1026:
in international disputes, and the tendency to embrace notions of 'good international citizenship' to guide...diplomacy. Middle powers are states who commit their relative affluence, managerial skills, and international prestige to the preservation of the international order and peace. Middle powers help to maintain the international order through coalition-building, by serving as mediators and "go-betweens," and through international conflict management and resolution activities, such as UN peacekeeping. Middle powers perform these internationalist activities because of an idealistic imperative they associate with being a middle power. The imperative is that the middle powers have a moral responsibility and collective ability to protect the international order from those who would threaten it, including, at times, the great or principal powers. This imperative was particularly profound during the most intense periods of the Cold War.
1034:, relationships between middle powers and great powers reveal more intricate behaviors and bargaining schemes than has often been assumed. According to Soeya Yoshihide, "Middle Power does not just mean a state's size or military or economic power. Rather, 'middle power diplomacy' is defined by the issue area where a state invests its resources and knowledge. The Middle Power States avoid a direct confrontation with great powers, but they see themselves as 'moral actors' and seek their own role in particular issue areas, such as human rights, environment, and arms regulations. Middle powers are the driving force in the process of transnational institutional-building." At the same time, scholars have identified relations of antagonism and competition between middle powers, as well as their ability to use
4321:, Vol. 40, No. 5 (2007): 28-33: 'Today, a new, more selective South-South cooperation has appeared, bringing some hope to the people of our regions. The trilateral alliance known as the India, Brazil, and South Africa Dialogue Forum, or IBSA, exemplifies the trend ... The three member countries face the same problems and have similar interests. All three consider themselves "middle powers" and leaders of their respective regions, yet they have also been subject to pressures from 'Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspective of the IBSA Dialogue Forum. Hamburg: GIGA, 2007.
2348:
2310:
2048:
2001:
1681:
2100:
2115:
931:(GNP) statistics to draw lists of middle powers around the world. Economically, middle powers are generally those that are not considered too "big" or too "small", however that is defined. However, economy is not always the defining factor. Under the original sense of the term, a middle power was one that had some degree of influence globally, but did not dominate in any one area. However, this usage is not universal, and some define middle power to include nations that can be regarded as
1436:
1918:
2205:
4461:(20 September 2011): 'Countries often categorized as middle power (MP) include Australia, Canada and Japan. The reasons for this categorization are the nations' advanced political-economic stature as well as their significant contribution to international cooperation and development. India and Brazil have recently become considered middle powers because of their rise in the global arena—particularly with the emerging notion of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China).'
1968:
1639:
2388:
2364:
1781:
827:
1950:
1858:
1766:
29:
1984:
1797:
1664:
1184:—have more power, agency, and "geopolitical heft" in the 21st century (namely the 2020s) than at any time since the Second World War. He identifies Brazil, India, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and Turkey as leading middle powers and describes them as "swing states" that are capable of creating new power dynamics due to their nonalignment with most great powers. Among the shared characteristics of these six nations are membership in the
1888:
1577:
2250:
2016:
1903:
1712:
2145:
2325:
2190:
2175:
1622:
2265:
2130:
2085:
2063:
1607:
1547:
2032:
1873:
1843:
2220:
2160:
1728:
1933:
1697:
1592:
1562:
1351:
1828:
1813:
1744:
2295:
2235:
1317:
1419:
1334:
3335:, Vol. 49, No. 3 (May/June 2009), p. 424: 'India's democratic rhetoric has also helped it further establish its claim as being a rising "middle power." (A "middle power" is a term that is used in the field of international relations to describe a state that is not a superpower but still wields substantial influence globally. In addition to India, other "middle powers" include, for example, Australia and Canada.)'
1385:
2280:
1402:
1368:
3322:, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2007, p. 183: 'The U.S. is a superpower whereas India is a middle power. A superpower could accommodate another superpower because the alternative would be equally devastating to both. But the relationship between a superpower and a middle power is of a different kind. The former does not need to accommodate the latter while the latter cannot allow itself to be a satellite of the former."
3305:, Vol. 19, Issue 1 (2011), p. 75: 'India's role in the contemporary world order can be optimally asserted by the middle power concept. The concept allows for distinguishing both strengths and weakness of India's globalist agency, shifting the analytical focus beyond material-statistical calculations to theorise behavioural, normative and ideational parameters.'
884:. These countries often possess certain capabilities, such as strong economies, advanced technologies, and diplomatic influence, that allow them to have a voice in global affairs. Middle powers are typically seen as bridge-builders between larger powers, using their diplomatic skills to mediate conflicts and promote cooperation on international issues.
990:
materially inegalitarian and recently democratised states that demonstrate much regional influence and self-association. Behaviourally, they opt for reformist and not radical global change, exhibit a strong regional orientation favouring regional integration but seek also to construct identities distinct from those of the weak states in their region.
1002:, is that "middle power countries are politically and economically significant, internationally respected countries that have renounced the nuclear arms race, a standing that give them significant international credibility." Under this definition however, nuclear-armed states like India and Pakistan, and every state participant of the
891:, cooperation, and peaceful resolution of conflicts. They are able to leverage their resources and diplomatic skills to advance their national interests while also contributing to global stability and prosperity. As such, middle powers are an important and often overlooked factor in the complex web of international relations.
1211:
relationships wherein middle powers have comparatively greater influence; for example, the fragmenting of the international energy market has purportedly given Saudi Arabia, a major energy exporter, far more weight in now-smaller regional markets. Kupchan also notes the ability of these middle powers
1025:
Although there is some conceptual ambiguity surrounding the term middle power, middle powers are identified most often by their international behavior–called 'middle power diplomacy'—the tendency to pursue multilateral solutions to international problems, the tendency to embrace compromise positions
3844:
The (US) Department of
Defense defined the Indo-Pacific as its "priority theater"...This tilt is an acknowledgment of China's increased role in world economics. China's share in world GDP has risen from 4% in 2000 to 16% today. Since it joined the WTO in 2001 and with the unfolding of the economic
3443:
The next tier of regional powers — Japan and India — have each lost more ground in 2021 than did China. Both countries have fallen just short of the major power threshold of 40 points in 2021... One result of greater bipolarity is that US allies, such as Japan and
Australia, and even key balancing
3268:
The next tier of regional powers — Japan and India — have each lost more ground in 2021 than did China. Both countries have fallen just short of the major power threshold of 40 points in 2021... One result of greater bipolarity is that US allies, such as Japan and
Australia, and even key balancing
950:
Middle power status is usually identified in one of two ways. The traditional and most common way is to aggregate critical physical and material criteria to rank states according to their relative capabilities. Because countries' capabilities differ, they are categorized as superpowers (or great
989:
and not regionally influential. Behaviourally, they exhibit a weak and ambivalent regional orientation, constructing identities distinct from powerful states in their regions and offer appeasing concessions to pressures for global reform. Emerging middle powers by contrast are semi-peripheral,
3291:
Vol. 171, No. 6 (2008), p. 45: 'Japan is settling into a position as a middle power in Asia, sitting uneasily between the U.S., its security ally, and China, its most important economic partner. In this it finds itself in a situation similar to
Australia, India, South Korea and the members of
1130:" of either but would "continue to make our decisions objectively, in the light of our obligations to our own people and their interest in the welfare of the international community." Canadian leaders believed Canada was a middle power because it was a junior partner in larger alliances (e.g.
1094:
highlights the importance of middle powers diplomacy. Through MPI, eight international non-governmental organizations are able to work primarily with middle power governments to encourage and educate the nuclear weapons states to take immediate practical steps that reduce nuclear dangers, and
3414:
The definition of 'middle power' is contested and has been the subject of controversy among scholars. According to the
Italian interpretation of this concept, Italy is a middle-ranking power with limited natural and military resources and one that can only achieve its foreign policy goals by
926:
No agreed standard method defines which states are middle powers, aside from the broad idea that middle powers are states that have a 'moderate' ability to influence the behaviour of other states, in contrast to small power, which have 'little' ability to influence. Some researchers use
5546:
Uneven economic impacts and recoveries from the pandemic will likely continue to alter the regional balance of power well into the decade. Only Taiwan, the United States and
Singapore are now predicted to have larger economies in 2030 than originally forecast prior to the
5406:
Uneven economic impacts and recoveries from the pandemic will likely continue to alter the regional balance of power well into the decade. Only Taiwan, the United States and
Singapore are now predicted to have larger economies in 2030 than originally forecast prior to the
1289:. Moreover, according to a 2014 report by the Hague Centre for Strategic Studies (HCSS), Italy is listed among the great powers. Although broad academic support for India as a great power is uncommon, some in the field of political science, such as Malik Mohan and Dr.
1095:
commence negotiations to eliminate nuclear weapons. Middle power countries are particularly influential in issues related to arms control, being that they are politically and economically significant, internationally respected countries that have renounced the
6300:
Three middle powers — Vietnam, Australia and Taiwan — were the only countries to gain in comprehensive power in 2020. When neither the United States nor China can establish undisputed primacy in Asia, the actions and choices of middle powers will become more
5687:
Three middle powers — Vietnam, Australia and Taiwan — were the only countries to gain in comprehensive power in 2020. When neither the United States nor China can establish undisputed primacy in Asia, the actions and choices of middle powers will become more
3845:
and financial crises in 2008–2009, which diminished the West's soft power and economic and financial strengths, China has become the world's powerhouse. This has increasingly led to what may be described today as great-power rivalry between China and the US.
1163:
defined his country's foreign policy as one of "middle power diplomacy" along the lines of similar criteria. Australia would "influence international decision-makers" on issues such as "global economic, security and environmental challenges."
980:
and cooperative initiatives. However, emerging and traditional middle powers can be distinguished in terms of their mutually-influencing constitutive and behavioural differences. Constitutively, traditional middle powers are wealthy, stable,
955:. More recently, it is possible to discern a second method for identifying middle power status by focusing on behavioural attributes. This posits that middle powers can be distinguished from superpowers and smaller powers because of their
3577:
The United States beat the regional downward trend, gaining points in five Index measures, and overtaking China in two critical rankings: for diplomatic
Influence and future resources. But its gains are dogged by a rapid loss of economic
3518:
As long as Russia's rationality of government deviates from present-day hegemonic neo-liberal models by favouring direct state rule rather than indirect governance, the West will not recognize Russia as a fully fledged great
1473:
As with the great powers, there is no unanimous agreement among authorities as to which countries are considered middle powers. Lists are often the subject of much debate and tend to place comparatively large countries (e.g.
3348:
may be considered one of the most important instances in which Italy has acted as a regional power, taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy." See
Federiga Bindi,
6916:
4605:
4562:
3038:
959:
behaviour – middle powers carve out a niche for themselves by pursuing a narrow range and particular types of foreign policy interests. In this way middle powers are countries that use their relative
5835:
1270:
as great powers, due to their large, advanced economies and global influence rather than military and strategic capabilities; yet some sources have at times referred to these nations as middle powers.
2928:
3362:"Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power." See
3713:
The country lost points in half of the Index measures. But this has not narrowed the country's lead over the rest of the region, with lower ranked countries succumbing to their own losses.
3076:
3124:
6921:
1301:
is sometimes referred as a great power due to its economic power and influence, with Italy at times being considered a great power due to these factors as well as its cultural power.
2804:
4089:
Andrew F. Cooper, Agata
Antkiewicz and Timothy M. Shaw, 'Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?',
3726:
3756:
4705:
4816:
Indonesia has for the first time reached a top-ten placement in the Index. Jakarta now outranks Singapore as the most diplomatically influential player in Southeast Asia.
6267:"South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership - Fairy God-mother, Hegemon or Partner? In Search of a South African Foreign Policy - Monograph No 13, 1997"
3591:
1518:
in the late 20th century. Canada is known for its strong commitment to international peace and security and is often called upon to serve as a mediator in conflicts.
1199:, including the weaker bipolarity between the U.S. and China (as opposed to the stricter allegiances of the Cold War and the subsequent U.S. hegemony following the
1122:"a power of the middle rank" and helped to lay out the classical definition of Canadian middle power diplomacy. When he was advocating for Canada's election to the
4609:
4555:
3031:
1180:" but that are "less powerful than the world’s two superpowers—the United States and China." Nevertheless, Kupchan argues that middle powers—particularly in the
4392:
Flemes, Daniel, Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspectives of the IBSA Dialogue Forum (1 August 2007). GIGA Working Paper No. 57.
1126:, he said that while "...the special nature of relationship to the United Kingdom and the United States complicates our responsibilities," Canada was not a "
6472:
2828:
Mehmet Ozkan. "A NEW APPROACH TO GLOBAL SECURITY: PIVOTAL MIDDLE POWERS AND GLOBAL POLITICS" Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs XI.1 (2006): 77–95
5195:
2932:
4663:
855:
5560:
6957:
5721:
1248:
3822:
3197:
Countries such as Canada, Australia, South Korea, Japan, India and European powers like the UK, Germany and France can be considered as middle powers.
3175:
2778:
5350:
6392:
4578:
4539:
6931:
6865:
5040:
3318:(The Royal Institute for International Affairs, London: Pinter Publishers, 1990), quoted in Leonard Stone, 'India and the Central Eurasian Space',
5222:
3080:
6250:
5328:
3444:
powers, such as India, have never been more dependent on American capacity and willingness to sustain a military balance of power in the region.
3269:
powers, such as India, have never been more dependent on American capacity and willingness to sustain a military balance of power in the region.
7193:
3813:
3166:
3134:
3054:
894:
The concept of the "middle power" dates back to the origins of the European state system. In the late 16th century, Italian political thinker
6443:
2838:
5469:
6009:
4360:
4173:
2607:
6376:
6034:
4224:
6266:
3996:
3863:
7133:
6677:
4109:
4018:
1212:
to capitalize on rivalries between the major powers in order to further their own influence, interests, or foreign policy initiatives.
7071:
72:
5700:
4991:
2538:
1135:
286:
4481:
3734:
7258:
7003:
6656:
3764:
848:
5372:
5282:
2868:(Ashgate, 2004) – According to Shearman and Sussex, both the UK and France were great powers now reduced to middle power status.
7263:
6760:
5968:
5181:
4757:
1220:
The overlaps between the lists of middle powers and great powers show that there is no unanimous agreement among authorities.
6062:
5748:
5128:
4294:
3968:
3934:
3830:
3183:
3008:
2739:
2515:
5993:
5902:
4425:
6367:
5498:
3595:
6313:
4965:
1146:
to represent the interests of smaller nations and to prevent the dominance of the superpowers (often being elected to the
6860:
6834:
2461:"The concept of a middle power in international relations: distinguishing between emerging and traditional middle powers"
1251:
5958:
5784:
5022:
4887:
6998:
6941:
6714:
6357:
5624:
4630:
Louis Belanger and Gordon Mace, 'Middle Powers and Regionalism in the Americas: The Cases of Argentina and Mexico', in
2981:
976:
All middle powers display foreign policy behaviour that stabilises and legitimises the global order, typically through
841:
7087:
7008:
6936:
6926:
6906:
6436:
6231:
6143:
6078:
6017:
5976:
5916:
5802:
5762:
5514:
4935:
4737:
4439:
3592:"From Rural Transformation to Global Integration: The Environmental and Social Impacts of China's Rise to Superpower"
1018:
4697:
7268:
4239:
4061:
2891:
2666:
918:
or middle power "has sufficient strength and authority to stand on its own without the need of help from others."
6885:
6880:
6850:
6452:
4199:
2890:
Roberto Gimeno & Atelier de cartographie de Sciences Po, "La Russie et les grandes puissances (G8 et Chine)"
2421:
1255:
1147:
1123:
969:
726:
20:
4126:
7273:
4907:
4660:
3537:
While no longer a superpower (a position it lost in the 1940s), the UK remains much more than a 'middle power'.
2630:
533:
488:
3225:
Sperling, James (2001). "Neither Hegemony nor Dominance: Reconsidering German Power in Post Cold-War Europe".
7248:
7018:
6646:
5199:
359:
6190:
5725:
1142:), was not a former colonial power and therefore neutral in anti-colonial struggles, worked actively in the
6967:
6765:
6709:
6641:
6464:
6429:
6358:
Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance
5336:
2775:
1200:
1080:
5358:
3415:
expanding its influence in international organisations and through bilateral relations with larger powers.
1150:
for such reasons), and because it was involved in humanitarian and peacekeeping efforts around the world.
7243:
7055:
6808:
6704:
6651:
4582:
4536:
3815:
The Dilemma of Middle Powers: How AUKUS Has Reshaped the Potential for E3 Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific
3168:
The Dilemma of Middle Powers: How AUKUS Has Reshaped the Potential for E3 Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific
1189:
1157:
553:
68:
37:
5300:, 'South Korea and Sino-Japanese Rivalry: A Middle Power's Options Within the East Asia Core Triangle',
4857:
Samhat, Nayef H. (2000). "Middle Powers and American Foreign Policy: Lessons for Irano-U.S. Relations".
4148:
3548:
7097:
6694:
5794:
374:
6410:
6177:, Larousse, 2009,p. 134, both Spain and Portugal exert a real influence in Africa and in the Americas.
5229:
6901:
6682:
6565:
6247:
6223:
3531:
Chalmers, Malcolm (May 2015). "A Force for Order: Strategic Underpinnings of the Next NSS and SDSR".
2896:
1195:
Kupchan attributes the emergence of stronger middle powers to several historical developments in the
999:
6159:
5455:
3661:
7107:
6829:
6744:
5836:"Cycles of middle power activism: Constraint andchoice in Australian and Canadian foreign policies"
4517:
2844:
1507:
1188:; large and fast-growing economies; and active diplomatic involvement in major events, such as the
1112:
1091:
995:
943:
124:
4379:
Eduard Jordaan, 'Barking at the Big Dogs: South Africa's Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East',
3331:
Jan Cartwright, 'India's Regional and International Support for Democracy: Rhetoric or Reality?',
7128:
7013:
6724:
6096:"The Role of Middle Power–NGO Coalitions in Global Policy: The Case of the Cluster Munitions Ban"
939:
881:
782:
349:
5470:"Middle Powers,Norms, and Balancing: ROK's and ASEAN's Normative Balancing against Rising China"
4357:
3887:
3787:
2604:
928:
797:
364:
6373:
3958:
3924:
3551:(Published 2008), by Professor George C. Herring (Professor of History at Kentucky University)
2729:
7198:
7102:
6784:
6270:
5442:
5427:
5034:
4431:
3989:
3860:
3648:
2555:
2507:
2436:
1522:
1515:
1305:
792:
655:
252:
5118:
4106:
4015:
7183:
6575:
5497:
de Swielande, Tanguy Struye; Vandamme, Dorothée; Walton, Dorothée; Wilkins, Thomas (2018).
5476:
5317:, edited by G. John Ikenbgerry and Chung-in Moon (Lantham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008).
3960:
Middle Power in the Middle East: Canada's Foreign and Defence Policies in a Changing Region
3561:
3301:
Charalampos Efstathopoulosa, 'Reinterpreting India's Rise through the Middle Power Prism',
2910:
2053:
5021:
Zholdasbekova, Aidar Kurmashev, Dana Akhmedyanova, Houman Sadri, Akbota (1 October 2018).
1071:
A country that reflects and forms its national identity through a 'novel foreign policy':
8:
7178:
6855:
6739:
6734:
6329:
6005:
5908:
5254:
5151:
4999:
4775:
2959:
2628:
From Recognition to Intervention: The Shift from Traditional to Liberal International Law
2195:
1290:
1196:
716:
625:
582:
369:
134:
6917:
Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)
4277:
Kim, Jiye (2021). "Between a Regional Hegemon and a Middle Power: The Case of Nigeria".
2531:
1521:
The following is a list of 52 countries that have been, at some point in time since the
6284:
6212:
5390:
4870:
4800:
4478:
4300:
3405:
2954:
2583:
354:
139:
114:
5585:
5092:
5078:
Kim R. Nossal and Richard Stubbs, 'Mahathir's Malaysia: An Emerging Middle Power?' in
5054:
3788:"Many Germans believe China will replace US as superpower: survey | DW | 14 July 2020"
3675:
7253:
6962:
6729:
6689:
6482:
6227:
6139:
6116:
6107:
6095:
6074:
6013:
5972:
5912:
5798:
5758:
5671:
5510:
5376:
5279:
5124:
4931:
4733:
4435:
4319:
Middle Powers: IBSA and the New South-South Cooperation. NACLA Report on the Americas
4304:
4290:
3964:
3930:
3826:
3640:
3409:
3397:
3179:
3004:
2977:
2735:
2710:
2645:
2587:
2575:
2511:
2480:
1115:
1096:
1031:
787:
508:
339:
291:
119:
52:
6982:
6405:
5818:
5530:
3929:. Oxford Handbooks in Politics & International Relations. OUP USA. p. 363.
3469:
6719:
6672:
6598:
6421:
6314:
Middle Power Bandwagoning? Australia's Security Relationship with the United States
6111:
5994:"Chapter 1: Ireland, Peacekeeping and Defence Policy: Challenges and Opportunities"
5850:
4866:
4393:
4282:
3697:
3507:
3427:
3389:
3252:
3234:
2700:
2567:
2503:
2472:
2460:
2416:
1530:
1308:
been considered great powers but also middle powers by academics or other experts:
986:
620:
543:
513:
387:
129:
109:
5609:
Meltem Myftyler and Myberra Yyksel, 'Turkey: A Middle Power in the New Order', in
5120:
The United States and the great powers: world politics in the twenty-first century
3393:
6699:
6625:
6613:
6380:
6361:
6254:
6039:
5932:
5351:"Kawaguchi asks Saudi Arabia to put pressure on Iraq Japan Policy & Politics"
5286:
5280:
South Korea's foreign policy in the post-Cold War era: A middle power perspective
4891:
4727:
4667:
4566:
4543:
4485:
4364:
4264:
4113:
4022:
4000:
3867:
3209:
3102:
3042:
2998:
2864:
2782:
2634:
2611:
2542:
2401:
2393:
1204:
1127:
1058:
1006:
977:
895:
888:
831:
804:
660:
650:
447:
344:
6386:
5650:
4286:
3377:
2476:
7214:
7153:
7138:
7034:
6977:
6972:
6618:
6560:
6555:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6477:
5297:
4969:
3617:
3345:
2571:
2426:
2406:
2120:
1503:
1499:
1483:
1441:
1236:
1143:
1084:
1076:
982:
956:
932:
809:
740:
645:
478:
392:
5854:
4330:
Peter Vale, 'South Africa: Understanding the Upstairs and the Downstairs', in
3238:
2689:"Middle Powers and Soft-Power Rivalry: Egyptian–Israeli Competition in Africa"
7237:
6803:
6608:
6602:
5499:"Chapter 14: The Singapore paradox: The "little red dot" as a "middle power""
4884:
4050:, edited by Cranford Pratt (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990).
3401:
3366:, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: International Business Publications, 2009), p. 9.
3129:
2714:
2605:
Building Bridges: What Middle Power Countries Should Do To Strengthen the NPT
2579:
2484:
1450:
1240:
1173:
1065:
696:
591:
493:
483:
324:
5882:
4951:
1138:), was actively involved in resolving disputes outside its own region (e.g.
3077:"Pela primeira vez Brasil emerge como potĂŞncia internacional, diz Patriota"
2556:"A Middle Power Paradox? South African Diplomacy in the Post-apartheid Era"
1973:
1644:
1208:
1181:
1108:
1072:
887:
Middle powers play a crucial role in the international system by promoting
672:
666:
640:
635:
611:
601:
538:
427:
247:
171:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4915:
3210:
A Rising Middle Power?: German Foreign Policy in Transformation, 1989–1999
2705:
2688:
1482:). Clearly not all middle powers are of equal status; some are considered
7173:
7168:
6922:
Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA)
6824:
6590:
6570:
6545:
6524:
6519:
6513:
4397:
2369:
2315:
2210:
1955:
1923:
1786:
1525:, considered middle powers by academics or other experts (Members of the
1495:
1458:
1274:
1247:
due to their economic, military or strategic importance, their status as
1244:
1177:
1139:
952:
911:
877:
750:
735:
677:
548:
412:
211:
206:
186:
176:
166:
41:
6374:
Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order
5998:
Ireland in International Affairs: Interests, Institutions and Identities
4343:
Janis Van Der Westhuizen, 'South Africa's Emergence as a Middle Power',
3512:
3495:
2387:
826:
7143:
6580:
6529:
6492:
6487:
5313:
Woosang Kim, 'Korea as a Middle Power in Northeast Asian Security', in
4912:
3055:"Especialistas reclamam reconhecimento do Brasil como potĂŞncia mundial"
2431:
1863:
1771:
1462:
1457:
are considered by many scholars to exceed the traditional criterion of
1286:
1160:
1035:
873:
755:
711:
706:
701:
687:
528:
319:
201:
196:
60:
28:
5722:"A Balancing Act: The Role of Middle Powers in Contemporary Diplomacy"
5503:
Rethinking Middle Powers in the Asian Century: New Theories, New Cases
4698:"A Balancing Act: The Role of Middle Powers in Contemporary Diplomacy"
6070:
5786:
Stuck in Middle GEAR: South Africa's Post-apartheid Foreign Relations
5754:
5506:
3382:
The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs
2353:
1989:
1802:
1669:
1491:
1475:
1154:
961:
558:
452:
442:
437:
422:
417:
407:
281:
242:
231:
226:
216:
181:
149:
93:
88:
5945:
5701:"Middle Powers, Joining Together: The Case of Vietnam and Australia"
5561:"Taiwan signals its readiness to join the world's democratic powers"
5315:
The United States and Northeast Asia: Debates, Issues, and New Order
4608:. The Centre for International Governance Innovation. Archived from
3000:
The BRICs Superpower Challenge: Foreign and Security Policy Analysis
2858:
2856:
2854:
2650:
The Politics of Attraction: Four Middle Powers and the United States
2627:
6870:
5964:
5423:
4744:
a Middle Power like Peru lack the diplomatic and other resources...
4501:
4225:"Kenya: A Regional Power in Africa and the Indo-Pacific – Analysis"
3455:
Robert W. Cox, 'Middlepowermanship, Japan, and Future World Order,
2411:
2255:
2021:
1908:
1893:
1717:
1582:
1176:
describes middle powers as "countries with significant leverage in
630:
191:
161:
104:
4832:
Middle Power Statecraft: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Asia Pacific
4279:
Awkward Powers: Escaping Traditional Great and Middle Power Theory
4174:"5 reasons why Ethiopia could be the next global economy to watch"
3811:
3164:
1215:
5496:
3895:
The Journal of the Central European Political Science Association
3125:"Brasil ganha dos Estados Unidos em influência na América do Sul"
2851:
2330:
2270:
2180:
2150:
2135:
2105:
2090:
2068:
1627:
1612:
1552:
1356:
1259:
1061:
through global institutions and allying with other middle powers.
432:
269:
259:
4457:
Yasmi Adriansyah, 'Questioning Indonesia's place in the world',
4046:
Bernard Wood, 'Towards North-South Middle Power Coalitions', in
1099:, a standing that gives them significant political credibility.
6416:
6219:
6196:
6001:
5790:
2300:
2240:
2225:
2165:
2037:
2006:
1878:
1848:
1733:
1686:
1511:
1479:
1424:
1339:
1322:
1298:
1232:
1228:
1119:
1047:
1043:
596:
6063:"Four: Ireland's peacekeeping policy in the post-Cold War era"
3353:(Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), p. 171.
1502:). Some larger middle powers also play important roles in the
7189:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
7158:
7123:
7092:
6911:
6035:"Representing Ireland – multitasking in a multilateral world"
2285:
1938:
1702:
1597:
1567:
1533:
which are attended under a collective membership of the EU):
1454:
1407:
1390:
1373:
1294:
1278:
1267:
1263:
1224:
1039:
880:, but still exerts influence and plays a significant role in
6395:(A Queen's Centre for International Relations annual report)
4845:
Syria and Iran: Middle Power in a Penetrated Regional System
4758:"Bangladesh at 50: The Rise of A Bangladesh That Can Say No"
3594:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from
3549:
From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776
7188:
7093:
Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
7039:
6875:
6067:
Ireland and International Peacekeeping Operations 1960-2000
4240:"Morocco and Algeria, the struggle for regional leadership"
4062:"Morocco and Algeria, the struggle for regional leadership"
2727:
1833:
1818:
1749:
1167:
1131:
1003:
964:
skills in the service of international peace and stability.
40:. Most members of the G20 are middle powers while some are
6185:
6183:
3618:"A Point Of View: What kind of superpower could China be?"
2955:
Strategic Vision: America & the Crisis of Global Power
2454:
2452:
1107:
The term first entered Canadian political discourse after
7163:
6830:
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)
3950:
2877:
Soeya Yoshihide, 'Diplomacy for Japan as a Middle Power,
1526:
1487:
1281:
is a great power due to its status and membership in the
1185:
33:
6932:
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
6866:
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)
5960:
Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension
5724:. The Hague Center for Strategic Studies. Archived from
4048:
Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension
3861:
South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership
3287:
Tobias Harris, 'Japan Accepts its "Middle-Power" Fate'.
1514:
has had considerable influence in world affairs through
1304:
The following eight countries have at some point in the
7148:
6180:
5613:, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).
5082:, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).
4930:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press. p. 71.
4634:, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).
4334:, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).
4265:
The Americas in Transition: The Contours of Regionalism
2449:
1282:
6783:
6393:
Emerging Powers: Governance in a Changing Global Order
6240:
5329:"The plucky country and the lucky country draw closer"
4107:
Scrapping the Bomb: The role of middle power countries
3727:"China-US: Relations fray between the two superpowers"
2805:"6 Swing States Will Decide the Future of Geopolitics"
2044:
1273:
Some in the field of international relations, such as
5778:
5776:
5774:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5710:
4502:
A Middle-Power Military in Alliance: Canada and NORAD
3922:
3535:. Briefing Paper (SDSR 2015: Hard Choices Ahead): 2.
2500:
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies
2498:
Laurence, Marion (18 October 2023). "Middle Powers".
7194:
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)
6451:
6248:
Middle Power Clout: Sweden And The Development Banks
4479:
Middle Power Leadership on the Human Security Agenda
2911:"The Seven-Power Summit as an International Concert"
2383:
3812:Éric-André Martin and Marie Krpata (October 2021).
3757:"Five big takeaways from the 2019 Asia Power Index"
3165:Éric-André Martin and Marie Krpata (October 2021).
1207:, which has fostered regionalized geopolitical and
1053:Characteristics of middle power diplomacy include:
6958:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
6211:
5771:
5707:
4281:. Global Political Transitions. pp. 221–241.
4016:Niche Diplomacy - Middle Powers after the Cold War
3500:Journal of International Relations and Development
3364:Italy: Justice System and National Police Handbook
1506:and other international organisations such as the
5611:Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War
5080:Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War
5023:"Kazakhstan's Middle Power Response to Terrorism"
4632:Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War
4332:Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War
7235:
5176:
5174:
5172:
4900:
4843:Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Raymond Hinnesbusch,
4646:Pierre G. Goad, 'Middle Powers to the Rescue?',
4423:
4259:
4257:
3923:Courtney, J.; Courtney, J.C.; Smith, D. (2010).
3888:"The New International Role of Small(er) States"
2686:
2111:
1494:), while others could very easily be considered
1432:
7179:India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)
5925:
4992:"Kazakhstan and the struggle over Central Asia"
4695:
4606:"On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy"
4101:
4099:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4079:
3881:
3879:
3224:
2763:Challenge & Survival: The History of Canada
2721:
2491:
1216:Overlaps between great powers and middle powers
7124:Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)
7004:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
6912:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
5946:Middle Power Leadership and Coalition Building
5938:
4729:Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft
3785:
1964:
1635:
898:divided the world into three types of states:
6437:
6330:"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | New Zealand"
5255:"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | South Korea"
5169:
5152:"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | Philippines"
5020:
4776:"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | North Korea"
4556:On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy
4453:
4451:
4424:Gilley, Bruce; O'Neil, Andrew (8 July 2014).
4254:
4093:, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Winter, 2007), pp. 675, 687.
3032:On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy
2996:
2990:
2765:(Scarborough, ON: Prentice-Hall, 1970). p 411
2360:
2306:
2201:
1946:
1914:
1777:
1030:According to international relations scholar
849:
6094:Bolton, Matthew; Nash, Thomas (7 May 2010).
5417:
5415:
5039:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4691:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4597:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4096:
4076:
3963:. University of Toronto Press. p. 131.
3956:
3876:
2734:. University of Toronto Press. p. 265.
2687:Siniver, Asaf; Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2023).
1854:
1762:
1068:penetration in the country's foreign policy.
6285:"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | Australia"
6169:
6167:
5843:Australian Journal of International Affairs
5625:"The UAE and Egypt's New Frontier in Libya"
5391:"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | Singapore"
5198:. Public Diplomacy Magazine. Archived from
5116:
4801:"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | Indonesia"
4531:
4529:
3610:
3378:"Italy's 'Middle Power' Approach to Russia"
3375:
3103:"Brazil – Emerging Soft Power of the World"
2761:H.H. Herstien, L.J. Hughes, R.C. Kirbyson.
2660:
2658:
2344:
1980:
1793:
1660:
7134:Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries
6861:Central American Integration System (SICA)
6444:
6430:
6214:The middle powers and the general interest
6093:
5896:
5894:
5586:"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | Thailand"
5272:
5196:"Middle Powers: Squeezed out or Adaptive?"
5110:
5093:"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | Pakistan"
5055:"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | Malaysia"
4448:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4200:"Ethiopia Can Be Africa's Next Superpower"
3855:
3853:
3202:
2965:
2947:
2892:Russia and the Great Powers (G8 and China)
2246:
2012:
1899:
1884:
1708:
1573:
856:
842:
7072:South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
7040:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
6876:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
6835:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
6306:
6138:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 206.
6129:
6127:
6115:
6032:
5991:
5900:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5672:"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | Vietnam"
5412:
4837:
4725:
4676:
4464:
4358:The Apartheid Republuc and African States
4010:
4008:
3511:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
2704:
2553:
2321:
2261:
2186:
2171:
2141:
2126:
2096:
2081:
2059:
1618:
1603:
1543:
1347:
1102:
1038:to attain their goals, as in the case of
1012:
921:
73:List of countries by system of government
7088:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
6999:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
6942:Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS)
6907:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
6886:Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)
6164:
6060:
5531:"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | Taiwan"
5326:
4653:
4624:
4581:. disarm.emb-japan.go.jp. Archived from
4579:"THE UN DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE IN KYOTO"
4526:
4510:
4149:"Ethiopia: East Africa's Emerging Giant"
3984:
3982:
3980:
3926:The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics
3589:
3530:
3470:"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | Russia"
3218:
2768:
2655:
2554:Hamill, James; Lee, Donna (April 2001).
2497:
2291:
2231:
2216:
2156:
2028:
1997:
1869:
1839:
1724:
1677:
1478:) alongside relatively small ones (e.g.
1468:
1415:
1330:
1313:
1168:Growing significance in the 21st century
27:
7009:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
6937:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
6927:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
6368:Weak States in the International System
6152:
5904:Weak States in the International System
5891:
5819:From Rwanda to Darfur: Lessons learned?
5811:
5622:
4877:
4826:
4824:
4696:Oosterveld, Willem; Torossian, Bianca.
4661:Mexico – a Reluctant Middle Power?
4642:
4640:
4518:Quest to Reify Canada as a Middle Power
4402:
4383:, Vol. 97, No. 397 (2008), pp. 547-549.
4350:
4311:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
3990:Middle Powers Initiative Briefing Paper
3918:
3916:
3850:
3698:"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | China"
3493:
3428:"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | Japan"
3253:"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | India"
2802:
2458:
2276:
1929:
1693:
1588:
1558:
1398:
1381:
1364:
1297:to be a great power as well. Likewise,
7236:
6761:Composite Index of National Capability
6124:
5868:
5782:
5746:
5558:
4928:The United States and the Great Powers
4856:
4834:(Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2005).
4755:
4571:
4537:The UN Disarmament Conference in Kyote
4494:
4237:
4197:
4124:
4118:
4059:
4053:
4005:
3885:
3274:
3149:
3024:
2731:Canadian studies in the new millennium
2728:Patrick James; Mark J. Kasoff (2008).
2508:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.783
1824:
1809:
1740:
6881:Organization of American States (OAS)
6851:Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
6782:
6425:
6246:Rudengren J, Gisle P, Brann K (1995)
6133:
5956:
5747:Lauber, Volkmar (17 September 2019).
5648:
5421:
5304:, Vol. 20, No. 2 (2007), pp. 197-220.
5223:"Mediation and Qatari Foreign Policy"
4925:
4548:
4347:, Vol. 19, No. 3 (1998), pp. 435-455.
4198:Africa, Somtribune (29 August 2020).
3977:
3459:, Vol. 44, No. 4 (1989), pp. 823–862.
2971:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2664:
2620:
2599:
2597:
6209:
5833:
4821:
4637:
4386:
4031:
3913:
3805:
3638:
3590:Muldavin, Joshua (9 February 2006).
3562:"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | US"
3496:"Russia as a great power, 1815–2007"
3227:British Journal of Political Science
36:countries and others present at the
6657:International relations (1814–1919)
6061:Ishizuka, Katsumi (23 April 2014).
6033:Gillespie, Paul (17 January 2015).
5623:Laipson, Ellen (3 September 2014).
5327:Sheridan, Greg (27 November 2008).
5220:
4756:Yasmin, Lailufar (6 January 2022).
4427:Middle Powers and the Rise of China
4276:
4125:Gilley, Bruce (10 September 2012).
2974:China and India: Great Power Rivals
2881:, Vol. 35, No. 2 (2008), pp. 36–41.
2524:
13:
6968:European Political Community (EPC)
6351:
6192:Turkish Policy Quarterly, Volume 4
6010:Institute of Public Administration
5193:
5029:– via www.insightturkey.com.
4871:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2000.tb02013.x
3886:Cabada, Ladislav (November 2005).
3303:Asian Journal of Political Science
3133:. 2 September 2011. Archived from
3105:. allAfrica.com. 15 September 2011
2976:. United States: FirstForumPress.
2929:"Why are Pivot states so Pivotal?"
2900:, No. 27 (septembre–octobre, 2007)
2791:
2652:(Columbia University Press, 1977).
2594:
1192:and international climate action.
14:
7285:
6399:
5559:Jacobs, Bruce (22 January 2016).
4906:Foreign Affairs Committee (2006)
4650:, Vol. 163, No. 24 (2000), p. 69.
4603:
3678:. China.usc.edu. 13 November 2007
3316:India's Foreign Policy since 1971
2532:Making Australia a force for good
1529:are in bold font, except for the
1254:and their permanent seats on the
1019:International Studies Association
7098:Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG)
6453:Power in international relations
6322:
6277:
6259:
6203:
6160:Harper's Foreign Policy Success?
6117:10.1111/j.1758-5899.2009.00015.x
6087:
6054:
6026:
5992:Tonra, Ben; Ward, EilĂs (2002).
5985:
5950:
5827:
5740:
5693:
5664:
5642:
5616:
5603:
5578:
5552:
5523:
5490:
5462:
5383:
5375:. 26 August 2004. Archived from
5365:
5343:
5320:
5307:
5291:
5247:
5214:
5187:
5144:
5085:
5072:
5047:
5014:
4984:
4958:
4944:
2603:Middle Powers Initiative (2004)
2386:
2362:
2346:
2323:
2308:
2293:
2278:
2263:
2248:
2233:
2218:
2203:
2188:
2173:
2158:
2143:
2128:
2113:
2098:
2083:
2061:
2046:
2030:
2014:
1999:
1982:
1966:
1948:
1931:
1916:
1901:
1886:
1871:
1856:
1841:
1826:
1811:
1795:
1779:
1764:
1742:
1726:
1710:
1695:
1679:
1662:
1637:
1620:
1605:
1590:
1575:
1560:
1545:
1465:, and are therefore not listed.
1434:
1417:
1400:
1383:
1366:
1349:
1332:
1315:
825:
6902:Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)
6269:. 26 April 2015. Archived from
5969:McGill–Queen's University Press
4850:
4793:
4768:
4749:
4719:
4373:
4337:
4324:
4270:
4231:
4217:
4191:
4166:
4141:
4127:"The Rise of the Middle Powers"
3957:Juneau, T.; Momani, B. (2022).
3779:
3749:
3718:
3690:
3668:
3639:John, Emmanuel (13 June 2019).
3632:
3583:
3554:
3542:
3533:Royal United Services Institute
3524:
3487:
3462:
3449:
3420:
3369:
3356:
3338:
3325:
3308:
3295:
3245:
3117:
3095:
3069:
3047:
2921:
2903:
2884:
2871:
2831:
2822:
2755:
2422:Power (international relations)
1258:. Academics also commonly cite
1256:United Nations Security Council
1243:are generally considered to be
1148:United Nations Security Council
1124:United Nations Security Council
1017:According to Laura Neak of the
970:Singapore Management University
968:According to Eduard Jordaan of
7259:International relations theory
7108:Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG)
7014:Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU)
5933:The Military in greek Politics
5750:Contemporary Austrian Politics
5649:Evans, Gareth (29 June 2011).
3786:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
3724:
3320:Journal of Third World Studies
3178:, Notes du Cerfa. p. 20.
2803:Kupchan, Cliff (6 June 2023).
2680:
2639:
2547:
1277:and Roberto Gimeno claim that
1009:, would not be middle powers.
938:According to academics at the
534:Intergovernmental organisation
489:Separation of church and state
1:
7264:Political science terminology
7019:Organization of Turkic States
6856:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
6647:List of medieval great powers
6387:Middle Power Internationalism
6210:Wood, Bernald (1 June 1988).
5944:Higgott RA, Cooper AF (1990)
5883:Middle Power Internationalism
5424:"The Concept of Middle Power"
4998:. 5 June 2019. Archived from
4238:MartĂn, Lucas (5 June 2020).
4060:MartĂn, Lucas (5 June 2020).
3394:10.1080/03932729.2018.1519765
3079:. 10 May 2012. Archived from
2776:Time to go global, urges Rudd
2442:
6766:Comprehensive National Power
6642:List of ancient great powers
6136:Bridging the European Divide
4726:McKercher, B. J. C. (2012).
4153:Council on Foreign Relations
4129:. The New York Times Company
4105:Ploughshares Monitor (1997)
4091:International Studies Review
3641:"China: Emerging superpower"
3376:Marco Siddi (October 2018).
3351:Italy and the European Union
2865:European Security After 9/11
1201:collapse of the Soviet Union
1081:International Criminal Court
331:(socio-political ideologies)
7:
7103:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)
7056:Union for the Mediterranean
6809:Union for the Mediterranean
6652:List of modern great powers
6173:according to Yves Lacoste,
5901:I. Handel, Michael (1990).
5123:. Polity. pp. 71, 99.
4702:Strategic Monitor 2018-2019
4648:Far Eastern Economic Review
4432:Georgetown University Press
4287:10.1007/978-981-16-0370-9_9
3289:Far Eastern Economic Review
2962:, pp 43–45. Published 2012.
2502:. Oxford University Press.
2477:10.1080/0258934032000147282
2379:
1203:) and the gradual trend of
1190:Russian invasion of Ukraine
1172:American political analyst
994:Another definition, by the
399:(socio-economic ideologies)
69:List of forms of government
38:2008 G-20 Washington summit
10:
7290:
7184:Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
6695:Hegemonic stability theory
5795:Greenwood Publishing Group
4847:(London: Routledge, 1997).
4263:Mace G, Belanger L (1999)
2840:Encarta – The Great Powers
2572:10.1177/004711701015004004
951:powers), middle powers or
914:). According to Botero, a
18:
7207:
7116:
7080:
7064:
7048:
7027:
6991:
6950:
6894:
6843:
6817:
6796:
6792:
6778:
6753:
6665:
6634:
6589:
6538:
6463:
6459:
6224:The North-South Institute
5855:10.1080/10357719808445259
5565:the sydney morning herald
5501:. In Peng Er, Lam (ed.).
4542:29 September 2007 at the
4112:27 September 2007 at the
3676:"China as a global power"
3494:Neumann, Iver B. (2008).
3239:10.1017/S0007123401000151
2897:Questions Internationales
1000:Global Security Institute
872:is a state that is not a
520:(geo-cultural ideologies)
6785:Organizations and groups
6745:Superpower disengagement
6417:Middle Powers Initiative
6379:24 December 2005 at the
5996:. In Murphy, Ray (ed.).
5957:Pratt, Cranford (1990).
5834:John, Ravenhill (1988).
5651:"Middle Power Diplomacy"
4484:14 November 2007 at the
3057:. IBS News. 15 June 2011
2862:P. Shearman, M. Sussex,
2667:"Middle Power Diplomacy"
2633:28 February 2002 at the
2459:Jordaan, Eduard (2003).
1516:its peacekeeping efforts
1092:Middle Powers Initiative
998:(MPI), a program of the
996:Middle Powers Initiative
944:University of Nottingham
19:Not to be confused with
7269:16th-century neologisms
7129:Commonwealth of Nations
6963:Council of Europe (CoE)
6725:Power transition theory
6411:Encyclopædia Britannica
6334:power.lowyinstitute.org
6289:power.lowyinstitute.org
5676:power.lowyinstitute.org
5590:power.lowyinstitute.org
5535:power.lowyinstitute.org
5395:power.lowyinstitute.org
5259:power.lowyinstitute.org
5182:Middle Power Statecraft
5156:power.lowyinstitute.org
5097:power.lowyinstitute.org
5059:power.lowyinstitute.org
4885:Iran Analysis Quarterly
4805:power.lowyinstitute.org
4780:power.lowyinstitute.org
3702:power.lowyinstitute.org
3566:power.lowyinstitute.org
3474:power.lowyinstitute.org
3432:power.lowyinstitute.org
3257:power.lowyinstitute.org
3208:Otte M, Greve J (2000)
2693:Foreign Policy Analysis
2560:International Relations
940:University of Leicester
882:international relations
783:Administrative division
727:International relations
6370:(By Michael I. Handel)
6134:Spero, Joshua (2004).
5931:Thanos Veremēs (1997)
5450:Cite journal requires
4859:Policy Studies Journal
4565:7 October 2007 at the
3656:Cite journal requires
3620:. BBC. 19 October 2012
3041:7 October 2007 at the
2997:Kwang Ho Chun (2013).
1655:Americas (6 countries)
1118:, for example, called
1103:Self-defined by states
1028:
1013:Middle power diplomacy
992:
966:
929:Gross National Product
922:History and definition
45:
7274:Political terminology
7199:Uniting for Consensus
6253:22 April 2007 at the
5629:The National Interest
5428:Ohio State University
5339:on 12 September 2012.
4926:Buzan, Barry (2004).
4706:Clingendael Institute
4345:Third World Quarterly
3866:26 April 2015 at the
3457:International Journal
2972:Malik, Mohan (2011).
2437:Uniting for Consensus
2339:Oceania (2 countries)
2077:Europe (17 countries)
1510:. As a middle power
1469:List of middle powers
1023:
974:
948:
906:(middle powers), and
793:Democratic transition
656:Self-governing colony
253:Military dictatorship
31:
7249:Military terminology
7065:Africa–South America
7028:North America–Europe
5909:Taylor & Francis
5783:Taylor, Ian (2001).
5477:Chung-Ang University
5422:Schweller, Randall.
5285:20 July 2011 at the
5278:Armstrong DF (1997)
5117:Barry Buzan (2004).
4966:"www.acronym.org.uk"
4666:14 June 2007 at the
4477:Behringer RM (2005)
4398:10.2139/ssrn.1007692
4363:12 June 2007 at the
4178:World Economic Forum
4021:6 March 2012 at the
3999:14 June 2007 at the
3737:on 18 September 2020
3314:Robert W. Bradnock,
2610:14 June 2007 at the
2541:27 June 2007 at the
2054:United Arab Emirates
1539:Africa (7 countries)
1527:G-20 major economies
1197:international system
7215:United Nations (UN)
6983:Visegrád Group (V4)
6973:European Union (EU)
6740:Superpower collapse
6735:Sphere of influence
6710:Philosophy of power
6312:Hazleton WA (2005)
6006:Republic of Ireland
5361:on 23 October 2007.
4890:17 May 2020 at the
4659:Pellicer O (2006)
3513:10.1057/jird.2008.7
2960:Zbigniew Brzezinski
2935:on 11 February 2016
2781:17 May 2008 at the
2706:10.1093/fpa/orac041
1758:Asia (20 countries)
1486:and members of the
1461:, or instead to be
1291:Zbigniew Brzezinski
832:Politics portal
717:Supranational union
626:Dependent territory
539:National government
7244:Types of countries
7049:Africa–Asia–Europe
6012:. pp. 20–21.
5935:"Black Rose Books"
5379:on 26 August 2004.
5194:Cooper, Andrew F.
5002:on 26 January 2020
4830:Jonathan H. Ping,
4585:on 16 January 2013
4535:Inoguchi K (2002)
4516:Petersen K (2003)
3825:, Notes du Cerfa.
3214:St. Martin's Press
2774:Shanahan D (2008)
2665:Yoshihide, Soeya.
2646:Fox, Annette Baker
46:
7231:
7230:
7227:
7226:
7223:
7222:
6774:
6773:
6730:Second Superpower
6690:Deterrence theory
6360:(by Enrico Fels (
6273:on 26 April 2015.
5235:on 7 October 2013
5221:Kamrava, Mehran.
5180:Jonathan H. Ping
5130:978-0-7456-3374-9
4612:on 7 October 2007
4500:Crosby AD (1997)
4356:Pfister R (2006)
4296:978-981-16-0369-3
4227:. 21 August 2023.
4014:Cooper AF (1997)
3970:978-1-4875-2847-8
3936:978-0-19-533535-4
3859:Solomon S (1997)
3832:979-10-373-0432-2
3821:. Vol. 166.
3761:lowyinstitute.org
3185:979-10-373-0432-2
3174:. Vol. 166.
3137:on 20 August 2019
3010:978-1-4094-6869-1
2741:978-0-8020-9468-1
2626:Bishai LS (2000)
2517:978-0-19-084662-6
1523:post–Cold War era
1306:post–Cold War era
1116:Louis St. Laurent
1097:nuclear arms race
1032:Annette Baker Fox
987:social democratic
866:
865:
817:
816:
788:Democracy indices
763:
762:
566:
565:
375:Semi-presidential
300:
299:
7281:
6794:
6793:
6780:
6779:
6720:Power projection
6705:Internationalism
6678:Balance of power
6673:American decline
6461:
6460:
6446:
6439:
6432:
6423:
6422:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6340:
6326:
6320:
6310:
6304:
6303:
6297:
6295:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6263:
6257:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6217:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6199:: Big Art. 2005.
6187:
6178:
6171:
6162:
6158:Kirton J (2006)
6156:
6150:
6149:
6131:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6091:
6085:
6084:
6058:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6047:
6030:
6024:
6023:
5989:
5983:
5982:
5954:
5948:
5942:
5936:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5898:
5889:
5879:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5840:
5831:
5825:
5817:Caplan G (2006)
5815:
5809:
5808:
5780:
5769:
5768:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5718:
5705:
5704:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5684:
5682:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5620:
5614:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5543:
5541:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5474:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5453:
5448:
5446:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5419:
5410:
5409:
5403:
5401:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5373:"Saudi Surprise"
5369:
5363:
5362:
5357:. Archived from
5355:findarticles.com
5347:
5341:
5340:
5335:. Archived from
5324:
5318:
5311:
5305:
5295:
5289:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5234:
5228:. Archived from
5227:
5218:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5191:
5185:
5178:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5089:
5083:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5038:
5030:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5007:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4968:. Archived from
4962:
4956:
4955:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4923:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4883:Ahouie M (2004)
4881:
4875:
4874:
4854:
4848:
4841:
4835:
4828:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4811:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4693:
4674:
4657:
4651:
4644:
4635:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4575:
4569:
4552:
4546:
4533:
4524:
4514:
4508:
4498:
4492:
4475:
4462:
4455:
4446:
4445:
4421:
4400:
4390:
4384:
4377:
4371:
4354:
4348:
4341:
4335:
4328:
4322:
4317:Gladys Lechini,
4315:
4309:
4308:
4274:
4268:
4261:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4122:
4116:
4103:
4094:
4087:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4057:
4051:
4044:
4029:
4012:
4003:
3986:
3975:
3974:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3920:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3892:
3883:
3874:
3857:
3848:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3820:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3763:. Archived from
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3733:. Archived from
3722:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3708:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3654:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3515:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3466:
3460:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3373:
3367:
3360:
3354:
3342:
3336:
3329:
3323:
3312:
3306:
3299:
3293:
3285:
3272:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3222:
3216:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3173:
3162:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3051:
3045:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2969:
2963:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2931:. Archived from
2925:
2919:
2918:
2907:
2901:
2888:
2882:
2875:
2869:
2860:
2849:
2848:
2843:. Archived from
2835:
2829:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2800:
2789:
2772:
2766:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2708:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2662:
2653:
2643:
2637:
2624:
2618:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2551:
2545:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2456:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1531:EU member states
1444:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1223:Nations such as
902:(great powers),
858:
851:
844:
830:
829:
777:
776:
621:Associated state
579:
578:
554:Internationalism
544:World government
521:
400:
332:
313:
312:
287:Free association
274:
235:
154:
97:
85:
84:
48:
47:
7289:
7288:
7284:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7279:
7278:
7234:
7233:
7232:
7219:
7203:
7112:
7081:Oceania–Pacific
7076:
7060:
7044:
7023:
6987:
6946:
6890:
6839:
6813:
6788:
6770:
6749:
6700:Multilateralism
6661:
6630:
6585:
6534:
6455:
6450:
6402:
6381:Wayback Machine
6362:Bonn University
6354:
6352:Further reading
6349:
6348:
6338:
6336:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6311:
6307:
6293:
6291:
6283:
6282:
6278:
6265:
6264:
6260:
6255:Wayback Machine
6245:
6241:
6234:
6208:
6204:
6189:
6188:
6181:
6172:
6165:
6157:
6153:
6146:
6132:
6125:
6092:
6088:
6081:
6073:. p. 136.
6059:
6055:
6045:
6043:
6040:The Irish Times
6031:
6027:
6020:
5990:
5986:
5979:
5955:
5951:
5943:
5939:
5930:
5926:
5919:
5899:
5892:
5881:Pratt C (1990)
5880:
5869:
5859:
5857:
5838:
5832:
5828:
5816:
5812:
5805:
5781:
5772:
5765:
5745:
5741:
5731:
5729:
5728:on 10 June 2020
5720:
5719:
5708:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5680:
5678:
5670:
5669:
5665:
5655:
5653:
5647:
5643:
5633:
5631:
5621:
5617:
5608:
5604:
5594:
5592:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5569:
5567:
5557:
5553:
5539:
5537:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5517:
5495:
5491:
5481:
5479:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5451:
5449:
5440:
5439:
5432:
5430:
5420:
5413:
5399:
5397:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5325:
5321:
5312:
5308:
5296:
5292:
5287:Wayback Machine
5277:
5273:
5263:
5261:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5225:
5219:
5215:
5205:
5203:
5202:on 29 June 2017
5192:
5188:
5179:
5170:
5160:
5158:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5115:
5111:
5101:
5099:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5077:
5073:
5063:
5061:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5032:
5031:
5019:
5015:
5005:
5003:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4975:
4973:
4972:on 4 March 2016
4964:
4963:
4959:
4952:"www.lrb.co.uk"
4950:
4949:
4945:
4938:
4924:
4913:
4905:
4901:
4892:Wayback Machine
4882:
4878:
4855:
4851:
4842:
4838:
4829:
4822:
4809:
4807:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4784:
4782:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4754:
4750:
4740:
4724:
4720:
4710:
4708:
4694:
4677:
4668:Wayback Machine
4658:
4654:
4645:
4638:
4629:
4625:
4615:
4613:
4602:
4598:
4588:
4586:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4567:Wayback Machine
4554:Heine J (2006)
4553:
4549:
4544:Wayback Machine
4534:
4527:
4522:Dissident Voice
4515:
4511:
4499:
4495:
4486:Wayback Machine
4476:
4465:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4422:
4403:
4391:
4387:
4378:
4374:
4365:Wayback Machine
4355:
4351:
4342:
4338:
4329:
4325:
4316:
4312:
4297:
4275:
4271:
4262:
4255:
4245:
4243:
4236:
4232:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4208:
4206:
4196:
4192:
4182:
4180:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4157:
4155:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4132:
4130:
4123:
4119:
4114:Wayback Machine
4104:
4097:
4088:
4077:
4067:
4065:
4058:
4054:
4045:
4032:
4023:Wayback Machine
4013:
4006:
4001:Wayback Machine
3988:Wurst J (2006)
3987:
3978:
3971:
3955:
3951:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3921:
3914:
3904:
3902:
3890:
3884:
3877:
3868:Wayback Machine
3858:
3851:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3818:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3784:
3780:
3770:
3768:
3767:on 24 July 2021
3755:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3723:
3719:
3706:
3704:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3657:
3655:
3646:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3621:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3588:
3584:
3570:
3568:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3547:
3543:
3529:
3525:
3506:(2): 128–151 .
3492:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3454:
3450:
3436:
3434:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3374:
3370:
3361:
3357:
3343:
3339:
3330:
3326:
3313:
3309:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3275:
3261:
3259:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3223:
3219:
3207:
3203:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3171:
3163:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3043:Wayback Machine
3030:Heine J (2006)
3029:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3011:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2970:
2966:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2889:
2885:
2876:
2872:
2861:
2852:
2847:on 20 May 2004.
2837:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2801:
2792:
2783:Wayback Machine
2773:
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2644:
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2635:Wayback Machine
2625:
2621:
2612:Wayback Machine
2602:
2595:
2552:
2548:
2543:Wayback Machine
2529:
2525:
2518:
2496:
2492:
2457:
2450:
2445:
2402:Emerging market
2394:Politics portal
2392:
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2234:
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2204:
2202:
2189:
2187:
2174:
2172:
2159:
2157:
2144:
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2129:
2127:
2114:
2112:
2099:
2097:
2084:
2082:
2062:
2060:
2047:
2045:
2031:
2029:
2015:
2013:
2000:
1998:
1983:
1981:
1967:
1965:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1932:
1930:
1917:
1915:
1902:
1900:
1887:
1885:
1872:
1870:
1857:
1855:
1842:
1840:
1827:
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1812:
1810:
1796:
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1765:
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1743:
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1711:
1709:
1696:
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1680:
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1663:
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1638:
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1633:
1621:
1619:
1606:
1604:
1591:
1589:
1576:
1574:
1561:
1559:
1546:
1544:
1484:regional powers
1471:
1435:
1433:
1418:
1416:
1401:
1399:
1384:
1382:
1367:
1365:
1350:
1348:
1333:
1331:
1316:
1314:
1218:
1205:deglobalization
1170:
1153:In March 2008,
1105:
1064:High degree of
1059:multilateralism
1015:
1007:nuclear sharing
933:regional powers
924:
896:Giovanni Botero
889:multilateralism
862:
824:
819:
818:
805:Democratisation
798:Autocratization
774:
766:
765:
764:
721:
682:
661:Tributary state
651:Satellite state
606:
576:
575:Power structure
568:
567:
519:
518:
500:
471:
457:
448:Totalitarianism
398:
397:
379:
330:
329:
310:
302:
301:
296:
272:
264:
229:
221:
152:
144:
91:
82:
81:Source of power
59:Basic forms of
53:Politics series
32:Leaders of the
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7287:
7277:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7229:
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7225:
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7211:
7209:
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7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
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7084:
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7068:
7066:
7062:
7061:
7059:
7058:
7052:
7050:
7046:
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7043:
7042:
7037:
7035:Arctic Council
7031:
7029:
7025:
7024:
7022:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6995:
6993:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6985:
6980:
6978:Nordic Council
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6954:
6952:
6948:
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6889:
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6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6847:
6845:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6821:
6819:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6806:
6800:
6798:
6790:
6789:
6776:
6775:
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6769:
6768:
6763:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6686:
6685:
6675:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6638:
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6632:
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6616:
6606:
6595:
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6568:
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6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
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6475:
6469:
6467:
6457:
6456:
6449:
6448:
6441:
6434:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6414:
6401:
6400:External links
6398:
6397:
6396:
6390:
6384:
6371:
6365:
6353:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6321:
6305:
6301:consequential.
6276:
6258:
6239:
6232:
6202:
6179:
6163:
6151:
6144:
6123:
6086:
6079:
6053:
6025:
6018:
5984:
5977:
5971:. p. 32.
5949:
5937:
5924:
5917:
5911:. p. 28.
5890:
5867:
5849:(3): 309–327.
5826:
5810:
5803:
5797:. p. 19.
5770:
5763:
5739:
5706:
5692:
5688:consequential.
5663:
5641:
5615:
5602:
5577:
5551:
5522:
5515:
5489:
5461:
5452:|journal=
5411:
5382:
5364:
5342:
5333:The Australian
5319:
5306:
5302:Pacific Review
5298:Gilbert Rozman
5290:
5271:
5246:
5213:
5186:
5168:
5143:
5129:
5109:
5084:
5071:
5046:
5027:Insight Turkey
5013:
4983:
4957:
4943:
4936:
4911:
4899:
4876:
4849:
4836:
4820:
4792:
4767:
4762:Security Nexus
4748:
4738:
4718:
4675:
4652:
4636:
4623:
4604:Heine, Jorge.
4596:
4570:
4547:
4525:
4509:
4493:
4463:
4447:
4440:
4434:. p. 30.
4401:
4385:
4372:
4349:
4336:
4323:
4310:
4295:
4269:
4253:
4230:
4216:
4190:
4165:
4140:
4117:
4095:
4075:
4052:
4030:
4004:
3976:
3969:
3949:
3935:
3912:
3875:
3849:
3831:
3804:
3778:
3748:
3717:
3689:
3667:
3658:|journal=
3631:
3609:
3598:on 14 May 2011
3582:
3553:
3541:
3523:
3486:
3461:
3448:
3419:
3388:(2): 123–138.
3368:
3355:
3346:Operation Alba
3337:
3324:
3307:
3294:
3273:
3244:
3233:(2): 389–425.
3217:
3201:
3184:
3148:
3116:
3094:
3083:on 7 June 2012
3068:
3046:
3023:
3009:
2989:
2983:978-1935049418
2982:
2964:
2946:
2920:
2915:g8.utoronto.ca
2902:
2883:
2870:
2850:
2830:
2821:
2809:Foreign Policy
2790:
2787:The Australian
2767:
2754:
2740:
2720:
2679:
2654:
2638:
2619:
2593:
2546:
2530:Rudd K (2006)
2523:
2516:
2490:
2471:(1): 165–181.
2447:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2427:Regional power
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2407:Emerging power
2404:
2398:
2397:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2358:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2319:
2304:
2289:
2274:
2259:
2244:
2229:
2214:
2199:
2184:
2169:
2154:
2139:
2124:
2121:Czech Republic
2109:
2094:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2057:
2042:
2025:
2010:
1995:
1993:
1978:
1961:
1942:
1927:
1912:
1897:
1882:
1867:
1852:
1837:
1822:
1807:
1790:
1775:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1738:
1721:
1706:
1691:
1674:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1631:
1616:
1601:
1586:
1571:
1556:
1535:
1504:United Nations
1500:Czech Republic
1470:
1467:
1447:
1446:
1442:United Kingdom
1429:
1412:
1395:
1378:
1361:
1344:
1327:
1252:nuclear powers
1237:United Kingdom
1217:
1214:
1169:
1166:
1158:Prime Minister
1144:United Nations
1113:Prime Minister
1104:
1101:
1088:
1087:
1085:Kyoto Protocol
1077:Human Security
1069:
1062:
1057:Commitment to
1014:
1011:
957:foreign policy
923:
920:
864:
863:
861:
860:
853:
846:
838:
835:
834:
821:
820:
815:
814:
813:
812:
810:Hybrid regimes
807:
802:
801:
800:
790:
785:
775:
772:
771:
768:
767:
761:
760:
759:
758:
753:
748:
743:
741:Regional power
738:
730:
729:
723:
722:
720:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
691:
690:
684:
683:
681:
680:
675:
670:
663:
658:
653:
648:
646:Puppet monarch
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
615:
614:
608:
607:
605:
604:
599:
594:
586:
585:
577:
574:
573:
570:
569:
564:
563:
562:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
523:
522:
517:
516:
511:
505:
502:
501:
499:
498:
497:
496:
491:
481:
479:State religion
473:
472:
470:
469:
466:
462:
459:
458:
456:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
402:
401:
396:
395:
390:
384:
381:
380:
378:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
350:Constitutional
347:
342:
334:
333:
328:
327:
322:
316:
311:
309:Power ideology
308:
307:
304:
303:
298:
297:
295:
294:
289:
284:
276:
275:
273:(rule by none)
266:
265:
263:
262:
257:
256:
255:
245:
237:
236:
223:
222:
220:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
156:
155:
146:
145:
143:
142:
137:
132:
127:
125:Representative
122:
117:
112:
107:
99:
98:
83:
80:
79:
76:
75:
64:
63:
56:
55:
21:Middle Kingdom
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7286:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
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7242:
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7239:
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7206:
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7197:
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7192:
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7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
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7150:
7147:
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7142:
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7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7115:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
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7089:
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7079:
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7063:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7047:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
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7030:
7026:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6990:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
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6966:
6964:
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6949:
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6918:
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6913:
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6899:
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6887:
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6882:
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6859:
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6854:
6852:
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6846:
6842:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6816:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6804:African Union
6802:
6801:
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6795:
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6786:
6781:
6777:
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6759:
6758:
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6708:
6706:
6703:
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6698:
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6688:
6684:
6681:
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6679:
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6655:
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6650:
6648:
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6643:
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6607:
6604:
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6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
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6499:
6496:
6494:
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6489:
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6468:
6466:
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6458:
6454:
6447:
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2260:
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2227:
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2197:
2185:
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2167:
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2140:
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2110:
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2078:
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2058:
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2043:
2041:
2039:
2026:
2023:
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1996:
1994:
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1979:
1977:
1975:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1943:
1940:
1928:
1925:
1913:
1910:
1898:
1895:
1883:
1880:
1868:
1865:
1853:
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1838:
1835:
1823:
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1808:
1806:
1804:
1791:
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1776:
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1761:
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1658:
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697:Confederation
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617:
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592:Unitary state
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589:
588:
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571:
560:
557:
555:
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530:
527:
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525:
524:
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512:
510:
507:
506:
504:
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494:State atheism
492:
490:
487:
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485:
484:Secular state
482:
480:
477:
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388:Authoritarian
386:
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365:Parliamentary
363:
361:
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185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
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165:
163:
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159:
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153:(rule by few)
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5000:the original
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3940:. Retrieved
3925:
3903:. Retrieved
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3807:
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3769:. Retrieved
3765:the original
3760:
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3741:21 September
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3735:the original
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3705:. Retrieved
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3692:
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3649:cite journal
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3097:
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3081:the original
3071:
3059:. Retrieved
3049:
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3016:21 September
3014:. Retrieved
2999:
2992:
2973:
2967:
2953:
2949:
2937:. Retrieved
2933:the original
2923:
2914:
2905:
2895:
2886:
2878:
2873:
2863:
2845:the original
2839:
2833:
2824:
2812:. Retrieved
2808:
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2745:. Retrieved
2730:
2723:
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2670:. Retrieved
2649:
2641:
2622:
2615:
2566:(4): 33–59.
2563:
2559:
2549:
2535:
2526:
2499:
2493:
2468:
2464:
2343:
2338:
2313:
2076:
2027:
1974:Saudi Arabia
1963:
1945:
1792:
1757:
1723:
1676:
1659:
1654:
1645:South Africa
1634:
1538:
1520:
1496:small powers
1472:
1448:
1431:
1414:
1397:
1380:
1363:
1346:
1329:
1312:
1303:
1272:
1245:great powers
1222:
1219:
1194:
1182:Global South
1171:
1152:
1109:World War II
1106:
1089:
1073:Peacekeeping
1052:
1029:
1024:
1016:
993:
978:multilateral
975:
967:
953:small powers
949:
937:
925:
915:
912:small powers
907:
903:
899:
893:
886:
870:middle power
869:
867:
746:Middle power
745:
673:Vassal state
667:Buffer state
665:
641:Puppet state
636:Protectorate
612:Client state
602:Principality
428:Distributism
370:Presidential
248:Dictatorship
172:Gerontocracy
94:rule by many
67:
51:Part of the
42:great powers
25:
6825:Arab League
6818:Africa–Asia
6591:Geopolitics
6566:Least Great
6514:Realpolitik
6389:(Book info)
6383:(Book info)
6339:18 December
6318:allacademic
6294:18 December
6110:: 172–184.
5860:10 February
5681:18 December
5595:18 December
5540:18 December
5400:18 December
5264:18 December
5161:18 December
5136:27 December
5102:18 December
5064:18 December
5006:17 February
4810:18 December
4785:18 December
4616:13 November
4589:13 November
4381:Round Table
3905:10 February
3707:18 December
3571:18 December
3479:18 December
3437:18 December
3262:18 December
3003:. Ashgate.
2939:24 February
2747:24 February
2370:New Zealand
2316:Switzerland
2211:Netherlands
1956:South Korea
1924:Philippines
1787:North Korea
1463:superpowers
1459:great power
1293:, consider
1275:John Kirton
1209:geoeconomic
1178:geopolitics
1140:Suez Crisis
1046:rivalry in
983:egalitarian
900:grandissime
878:great power
751:Great power
736:Small power
678:Viceroyalty
549:Nationalism
413:Colonialism
393:Libertarian
355:Directorial
232:rule by one
212:Technocracy
207:Stratocracy
187:Meritocracy
177:Kleptocracy
167:Aristocracy
7238:Categories
6046:8 February
5732:8 February
5656:26 October
5634:26 October
5570:10 January
5482:8 February
5433:8 February
4976:2 February
4764:. 23–2022.
4459:Asia Times
4242:. Atalayar
4204:SomTribune
4064:. Atalayar
3901:(1): 30–45
3624:21 October
3602:17 January
3578:influence.
2894:, chart],
2879:Japan Echo
2443:References
2432:Soft power
1864:Kazakhstan
1772:Bangladesh
1287:NATO Quint
1249:recognized
1239:, and the
1161:Kevin Rudd
1155:Australian
1083:, and the
1036:soft power
962:diplomatic
874:superpower
756:Superpower
712:Superstate
707:Federation
702:Devolution
688:Federalism
529:City-state
202:Plutocracy
197:Particracy
61:government
6787:by region
6576:Potential
6071:Routledge
5755:Routledge
5547:pandemic.
5507:Routledge
5407:pandemic.
4305:244203245
3838:8 January
3682:27 August
3410:158301312
3402:0393-2729
3191:8 January
2715:1743-8586
2588:144967878
2580:0047-1178
2485:0258-9346
2465:Politikon
2354:Australia
1990:Singapore
1803:Indonesia
1670:Argentina
1492:Australia
1476:Argentina
1128:satellite
583:Unitarism
559:Globalism
465:Religious
453:Tribalism
443:Socialism
438:Feudalism
423:Despotism
418:Communism
408:Anarchism
345:Communist
292:Stateless
282:Anarchism
243:Despotism
227:Autocracy
217:Theocracy
182:Kritarchy
150:Oligarchy
135:Socialist
89:Democracy
7254:Hegemony
6871:Mercosur
6844:Americas
6715:Polarity
6683:European
6599:American
6561:Emerging
6556:Regional
6508:Politics
6503:National
6498:Maritime
6478:Economic
6377:Archived
6251:Archived
5965:Montreal
5283:Archived
5239:12 March
5206:12 March
4888:Archived
4664:Archived
4563:Archived
4540:Archived
4482:Archived
4361:Archived
4246:9 August
4209:10 March
4183:10 March
4158:10 March
4110:Archived
4068:9 August
4027:palgrave
4019:Archived
3997:Archived
3864:Archived
3039:Archived
2779:Archived
2631:Archived
2608:Archived
2539:Archived
2412:JACKSNNZ
2380:See also
2256:Portugal
2022:Thailand
1909:Pakistan
1894:Malaysia
1718:Colombia
1583:Ethiopia
908:piccioli
631:Dominion
360:Legalist
340:Absolute
325:Republic
320:Monarchy
192:Noocracy
162:Anocracy
115:Economic
105:Demarchy
6992:Eurasia
6754:Studies
6635:History
6626:Pacific
6614:Chinese
6473:Climate
6408:at the
5184:(p 104)
4267:(p 153)
3797:30 July
3292:Asean.'
3141:7 April
3109:7 April
3087:7 April
3061:7 April
2958:by Dr.
2814:21 June
2331:Ukraine
2271:Romania
2196:Ireland
2181:Hungary
2151:Finland
2136:Denmark
2106:Belgium
2091:Austria
2069:Vietnam
1628:Nigeria
1613:Morocco
1553:Algeria
1357:Germany
1260:Germany
1044:Israeli
773:Related
468:Secular
433:Fascism
270:Anarchy
260:Tyranny
120:Liberal
7208:Global
6951:Europe
6797:Africa
6666:Theory
6619:Indian
6551:Middle
6539:Status
6483:Energy
6230:
6220:Ottawa
6197:Turkey
6142:
6077:
6016:
6002:Dublin
5975:
5915:
5801:
5791:London
5761:
5513:
5127:
4934:
4736:
4711:18 May
4438:
4303:
4293:
4133:18 May
3967:
3933:
3829:
3792:DW.COM
3771:9 July
3519:power.
3408:
3400:
3182:
3007:
2980:
2738:
2713:
2672:18 May
2586:
2578:
2514:
2483:
2367:
2351:
2328:
2301:Sweden
2298:
2283:
2268:
2253:
2241:Poland
2238:
2226:Norway
2223:
2208:
2193:
2178:
2166:Greece
2163:
2148:
2133:
2118:
2103:
2088:
2066:
2051:
2038:Turkey
2035:
2019:
2007:Taiwan
2004:
1987:
1971:
1953:
1936:
1921:
1906:
1891:
1879:Kuwait
1876:
1861:
1849:Israel
1846:
1831:
1816:
1800:
1784:
1769:
1747:
1734:Mexico
1731:
1715:
1700:
1687:Canada
1684:
1667:
1642:
1625:
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1595:
1580:
1565:
1550:
1512:Canada
1498:(e.g.
1490:(e.g.
1480:Norway
1439:
1425:Russia
1422:
1405:
1388:
1371:
1354:
1340:France
1337:
1323:Brazil
1320:
1299:Brazil
1235:, the
1233:Russia
1229:France
1120:Canada
1079:, the
1048:Africa
916:mezano
904:mezano
597:Empire
509:Global
140:Others
130:Social
110:Direct
6609:Asian
6581:Super
6571:Great
6546:Small
6525:Smart
6520:Sharp
6465:Types
6108:Wiley
6106:(2).
5839:(PDF)
5473:(PDF)
5233:(PDF)
5226:(PDF)
4506:JSTOR
4369:H-Net
4301:S2CID
3942:9 May
3891:(PDF)
3819:(PDF)
3406:S2CID
3172:(PDF)
2699:(2).
2584:S2CID
2286:Spain
1939:Qatar
1703:Chile
1598:Kenya
1568:Egypt
1455:China
1408:Japan
1391:Italy
1374:India
1295:India
1279:Italy
1268:Japan
1264:India
1225:China
1136:NORAD
1040:Egypt
876:or a
514:Local
7159:G8+5
6895:Asia
6530:Soft
6493:Hard
6488:Food
6341:2021
6296:2021
6228:ISBN
6140:ISBN
6075:ISBN
6048:2020
6014:ISBN
5973:ISBN
5913:ISBN
5887:MQUP
5862:2020
5799:ISBN
5759:ISBN
5734:2020
5683:2021
5658:2014
5636:2014
5597:2021
5572:2020
5542:2021
5511:ISBN
5484:2020
5456:help
5435:2020
5402:2021
5266:2021
5241:2015
5208:2015
5163:2021
5138:2011
5125:ISBN
5104:2021
5066:2021
5041:link
5008:2020
4978:2014
4932:ISBN
4908:Iran
4812:2021
4787:2021
4734:ISBN
4713:2019
4618:2015
4591:2015
4490:SAGE
4436:ISBN
4291:ISBN
4248:2020
4211:2022
4185:2022
4160:2022
4135:2019
4070:2020
3965:ISBN
3944:2024
3931:ISBN
3907:2020
3840:2022
3827:ISBN
3823:Ifri
3799:2020
3773:2020
3743:2020
3709:2021
3684:2010
3662:help
3626:2012
3604:2010
3573:2021
3481:2021
3439:2021
3398:ISSN
3264:2021
3193:2022
3180:ISBN
3176:Ifri
3143:2017
3111:2017
3089:2017
3063:2017
3018:2015
3005:ISBN
2978:ISBN
2941:2016
2816:2023
2749:2016
2736:ISBN
2711:ISSN
2674:2007
2576:ISSN
2512:ISBN
2481:ISSN
2417:MINT
1834:Iraq
1819:Iran
1750:Peru
1453:and
1449:The
1285:and
1266:and
1132:NATO
1090:The
1004:NATO
942:and
7174:G77
7169:G24
7164:G20
6603:Pax
6112:doi
5851:doi
4896:MIT
4867:doi
4672:FES
4560:ISN
4394:doi
4283:doi
3994:GSI
3872:ISS
3508:doi
3390:doi
3235:doi
3036:ISN
2701:doi
2616:GSI
2568:doi
2504:doi
2473:doi
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