:
7878:
7796:Fire support base
7636:Coastal artillery
7511:(Spanish America)
7105:
6947:Concentric castle
6366:on June 26, 2008.
5656:Tadeusz Modelski
5448:978-1-928211-17-4
5353:. July 13, 2013.
5286:on July 29, 2022.
4837:. December 2002.
4622:Wubei Huolongjing
4620:According to the
4270:(Subscription or
4175:
4174:
3926:From a study by
3802:cluster munitions
3796:Submunitions and
3773:, India, Israel,
3729:Nobel Peace Prize
3717:working with the
3628:Operation Kottbus
3624:Curt von Gottberg
3436:Guerrilla warfare
3385:internal conflict
3246:catastrophic kill
3031:, which used the
3029:M23 chemical mine
2806:Bangalore torpedo
2601:Siege of Khartoum
2420:Leonardo da Vinci
2393:cannonball shells
2373:potassium nitrate
2313:and were used by
2295:Battle of Zhongdu
2223:Before explosives
2087:
2086:
1979:Horses in warfare
1926:Anti-war movement
1829:Gunboat diplomacy
1819:Disaster response
1767:Philosophy of war
1762:Principles of war
1735:Deterrence theory
1680:Right of conquest
1603:Lanchester's laws
1371:Principles of war
1061:Counter-offensive
1046:Military campaign
951:Target saturation
874:Counterinsurgency
483:Gun data computer
417:Close air support
379:Aircraft carriers
16:(Redirected from
8414:
8373:
8372:
8366:
8257:National redoubt
8186:Fortified estate
8110:Circular rampart
8070:
8051:
8042:
8033:
7951:
7711:Anti-tank trench
7706:Air raid shelter
7681:
7641:Disappearing gun
7622:
7597:
7573:
7534:
7525:
7510:
7486:
7477:
7463:
7434:
7405:
7396:
7372:
7333:
7318:
7317:
7296:
7276:Bailey (or ward)
7242:
7147:Motte-and-bailey
7138:
7119:
7103:
7095:
7094:
7060:
7051:
7037:
6986:
6977:
6933:
6924:
6915:
6906:
6852:
6838:
6829:
6775:
6732:
6721:
6712:
6703:
6689:
6649:
6635:
6575:Circular rampart
6571:
6562:
6553:
6544:
6535:
6526:
6517:
6481:
6474:
6467:
6458:
6457:
6392:
6390:
6388:
6367:
6365:
6354:
6344:
6325:
6313:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6292:
6285:
6275:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6246:
6237:978-2940369-48-5
6229:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6134:
6128:
6127:
6091:
6085:
6084:
6048:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5990:
5973:(9): 1157–1161.
5958:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5894:
5888:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5737:
5731:
5719:
5713:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5667:
5661:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5434:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5326:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5213:
5205:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5140:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5084:The RUSI Journal
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4976:. March 29, 2022
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4948:Business Insider
4938:
4932:
4931:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4901:. October 2001.
4896:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4796:
4790:
4784:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4747:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4673:
4652:
4646:
4633:
4618:
4612:
4606:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4556:
4550:
4541:
4535:
4529:
4523:
4517:
4516:, pp. 16–17
4511:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4484:
4476:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4413:
4404:
4398:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4349:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4267:
4255:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4198:. Archived from
4188:
3993:
3932:land degradation
3922:Land degradation
3902:Landmine Monitor
3848:As of 2017, the
3843:General Electric
3663:Falkland Islands
3619:'s Eighth Army.
3480:Syrian Civil War
3407:combat engineers
3392:military science
3025:M1 chemical mine
2857:M6 antitank mine
2709:Second World War
2689:Second World War
2613:holding Mafeking
2605:Sudanese Mahdist
2526:Gabriel J. Rains
2422:around 1500 AD.
2307:Siege of Orléans
2293:in China at the
2264:Battle of Alesia
2185:cluster munition
2099:explosive weapon
2079:
2072:
2065:
1834:Humanitarian aid
1772:Security dilemma
1593:Power projection
1376:Economy of force
1356:Chain of command
1071:Defence in depth
1056:Commerce raiding
879:Defeat in detail
215:Defense ministry
119:
110:
109:
100:
88:
87:
21:
8422:
8421:
8417:
8416:
8415:
8413:
8412:
8411:
8387:
8386:
8385:
8380:
8364:
8356:
8286:
8210:
8154:
8088:
8023:Imperial castle
7996:Coercion castle
7991:Coastal defence
7974:
7936:Promontory fort
7906:Hillside castle
7875:
7791:Fallout shelter
7756:Concertina wire
7736:Border security
7689:
7600:
7309:
6942:Coercion castle
6930:Cheval de frise
6912:Chemin de ronde
6760:Albarrana tower
6741:
6686:Schwedenschanze
6663:Promontory fort
6490:
6485:
6400:
6395:
6386:
6384:
6363:
6352:
6341:
6322:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6283:
6272:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6238:
6227:
6217:
6212:
6202:
6200:
6195:. May 7, 2017.
6187:
6186:
6182:
6135:
6131:
6096:Rural Sociology
6092:
6088:
6065:10.1002/ldr.754
6049:
6030:
6020:
6018:
6009:
6008:
6004:
5959:
5952:
5942:
5940:
5927:
5926:
5922:
5912:
5910:
5895:
5891:
5884:
5880:
5863:
5862:
5858:
5848:
5846:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5815:
5814:
5810:
5795:
5791:
5776:
5772:
5757:
5753:
5738:
5734:
5729:Wayback Machine
5720:
5716:
5693:
5689:
5682:
5668:
5664:
5655:
5651:
5644:
5630:
5626:
5616:
5614:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5590:
5588:
5579:
5578:
5574:
5564:
5562:
5551:
5547:
5537:
5535:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5507:
5505:
5490:
5486:
5476:
5474:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5449:
5435:
5422:
5412:
5410:
5409:. July 22, 2023
5407:Washington Post
5401:
5400:
5396:
5386:
5384:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5360:
5358:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5295:
5291:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5256:
5252:
5241:
5237:
5227:
5225:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5199:
5189:
5187:
5172:
5168:
5158:
5156:
5141:
5137:
5127:
5125:
5115:
5111:
5080:
5076:
5066:
5064:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5043:
5029:
5025:
5018:
5004:
5000:
4993:
4989:
4979:
4977:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4953:
4951:
4939:
4935:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4905:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4875:
4873:
4858:
4854:
4844:
4842:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4814:
4812:
4797:
4793:
4785:
4768:
4760:
4756:
4748:
4737:
4729:
4725:
4717:
4713:
4705:
4701:
4691:
4689:
4674:
4655:
4647:
4636:
4619:
4615:
4607:
4600:
4592:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4568:
4559:
4551:
4544:
4536:
4532:
4524:
4520:
4512:
4508:
4498:
4496:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4470:
4460:
4458:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4431:
4429:
4414:
4407:
4399:
4376:
4366:
4364:
4351:
4350:
4339:
4329:
4327:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4297:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4269:
4249:
4245:
4235:
4233:
4226:Merriam-Webster
4220:
4219:
4215:
4205:
4203:
4202:on June 2, 2023
4190:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4102:
4092:Wooden box mine
4009:Demolition belt
3990:
3974:
3957:
3944:
3924:
3915:
3898:
3890:
3814:
3736:anti-tank mines
3686:
3680:
3644:metal detectors
3593:Royal Engineers
3570:
3564:
3528:cruise missiles
3496:
3438:
3398:, or to reduce
3322:
3279:
3273:
3242:First World War
3234:Anti-tank mines
3231:
3225:
3223:Anti-tank mines
3214:
3208:
3170:
3164:
3117:
3076:
3016:
3000:
2968:
2830:
2761:Battle of Kursk
2750:Devil's gardens
2721:Mannerheim Line
2691:
2675:Schrapnell mine
2628:
2626:First World War
2597:
2574:angina pectoris
2566:Ascanio Sobrero
2547:
2545:High explosives
2443:
2371:, charcoal and
2334:
2329:
2323:
2280:First World War
2225:
2216:
2141:
2083:
2054:
2053:
2004:
1994:
1993:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1891:
1881:
1880:
1854:Multilateralism
1839:Law enforcement
1799:
1789:
1788:
1757:Just war theory
1715:
1705:
1704:
1655:Geneva Protocol
1625:
1615:
1614:
1588:
1578:
1577:
1519:
1509:
1508:
1416:
1406:
1405:
1346:
1336:
1335:
1301:
1291:
1290:
1221:Network-centric
1141:
1131:
1130:
1038:
1028:
1027:
976:
966:
965:
914:Rapid dominance
819:
809:
808:
764:Electromagnetic
673:
663:
662:
649:
602:
550:
526:
516:
515:
511:Combat training
492:
469:
435:Combat systems:
431:
393:
389:Auxiliary ships
355:
315:
311:Military police
277:
200:
190:
189:
129:
103:
102:
101:
96:
53:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8420:
8410:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8382:
8381:
8379:
8378:
8361:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8354:
8353:
8352:
8342:
8340:Trench warfare
8337:
8335:Tunnel warfare
8332:
8331:
8330:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8294:
8292:
8288:
8287:
8285:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8218:
8216:
8212:
8211:
8209:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8191:Fortifications
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8162:
8160:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8096:
8094:
8090:
8089:
8087:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8043:
8034:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8008:
8003:
8001:Counter-castle
7998:
7993:
7988:
7986:Border barrier
7982:
7980:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7921:Lowland castle
7918:
7913:
7911:Hilltop castle
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7887:
7885:
7881:
7880:
7877:
7876:
7874:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7786:Electric fence
7783:
7778:
7776:Dragon's teeth
7773:
7771:Czech hedgehog
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7697:
7695:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7687:
7685:Wire obstacles
7682:
7673:
7671:Polygonal fort
7668:
7663:
7661:Martello tower
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7626:Border outpost
7623:
7614:
7608:
7606:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7598:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7526:
7517:
7512:
7502:
7500:Polygonal fort
7497:
7492:
7487:
7478:
7469:
7464:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7397:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7324:
7322:
7315:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7111:
7106:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7052:
7043:
7038:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7012:
7007:
6992:
6990:Flanking tower
6987:
6978:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6957:Counter-castle
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6925:
6916:
6907:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6844:
6839:
6830:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6751:
6749:
6747:Post-classical
6743:
6742:
6740:
6739:
6737:Vitrified fort
6734:
6722:
6713:
6704:
6695:
6690:
6681:
6676:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6641:
6636:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6595:Defensive wall
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6563:
6554:
6545:
6536:
6527:
6518:
6509:
6504:
6498:
6496:
6492:
6491:
6488:Fortifications
6484:
6483:
6476:
6469:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6444:Ken Rutherford
6441:
6430:
6424:
6418:
6412:
6406:
6399:
6398:External links
6396:
6394:
6393:
6368:
6345:
6339:
6326:
6320:
6303:
6276:
6270:
6257:
6236:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6180:
6145:(3): 243–248.
6129:
6102:(2): 153–181.
6086:
6028:
6002:
5950:
5920:
5889:
5878:
5856:
5826:
5808:
5789:
5770:
5751:
5732:
5714:
5687:
5680:
5662:
5649:
5642:
5636:. Leo Cooper.
5624:
5598:
5572:
5557:. Al Jazeera.
5545:
5515:
5484:
5454:
5447:
5420:
5394:
5368:
5338:
5309:(7): e014697.
5289:
5265:
5250:
5235:
5197:
5166:
5135:
5109:
5074:
5048:
5041:
5023:
5016:
4998:
4987:
4961:
4933:
4911:
4883:
4852:
4822:
4791:
4766:
4754:
4735:
4723:
4711:
4699:
4653:
4634:
4613:
4598:
4586:
4574:
4557:
4542:
4540:, Introduction
4530:
4518:
4506:
4468:
4439:
4428:(1): Article 3
4405:
4374:
4337:
4307:
4277:
4243:
4213:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3973:
3970:
3956:
3953:
3943:
3940:
3923:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3897:
3894:
3889:
3886:
3821:Italy and the
3813:
3810:
3682:Main article:
3679:
3676:
3566:Main article:
3563:
3560:
3495:
3492:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3437:
3434:
3361:
3360:
3353:
3321:
3318:
3275:Main article:
3272:
3269:
3265:shaped charges
3229:Anti-tank mine
3227:Main article:
3224:
3221:
3210:Main article:
3207:
3204:
3166:Main article:
3163:
3160:
3116:
3113:
3088:booster charge
3084:anti-tank mine
3082:Section of an
3075:
3072:
3033:VX nerve agent
3015:
3012:
2999:
2996:
2967:
2964:
2829:
2826:
2717:Eastern Europe
2690:
2687:
2658:anti-tank guns
2627:
2624:
2596:
2593:
2570:nitroglycerine
2546:
2543:
2508:percussion cap
2482:shell fougasse
2474:stone fougasse
2442:
2439:
2346:, 14th century
2333:
2330:
2322:
2319:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2140:
2137:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2019:Military terms
2016:
2011:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1777:Tripwire force
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1299:Administrative
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1226:New generation
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1201:Fleet in being
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1139:Grand strategy
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:Scorched earth
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1003:Deep operation
1000:
995:
988:
983:
977:
972:
971:
968:
967:
964:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
932:
931:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
850:
849:
844:
839:
829:
820:
815:
814:
811:
810:
807:
806:
804:Unconventional
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
752:
750:Disinformation
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
721:
720:
715:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
674:
669:
668:
665:
664:
661:
660:
655:
648:
647:
646:
645:
644:
643:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
601:
600:
599:
598:
597:
596:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
549:
548:
547:
546:
541:
536:
527:
522:
521:
518:
517:
514:
513:
508:
503:
501:Basic training
498:
491:
490:
485:
480:
475:
468:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
430:
429:
427:Reconnaissance
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
392:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
354:
353:
348:
346:Special forces
343:
338:
337:
336:
326:
321:
314:
313:
308:
303:
301:Reconnaissance
298:
293:
288:
283:
276:
275:
266:
261:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
201:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
186:
185:
180:
170:
169:
168:
163:
153:
152:
151:
144:Post-classical
141:
136:
130:
125:
124:
121:
120:
112:
111:
93:
92:
32:Tunnel warfare
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8419:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8377:
8376:
8363:
8362:
8359:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8346:
8345:Urban warfare
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8329:
8326:
8325:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8298:Civil defense
8296:
8295:
8293:
8289:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8219:
8217:
8213:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8166:Bastion forts
8164:
8163:
8161:
8157:
8151:
8150:Z-plan castle
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8120:L-plan castle
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8105:Bridge castle
8103:
8101:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8091:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8074:Refuge castle
8072:
8069:
8068:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8055:Military base
8053:
8050:
8049:
8044:
8041:
8040:
8035:
8032:
8031:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8018:Hunting lodge
8016:
8014:
8013:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7977:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7950:
7949:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7931:Moated castle
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7916:Island castle
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7884:By topography
7882:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7856:Submarine pen
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7811:Hesco bastion
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7726:Blast shelter
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7692:
7686:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7621:
7620:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7609:
7607:
7603:
7596:
7595:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7572:
7571:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7533:
7532:
7527:
7524:
7523:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7509:
7508:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7495:Place-of-arms
7493:
7491:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7479:
7476:
7475:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7462:
7461:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7433:
7432:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7398:
7395:
7394:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7319:
7316:
7312:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7137:
7136:
7131:
7129:
7128:Machicolation
7126:
7124:
7123:L-plan castle
7121:
7118:
7117:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7102:
7101:
7093:
7092:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7036:
7035:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6856:Bridge castle
6854:
6851:
6850:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6822:
6820:
6819:Bent entrance
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6804:Battery tower
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6755:Advanced work
6753:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6744:
6738:
6735:
6731:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6682:
6680:
6679:Refuge castle
6677:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6482:
6477:
6475:
6470:
6468:
6463:
6462:
6459:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6369:
6362:
6358:
6351:
6346:
6342:
6340:9780521303583
6336:
6332:
6327:
6323:
6317:
6312:
6311:
6304:
6289:
6282:
6277:
6273:
6271:9781844685011
6267:
6263:
6258:
6243:
6239:
6233:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6219:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6184:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6133:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6090:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6016:
6012:
6006:
5998:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5957:
5955:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5924:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5893:
5887:
5882:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5860:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5830:
5822:
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5812:
5804:
5800:
5793:
5785:
5781:
5774:
5766:
5762:
5755:
5747:
5743:
5736:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5718:
5712:
5711:0-563-38477-8
5708:
5704:
5700:
5698:
5691:
5683:
5681:9780951117101
5677:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5653:
5645:
5643:9780850526288
5639:
5635:
5628:
5612:
5608:
5602:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5560:
5556:
5549:
5533:
5529:
5528:The Economist
5525:
5519:
5503:
5499:
5498:reliefweb.int
5495:
5488:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5450:
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5431:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5356:
5352:
5351:The Economist
5348:
5342:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5293:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5269:
5261:
5254:
5246:
5239:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5210:
5204:
5202:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5170:
5154:
5150:
5149:New Scientist
5146:
5139:
5124:
5120:
5113:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5078:
5067:September 21,
5062:
5058:
5052:
5044:
5038:
5034:
5027:
5019:
5017:9781349198818
5013:
5009:
5002:
4991:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4937:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4920:"Afghanistan"
4915:
4904:
4900:
4893:
4887:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4860:IWade Boese.
4856:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4763:
4758:
4751:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4732:
4727:
4720:
4715:
4708:
4703:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4650:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4610:
4605:
4603:
4596:, p. 199
4595:
4590:
4584:, p. 264
4583:
4578:
4571:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4554:
4549:
4547:
4539:
4534:
4528:, pp. 18
4527:
4522:
4515:
4510:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4443:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4410:
4402:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4254:
4247:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4183:
4171:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4153:Organisations
4152:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4112:Bomb disposal
4109:
4105:
4103:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3985:
3983:
3978:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3952:
3948:
3942:Access denial
3939:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3913:Environmental
3910:
3907:
3903:
3893:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3812:Manufacturers
3809:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3792:
3791:Ottawa Treaty
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3753:
3752:Ottawa Treaty
3748:
3745:
3741:
3740:cluster bombs
3737:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3725:Jody Williams
3722:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3705:
3704:Ottawa Treaty
3700:
3690:
3685:
3684:Ottawa Treaty
3675:
3673:
3668:
3667:Falklands War
3664:
3659:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3601:JĂłzef Kosacki
3594:
3589:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3559:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3539:booby-trapped
3535:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3524:cluster bombs
3521:
3516:
3514:
3505:
3504:Golan Heights
3500:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3377:its civil war
3374:
3370:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3343:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3251:
3250:mobility kill
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3169:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3149:
3148:self-destruct
3144:
3143:inexpensive.
3140:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3104:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2980:Islamic State
2977:
2973:
2972:Iraq-Iran War
2963:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2837:Claymore mine
2834:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2769:JĂłzef Kosacki
2764:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2725:fragmentation
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2686:
2684:
2683:bounding mine
2681:), the first
2680:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2632:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2534:Seminole Wars
2531:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2514:(1853–1856).
2513:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2470:claymore mine
2467:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:Western world
2438:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2268:Vercingetorix
2265:
2261:
2260:Julius Caesar
2257:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2164:mass-produced
2161:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2145:Ottawa Treaty
2136:
2134:
2133:United States
2130:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2120:Ottawa Treaty
2116:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1906:Warrior caste
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1876:Show of force
1874:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:Peacebuilding
1862:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1720:Air supremacy
1718:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:Islamic rules
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:Court-martial
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1539:Arms industry
1537:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1156:Broken-backed
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:Expeditionary
996:
994:
993:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
975:
970:
969:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
930:
927:
926:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
869:Counterattack
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
823:
818:
813:
812:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
794:Psychological
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
730:Combined arms
728:
726:
723:
719:
716:
714:
711:
710:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
672:
667:
666:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
642:
639:
638:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
607:
604:
603:
595:
592:
591:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
569:Fortification
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
555:
552:
551:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
529:
528:
525:
520:
519:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
390:
387:
385:
384:Landing craft
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
335:
332:
331:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
274:
270:
269:Standing army
267:
265:
262:
260:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
202:
199:
194:
193:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
174:
171:
167:
164:
162:
161:pike and shot
159:
158:
157:
154:
150:
147:
146:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
131:
128:
123:
122:
118:
114:
113:
107:
99:
95:
94:
90:
89:
83:
78:
72:
68:
67:bounding mine
64:
59:
55:
51:
44:
37:
33:
19:
8368:
8323:Siege engine
8291:Other topics
8215:Related word
8181:Defense line
8145:Tower castle
8100:Bastion fort
8084:Urban castle
8012:Ganerbenburg
8010:
7965:Water castle
7941:Ridge castle
7926:Marsh castle
7741:Bomb shelter
7721:Belgian gate
7694:20th century
7655:
7605:19th century
7543:Retrenchment
7515:Punji sticks
7424:Entrenchment
7419:Device Forts
7386:Counterguard
7321:Early modern
7251:Tower castle
7187:Powder tower
7162:Outer bailey
7074:Inner bailey
7048:Gulyay-gorod
7016:Ganerbenburg
7014:
7010:Fujian tulou
6952:Corner tower
6891:Chamber gate
6861:Bridge tower
6709:Trou de loup
6437:
6385:. Retrieved
6376:
6361:the original
6330:
6309:
6295:. Retrieved
6261:
6249:. Retrieved
6223:
6201:. Retrieved
6192:
6183:
6142:
6138:
6132:
6099:
6095:
6089:
6056:
6052:
6019:. Retrieved
6005:
5970:
5966:
5941:. Retrieved
5932:
5923:
5911:. Retrieved
5902:
5892:
5881:
5868:
5859:
5847:. Retrieved
5838:
5829:
5820:
5811:
5802:
5792:
5783:
5773:
5765:the original
5754:
5746:the original
5735:
5717:
5695:
5690:
5671:
5665:
5657:
5652:
5633:
5627:
5615:. Retrieved
5601:
5589:. Retrieved
5575:
5563:. Retrieved
5548:
5536:. Retrieved
5527:
5518:
5506:. Retrieved
5497:
5487:
5475:. Retrieved
5466:
5457:
5438:
5411:. Retrieved
5406:
5397:
5385:. Retrieved
5380:
5371:
5359:. Retrieved
5350:
5341:
5306:
5302:
5292:
5284:the original
5277:
5268:
5253:
5238:
5226:. Retrieved
5216:
5188:. Retrieved
5179:
5169:
5157:. Retrieved
5148:
5138:
5126:. Retrieved
5122:
5112:
5090:(2): 64–68.
5087:
5083:
5077:
5065:. Retrieved
5060:
5051:
5032:
5026:
5007:
5001:
4990:
4978:. Retrieved
4973:
4964:
4952:. Retrieved
4946:
4936:
4923:
4914:
4898:
4886:
4874:. Retrieved
4865:
4855:
4843:. Retrieved
4834:
4825:
4813:. Retrieved
4804:
4794:
4757:
4733:, p. 12
4726:
4714:
4702:
4690:. Retrieved
4681:
4626:ferric oxide
4621:
4616:
4609:Needham 1987
4594:Needham 1987
4589:
4582:Needham 1987
4577:
4570:Needham 1987
4533:
4521:
4509:
4497:. Retrieved
4487:
4459:. Retrieved
4449:
4442:
4430:. Retrieved
4425:
4421:
4365:. Retrieved
4356:
4328:. Retrieved
4319:
4310:
4298:. Retrieved
4289:
4280:
4257:
4246:
4234:. Retrieved
4225:
4216:
4204:. Retrieved
4200:the original
4195:
4186:
4169:
4101:
3979:
3975:
3966:
3961:biodiversity
3958:
3949:
3945:
3925:
3916:
3901:
3899:
3891:
3882:
3849:
3847:
3827:Daimler-Benz
3823:Soviet Union
3815:
3795:
3764:
3761:
3749:
3733:
3718:
3708:
3695:
3660:
3652:
3648:
3636:
3621:
3598:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3532:
3517:
3509:
3494:Laying mines
3477:
3456:
3439:
3430:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3389:
3362:
3347:
3295:
3291:
3254:
3232:
3218:
3215:
3179:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3141:
3118:
3109:
3068:Blue Peacock
3052:West Germany
3041:
3017:
3001:
2989:
2969:
2945:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2906:
2884:
2880:
2869:
2842:
2822:Sherman tank
2818:Matilda tank
2798:
2784:
2777:Schu-mine 42
2765:
2758:
2743:
2731:
2729:
2713:North Africa
2706:
2700:Schu-mine 42
2698:
2674:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2640:
2617:
2598:
2586:
2578:Alfred Nobel
2563:
2548:
2516:
2505:
2496:
2490:
2481:
2473:
2463:
2450:
2444:
2424:
2403:
2401:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2363:
2355:
2341:
2310:
2299:Genghis Khan
2284:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2240:Roman Empire
2237:
2217:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2168:punji sticks
2157:
2152:
2147:") and the "
2142:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2094:
2090:
2088:
1989:Fifth column
1969:War resister
1964:Women in war
1859:Peacekeeping
1804:Arms control
1749:
1438:Mobilization
1433:Conscription
1391:Intelligence
1344:Organization
990:
919:Encirclement
799:Radiological
735:Conventional
589:Subterranean
496:Development:
495:
472:
434:
396:
359:Naval units:
358:
351:Signal corps
318:
296:Intelligence
281:Specialties:
280:
205:Organization
156:Early modern
54:
8222:Castle town
8079:Toll castle
8048:Lustschloss
8030:Kaiserpfalz
7960:Spur castle
7955:Rock castle
7896:Hill castle
7891:Cave castle
7851:Spider hole
7751:Bremer wall
7716:Barbed tape
7612:Barbed wire
7286:Witch tower
7256:Tower house
7246:Toll castle
7232:Shield wall
7152:Murder hole
7041:Guard tower
6658:Pincer gate
6605:Faussebraye
6203:January 23,
6059:(1): 1–15.
5617:January 22,
5413:October 27,
5387:October 27,
4876:January 20,
4845:January 20,
4815:January 20,
4789:, Chapter 7
4764:, Chapter 5
4752:, Chapter 4
4721:, p. 6
4709:, p. 4
4555:, Chapter 1
4253:"minefield"
4222:"Land mine"
3874:North Korea
3862:South Korea
3783:South Korea
3655:geolocation
3520:helicopters
3383:during its
3373:Afghanistan
3357:area-denial
3314:amputations
3288:in Cambodia
3206:Smart mines
3064:Warsaw Pact
3021:mustard gas
3002:During the
2992:Afghanistan
2940:gravel mine
2902:L9 Bar Mine
2843:During the
2781:Holzmine 42
2670:Tellermines
2517:During the
2512:Crimean War
2493:safety fuse
2451:Fladdermine
2404:Huolongjing
2381:Huolongjing
2343:Huolongjing
2311:tetsu-bishu
2303:Joan of Arc
2291:Jin dynasty
1974:War studies
1797:Non-warfare
1725:Appeasement
1690:Martial law
1529:War economy
1468:Transgender
1421:Recruitment
1181:Containment
1066:Culminating
974:Operational
894:Envelopment
837:Air assault
718:Air cavalry
678:Air defence
658:Information
559:Cold-region
524:Battlespace
473:Historical:
319:Land units:
245:Space force
240:Coast guard
173:Late modern
134:Prehistoric
50:Minesweeper
8407:Land mines
8391:Categories
8247:Gatekeeper
8067:Ordensburg
8039:Landesburg
7846:Sentry gun
7801:Flak tower
7731:Blast wall
7651:Gun turret
7548:Sally port
7453:Kotta mara
7393:Couvreface
7357:Breastwork
7352:Blockhouse
7330:Abwurfdach
7281:Watchtower
7271:Wall tower
7227:Shell keep
7177:Portcullis
7172:Peel tower
7157:Neck ditch
7116:Landesburg
7064:Half tower
7022:Gate tower
6967:Drawbridge
6809:Battlement
6725:Wagon fort
6568:Chengqiang
6355:(Report).
6321:1564321134
6215:References
5786:. Reuters.
5247:. Insider.
5123:Army Times
5042:0203168313
4787:Croll 2008
4762:Croll 2008
4750:Croll 2008
4649:Croll 2008
4553:Croll 2008
4538:Croll 2008
4401:Croll 2008
4274:required.)
4087:Smart mine
4052:ARGES mine
3982:accumulate
3906:casualties
3896:Casualties
3831:Fiat Group
3727:, won the
3715:Mozambique
3672:ecotourism
3396:kill zones
3212:Smart mine
2978:, and the
2872:Korean War
2733:blitzkrieg
2539:Union Army
2325:See also:
2190:CCM treaty
2159:booby-trap
2139:Definition
2034:War crimes
2024:Operations
1931:Foot drill
1901:Battle cry
1814:deterrence
1473:Harassment
1448:Specialism
1271:Technology
1266:Succession
1211:Liberation
1146:Asymmetric
1081:Empty fort
992:Blitzkrieg
961:Withdrawal
924:Investment
703:Camouflage
698:Biological
636:Underwater
611:Amphibious
530:Aerospace
397:Air units:
374:Submarines
183:fourth-gen
178:industrial
166:napoleonic
69:); right:
63:Valmara 69
18:Mine field
8350:Guerrilla
8093:By design
7841:Revetment
7656:Land mine
7587:Star fort
7414:Crownwork
7409:Covertway
7342:Barricade
6983:Embrasure
6896:Chartaque
6826:Bergfried
6784:Arrowslit
6610:Gatehouse
6580:City gate
6541:Castellum
6507:Acropolis
6379:: 44–50.
6297:March 20,
6251:March 26,
6159:1077-3525
6124:146470055
6116:0036-0112
6073:1085-3278
5979:0820-3946
5849:March 19,
5705:. p.118.
5703:BBC Books
5591:March 19,
5565:March 19,
5538:March 19,
5508:March 19,
5477:March 19,
5463:"Namibia"
5361:March 19,
5104:153830269
4980:April 19,
4954:April 19,
4684:: 49–55.
4630:quicklime
4300:March 19,
4236:March 19,
4206:April 16,
3787:Sri Lanka
3513:artillery
3418:war crime
3183:boobytrap
3133:tripwires
3129:vibration
3125:magnetism
2948:AT2 mines
2572:to treat
2568:invented
2564:In 1847,
2551:Guncotton
2495:. Later,
2455:flintlock
2413:wheellock
2390:cast iron
2365:Gunpowder
2357:Wubei Zhi
2332:East Asia
2321:Gunpowder
2301:'s army;
2107:minefield
2091:land mine
1921:War novel
1824:Grey-zone
1784:War games
1745:Overmatch
1695:War crime
1645:Desertion
1635:Ceasefire
1630:Armistice
1517:Logistics
1495:Mercenary
1483:Volunteer
1414:Personnel
1386:Engineers
1331:Sociology
1286:World war
1281:Total war
1261:Strategic
1251:Religious
1236:Political
1231:Perpetual
1206:Irregular
1121:Offensive
1096:Defensive
1091:Deception
1051:Attrition
904:Guerrilla
899:Formation
842:Airbridge
774:Loitering
688:Artillery
341:Artillery
291:Engineers
259:Irregular
230:Air force
8375:Category
8365:See also
8252:Loophole
8140:Ringwork
8135:Ringfort
8060:Obstacle
7901:Hillfort
7821:Loophole
7619:Barbette
7594:Tenaille
7577:Sea fort
7507:Presidio
7467:Magazine
7448:Hornwork
7381:Cavalier
7376:Casemate
7369:Caponier
7212:Ringwork
7100:Detinets
7069:Hoarding
6974:Enceinte
6849:Bretèche
6794:Bartizan
6789:Barbican
6765:Alcazaba
6693:Stockade
6673:Ringfort
6653:Palisade
6625:Landwehr
6620:Hillfort
6381:Archived
6377:Engineer
6288:Archived
6242:Archived
6197:Archived
6193:BBC News
6175:20819737
6167:10926729
6015:Archived
5997:11079063
5937:Archived
5907:Archived
5873:Archived
5843:Archived
5725:Archived
5611:Archived
5585:Archived
5559:Archived
5532:Archived
5502:Archived
5471:Archived
5355:Archived
5333:28835410
5303:BMJ Open
5228:June 15,
5222:Archived
5184:Archived
5153:Archived
4928:Archived
4903:Archived
4870:Archived
4839:Archived
4809:Archived
4686:Archived
4682:Engineer
4493:Archived
4455:Archived
4432:March 8,
4361:Archived
4324:Archived
4294:Archived
4230:Archived
4228:. 2019.
4072:LPZ mine
3988:See also
3858:Pakistan
3779:Pakistan
3591:British
3578:Karabakh
3568:Demining
3562:Demining
3310:BMJ Open
3261:infantry
3257:pressure
3196:PMN mine
3121:pressure
3044:Cold War
2985:Iraq War
2976:Gulf War
2887:Claymore
2845:Cold War
2828:Cold War
2794:Topfmine
2790:bakelite
2647:Tanzania
2609:Boer War
2582:dynamite
2466:fougasse
2447:Augsburg
2427:halberds
2131:and the
2097:, is an
2095:landmine
1936:War song
1911:War film
1544:Materiel
1463:Children
1443:Training
1381:Medicine
1366:Doctrine
1321:Training
1256:Resource
1241:Princely
1191:Economic
1176:Conquest
1171:Colonial
1166:Cold war
1151:Blockade
1036:Strategy
1008:Maneuver
769:Infantry
725:Chemical
579:Mountain
539:Airborne
402:Fighters
369:Warships
324:Infantry
250:Reserves
198:Military
80:Swedish
8282:Vedette
8272:Schloss
8237:Festung
8232:Dungeon
8227:Château
8171:Castles
7979:By role
7836:Pillbox
7666:Outpost
7582:Station
7570:Schanze
7553:Sandbag
7538:Redoubt
7522:Ravelin
7490:Palanka
7474:Orillon
7460:Lunette
7402:Coupure
7347:Bastion
7337:Arsenal
7305:Zwinger
7217:Roundel
7207:Ricetto
7182:Postern
7167:Outwork
7091:Kremlin
6962:Curtain
6937:Citadel
6921:Chemise
6881:Caltrop
6799:Bastion
6772:Alcázar
6668:Rampart
6646:Oppidum
6639:Nuraghe
6585:Crannog
6559:Castros
6495:Ancient
6387:May 19,
6081:5848182
6021:June 5,
5943:June 4,
5913:June 4,
5903:hrw.org
5381:AP News
5324:5691184
5190:June 9,
5159:June 9,
5128:June 9,
4805:Reuters
4692:May 19,
4499:May 30,
4461:May 30,
4367:May 30,
4330:May 30,
3888:Impacts
3878:Vietnam
3854:Myanmar
3837:Group,
3775:Morocco
3771:Finland
3632:Belarus
3468:sappers
3381:Myanmar
3320:Warfare
3296:In the
3240:in the
3185:and an
2870:In the
2801:rollers
2744:In the
2651:Namibia
2618:In the
2287:caltrop
2278:in the
2262:in the
2233:caltrop
2214:History
2049:Writers
2044:Weapons
2009:Battles
1958:Related
1946:Wargame
1941:Uniform
1889:Culture
1670:Perfidy
1665:Justice
1586:Science
1571:Outpost
1524:History
1504:Warrior
1500:Soldier
1488:foreign
1426:counter
1326:Service
1276:Theater
1216:Limited
1196:Endemic
1111:Nuclear
884:Foxhole
859:Cavalry
847:Airdrop
832:Airlift
817:Tactics
789:Nuclear
779:Missile
708:Cavalry
693:Barrage
671:Weapons
631:Surface
412:Command
407:Bombers
364:Frogman
334:Cavalry
306:Medical
273:Militia
255:Regular
235:Marines
149:castles
139:Ancient
127:History
106:outline
82:FFV 028
8277:Trench
8267:Picket
7678:Sangar
7631:Bunker
7563:Sconce
7483:Ostrog
7431:Flèche
7314:Modern
7293:Yagura
7261:Turret
7197:Reduit
7135:Merlon
7079:Kasbah
7057:Gusuku
7034:Glacis
7027:Gabion
6996:church
6903:Chashi
6886:Castle
6730:Laager
6718:Vallum
6675:(Rath)
6550:Castra
6532:Burgus
6502:Abatis
6427:E-Mine
6411:, ICRC
6337:
6318:
6268:
6234:
6173:
6165:
6157:
6122:
6114:
6079:
6071:
5995:
5985:
5977:
5709:
5678:
5640:
5445:
5331:
5321:
5102:
5039:
5014:
4170:
4121:Places
3835:Daewoo
3833:, the
3829:, the
3711:Norway
3473:v-hull
3405:Since
3400:morale
3369:Cyprus
3060:Greece
3056:Turkey
2974:, the
2928:WAAPMs
2917:Ranger
2849:Mark 7
2679:S-mine
2665:Allies
2636:S-mine
2521:, the
2478:mortar
2435:lances
2433:, and
2416:musket
2369:sulfur
2360:, 1621
2315:ninjas
2255:abatis
2231:Roman
2127:, the
2029:Sieges
1713:Theory
1453:Morale
1311:Policy
1306:Branch
1086:Mosaic
1076:Fabian
1023:Covert
956:Trench
941:Screen
864:Charge
854:Battle
827:Aerial
745:Denial
713:Horses
641:Seabed
594:Tunnel
574:Jungle
564:Desert
534:Aerial
8318:Siege
8262:Palas
8206:Walls
8196:Forts
8159:Lists
8006:Fence
7948:Rocca
7816:Kabal
7531:Redan
7438:Gorge
7362:Canal
7239:Shiro
7202:Ribat
7192:Qalat
7004:Dzong
7000:house
6700:Sudis
6632:Limes
6590:Ditch
6523:Broch
6514:Agger
6364:(PDF)
6353:(PDF)
6291:(PDF)
6284:(PDF)
6245:(PDF)
6228:(PDF)
6171:S2CID
6120:S2CID
6077:S2CID
5988:80251
5279:Wired
5212:(PDF)
5100:S2CID
4924:UNMAS
4906:(PDF)
4895:(PDF)
4483:(PDF)
4268:
4196:GICHD
4179:Notes
4161:(MAG)
4082:PFM-1
4041:Mines
4026:(UXO)
3800:from
3555:JP233
3543:under
3008:POM-3
2853:No. 7
2814:flail
2476:) or
2431:pikes
2409:flint
2397:fuses
2249:lilia
2244:goads
2197:(UXO)
2151:", a
2125:China
2093:, or
2002:Lists
1458:Women
1396:Ranks
1316:Staff
1246:Proxy
1161:Class
1116:Naval
1101:Depth
936:Swarm
929:Siege
909:Naval
889:Drone
784:Music
759:Robot
755:Drone
740:Cyber
683:Armor
653:Cyber
626:Green
621:Brown
584:Urban
544:Space
465:Radar
460:Sonar
329:Armor
286:Staff
264:Ranks
71:VS-50
8328:list
7746:Buoy
7300:Yett
7142:Moat
7109:Ksar
7084:Keep
6876:Caer
6866:Burh
6842:Boom
6835:Berm
6814:Bawn
6779:Amba
6615:Gord
6389:2019
6335:ISBN
6316:ISBN
6299:2019
6266:ISBN
6253:2019
6232:ISBN
6205:2019
6163:PMID
6155:ISSN
6112:ISSN
6069:ISSN
6023:2019
5993:PMID
5975:ISSN
5945:2019
5915:2019
5851:2019
5707:ISBN
5676:ISBN
5638:ISBN
5619:2019
5593:2019
5567:2019
5540:2019
5510:2019
5479:2019
5443:ISBN
5415:2023
5389:2023
5363:2019
5329:PMID
5230:2019
5192:2019
5161:2019
5130:2019
5069:2023
5061:OPCW
5037:ISBN
5012:ISBN
4982:2022
4956:2022
4878:2021
4847:2021
4817:2021
4694:2019
4501:2019
4463:2019
4434:2019
4369:2019
4332:2019
4302:2019
4238:2019
4208:2023
3870:Iran
3866:Cuba
3860:and
3841:and
3486:and
3471:the
3342:1982
3330:fuze
3302:IEDs
3238:tank
3191:fuze
3127:and
3092:fuze
3058:and
2970:The
2954:and
2913:C3A1
2863:and
2785:schu
2697:The
2649:and
2603:. A
2402:The
2153:mine
2039:Wars
1556:Base
1106:Goal
1018:Raid
616:Blue
554:Land
225:Navy
220:Army
6600:Dun
6147:doi
6104:doi
6061:doi
5983:PMC
5971:163
5821:BBC
5803:BBC
5319:PMC
5311:doi
5092:doi
5088:153
3839:RCA
3742:or
3582:UXO
3526:or
3390:In
3306:IED
2900:An
2891:M14
2876:M24
2865:M16
2589:TNT
2445:At
1623:Law
1566:FOB
1561:MOB
606:Sea
98:War
65:(a
8393::
8367::
7002:,
6998:,
6450:–
6446:,
6375:.
6240:.
6191:.
6169:.
6161:.
6153:.
6141:.
6118:.
6110:.
6100:68
6098:.
6075:.
6067:.
6057:18
6055:.
6031:^
5991:.
5981:.
5969:.
5965:.
5953:^
5931:.
5901:.
5871:.
5867:.
5841:.
5837:.
5819:.
5801:.
5782:.
5701:.
5609:.
5526:.
5500:.
5496:.
5469:.
5465:.
5423:^
5405:.
5379:.
5349:.
5327:.
5317:.
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5301:.
5276:.
5214:.
5200:^
5182:.
5178:.
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5121:.
5098:.
5086:.
5059:.
4972:.
4945:.
4926:.
4922:.
4897:.
4868:.
4864:.
4833:.
4807:.
4803:.
4769:^
4738:^
4680:.
4656:^
4637:^
4601:^
4560:^
4545:^
4485:.
4471:^
4426:21
4424:.
4420:.
4408:^
4377:^
4355:.
4340:^
4318:.
4292:.
4288:.
4256:.
4224:.
4194:.
3930:,
3880:.
3872:,
3868:,
3856:,
3845:.
3793:.
3781:,
3777:,
3759:.
3738:,
3706:.
3646:.
3530:.
3482:,
3428:.
3371:,
3252:.
3054:,
3010:.
2987:.
2867:.
2861:M2
2488:.
2429:,
2282:.
2089:A
1502:/
757:/
271:/
257:/
7104:)
7096:(
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6733:)
6727:(
6480:e
6473:t
6466:v
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4240:.
4210:.
3098:.
2936:W
2926:(
2384:(
2078:e
2071:t
2064:v
108:)
104:(
52:.
45:.
38:.
20:)
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