Manganese - Knowledge

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dMn is elevated due to input from external sources such as rivers, dust, and shelf sediments. Coastal sediments normally have lower Mn concentrations, but can increase due to anthropogenic discharges from industries such as mining and steel manufacturing, which enter the ocean from river inputs. Surface dMn concentrations can also be elevated biologically through photosynthesis and physically from coastal upwelling and wind-driven surface currents. Internal cycling such as photo-reduction from UV radiation can also elevate levels by speeding up the dissolution of Mn-oxides and oxidative scavenging, preventing Mn from sinking to deeper waters. Elevated levels at mid-depths can occur near mid-ocean ridges and hydrothermal vents. The hydrothermal vents release dMn enriched fluid into the water. The dMn can then travel up to 4,000 km due to the microbial capsules present, preventing exchange with particles, lowing the sinking rates. Dissolved Mn concentrations are even higher when oxygen levels are low. Overall, dMn concentrations are normally higher in coastal regions and decrease when moving offshore.

4381: 63: 3502: 4280:(EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL are defined the same as in the United States. For people ages 15 and older, the AI is set at 3.0 mg/day. AIs for pregnancy and lactation is 3.0 mg/day. For children ages 1–14 years, the AIs increase with age from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/day. The adult AIs are higher than the U.S. RDAs. The EFSA reviewed the same safety question and decided that there was insufficient information to set a UL. 3373: 2256: 3783: 3610:. Soil pH and oxidation-reduction conditions affect which of these three forms of Mn is dominant in a given soil. At pH values less than 6 or under anaerobic conditions, Mn(II) dominates, while under more alkaline and aerobic conditions, Mn(III,IV) oxides and hydroxides predominate. These effects of soil acidity and aeration state on the form of Mn can be modified or controlled by microbial activity. Microbial respiration can cause both the oxidation of Mn to the oxides, and it can cause reduction of the oxides to the divalent cation. 3420: 1508: 1564: 3073: 11976: 3346: 2299: 4600: 1939: 3111: 3337: 3939:, are made from a brass containing 7% of manganese with a pure copper core. In both cases of nickel and dollar, the use of manganese in the coin was to duplicate the electromagnetic properties of a previous identically sized and valued coin in the mechanisms of vending machines. In the case of the later U.S. dollar coins, the manganese alloy was intended to duplicate the properties of the copper/nickel alloy used in the previous 4482:, a rare neurological disorder associated with excessive manganese ingestion or inhalation. Historically, persons employed in the production or processing of manganese alloys have been at risk for developing manganism; however, health and safety regulations protect workers in developed nations. The disorder was first described in 1837 by British academic John Couper, who studied two patients who were manganese grinders. 4372:, suppressing the organisms' immune systems. This causes the organisms to be more susceptible to infections. As climate change occurs, pathogen distributions increase, and in order for organisms to survive and defend themselves against these pathogens, they need a healthy, strong immune system. If their systems are compromised from high Mn levels, they will not be able to fight off these pathogens and die. 3355: 2424: 2276:(γ-Mn) forms when heated above 1,370 K (1,100 °C; 2,010 °F). It has a simple face-centered cubic structure (four atoms per unit cell). When quenched to room temperature it converts to β-Mn, but it can be stabilized at room temperature by alloying it with at least 5 percent of other elements (such as C, Fe, Ni, Cu, Pd or Au), and these solute-stabilized alloys distort into a face-centered 3636: 3364: 3993: 2209: 2219: 4603: 2266:(β-Mn) forms when heated above the transition temperature of 973 K (700 °C; 1,290 °F). It has a primitive cubic structure with 20 atoms per unit cell at two types of sites, which is as complex as that of any other elemental metal. It is easily obtained as a metastable phase at room temperature by rapid quenching. It does not show 4605: 4283:

For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For manganese labeling purposes, 100% of the Daily Value was 2.0 mg, but as of 27 May 2016 it was revised to 2.3 mg to bring it into agreement with the RDA. A

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Dissolved manganese (dMn) is found throughout the world's oceans, 90% of which originates from hydrothermal vents. Particulate Mn develops in buoyant plumes over an active vent source, while the dMn behaves conservatively. Mn concentrations vary between the water columns of the ocean. At the surface,

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in school-age children. It is hypothesized that long-term exposure due to inhaling the naturally occurring manganese in shower water puts up to 8.7 million Americans at risk. However, data indicates that the human body can recover from certain adverse effects of overexposure to manganese if the

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Manganese forms a large variety of organometallic derivatives, i.e., compounds with Mn-C bonds. The organometallic derivatives include numerous examples of Mn in its lower oxidation states, i.e. Mn(−III) up through Mn(I). This area of organometallic chemistry is attractive because Mn is inexpensive

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The Mn(III,IV) oxides exist as brownish-black stains and small nodules on sand, silt, and clay particles. These surface coatings on other soil particles have high surface area and carry negative charge. The charged sites can adsorb and retain various cations, especially heavy metals (e.g., Cr, Cu,

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Schaefer, Jeorg; Faestermann, Thomas; Herzog, Gregory F.; Knie, Klaus; Korschinek, Gunther; Masarik, Jozef; Meier, Astrid; Poutivtsev, Michail; Rugel, Georg; Schlüchter, Christian; Serifiddin, Feride; Winckler, Gisela (2006). "Terrestrial manganese-53 – A new monitor of Earth surface processes".

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from 1942 to 1945. An alloy of 75% copper and 25% nickel was traditionally used for the production of nickel coins. However, because of shortage of nickel metal during the war, it was substituted by more available silver and manganese, thus resulting in an alloy of 56% copper, 35% silver and 9%

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Mn levels can increase in seawater when hypoxic periods occur. Since 1990 there have been reports of Mn accumulation in marine organisms including fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and echinoderms. Specific tissues are targets in different species, including the gills, brain, blood, kidney, and

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defense systems. Manganese is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes. The human body contains about 12 mg of manganese, mostly in the bones. The soft tissue remainder is concentrated in the liver and kidneys. In the human brain, the manganese is bound to manganese

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normally use industrially produced manganese dioxide because naturally occurring manganese dioxide contains impurities. In the 20th century, manganese dioxide was widely used as the cathodic for commercial disposable dry batteries of both the standard (zinc–carbon) and alkaline types.

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because of its oxidizing properties; it is used as a topical medicine (for example, in the treatment of fish diseases). Solutions of potassium permanganate were among the first stains and fixatives to be used in the preparation of biological cells and tissues for electron microscopy.

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natural gas through the bottom of the heap; the natural gas provides the heat (needs to be at least 850 °C) and the reducing agent (carbon monoxide). This reduces all of the manganese ore to manganese oxide (MnO), which is a leachable form. The ore then travels through a

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at the grain boundaries. If the manganese content reaches 4%, the embrittlement of the steel becomes a dominant feature. The embrittlement decreases at higher manganese concentrations and reaches an acceptable level at 8%. Steel containing 8 to 15% of manganese has a high

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Girolami, Gregory S.; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Thornton-Pett, Mark; Hursthouse, Michael B. (1983). "Hydrido, alkyl, and ethylene 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane complexes of manganese and the crystal structures of MnBr2(dmpe)2, [Mn(AlH4)(dmpe)2]2 and MnMe2(dmpe)2".

3486:, the manganese ore is mixed with iron ore and carbon, and then reduced either in a blast furnace or in an electric arc furnace. The resulting ferromanganese has a manganese content of 30–80%. Pure manganese used for the production of iron-free alloys is produced by 9222: 3748:

as an electron acceptor from zinc, and is the blackish material in carbon–zinc type flashlight cells. The manganese dioxide is reduced to the manganese oxide-hydroxide MnO(OH) during discharging, preventing the formation of hydrogen at the anode of the battery.

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steel exceptionally hard. Around the beginning of the 19th century, manganese was used in steelmaking and several patents were granted. In 1816, it was documented that iron alloyed with manganese was harder but not more brittle. In 1837, British academic

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Manganese: The Oxygen-Evolving Complex & Models Based in part on the article Manganese: Oxygen-Evolving Complex & Models by Lars-Erik Andréasson & Tore Vänngård which appeared in the Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition, First

2234:(structural forms) of solid manganese are known, labeled α, β, γ and δ, and occurring at successively higher temperatures. All are metallic, stable at standard pressure, and have a cubic crystal lattice, but they vary widely in their atomic structures. 3614:

Zn, and Pb). In addition, the oxides can adsorb organic acids and other compounds. The adsorption of the metals and organic compounds can then cause them to be oxidized while the Mn(III,IV) oxides are reduced to Mn (e.g., Cr to Cr(VI) and colorless

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to reduce strong green color in glass by forming less-colored iron(III) and slightly pink manganese(II), compensating for the residual color of the iron(III). Larger quantities of manganese are used to produce pink colored glass. In 2009,

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Manganese compounds have been used as pigments and for the coloring of ceramics and glass. The brown color of ceramic is sometimes the result of manganese compounds. In the glass industry, manganese compounds are used for two effects.

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Wang, X; Schröder, HC; Wiens, M; Schlossmacher, U; Müller, WEG (2009). "Manganese/polymetallic nodules: micro-structural characterization of exolithobiontic- and endolithobiontic microbial biofilms by scanning electron microscopy".

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Manganism is a biphasic disorder. In its early stages, an intoxicated person may experience depression, mood swings, compulsive behaviors, and psychosis. Early neurological symptoms give way to late-stage manganism, which resembles

3907:, the majority are not used in commercial application due to low efficiency or deep red emission. However, several Mn activated fluorides were reported as potential red-emitting phosphors for warm-white LEDs. But to this day, only K 4261:(IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for minerals in 2001. For manganese, there was not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs, so needs are described as estimates for 4490:. Symptoms include weakness, monotone and slowed speech, an expressionless face, tremor, forward-leaning gait, inability to walk backwards without falling, rigidity, and general problems with dexterity, gait and balance. Unlike 2019:. It improves strength, workability, and resistance to wear. Manganese oxide is used as an oxidising agent; as a rubber additive; and in glass making, fertilisers, and ceramics. Manganese sulfate can be used as a fungicide. 6938: 4753:

Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022).

4517:, leading to the abnormal movements. A mutation of the SLC30A10 gene, a manganese efflux transporter necessary for decreasing intracellular Mn, has been linked with the development of this Parkinsonism-like disease. The 2463:). Manganese(II) commonly exists with a high spin, S = 5/2 ground state because of the high pairing energy for manganese(II). There are no spin-allowed d–d transitions in manganese(II), which explain its faint color. 2317:

of manganese are +2, +3, +4, +6, and +7, although all oxidation states from −3 to +7 except –2 have been observed. Manganese in oxidation state +7 is represented by salts of the intensely purple permanganate anion

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Manganese deficiency in humans, which is rare, results in a number of medical problems. A deficiency of manganese causes skeletal deformation in animals and inhibits the production of collagen in wound healing.

3200:. In 1912, United States patents were granted for protecting firearms against rust and corrosion with manganese phosphate electrochemical conversion coatings, and the process has seen widespread use ever since. 3438:. Land-based resources are large but irregularly distributed. About 80% of the known world manganese resources are in South Africa; other important manganese deposits are in Ukraine, Australia, India, China, 2026:

defense systems. It is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes. It is found mostly in the bones, but also the liver, kidneys, and brain. In the human brain, the manganese is bound to manganese

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are components of fertilizers. In the year 2000, an estimated 20,000 tons of these compounds were used in fertilizers in the US alone. A comparable amount of Mn compounds was also used in animal feeds.

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Animal experiments have given the opportunity to examine the consequences of manganese overexposure under controlled conditions. In (non-aggressive) rats, manganese induces mouse-killing behavior.

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Manganese is used in production of alloys with aluminium. Aluminium with roughly 1.5% manganese has increased resistance to corrosion through grains that absorb impurities which would lead to

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Zhou, Zhi; Zhou, Nan; Xia, Mao; Yokoyama, Meiso; Hintzen, H. T. (Bert) (6 October 2016). "Research progress and application prospects of transition metal Mn-activated luminescent materials".

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with the cover story of harvesting manganese nodules from the sea floor. That triggered a rush of activity to collect manganese nodules, which was not actually practical. The real mission of

2370:, . Manganate salts are intermediates in the extraction of manganese from its ores. Compounds with oxidation states +5 are somewhat elusive, and often found associated to an oxide (O) or 3273:

and is the 12th most abundant element. Soil contains 7–9000 ppm of manganese with an average of 440 ppm. The atmosphere contains 0.01 μg/m. Manganese occurs principally as

4269:(ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of manganese, the adult UL is set at 11 mg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as 5811:

Man, Wai-Lun; Lam, William W. Y.; Lau, Tai-Chu (2014). "Reactivity of Nitrido Complexes of Ruthenium(VI), Osmium(VI), and Manganese(V) Bearing Schiff Base and Simple Anionic Ligands".

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Compared to 1953, levels of manganese in air have dropped. Generally, exposure to ambient Mn air concentrations in excess of 5 μg Mn/m can lead to Mn-induced symptoms. Increased

3779:(usually battery cells), which use the same basic reaction, but a different electrolyte mixture. In 2002, more than 230,000 tons of manganese dioxide was used for this purpose. 4881:

Erikson, Keith M.; Ascher, Michael (2019). "Chapter 10. Manganese: Its Role in Disease and Health". In Sigel, Astrid; Freisinger, Eva; Sigel, Roland K. O.; Carver, Peggy L. (eds.).

4604: 2967:). Polyalkyl and polyaryl derivatives of manganese often exist in higher oxidation states, reflecting the electron-releasing properties of alkyl and aryl ligands. One example is . 6630:

Bhattacharyya, P. K.; Dasgupta, Somnath; Fukuoka, M.; Roy Supriya (1984). "Geochemistry of braunite and associated phases in metamorphosed non-calcareous manganese ores of India".

2286:(δ-Mn) forms when heated above 1,406 K (1,130 °C; 2,070 °F) and is stable up to the manganese melting point of 1,519 K (1,250 °C; 2,270 °F). It has a 2244:

lattice and is unusual among elemental metals in having a very complex unit cell, with 58 atoms per cell (29 atoms per primitive unit cell) in four different types of site. It is

3675:, including its ironmaking component, has accounted for most manganese demand, presently in the range of 85% to 90% of the total demand. Manganese is a key component of low-cost 3522:

circuit to reduce the particle size of the ore to between 150 and 250 μm, increasing the surface area to aid leaching. The ore is then added to a leach tank of sulfuric acid and

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Elliott, R; Coley, K; Mostaghel, S; Barati, M (2018). "Review of Manganese Processing for Production of TRIP/TWIP Steels, Part 1: Current Practice and Processing Fundamentals".

2897:, an orange and volatile solid. The air-stability of this Mn(0) compound (and its many derivatives) reflects the powerful electron-acceptor properties of carbon monoxide. Many 10863: 6902:

Zhang, Wensheng; Cheng, Chu Yong (2007). "Manganese metallurgy review. Part I: Leaching of ores/secondary materials and recovery of electrolytic/chemical manganese dioxide".

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Kadassery, Karthika J.; MacMillan, Samantha N.; Lacy, David C. (2019). "Resurgence of Organomanganese(I) Chemistry. Bidentate Manganese(I) Phosphine–Phenol(ate) Complexes".

3031:(note the two Ns instead of one) by glassmakers, possibly as a corruption and concatenation of two words, since alchemists and glassmakers eventually had to differentiate a 3462: 3586:

An abundant resource of manganese in the form of manganese nodules found on the ocean floor. These nodules, which are composed of 29% manganese, are located along the

4606: 4093:(OEC), containing four atoms of manganese, is a part of photosystem II contained in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. The OEC is responsible for the terminal 3606:

Manganese occurs in soils in three oxidation states: the divalent cation, Mn and as brownish-black oxides and hydroxides containing Mn (III,IV), such as MnOOH and MnO

3134:, a useful laboratory reagent. Kaim also may have reduced manganese dioxide to isolate the metal, but that is uncertain. By the mid-18th century, the Swedish chemist 3193: 8343:

Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Chromium, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Chromium

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Silva Avila, Daiana; Luiz Puntel, Robson; Aschner, Michael (2013). "Manganese in Health and Disease". In Astrid Sigel; Helmut Sigel; Roland K. O. Sigel (eds.).

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Cook, Nigel J.; Ciobanu, Cristiana L.; Pring, Allan; Skinner, William; Shimizu, Masaaki; Danyushevsky, Leonid; Saini-Eidukat, Bernhardt; Melcher, Frank (2009).

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Manganese compounds were used by Egyptian and Roman glassmakers, either to add to, or remove, color from glass. Use as "glassmakers soap" continued through the

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A particularly common oxidation state for manganese in aqueous solution is +2, which has a pale pink color. Many manganese(II) compounds are known, such as the

11484: 2416:. Solid compounds of manganese(III) are characterized by its strong purple-red color and a preference for distorted octahedral coordination resulting from the 8160:

Rice, Derek B.; Massie, Allyssa A.; Jackson, Timothy A. (2017). "Manganese–Oxygen Intermediates in O–O Bond Activation and Hydrogen-Atom Transfer Reactions".

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Chronic manganese exposure has been shown to produce a parkinsonism-like illness characterized by movement abnormalities. This condition is not responsive to

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Small amounts of manganese improve the workability of steel at high temperatures by forming a high-melting sulfide and preventing the formation of a liquid

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Devenyi, A. G; Barron, T. F; Mamourian, A. C (1994). "Dystonia, hyperintense basal ganglia, and high whole blood manganese levels in Alagille's syndrome".

8092:"From Serendipity to Rational Design: Tuning the Blue Trigonal Bipyramidal Mn 3+ Chromophore to Violet and Purple through Application of Chemical Pressure" 4739: 4652:. However, exposure to manganese dusts and fumes should not exceed the ceiling value of 5 mg/m even for short periods because of its toxicity level. 1752: 11440: 4614: 5172: 4498:. Symptoms of late-stage manganism become more severe over time even if the source of exposure is removed and brain manganese levels return to normal. 3187:

The manganese content of some iron ores used in Greece led to speculations that steel produced from that ore contains additional manganese, making the

3873:). Manganese dioxide has been used since antiquity to oxidize and neutralize the greenish tinge in glass from trace amounts of iron contamination. MnO 9466: 2152:

explosion. Mn decays to Cr with a half-life of 3.7 million years. Because of its relatively short half-life, Mn is relatively rare, produced by

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Arslan, Evrim; Lalancette, Roger A.; Bernal, Ivan (2017). "An historic and scientific study of the properties of metal(III) tris-acetylacetonates".

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Duschanek, H.; Mohn, P.; Schwarz, K. (1989). "Antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic gamma-manganese generalisation of the fixed-spin-moment method".

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Prabhakaran, K.; Ghosh, D.; Chapman, G.D.; Gunasekar, P.G. (2008). "Molecular mechanism of manganese exposure-induced dopaminergic toxicity".

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Materials Handbook: an encyclopedia for managers, technical professionals, purchasing and production managers, technicians, and supervisors

4392: 4385: 3831: 2834: 2544: 8704:"Bacteriostatic suppression in Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) exposed to manganese or hypoxia under pressure of ocean acidification" 6487:

Alessio, L.; Campagna, M.; Lucchini, R. (2007). "From lead to manganese through mercury: mythology, science, and lessons for prevention".

1964: 8403:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies" 4415:

protein expression in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells is associated with decreased intracellular Mn concentration and attenuated

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World-War-II-era 5-cent coin (1942-5 identified by mint mark P, D or S above dome) made from a 56% copper-35% silver-9% manganese alloy

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Jansen, T.; Gorobez, J.; Kirm, M.; Brik, M. G.; Vielhauer, S.; Oja, M.; Khaidukov, N. M.; Makhov, V. N.; Jüstel, T. (1 January 2018).

6241:"Minerals discovered in paleolithic black pigments by transmission electron microscopy and micro-X-ray absorption near-edge structure" 4711: 7504:

Tweedale, Geoffrey (1985). "Sir Robert Abbott Hadfield F.R.S. (1858–1940), and the Discovery of Manganese Steel Geoffrey Tweedale".

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Prior, Timothy J; Nguyen-Manh, Duc; Couper, Victoria J; Battle, Peter D (2004). "Ferromagnetism in the beta-manganese structure: Fe

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Trinquier, A.; Birck, J.; Allègre, C.; Göpel, C.; Ulfbeck, D. (2008). "53Mn–53Cr systematics of the early Solar System revisited".

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Chalmin, Emilie; Menu, Michel; Vignaud, Colette (2003). "Analysis of rock art painting and technology of Palaeolithic painters".

3465:), with a 2011 estimate of 15 billion tons. In 2011 South Africa produced 3.4 million tons, topping all other nations. 1603: 5069: 3541:

This process yields approximately 92% recovery of the manganese. For further purification, the manganese can then be sent to an

8419: 7230:"Nature of Suspended Particles in Hydrothermal Plume at 3°40'N Carlsberg Ridge:A Comparison with Deep Oceanic Suspended Matter" 7036: 4443:(OSHA). People can be exposed to manganese in the workplace by breathing it in or swallowing it. OSHA has set the legal limit ( 6178: 2841:

compound added to gasoline (petrol) in some countries. It features Mn(I). Consistent with other aspects of Mn(II) chemistry,

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Chen, Daquin; Zhou, Yang; Zhong, Jiasong (2016). "A review on Mn activators in solids for warm white light-emitting diodes".

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is the major transporter in manganese absorption from the intestine and may be the major transporter of manganese across the

3804: 4455:(REL) of 1 mg/m over an 8-hour workday and a short term limit of 3 mg/m. At levels of 500 mg/m, manganese is 3468:

Manganese is mainly mined in South Africa, Australia, China, Gabon, Brazil, India, Kazakhstan, Ghana, Ukraine and Malaysia.

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that resembles iron. It is hard and very brittle, difficult to fuse, but easy to oxidize. Manganese and its common ions are

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Bartlett, Richmond; Ross, Donald (2005). "Chemistry of Redox Processes in Soils". In Tabatabai, M.A.; Sparks, D.L. (eds.).

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Heyes, Peter J.; Anastasakis, Konstantinos; De Jong, Wiebren; Van Hoesel, Annelies; Roebroeks, Wil; Soressi, Marie (2016).

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Lawson, A. C.; Larson, Allen C.; Aronson, M. C.; et al. (1994). "Magnetic and crystallographic order in α-manganese".

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The origin of the name manganese is complex. In ancient times, two black minerals were identified from the regions of the

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Mn(IV) is somewhat enigmatic because it is common in nature but far rarer in synthetic chemistry. The most common Mn ore,

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of 3.7 million years, Mn with a half-life of 312.2 days, and Mn with a half-life of 5.591 days. All of the remaining

3576: 1745: 8538:"Manganese deficiency induces avian tibial dyschondroplasia by inhibiting chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation" 4494:, manganism is not associated with loss of the sense of smell and patients are typically unresponsive to treatment with 3807:

and are resistant to sulfur. This makes the alloys particularly useful in harsh automotive and industrial environments.

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A red brown earth containing iron and manganese oxides and darker than ochre and sienna, used to make various pigments.

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is also used in the manufacture of oxygen and chlorine and in drying black paints. In some preparations, it is a brown

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Because it was used in glassmaking, manganese dioxide was available for experiments by alchemists, the first chemists.

8402: 7175:"Immunosuppression of aquatic organisms exposed to elevated levels of manganese: From global to molecular perspective" 5840:

Goldberg, David P. (2007). "Corrolazines: New Frontiers in High-Valent Metalloporphyrinoid Stability and Reactivity".

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Roth, Jerome; Ponzoni, Silvia; Aschner, Michael (2013). "Manganese Homeostasis and Transport". In Banci, Lucia (ed.).

193: 10762: 8901: 8043: 7677: 6036: 4828: 1215: 123: 12040: 11514: 9452: 8439:"Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. FR page 33982" 1576: 10854: 9274:. Metcalf Institute for Marine and Environmental Reporting University of Rhode Island. April 2006. Archived from 4399:. MMT is used only in a few countries. Fuels containing manganese tend to form manganese carbides, which damage 4316: 3477: 2860:) is high-spin. In contrast, its neighboring metal iron forms an air-stable, low-spin derivative in the form of 2022:

Manganese is also an essential human dietary element, important in macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and

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Lazrishvili, I.; et al. (2016). "Manganese loading induces mouse-killing behaviour in nonaggressive rats".

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Bouchard, M. F; Sauvé, S; Barbeau, B; Legrand, M; Bouffard, T; Limoges, E; Bellinger, D. C; Mergler, D (2011).

4277: 3434:). Other economically important manganese ores usually show a close spatial relation to the iron ores, such as 1675: 8914:

Normandin, Louise; Hazell, A. S. (2002). "Manganese neurotoxicity: an update of pathophysiologic mechanisms".

3027:. Neither this mineral nor elemental manganese is magnetic. In the 16th century, manganese dioxide was called 10792: 8253:

Dismukes, G. Charles; Willigen, Rogier T. van (2006). "Manganese: The Oxygen-Evolving Complex & Models".

7074:"Parametrization and evaluation of marine environmental impacts produced by deep-sea manganese nodule mining" 3936: 3580: 3065:

eventually was then used to refer only to the white magnesia alba (magnesium oxide), which provided the name

2495: 17: 7693: 3450:. Attempts to find economically viable methods of harvesting manganese nodules were abandoned in the 1970s. 10755: 9427: 7965: 6433:"Name game: the naming history of the chemical elements—part 1—from antiquity till the end of 18th century" 4569: 4266: 3172:

Scheele and others were aware that pyrolusite (mineral form of manganese dioxide) contained a new element.

2083:. Manganese tarnishes slowly in air and oxidizes ("rusts") like iron in water containing dissolved oxygen. 9043:"Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism Is Not Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease: Environmental and Genetic Evidence" 8776:

Yin, Z.; Jiang, H.; Lee, E. S.; Ni, M.; Erikson, K. M.; Milatovic, D.; Bowman, A. B.; Aschner, M. (2010).

8537: 6466:"The metal manganese and its properties: also ores, and the production of ferro-manganese and its history" 5294:

Shukolyukov, Alexander; Lugmair, Günter W. (2000). "On The 53Mn Heterogeneity In The Early Solar System".

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than dietary manganese. According to results from a 2010 study, higher levels of exposure to manganese in

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The metal is occasionally used in coins; until 2000, the only United States coin to use manganese was the

11507: 9146:"Manganese-induced neurotoxicity: a review of its behavioral consequences and neuroprotective strategies" 5265:

Lugmair, G.; Shukolyukov, A. (1998). "Early solar system timescales according to 53Mn-53Cr systematics".

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isotopes have half-lives of less than three hours, and the majority of less than one minute. The primary

8761: 12010: 12005: 11251: 4452: 4444: 4258: 3212: 3088:

Manganese dioxide, which is abundant in nature, has long been used as a pigment. The cave paintings in

1950: 1175: 38: 8778:"Ferroportin is a manganese-responsive protein that decreases manganese cytotoxicity and accumulation" 6939:"The Recovery of Manganese from low grade resources: bench scale metallurgical test program completed" 5113: 12025: 12020: 11052: 8090:

Li, Jun; Lorger, Simon; Stalick, Judith K.; Sleight, Arthur W.; Subramanian, M. A. (3 October 2016).

6353:

Mccray, W. Patrick (1998). "Glassmaking in renaissance Italy: The innovation of venetian cristallo".

5071:

Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

4689: 2824: 2342:

Aside from various permanganate salts, Mn(VII) is represented by the unstable, volatile derivative Mn

2277: 4755: 1805: 12030: 11368: 11272: 10811: 8777: 5691:

Bacon, G E; Cowlam, N (1970). "A study of some alloys of gamma -manganese by neutron diffraction".

4270: 2884: 2515: 2306: 1294: 7350:

Dixon, Joe B.; White, G. Norman (2002). "Manganese Oxides". In Dixon, J.B.; Schulze, D.G. (eds.).

7331:. SSSA Book Series, no. 8. Madison, Wisconsin: Soil Science Society of America. pp. 461–487. 7119:

Thompson, Kirsten F.; Miller, Kathryn A.; Currie, Duncan; Johnston, Paul; Santillo, David (2018).

11356: 11243: 11223: 11177: 11024: 11004: 10948: 10931: 10905: 8438: 8388: 8385: 7354:. SSSA Book Series no. 7. Madison, Wisconsin: Soil Science Society of America. pp. 367–386. 6674: 6161: 4677: 4344: 4090: 4015: 3961: 3940: 3410: 3323: 3216: 3123: 2712: 2633: 2607: 2460: 2059: 1623: 1155: 8831: 7407:

Dastur, Y. N.; Leslie, W. C. (1981). "Mechanism of work hardening in Hadfield manganese steel".

4952: 4946: 3509:

A more progressive extraction process involves directly reducing (a low grade) manganese ore by

2188:

suggest an initial Mn/Mn ratio, which indicate that Mn–Cr isotopic composition must result from

11476: 11335: 11327: 11280: 11040: 10996: 10972: 10956: 10926: 8995:

Lu, C. S.; Huang, C.C; Chu, N.S.; Calne, D.B. (1994). "Levodopa failure in chronic manganism".

6527:

Couper, John (1837). "On the effects of black oxide of manganese when inhaled into the lungs".

4491: 4487: 4380: 4304: 4285: 3567: 3458: 3244: 3197: 2772: 2647: 2593: 2448: 2409: 2408:

Simple derivatives Mn are rarely encountered but can be stabilized by suitably basic ligands.

2331: 2302: 2043: 1820: 1182: 1167: 1143: 149: 9144:

Peres TV, Schettinger MR, Chen P, Carvalho F, Avila DS, Bowman AB, Aschner M (November 2016).

7478: 7451: 6871: 6465: 5173:"The galaxy's brightest explosions go nuclear with an unexpected trigger: pairs of dead stars" 3679:. Often ferromanganese (usually about 80% manganese) is the intermediate in modern processes. 1214: 11303: 11012: 10980: 10964: 10936: 10921: 9245: 9095:"Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism and Parkinson's Disease: Shared and Distinguishable Features" 7783:

Baur, Florian; Jüstel, Thomas (2016). "Dependence of the optical properties of Mn activated A

7573: 5367: 4555: 4424: 4348: 4121:

in several biological processes, which include macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and

4055: 3745: 3487: 3207:

in 1866 and the subsequent improvement of batteries containing manganese dioxide as cathodic

3089: 2440: 2092: 1738: 1685: 6240: 5236:

Birck, J.; Rotaru, M.; Allègre, C. (1999). "53Mn-53Cr evolution of the early solar system".

5211: 3671:

properties. Manganese has no satisfactory substitute in these applications in metallurgy.

12015: 11231: 11032: 10988: 9495: 8715: 8211: 7912: 7804: 7757: 7416: 7285: 7085: 6988: 6911: 6836: 6757: 6686: 6639: 6405: 6362: 6306: 6255: 5700: 5617: 5566: 5508: 5463: 5332: 5303: 5274: 5245: 5207: 5145: 4131: 4047: 4005: 3948: 3896: 3591: 3135: 2661: 2192:

decay of Mn in differentiated planetary bodies. Hence, Mn provides additional evidence for

2032: 1728: 1715: 1593: 1544: 8960:

Cersosimo, M. G.; Koller, W.C. (2007). "The diagnosis of manganese-induced parkinsonism".

7072:

Oebius, Horst U; Becker, Hermann J; Rolinski, Susanne; Jankowski, Jacek A (January 2001).

4360:. Physiological effects have been reported in these species. Mn can affect the renewal of 8: 11930: 11464: 11420: 11340: 10900: 10778: 8577:"Intellectual impairment in school-age children exposed to manganese from drinking water" 8091: 5419:

The Chemistry of Manganese, Technetium and Rhenium. Pergamon Texts in Inorganic Chemistry

4653: 3862: 3815: 3741: 3428: 3278: 3177: 3173: 3115: 2984: 2931:, Mn(II) is low spin, which contrasts with the high spin character of its precursor, MnBr 2786: 2741: 2621: 2287: 2241: 1695: 1304: 9439: 9407: 8719: 8215: 7916: 7808: 7761: 7547: 7420: 7289: 7274:"Annual variability of dissolved manganese in Northeast Pacific along Line-P: 2010–2013" 7089: 6962: 6915: 6840: 6761: 6690: 6643: 6409: 6366: 6310: 6259: 5704: 5621: 5570: 5512: 5467: 5336: 5307: 5278: 5249: 5157: 5149: 4885:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 19. Berlin: de Gruyter GmbH. pp. 253–266. 3372: 12000: 11267: 11133: 9352: 9332: 9172: 9145: 9121: 9094: 9067: 9042: 9020: 8939: 8805: 8684: 8601: 8576: 8513: 8316: 8235: 8016: 7991: 7869: 7719: 7529: 7521: 7432: 7309: 7246: 7229: 7210: 7152: 6852: 6805: 6655: 6417: 6378: 6330: 6279: 6221: 5977: 5952: 5916: 5891: 5785: 5760: 5590: 5130: 5004: 4912: 4845: 4705: 4661: 3718: 2417: 2169: 1989: 1943: 1845: 1641: 1531: 1286: 1280: 62: 8304: 7617: 7097: 5578: 5399:

Crystallographic modifications of manganese and their transformation characteristics.

5286: 5257: 4395:(MMT) is an additive developed to replace lead compounds for gasolines to improve the 3782: 3733:

of those alloys were used; at 1% manganese, this consumed 16,000 tonnes of manganese.

11934: 11718: 11587: 11564: 11319: 11100: 11080: 10887: 10346: 9387: 9356: 9344: 9336: 9251: 9177: 9126: 9072: 9012: 8977: 8931: 8897: 8810: 8796: 8757: 8739: 8731: 8676: 8672: 8641: 8606: 8557: 8518: 8498: 8356: 8346: 8308: 8271: 8239: 8227: 8177: 8119: 8111: 8070: 8021: 7873: 7725: 7673: 7581: 7484: 7457: 7436: 7378: 7355: 7332: 7313: 7301: 7251: 7214: 7202: 7194: 7101: 7011: 6879: 6856: 6783: 6773: 6769: 6730: 6659: 6551: 6504: 6382: 6322: 6225: 6217: 6085: 6032: 5982: 5921: 5857: 5828: 5790: 5739: 5716: 5673: 5669: 5633: 5594: 5582: 5524: 5481: 5432: 5422: 5086: 5075: 5048: 5019: 5009: 4989: 4956: 4904: 4894: 4883:

Essential Metals in Medicine:Therapeutic Use and Toxicity of Metal Ions in the Clinic

4824: 4799: 4771: 4447:) for manganese exposure in the workplace as 5 mg/m over an 8-hour workday. The 4296: 3854: 3835: 3819: 3527: 3266: 3143: 3024: 2692: 2413: 2249: 1785: 1776: 1538: 1451: 1441: 804: 9024: 8943: 8871: 8377: 7989: 7533: 7156: 7047: 6629: 6334: 5712: 5108: 4916: 3211:

increased the demand for manganese dioxide. Until the development of batteries with

3204: 2255: 11924: 11771: 11678: 11432: 11408: 10410: 10115: 9944: 9773: 9692: 9611: 9584: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9373: 9328: 9204: 9167: 9157: 9116: 9106: 9062: 9054: 9004: 8969: 8923: 8800: 8792: 8723: 8703: 8688: 8668: 8633: 8596: 8588: 8549: 8508: 8490: 8463: 8320: 8300: 8263: 8219: 8169: 8103: 8011: 8003: 7947: 7920: 7859: 7812: 7765: 7665: 7613: 7513: 7424: 7293: 7273: 7241: 7186: 7142: 7132: 7093: 7073: 6923: 6919: 6844: 6765: 6722: 6694: 6647: 6612: 6583: 6546:

Olsen, Sverre E.; Tangstad, Merete; Lindstad, Tor (2007). "History of omanganese".

6496: 6444: 6413: 6370: 6314: 6283: 6271: 6263: 6213: 6182: 6113: 6077: 6009: 5972: 5964: 5911: 5903: 5849: 5820: 5780: 5772: 5708: 5665: 5625: 5574: 5516: 5471: 5340: 5311: 5282: 5253: 5215: 5153: 4999: 4981: 4886: 4860: 4763: 4685: 4510: 4369: 4094: 4075: 3997: 3932: 3803:

used for measuring relatively large amounts of current. These alloys have very low

3776: 3688: 3664: 3447: 3270: 3236: 3220: 2980: 2126: 2110: 2008: 1985: 1860: 1556: 1160: 83: 8727: 8336: 8107: 7297: 6936: 6318: 6081: 4644:

Manganese compounds are less toxic than those of other widespread metals, such as

3419: 11980: 11944: 11874: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9377: 8173: 7924: 7816: 6726: 6157: 4942: 4336: 4262: 4098: 3957: 3843: 3722: 3712: 3692: 3676: 3558: 3519: 3501: 3155: 3151: 3054: 3042: 2880: 2366:. The most prominent example of Mn in the +6 oxidation state is the green anion 2314: 2193: 2165: 2016: 1831: 1494: 1397: 1148: 8973: 8494: 7631: 6937:

Chow, Norman; Nacu, Anca; Warkentin, Doug; Aksenov, Igor & Teh, Hoe (2010).

6608: 6297:

Sayre, E. V.; Smith, R. W. (1961). "Compositional Categories of Ancient Glass".

6239:

Chalmin, E.; Vignaud, C.; Salomon, H.; Farges, F.; Susini, J.; Menu, M. (2006).

4985: 4470:

The current maximum safe concentration under U.S. EPA rules is 50 μg Mn/L.

11940: 11663: 11658: 11541: 9475: 9422: 9383: 9208: 8850:"NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Manganese compounds and fume (as Mn)" 8553: 7174: 6449: 6432: 5608:

Funahashi, S.; Kohara, T. (1984). "Neutron diffuse scattering in β-manganese".

5219: 4864: 4693: 4684:. The proposed mechanism for manganese toxicity is that dysregulation leads to 4357: 4340: 4127: 4102: 4019: 3952: 3800: 3648: 3542: 3535: 3495: 3483: 3196:

noted an association between miners' heavy exposure to manganese and a form of

3159: 3154:

was made to react with manganese dioxide, and later hydrochloric acid from the

3127: 2902: 2898: 2270:, remaining paramagnetic down to the lowest temperature measured (1.1 K). 2028: 1922: 1661: 1548: 1314: 1209: 209: 11689: 9417: 9162: 8927: 8849: 8197:"Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving photosystem II at a resolution of 1.9 Å" 8195:

Umena, Yasufumi; Kawakami, Keisuke; Shen, Jian-Ren; Kamiya, Nobuo (May 2011).

7190: 6848: 6698: 6374: 6267: 6013: 5953:"Mn4Ca Cluster in Photosynthesis: Where and How Water is Oxidized to Dioxygen" 5344: 5315: 4890: 3243:

properties. This application was first recognized by the British metallurgist

11994: 11864: 11834: 11809: 11736: 11597: 11582: 11388: 10569: 9340: 8735: 8267: 8115: 7990:

Kuwahara, Raymond T.; Skinner III, Robert B.; Skinner Jr., Robert B. (2001).

7669: 7305: 7255: 7198: 7137: 7120: 7105: 6991:. National Security Archive at George Washington University. 12 February 2010 6587: 6545: 5720: 5677: 5637: 5586: 5528: 5485: 5436: 4775: 4514: 4436: 4400: 4396: 3870: 3839: 3700: 3644: 3640: 3562: 3510: 3491: 3406: 3319: 3147: 3037: 2456: 2375: 2177: 2106: 1996: 1810: 1514: 1507: 1480: 1268: 1243: 1229: 1125: 974: 9297: 9111: 9058: 8338: 11814: 11779: 11741: 10623: 10452: 10157: 9557: 9490: 9348: 9181: 9130: 9093:

Kwakye GF, Paoliello MM, Mukhopadhyay S, Bowman AB, Aschner M (July 2015).

9076: 8981: 8935: 8814: 8743: 8645: 8610: 8561: 8536:

Wang, Cui-Yue; Xia, Wei-Hao; Wang, Lin; Wang, Zhen-Yong (1 November 2021).

8522: 8360: 8312: 8231: 8181: 8123: 8025: 8007: 7517: 7206: 6787: 6734: 6711: 6574:

Preisler, Eberhard (1980). "Moderne Verfahren der Großchemie: Braunstein".

6508: 6326: 6089: 5986: 5925: 5861: 5832: 5794: 5476: 5451: 5013: 4908: 4416: 4365: 4122: 4071: 3904: 3892: 3726: 3683: 3615: 3399: 3388: 3345: 3248: 3163: 3131: 2991:

from their place of origin, but were considered to differ in sex. The male

2436: 2390: 2245: 2181: 2173: 2102: 2080: 2055: 2023: 1651: 1016: 883: 657: 11960: 9016: 9008: 8680: 8637: 4823:. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. 4767: 4627: 3691:

of up to 863 MPa. Steel with 12% manganese was discovered in 1882 by

2397:

batteries. Complexes of Mn(IV) are well known, but they require elaborate

11859: 11844: 11789: 11756: 11726: 11683: 11622: 11612: 11577: 11064: 10677: 10641: 10632: 10542: 10524: 10515: 9552: 8489:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 199–227. 7864: 7831: 6748:

United Nations (1978). "Manganese Nodules: Dimensions and Perspectives".

4980:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 12. Springer. pp. 169–201. 4716: 4412: 4023: 3672: 3656: 3514: 3443: 3297: 3228: 3208: 3100: 3092:

that are 30,000 to 24,000 years old are made from the mineral form of MnO

2842: 2298: 2153: 2118: 2047: 1889: 1866: 1433: 1058: 1030: 1023: 953: 939: 932: 8592: 8223: 7147: 6989:"Project Azorian: The CIA's Declassified History of the Glomar Explorer" 6616: 6117: 6102: 5776: 4613: 3011:

ore did not attract iron, but was used to decolorize glass. This female

1248:

2334 K (2061 °C, 3742 °F)

11950: 11892: 11882: 11829: 11799: 11761: 11731: 11699: 11648: 11632: 10686: 10614: 10587: 10560: 10220: 10202: 10175: 10006: 9997: 9736: 8456:"Daily Value Reference of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD)" 7951: 7769: 7428: 7228:

Ray, Durbar; Babu, E. V. S. S. K.; Surya Prakash, L. (1 January 2017).

6651: 6500: 4756:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" 4681: 4620: 4361: 4063: 4059: 3981: 3435: 3274: 3130:(17th century) discovered that manganese dioxide could be converted to 3020: 2838: 2382: 2141: 2134: 2130: 2122: 1094: 1065: 1009: 988: 967: 706: 692: 671: 543: 536: 337: 10747: 8896:, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, pp. 883–886, 7604:

Dell, R. M. (2000). "Batteries fifty years of materials development".

7525: 7476: 6275: 5968: 5907: 5853: 5824: 5047:(in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1110–1117. 4735: 4467:

Manganese is essential for human health, albeit in milligram amounts.

3176:

isolated an impure sample of manganese metal in 1774, which he did by

3110: 1563: 11954: 11914: 11854: 11839: 11824: 11819: 11804: 11794: 11746: 11694: 11673: 11617: 11554: 11549: 11499: 10695: 10668: 10659: 10506: 10488: 10479: 10470: 10256: 10166: 10139: 10087: 10033: 10015: 9979: 9959: 9898: 9779: 9718: 9707: 9626: 9577: 9567: 9562: 9434: 7887:

Jansen, Thomas; Baur, Florian; Jüstel, Thomas (2017). "Red emitting K

5629: 5520: 5397: 4518: 4479: 4420: 4292: 4135: 4035: 4027: 3858: 3696: 3395: 3066: 3000: 2996: 2861: 2367: 2363: 2351: 2267: 2231: 2185: 2149: 2114: 2042:

It is familiar in the laboratory in the form of the deep violet salt

2036: 1790: 1613: 1486: 1072: 1051: 1044: 925: 911: 904: 897: 734: 664: 643: 606: 564: 550: 522: 504: 460: 367: 323: 314: 254: 28: 8139:"How on earth do you discover a brand-new blue pigment? By accident" 5932: 5871: 4117:

Manganese is an essential human dietary element and is present as a

3336: 2431:

illustrating the deep purple of Mn(VII) as it occurs in permanganate

11918: 11887: 11849: 11784: 11751: 11668: 11653: 11572: 10650: 10551: 10434: 10416: 10391: 10382: 10355: 10328: 10292: 10283: 10265: 10193: 10184: 10078: 9950: 9916: 9826: 9817: 9808: 9799: 9754: 9673: 9655: 9590: 9298:"Risk Assessment Information System Toxicity Summary for Manganese" 8702:

Hernroth, Bodil; Krång, Anna-Sara; Baden, Susanne (February 2015).

8065:

Shepard, Anna Osler (1956). "Manganese and Iron–Manganese Paints".

7712: 7173:

Hernroth, Bodil; Tassidis, Helena; Baden, Susanne P. (March 2020).

6203: 6163:

Natural History of Pliny. BOOK XXXVI. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF STONES

5129:

Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017).

4844:

Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).

4586: 4506: 4300: 4118: 4083: 4043: 3900: 3866: 3796: 3668: 3523: 3285: 3240: 3139: 3072: 2976: 2394: 2161: 1101: 1037: 960: 869: 855: 839: 832: 811: 790: 762: 755: 741: 685: 678: 599: 497: 474: 404: 397: 390: 383: 351: 291: 277: 229: 7966:"TriGain LED phosphor system using red Mn-doped complex fluorides" 7359: 7336: 5043:

Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Mangan".

4579: 2125:

in isotopes lighter than the most abundant stable isotope, Mn, is

11908: 11627: 11533: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10605: 10596: 10578: 10533: 10461: 10443: 10373: 10319: 10301: 10274: 10247: 10229: 10211: 10121: 10051: 10024: 9988: 9970: 9934: 9925: 9907: 9889: 9788: 9727: 9617: 9572: 9444: 9408:

National Pollutant Inventory – Manganese and compounds Fact Sheet

9092: 6132: 5889: 4621: 3977: 3965: 3878: 3619: 3454: 3247:(1811–1891) who, in 1856, introduced the element, in the form of 3077: 2371: 2335: 2098: 2051: 2000: 1253: 1002: 995: 981: 946: 890: 876: 825: 783: 769: 748: 727: 713: 699: 629: 578: 557: 529: 515: 488: 481: 467: 453: 374: 330: 247: 9318: 8994: 5042: 3391:

is an iron alloy with a manganese content of approximately 15%.

10497: 10425: 10310: 10238: 10148: 10130: 10096: 10060: 10042: 9871: 9862: 9853: 9745: 9698: 9664: 9646: 9601: 8252: 7121:"Seabed Mining and Approaches to Governance of the Deep Seabed" 6876:

Industrial Minerals & Rocks: Commodities, Markets, and Uses

4752: 4649: 4645: 4575: 4495: 4079: 4051: 4039: 4011: 3969: 3660: 3587: 3354: 3232: 3188: 3181: 3166: 3104: 3081: 3041:(a white ore, also from Magnesia, also useful in glassmaking). 3004: 2423: 2402: 2398: 1235: 918: 862: 776: 720: 650: 636: 613: 585: 571: 439: 432: 425: 344: 307: 284: 270: 238: 8487:

Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases

7477:

Brady, George S.; Clauser, Henry R.; Vaccari. John A. (2002).

4796:

Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements

4291:

Excessive exposure or intake may lead to a condition known as

3635: 3363: 2240:(α-Mn) is the equilibrium phase at room temperature. It has a 2196:

processes immediately before coalescence of the Solar System.

107: 11704: 10711: 10400: 10105: 9763: 9637: 8484: 7848::Mn,Li Inverse Garnet for High Power Phosphor Converted LEDs" 7071: 5196: 4031: 3886: 3882: 3730: 3439: 3103:

until modern times and is evident in 14th-century glass from

2076: 2012: 1432:(depending on the oxidation state, an acidic, basic, or 1238: (1246 °C, 2275 °F) 1222: 1188: 846: 620: 358: 263: 9143: 8766:, Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 7747: 7118: 6611:(Report). Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey. 5544: 3992: 10364: 10337: 9880: 9844: 9682: 9412: 8574: 8337:

Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients (2001).

7377:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. pp. 56–57. 6826: 6238: 4673: 4456: 4284:

table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at

3973: 3453:

In South Africa, most identified deposits are located near

2940: 2305:

crystals – the pale pink color of Mn(II) salts is due to a

2208: 2157: 2145: 2004: 1109: 818: 797: 446: 418: 298: 101: 95: 8955: 8953: 8624:

Barceloux, Donald; Barceloux, Donald (1999). "Manganese".

8623: 7078:

Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

7034: 6675:"Trace and minor elements in sphalerite: A LA-ICPMS study" 5322: 4680:. DMT1 also transports inhaled manganese across the nasal 4478:

Manganese overexposure is most frequently associated with

2218: 2160:. Manganese isotopic contents are typically combined with 2144:

of elements, which are thought to be synthesized in large

10069: 9484: 8291:

Takeda, A. (2003). "Manganese action in brain function".

6396:

Rancke-Madsen, E. (1975). "The Discovery of an Element".

4067: 3916: 3114:

Credit for first isolating manganese is usually given to

3049:, and finally the metal isolated from it became known as 1999:

25. It is a hard, brittle, silvery metal, often found in

592: 98: 92: 8756:

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2012)

6869: 5892:"Selection and Use of Manganese Dioxide by Neanderthals" 3725:

3004 and 3104 (0.8 to 1.5% manganese) are used for most

2405:, including the oxygen evolving center (OEC) in plants. 2097:

Naturally occurring manganese is composed of one stable

8950: 8913: 8832:"Safety and Health Topics: Manganese Compounds (as Mn)" 8421:

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals

8194: 6672: 6486: 5761:"Permanganate – a new fixative for electron microscopy" 4521:

typical to PD are not seen in Mn-induced parkinsonism.

4352:

exposure is stopped and the body can clear the excess.

3158:

was used and the manganese dioxide was recycled by the

2987:, located within modern Turkey). They were both called 8658: 8089: 8069:. Carnegie Institution of Washington. pp. 40–42. 7013:

Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences - Manganese Nodules

6067: 5999: 4948:

Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements

3984:, the first new blue pigment discovered in 200 years. 3069:

for the free element when it was isolated much later.

8959: 7829: 7172: 4505:, suggesting an alternative pathway than the typical 4449:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

3505:

Process flow diagram for a manganese refining circuit

3215:

and lithium, most batteries contained manganese. The

2007:. Manganese was first isolated in the 1770s. It is a 124: 110: 104: 12036:

Chemical elements with body-centered cubic structure

7227: 6901: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6026: 5655: 5456:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A

4843: 3915::Mn is commercially available for use in warm-white 2455:). This oxidation state is also seen in the mineral 2184:. Variations in Cr/Cr and Mn/Cr ratios from several 2172:. Mn–Cr isotopic ratios reinforce the evidence from 8864: 7937: 7795:(A=K,Rb) on temperature and chemical environment". 6057:(in German). Wissenschaftsverlag. pp. 100–109. 5498: 5395: 5391: 5389: 5128: 4561: 3423:

Percentage of manganese output in 2006 by countries

89: 86: 8701: 7782: 5293: 5264: 5235: 5085: 4975: 2995:attracted iron, and was the iron ore now known as 2401:. Mn(IV)-OH complexes are an intermediate in some 9372: 8568: 8159: 7852:ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 6930: 6515: 6296: 5938: 5877: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5131:"The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties" 4846:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" 3583:, with the goal of retrieving Soviet code books. 2113:(Mn) to 72 u (Mn). The most stable are Mn with a 11992: 9040: 9036: 9034: 7886: 7660:Reidies, Arno H. (2000). "Manganese Compounds". 7506:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 7168: 7166: 7046:. International Seabed Authority. Archived from 5386: 4951:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 4789: 4787: 4785: 3810: 3526:(Fe) in a 1.6:1 ratio. The iron reacts with the 3427:The most important manganese ore is pyrolusite ( 2252:at temperatures below 95 K (−178 °C). 2164:isotopic contents and have found application in 1571: = 891.16 pm (at 20 °C) 67:Pure manganese cube and oxidized manganese chips 8894:Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man 8535: 7724:(5th ed.). Oxford University Press. 2002. 7574:"Applications for Aluminium Alloys and Tempers" 7483:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 585–587. 7352:Soil Mineralogy with Environmental Applications 6027:Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey; Overton, Tina (2003). 5765:Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology 5607: 4602: 3964:discovered that manganese can be combined with 3169:agents was a large consumer of manganese ores. 9088: 9086: 7662:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7624: 7272:Sim, Nari; Orians, Kristin J. (October 2019). 6747: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6597: 5644: 5601: 5449: 5421:. Saint Louis: Elsevier Science. p. 778. 5416: 4876: 4874: 4419:, characterized by the reversal of Mn-reduced 3996:Reactive center of arginase with boronic acid 2054:. Of particular interest is the use of a Mn-O 1608:1.44 µΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) 11515: 10763: 9460: 9031: 8836:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 8775: 7163: 6804:. MBendi Information Services. Archived from 6802:"Manganese Mining in South Africa – Overview" 6395: 5950: 5540: 5538: 5361: 5359: 5357: 4880: 4782: 4667: 4503:typical therapies used in the treatment of PD 4441:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 4112: 2105:have been isolated and described, ranging in 1958: 1670:5150 m/s (at 20 °C) 1172: 8826: 8824: 8345:. National Academy Press. pp. 394–419. 7832:"Narrow Band Deep Red Photoluminescence of Y 7548:"Chemical properties of 2024 aluminum allow" 7406: 7391: 7326: 6897: 6895: 6569: 6567: 5443: 5410: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4393:Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl 4386:methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl 3903:. While many compounds are known which show 3832:Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl 3442:and Brazil. According to 1978 estimate, the 3394:Manganese oxide dendrites on limestone from 2835:methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl 2818: 2129:and the primary mode in heavier isotopes is 1506: 9197:Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry 9194: 9083: 7694:"EPA Comments on the Gasoline Additive MMT" 7599: 7597: 7578:Introduction to aluminum alloys and tempers 7267: 7265: 6594: 6470:The Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 6457: 6160:. "Chapter 25—THE MAGNET: THREE REMEDIES". 6156: 6130: 6124: 5690: 5492: 4871: 4798:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. 4105:, i.e., it is the catalyst that makes the O 3849:Manganese(IV) oxide (manganese dioxide, MnO 2374:(N) ligand. One example is the blue anion 2290:structure (two atoms per cubic unit cell). 46:Chemical element with atomic number 25 (Mn) 11522: 11508: 10770: 10756: 9467: 9453: 9250:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 31. 9137: 7349: 7179:Developmental & Comparative Immunology 6870:Corathers, L. A.; Machamer, J. F. (2006). 6529:Br. Ann. Med. Pharm. Vital. Stat. Gen. Sci 6348: 6346: 6344: 5684: 5535: 5417:Kemmitt, R. D. W.; Peacock, R. D. (1973). 5354: 4070:) contain manganese. Manganese-containing 4000:– the manganese atoms are shown in yellow. 3775:The same material also functions in newer 3744:was used in the original type of dry cell 3729:. Before 2000, more than 1.6 million 2879:). When conducted under an atmosphere of 2833:Of greatest commercial interest is "MMT", 1965: 1951: 1753: 1746: 1562: 61: 9171: 9161: 9120: 9110: 9066: 8821: 8804: 8600: 8512: 8332: 8330: 8136: 8015: 7863: 7567: 7565: 7375:Steel metallurgy for the non-metallurgist 7372: 7271: 7245: 7146: 7136: 6892: 6632:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 6564: 6448: 6430: 6424: 6053:Schmidt, Max (1968). "VII. Nebengruppe". 5976: 5915: 5810: 5784: 5693:Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics 5475: 5003: 4923: 4837: 4793: 4712:List of countries by manganese production 4042:. Other enzymes containing manganese are 2062:, in the production of oxygen by plants. 9041:Guilarte TR, Gonzales KK (August 2015). 8460:Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) 7594: 7503: 7449: 7262: 7221: 6573: 6550:. Tapir Academic Press. pp. 11–12. 6463: 6106:Journal of the American Chemical Society 5839: 5403:Structure of Electro-Deposited Manganese 5372:International Nuclear Information System 4746: 4457:immediately dangerous to life and health 4379: 3991: 3781: 3634: 3538:(FeO(OH)) and elemental manganese (Mn). 3500: 3418: 3109: 3071: 2422: 2389:. It is the dark brown pigment of many 2297: 2254: 2217: 2207: 2011:with a multifaceted array of industrial 10777: 10567: 8431: 8064: 7659: 7571: 6981: 6878:(7th ed.). SME. pp. 631–636. 6489:American Journal of Industrial Medicine 6341: 6197: 6176: 6052: 6046: 5951:Yano, Junko; Yachandra, Vittal (2014). 5736:Shriver and Atkins' Inorganic Chemistry 5124: 5122: 4303:neuronal death and symptoms similar to 4143:Current AIs of Mn by age group and sex 14: 11993: 11529: 10621: 10450: 10155: 8427:, European Food Safety Authority, 2006 8327: 8290: 7903::Mn for warm-white LED applications". 7562: 6944:. Kemetco Research Inc. Archived from 6863: 6794: 6526: 6352: 5452:"The crystal structure of α-manganese" 5396:Dhananjayan, N.; Banerjee, T. (1969). 5061: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 4940: 4821:CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 4273:(DRIs). Manganese deficiency is rare. 3799:, are commonly found in metal element 3594:of nodule collection are of interest. 3548: 3003:, and which probably gave us the term 2070: 11503: 10751: 10675: 10639: 10630: 10540: 10522: 10513: 9448: 9243: 8153: 7992:"Nickel coinage in the United States" 7580:. ASM International. pp. 93–94. 5365: 5170: 4818: 3805:temperature coefficient of resistance 2812:Common oxidation states are in bold. 2293: 1921: 1918: 1878: 1875: 1849: 1844: 1824: 1819: 10684: 10612: 10585: 10558: 10218: 10200: 10173: 10004: 9995: 8042:. United States Mint. Archived from 7603: 7009: 5758: 5559:Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 5119: 5067: 4736:"Standard Atomic Weights: Manganese" 4462: 3795:Copper alloys of manganese, such as 3265:Manganese comprises about 1000 10693: 10666: 10657: 10504: 10486: 10477: 10468: 10254: 10164: 10137: 10085: 10031: 10013: 9977: 9957: 9896: 9833: 9734: 9716: 9705: 9624: 8763:Toxicological Profile for Manganese 8260:Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry 6963:"The CIA secret on the ocean floor" 6752:. Natural Resources Forum Library. 6548:Production of Manganese Ferroalloys 5450:Bradley, A.J.; Thewlis, J. (1927). 5200:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 5029: 4335:Waterborne manganese has a greater 4265:(AIs). As for safety, the IOM sets 3976:, non-toxic, inert, fade-resistant 3706: 3699:. It was used for British military 3655:Manganese is essential to iron and 3227:Manganese is essential to iron and 2983:, located within modern Greece, or 2393:but is also a common ingredient in 1356: 24: 10648: 10549: 10432: 10414: 10389: 10380: 10353: 10326: 10281: 10263: 10191: 10182: 10076: 9948: 9914: 9824: 9806: 9797: 9777: 9752: 9474: 9333:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.03.004 6418:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1975.tb00329.x 6206:Measurement Science and Technology 6177:Calvert, J. B. (24 January 2003). 4598: 4513:. Manganese may accumulate in the 3371: 3362: 3353: 3344: 3335: 3138:used manganese dioxide to produce 2883:, reduction of Mn(II) salts gives 2065: 1462:2nd: 1509.0 kJ/mol 25: 12052: 10603: 10594: 10576: 10531: 10441: 10371: 10344: 10317: 10299: 10290: 10272: 10245: 10227: 10209: 10119: 10049: 10022: 9986: 9932: 9923: 9905: 9887: 9815: 9786: 9725: 9671: 9653: 9615: 9588: 9413:International Manganese Institute 9401: 9150:BMC Pharmacology & Toxicology 8581:Environmental Health Perspectives 8137:Silverman, Elian (28 June 2018). 7721:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 5738:. Oxford University Press. 2010. 5045:Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie 4364:and their functionality, such as 3162:. The production of chlorine and 1459:1st: 717.3 kJ/mol 11974: 10495: 10459: 10423: 10308: 10236: 10146: 10128: 10058: 10040: 9968: 9869: 9860: 9851: 9696: 9599: 9312: 9290: 9264: 9237: 9215: 9188: 8988: 8907: 8886: 8842: 8797:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06534.x 8769: 8750: 8695: 8652: 8617: 8529: 8478: 8448: 8412: 8395: 8382:Micronutrient Information Center 8367: 8040:"Design of the Sacagawea dollar" 7940:Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7456:. Read Books. pp. 351–352. 7035:International Seabed Authority. 6609:Mineral Commodity Summaries 2009 5368:"Phase diagrams of the elements" 3885:and is a constituent of natural 3703:and later by the U.S. military. 2830:and of relatively low toxicity. 1938: 1937: 1465:3rd: 3248 kJ/mol 1324: 82: 10398: 10103: 10094: 9761: 9743: 9662: 9644: 9440:Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Slag 9300:. Oak Ridge National Laboratory 9272:"Manganese Chemical Background" 9099:Int J Environ Res Public Health 8758:6. Potential for human exposure 8284: 8246: 8188: 8130: 8083: 8058: 8032: 7983: 7958: 7931: 7880: 7823: 7776: 7741: 7686: 7653: 7540: 7497: 7470: 7443: 7400: 7366: 7343: 7320: 7112: 7065: 7028: 7010:Hein, James R. (January 2016). 7003: 6955: 6820: 6741: 6705: 6679:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 6666: 6623: 6539: 6480: 6389: 6290: 6232: 6170: 6150: 6096: 6061: 6029:Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry 6020: 5993: 5944: 5883: 5801: 5752: 5727: 5325:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 5267:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 5238:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 5226: 5190: 5164: 5102: 4696:, and aggregation of proteins. 4430: 3987: 3625: 3478:Manganese production by country 3084:, use manganese-based pigments. 3019:, known now in modern times as 10362: 10335: 9878: 9842: 9680: 9635: 8542:Research in Veterinary Science 8067:Ceramics for the Archaeologist 7572:Kaufman, John Gilbert (2000). 6924:10.1016/j.hydromet.2007.08.010 4969: 4812: 4728: 4343:are associated with increased 4278:European Food Safety Authority 3076:Some of the cave paintings in 2469:Oxidation states of manganese 2334:is a commonly used laboratory 2203: 1636: cm/mol (293 K) 1501:High spin: 161±8 pm 1446:Pauling scale: 1.55 13: 1: 10067: 9435:All about Manganese Dendrites 8872:"Drinking Water Contaminants" 8852:. Centers for Disease Control 8728:10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.11.025 8305:10.1016/S0165-0173(02)00234-5 8162:Accounts of Chemical Research 8108:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01639 7618:10.1016/S0167-2738(00)00722-0 7550:. Metal Suppliers Online, LLC 7450:Stansbie, John Henry (2007). 7298:10.1016/j.marchem.2019.103702 7098:10.1016/s0967-0645(01)00052-2 6319:10.1126/science.133.3467.1824 6082:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00941 5939:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1984 5878:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1984 5842:Accounts of Chemical Research 5813:Accounts of Chemical Research 5287:10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00189-6 5258:10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00312-9 5171:Clery, Daniel (4 June 2020). 5158:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001 4722: 4310: 4267:Tolerable upper intake levels 4252: 3811:Fertilizers and feed additive 3471: 3446:has 500 billion tons of 3254: 2199: 2180:for the early history of the 1624:Molar magnetic susceptibility 9428:The Periodic Table of Videos 8673:10.1016/0016-5085(94)90769-2 8174:10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00343 7925:10.1016/j.jlumin.2017.07.061 7817:10.1016/j.jlumin.2016.04.046 7409:Metallurgical Transactions A 7247:10.18520/cs/v112/i01/139-146 7016:. Springer. pp. 408–412 6770:10.1016/0025-3227(81)90092-X 6727:10.1016/j.micron.2008.10.005 5670:10.1016/0921-4526(89)90120-8 4708:, membrane transport protein 4473: 3790: 3736: 3385:Psilomelane (manganese ore) 3318:, and to a lesser extent as 2212:Unit cell of an α-Mn crystal 2075:Manganese is a silvery-gray 7: 8974:10.1016/j.neuro.2005.10.006 8495:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_7 7996:Western Journal of Medicine 7373:Verhoeven, John D. (2007). 7329:Chemical Processes in Soils 7125:Frontiers in Marine Science 6131:languagehat (28 May 2005). 5658:Physica B: Condensed Matter 5579:10.1088/0953-8984/16/13/008 4986:10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_6 4794:Arblaster, John W. (2018). 4699: 4527: 4375: 4330: 4325: 3261:Category:Manganese minerals 2222:Unit cell of a β-Mn crystal 2133:. Manganese also has three 2086: 10: 12057: 9966: 9795: 9714: 9633: 9597: 9499: 9431:(University of Nottingham) 9418:NIOSH Manganese Topic Page 9366: 9209:10.4024/31LA14L.jbpc.16.03 8554:10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.08.018 6450:10.1007/s10698-022-09448-5 6218:10.1088/0957-0233/14/9/310 6031:. Macmillan. p. 491. 5406:. CSIR-NML. pp. 3–28. 5220:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.09.016 4760:Pure and Applied Chemistry 4668:Neurodegenerative diseases 4453:recommended exposure limit 4445:permissible exposure limit 4314: 4259:U.S. Institute of Medicine 4113:Human health and nutrition 4003: 3853:) is used as a reagent in 3721:. The corrosion-resistant 3710: 3697:Hadfield steel (mangalloy) 3475: 3258: 2970: 2822: 2259:Phase diagram of manganese 2090: 1309:26.32 J/(mol·K) 1267:when liquid (at 512: 380: 320: 260: 235: 39:Manganese (disambiguation) 36: 26: 11970: 11901: 11873: 11770: 11717: 11641: 11605: 11596: 11563: 11540: 11457: 11381: 11349: 11296: 11216: 11193: 11170: 10879: 10827: 10804: 10785: 10709: 10409: 10114: 9943: 9772: 9691: 9610: 9583: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9494: 9489: 9482: 9379:Chemistry of the Elements 9376:; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). 9163:10.1186/s40360-016-0099-0 8785:Journal of Neurochemistry 7191:10.1016/j.dci.2019.103536 6849:10.1007/s11837-018-2769-4 6699:10.1016/j.gca.2009.05.045 6464:Hadfield, Robert (1927). 6431:Miśkowiec, Paweł (2022). 6375:10.1007/s11837-998-0024-0 6268:10.1007/s00339-006-3510-7 6014:10.1007/s11224-016-0864-0 5713:10.1088/0022-3719/3/3/023 5345:10.1016/j.gca.2008.03.023 4891:10.1515/9783110527872-016 4690:mitochondrial dysfunction 4542: 4537: 4271:Dietary Reference Intakes 4231: 4228: 4225: 4150: 4147: 3463:Kalahari manganese fields 3146:, or a mixture of dilute 2825:Organomanganese chemistry 2819:Organomanganese compounds 2811: 2468: 2140:Manganese is part of the 1936: 1932: 1915: 1872: 1841: 1816: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1737: 1724: 1709: 1704: 1694: 1684: 1674: 1660: 1650: 1640: 1622: 1612: 1602: 1592: 1575: 1555: 1537: 1527: 1522: 1505: 1493: 1485:empirical: 127 1479: 1450: 1440: 1396: 1391: 1313: 1303: 1293: 1279: 1265: 1252: 1242: 1228: 1208: 1203: 1195: 1181: 1166: 1154: 1142: 1123: 1100: 215: 207: 203: 164: 148: 144: 136: 77: 72: 60: 8268:10.1002/0470862106.ia128 7670:10.1002/14356007.a16_123 7641:. Vishay Intertechnology 7138:10.3389/fmars.2018.00480 6588:10.1002/ciuz.19800140502 6437:Foundations of Chemistry 6179:"Chromium and Manganese" 4978:Metallomics and the Cell 4865:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae 4570:Precautionary statements 3895:manganese is used as an 3869:group is adjacent to an 3826: 3630: 3601: 3565:, commissioned the ship 2885:dimanganese decacarbonyl 2427:Aqueous solution of KMnO 2412:is an oxidant useful in 2248:at room temperature and 27:Not to be confused with 12041:Native element minerals 9321:Brain Research Bulletin 9244:Hasan, Heather (2008). 9112:10.3390/ijerph120707519 8928:10.1023/A:1021970120965 8916:Metabolic Brain Disease 8389:Linus Pauling Institute 8386:Oregon State University 7905:Journal of Luminescence 7797:Journal of Luminescence 5316:10.1023/A:1005243228503 5212:2006E&PSL.251..334S 5114:Encyclopædia Britannica 5068:Lide, David R. (2004). 4345:intellectual impairment 4095:photooxidation of water 4091:oxygen-evolving complex 3962:Oregon State University 3941:Susan B. Anthony dollar 3927:manganese. Since 2000, 3834:is an additive in some 3411:manganese(II) carbonate 3124:Ignatius Gottfried Kaim 2461:manganese(II) carbonate 2060:oxygen-evolving complex 1598:7.81 W/(m⋅K) 1588:/K (at 20 °C) 9047:Toxicological Sciences 8293:Brain Research Reviews 8008:10.1136/ewjm.175.2.112 7518:10.1098/rsnr.1985.0004 7037:"Polymetallic Nodules" 6576:Chemie in unserer Zeit 6055:Anorganische Chemie II 5477:10.1098/rspa.1927.0103 4819:Weast, Robert (1984). 4609: 4435:Manganese exposure in 4423:uptake and diminished 4406: 4389: 4349:intelligence quotients 4286:Reference Daily Intake 4056:reverse transcriptases 4001: 3937:Presidential $ 1 coins 3787: 3695:and is still known as 3652: 3575:was to raise a sunken 3573:Hughes Glomar Explorer 3568:Hughes Glomar Explorer 3561:, through billionaire 3506: 3482:For the production of 3459:Northern Cape Province 3424: 3398:, Germany – a kind of 3376: 3367: 3358: 3349: 3340: 3245:Robert Forester Mushet 3119: 3085: 3058: 3045:called magnesia nigra 2837:, which is used as an 2449:manganese(II) chloride 2432: 2410:Manganese(III) acetate 2332:Potassium permanganate 2310: 2303:Manganese(II) chloride 2260: 2223: 2213: 2044:potassium permanganate 2015:uses, particularly in 1604:Electrical resistivity 1511: 1261:7.476 g/cm 1183:Electron configuration 150:Standard atomic weight 9059:10.1093/toxsci/kfv099 9009:10.1212/WNL.44.9.1600 8638:10.1081/CLT-100102427 7700:. EPA. 5 October 2015 5296:Space Science Reviews 4941:Emsley, John (2001). 4768:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 4692:, glutamate-mediated 4658:impaired motor skills 4608: 4425:lactate dehydrogenase 4383: 4299:disorder that causes 3995: 3972:to form an intensely 3785: 3638: 3592:environmental impacts 3504: 3422: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3348: 3339: 3203:The invention of the 3113: 3075: 3035:(the black ore) from 2441:manganese(II) sulfate 2426: 2301: 2258: 2221: 2211: 2093:Isotopes of manganese 1739:Isotopes of manganese 1510: 1299:221 kJ/mol 9374:Greenwood, Norman N. 7971:. GE Global Research 7865:10.1149/2.0121801jss 7084:(17–18): 3453–3467. 5759:Luft, J. H. (1956). 5366:Young, D.A. (1975). 5244:(23–24): 4111–4117. 4591:(fire diamond) 4439:is regulated by the 4317:Manganese deficiency 4132:glutamine synthetase 4109:produced by plants. 4048:superoxide dismutase 4046:and a Mn-containing 4006:Manganese in biology 3136:Carl Wilhelm Scheele 2033:glutamine synthetase 2003:in combination with 1729:Johann Gottlieb Gahn 1716:Carl Wilhelm Scheele 1594:Thermal conductivity 1295:Heat of vaporization 1275:5.95 g/cm 1257:(at 20° C) 37:For other uses, see 11981:Minerals portal 10779:Manganese compounds 9223:"Safety Data Sheet" 8720:2015AqTox.159..217H 8626:Clinical Toxicology 8593:10.1289/ehp.1002321 8224:10.1038/nature09913 8216:2011Natur.473...55U 8096:Inorganic Chemistry 7917:2017JLum..192..644J 7809:2016JLum..177..354B 7762:2016RSCAd...686285C 7756:(89): 86285–86296. 7421:1981MTA....12..749D 7397:Manganese USGS 2006 7290:2019MarCh.21603702S 7090:2001DSRII..48.3453O 6951:on 2 February 2012. 6916:2007HydMe..89..137Z 6841:2018JOM....70e.680E 6762:1981MGeol..41..343C 6691:2009GeCoA..73.4761C 6644:1984CoMP...87...65B 6617:10.3133/mineral2009 6410:1975Cent...19..299R 6367:1998JOM....50e..14M 6311:1961Sci...133.1824S 6305:(3467): 1824–1826. 6260:2006ApPhA..83..213C 6185:on 31 December 2016 6118:10.1021/ja00360a054 6076:(16): 10527–10535. 6070:Inorganic Chemistry 5941:, pp. 1218–20. 5880:, pp. 1221–22. 5777:10.1083/jcb.2.6.799 5705:1970JPhC....3..675B 5622:1984JAP....55.2048F 5571:2004JPCM...16.2273P 5513:1994JAP....76.7049L 5468:1927RSPSA.115..456B 5337:2008GeCoA..72.5146T 5308:2000SSRv...92..225S 5279:1998GeCoA..62.2863L 5250:1999GeCoA..63.4111B 5150:2017ChPhC..41c0001A 5090:on 17 December 2019 4678:blood–brain barrier 4662:cognitive disorders 4656:has been linked to 4654:Manganese poisoning 4534: 4492:Parkinson's disease 4488:Parkinson's disease 4384:Molecular model of 4305:Parkinson's disease 4144: 3742:Manganese(IV) oxide 3549:Oceanic environment 3490:manganese ore with 3217:zinc–carbon battery 3198:Parkinson's disease 3174:Johan Gottlieb Gahn 3116:Johan Gottlieb Gahn 2985:Magnesia ad Sipylum 2288:body-centered cubic 2242:body-centered cubic 2148:shortly before the 2071:Physical properties 2046:. It occurs at the 1944:Category: Manganese 1545:body-centered cubic 1543:α-Mn: 1452:Ionization energies 1316:Vapor pressure 1305:Molar heat capacity 1204:Physical properties 1196:Electrons per shell 57: 8892:Baselt, R. (2008) 8708:Aquatic Toxicology 7952:10.1039/c6tc02496c 7858:(1): R3086–R3092. 7770:10.1039/C6RA19584A 7606:Solid State Ionics 7429:10.1007/BF02648339 7053:on 23 October 2021 6969:. 19 February 2018 6808:on 5 February 2016 6652:10.1007/BF00371403 6501:10.1002/ajim.20524 5896:Scientific Reports 4706:Manganese exporter 4610: 4532: 4451:(NIOSH) has set a 4390: 4368:and activation of 4142: 4014:contain manganese 4002: 3960:and associates at 3931:, for example the 3788: 3777:alkaline batteries 3761:O + e → MnO(OH) + 3719:galvanic corrosion 3653: 3513:. This is done by 3507: 3425: 3377: 3368: 3359: 3350: 3341: 3120: 3086: 2433: 2418:Jahn-Teller effect 2311: 2294:Chemical compounds 2261: 2224: 2214: 2170:radiometric dating 1690:196 MPa 1656:120 GPa 1646:198 GPa 1618:paramagnetic 1528:Natural occurrence 1518: 1512: 1499:Low spin: 139±5 pm 1107: 1090: 49: 12011:Transition metals 12006:Chemical elements 11988: 11987: 11713: 11712: 11588:Manganoan calcite 11497: 11496: 11171:Manganese(II,III) 10745: 10744: 10738: 10737: 10704: 10703: 9393:978-0-08-022057-4 9278:on 28 August 2006 9257:978-1-4042-1408-8 8504:978-94-007-7499-5 8352:978-0-309-07279-3 8168:(11): 2706–2717. 8102:(19): 9798–9804. 8076:978-0-87279-620-1 7946:(39): 9143–9161. 7731:978-0-19-860457-0 7587:978-0-87170-689-8 7490:978-0-07-136076-0 7463:978-1-4086-2616-0 7384:978-0-87170-858-8 6885:978-0-87335-233-8 6779:978-90-277-0500-6 6756:(3–4). Springer. 6685:(16): 4761–4791. 6557:978-82-519-2191-6 6248:Applied Physics A 6112:(22): 6752–6753. 5969:10.1021/cr4004874 5908:10.1038/srep22159 5854:10.1021/ar700039y 5825:10.1021/ar400147y 5745:978-0-19-923617-6 5565:(13): 2273–2281. 5507:(10): 7049–7051. 5428:978-1-4831-3806-0 5331:(20): 5146–5163. 5273:(16): 2863–2886. 5138:Chinese Physics C 5081:978-0-8493-0485-9 5054:978-3-11-007511-3 5024:978-94-007-5561-1 4995:978-94-007-5560-4 4962:978-0-19-850340-8 4900:978-3-11-052691-2 4853:Chinese Physics C 4805:978-1-62708-155-9 4672:A protein called 4641:Chemical compound 4639: 4638: 4556:Hazard statements 4463:Health and safety 4370:pro-phenoloxidase 4297:neurodegenerative 4249: 4248: 3855:organic chemistry 3836:unleaded gasoline 3659:by virtue of its 3528:manganese dioxide 3494:and a subsequent 3448:manganese nodules 3417: 3416: 3402:. Scale is in mm 3231:by virtue of its 3180:the dioxide with 3144:hydrochloric acid 3025:manganese dioxide 3015:was later called 2905:are derived from 2816: 2815: 2414:organic synthesis 2362:Cl) are powerful 2268:magnetic ordering 2250:antiferromagnetic 2228: 2227: 1979: 1978: 1928: 1927: 1614:Magnetic ordering 1577:Thermal expansion 1539:Crystal structure 1513: 1442:Electronegativity 1392:Atomic properties 1386: 1385: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1105: 1088: 1080: 1079: 806:Mercury (element) 208:Manganese in the 16:(Redirected from 12048: 12026:Dietary minerals 12021:Chemical hazards 11979: 11978: 11977: 11925:Manganese nodule 11679:Manganotantalite 11603: 11602: 11524: 11517: 11510: 11501: 11500: 11194:Manganese(II,IV) 11162: 11161: 11160: 11152: 11151: 11143: 11142: 11129: 11128: 11127: 11119: 11118: 11110: 11109: 10897: 10772: 10765: 10758: 10749: 10748: 10714: 10713: 10700: 10698: 10691: 10689: 10682: 10680: 10673: 10671: 10664: 10662: 10655: 10653: 10646: 10644: 10637: 10635: 10628: 10626: 10619: 10617: 10610: 10608: 10601: 10599: 10592: 10590: 10583: 10581: 10574: 10572: 10565: 10563: 10556: 10554: 10547: 10545: 10538: 10536: 10529: 10527: 10520: 10518: 10511: 10509: 10502: 10500: 10493: 10491: 10484: 10482: 10475: 10473: 10466: 10464: 10457: 10455: 10448: 10446: 10439: 10437: 10430: 10428: 10421: 10419: 10405: 10403: 10396: 10394: 10387: 10385: 10378: 10376: 10369: 10367: 10360: 10358: 10351: 10349: 10342: 10340: 10333: 10331: 10324: 10322: 10315: 10313: 10306: 10304: 10297: 10295: 10288: 10286: 10279: 10277: 10270: 10268: 10261: 10259: 10252: 10250: 10243: 10241: 10234: 10232: 10225: 10223: 10216: 10214: 10207: 10205: 10198: 10196: 10189: 10187: 10180: 10178: 10171: 10169: 10162: 10160: 10153: 10151: 10144: 10142: 10135: 10133: 10126: 10124: 10110: 10108: 10101: 10099: 10092: 10090: 10083: 10081: 10074: 10072: 10065: 10063: 10056: 10054: 10047: 10045: 10038: 10036: 10029: 10027: 10020: 10018: 10011: 10009: 10002: 10000: 9993: 9991: 9984: 9982: 9975: 9973: 9964: 9962: 9955: 9953: 9939: 9937: 9930: 9928: 9921: 9919: 9912: 9910: 9903: 9901: 9894: 9892: 9885: 9883: 9876: 9874: 9867: 9865: 9858: 9856: 9849: 9847: 9840: 9838: 9831: 9829: 9822: 9820: 9813: 9811: 9804: 9802: 9793: 9791: 9784: 9782: 9768: 9766: 9759: 9757: 9750: 9748: 9741: 9739: 9732: 9730: 9723: 9721: 9712: 9710: 9703: 9701: 9687: 9685: 9678: 9676: 9669: 9667: 9660: 9658: 9651: 9649: 9642: 9640: 9631: 9629: 9622: 9620: 9606: 9604: 9595: 9593: 9485: 9469: 9462: 9455: 9446: 9445: 9397: 9361: 9360: 9316: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9294: 9288: 9287: 9285: 9283: 9268: 9262: 9261: 9241: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9230: 9219: 9213: 9212: 9192: 9186: 9185: 9175: 9165: 9141: 9135: 9134: 9124: 9114: 9090: 9081: 9080: 9070: 9038: 9029: 9028: 9003:(9): 1600–1602. 8992: 8986: 8985: 8957: 8948: 8947: 8911: 8905: 8890: 8884: 8883: 8881: 8879: 8868: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8828: 8819: 8818: 8808: 8782: 8773: 8767: 8754: 8748: 8747: 8699: 8693: 8692: 8661:Gastroenterology 8656: 8650: 8649: 8621: 8615: 8614: 8604: 8572: 8566: 8565: 8533: 8527: 8526: 8516: 8482: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8462:. Archived from 8452: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8416: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8399: 8393: 8392: 8391:. 23 April 2014. 8371: 8365: 8364: 8334: 8325: 8324: 8288: 8282: 8281: 8250: 8244: 8243: 8201: 8192: 8186: 8185: 8157: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8087: 8081: 8080: 8062: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8051: 8046:on 22 April 2021 8036: 8030: 8029: 8019: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7976: 7970: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7935: 7929: 7928: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7867: 7827: 7821: 7820: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7745: 7739: 7738: 7716: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7636: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7612:(1–2): 139–158. 7601: 7592: 7591: 7569: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7544: 7538: 7537: 7501: 7495: 7494: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7404: 7398: 7395: 7389: 7388: 7370: 7364: 7363: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7278:Marine Chemistry 7269: 7260: 7259: 7249: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7170: 7161: 7160: 7150: 7140: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7052: 7041: 7032: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6959: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6943: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6910:(3–4): 137–159. 6899: 6890: 6889: 6867: 6861: 6860: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6605: 6592: 6591: 6571: 6562: 6561: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6524: 6513: 6512: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6350: 6339: 6338: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6245: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6212:(9): 1590–1597. 6201: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6181:. Archived from 6174: 6168: 6167: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6050: 6044: 6042: 6024: 6018: 6017: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5980: 5963:(8): 4175–4205. 5957:Chemical Reviews 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5919: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5869: 5865: 5836: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5788: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5664:(1–3): 139–142. 5653: 5642: 5641: 5630:10.1063/1.333561 5616:(6): 2048–2050. 5605: 5599: 5598: 5542: 5533: 5532: 5521:10.1063/1.358024 5496: 5490: 5489: 5479: 5462:(771): 456–471. 5447: 5441: 5440: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5393: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5363: 5352: 5348: 5319: 5290: 5261: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5206:(3–4): 334–345. 5194: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5135: 5126: 5117: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5089: 5084:. Archived from 5065: 5059: 5058: 5040: 5027: 5018:Electronic-book 5017: 5007: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4938: 4921: 4920: 4878: 4869: 4868: 4850: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4791: 4780: 4779: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4732: 4686:oxidative stress 4630: 4623: 4616: 4601: 4581: 4577: 4563: 4535: 4531: 4511:substantia nigra 4509:loss within the 4263:Adequate Intakes 4145: 4141: 4076:diphtheria toxin 4010:Many classes of 3933:Sacagawea dollar 3924:"wartime" nickel 3899:in red-emitting 3771: 3770: 3769: 3723:aluminium alloys 3707:Aluminium alloys 3689:tensile strength 3657:steel production 3332: 3331: 3317: 3229:steel production 3221:alkaline battery 2915: 2903:alkyne complexes 2899:alkene complexes 2896: 2878: 2859: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2796: 2795: 2783: 2782: 2781: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2751: 2750: 2732: 2731: 2730: 2722: 2721: 2703: 2702: 2701: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2671: 2670: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2572: 2571: 2563: 2562: 2554: 2553: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2525: 2524: 2506: 2505: 2504: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2466: 2465: 2364:oxidizing agents 2329: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2315:oxidation states 2204: 2127:electron capture 2017:stainless steels 2009:transition metal 1986:chemical element 1967: 1960: 1953: 1941: 1940: 1908: 1898: 1886: 1881: 1863: 1856: 1854: 1834: 1827: 1802: 1770: 1769: 1760: 1755: 1748: 1733: 1720: 1686:Brinell hardness 1667: 1635: 1633: 1587: 1585: 1566: 1557:Lattice constant 1523:Other properties 1431: 1425: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1398:Oxidation states 1364: 1360: 1332: 1328: 1321: 1320: 1272: 1258: 1219: 1218: 1174: 1135: 1134: 1075: 1068: 1061: 1054: 1047: 1040: 1033: 1026: 1019: 1012: 1005: 998: 991: 984: 977: 970: 963: 956: 949: 942: 935: 928: 921: 914: 907: 900: 893: 886: 879: 872: 865: 858: 849: 842: 835: 828: 821: 814: 807: 800: 793: 786: 779: 772: 765: 758: 751: 744: 737: 730: 723: 716: 709: 702: 695: 688: 681: 674: 667: 660: 653: 646: 639: 632: 623: 616: 609: 602: 595: 588: 581: 574: 567: 560: 553: 546: 539: 532: 525: 518: 507: 500: 491: 484: 477: 470: 463: 456: 449: 442: 435: 428: 421: 414: 407: 400: 393: 386: 377: 370: 361: 354: 347: 340: 333: 326: 317: 310: 301: 294: 287: 280: 273: 266: 257: 250: 241: 232: 226: 225: 221: 220: 217: 216: 191: 189: 182: 181: 177: 174: 160: 140:silvery metallic 132: 127: 119: 117: 116: 113: 112: 109: 106: 103: 100: 97: 94: 91: 88: 65: 58: 56: 51:Manganese, 48: 21: 12056: 12055: 12051: 12050: 12049: 12047: 12046: 12045: 12031:Reducing agents 11991: 11990: 11989: 11984: 11975: 11973: 11966: 11897: 11869: 11766: 11709: 11637: 11592: 11559: 11536: 11528: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11480: 11472: 11468: 11453: 11448: 11444: 11436: 11428: 11424: 11416: 11412: 11404: 11396: 11392: 11377: 11372: 11364: 11360: 11345: 11331: 11323: 11315: 11307: 11292: 11288: 11284: 11276: 11263: 11259: 11255: 11247: 11239: 11235: 11227: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11189: 11185: 11181: 11166: 11159: 11156: 11155: 11154: 11150: 11147: 11146: 11145: 11141: 11138: 11137: 11136: 11134: 11126: 11123: 11122: 11121: 11117: 11114: 11113: 11112: 11108: 11105: 11104: 11103: 11101: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11084: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11060: 11056: 11048: 11044: 11036: 11028: 11020: 11016: 11008: 11000: 10992: 10984: 10976: 10968: 10960: 10952: 10944: 10940: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10895: 10891: 10886: 10875: 10871: 10867: 10858: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10800: 10796: 10781: 10776: 10746: 10741: 10740: 10739: 10705: 10696: 10694: 10687: 10685: 10678: 10676: 10669: 10667: 10660: 10658: 10651: 10649: 10642: 10640: 10633: 10631: 10624: 10622: 10615: 10613: 10606: 10604: 10597: 10595: 10588: 10586: 10579: 10577: 10570: 10568: 10561: 10559: 10552: 10550: 10543: 10541: 10534: 10532: 10525: 10523: 10516: 10514: 10507: 10505: 10498: 10496: 10489: 10487: 10480: 10478: 10471: 10469: 10462: 10460: 10453: 10451: 10444: 10442: 10435: 10433: 10426: 10424: 10417: 10415: 10401: 10399: 10392: 10390: 10383: 10381: 10374: 10372: 10365: 10363: 10356: 10354: 10347: 10345: 10338: 10336: 10329: 10327: 10320: 10318: 10311: 10309: 10302: 10300: 10293: 10291: 10284: 10282: 10275: 10273: 10266: 10264: 10257: 10255: 10248: 10246: 10239: 10237: 10230: 10228: 10221: 10219: 10212: 10210: 10203: 10201: 10194: 10192: 10185: 10183: 10176: 10174: 10167: 10165: 10158: 10156: 10149: 10147: 10140: 10138: 10131: 10129: 10122: 10120: 10106: 10104: 10097: 10095: 10088: 10086: 10079: 10077: 10070: 10068: 10061: 10059: 10052: 10050: 10043: 10041: 10034: 10032: 10025: 10023: 10016: 10014: 10007: 10005: 9998: 9996: 9989: 9987: 9980: 9978: 9971: 9969: 9960: 9958: 9951: 9949: 9935: 9933: 9926: 9924: 9917: 9915: 9908: 9906: 9899: 9897: 9890: 9888: 9881: 9879: 9872: 9870: 9863: 9861: 9854: 9852: 9845: 9843: 9836: 9834: 9827: 9825: 9818: 9816: 9809: 9807: 9800: 9798: 9789: 9787: 9780: 9778: 9764: 9762: 9755: 9753: 9746: 9744: 9737: 9735: 9728: 9726: 9719: 9717: 9708: 9706: 9699: 9697: 9683: 9681: 9674: 9672: 9665: 9663: 9656: 9654: 9647: 9645: 9638: 9636: 9627: 9625: 9618: 9616: 9602: 9600: 9591: 9589: 9478: 9473: 9404: 9394: 9369: 9364: 9317: 9313: 9303: 9301: 9296: 9295: 9291: 9281: 9279: 9270: 9269: 9265: 9258: 9242: 9238: 9228: 9226: 9225:. Sigma-Aldrich 9221: 9220: 9216: 9193: 9189: 9142: 9138: 9091: 9084: 9039: 9032: 8993: 8989: 8962:NeuroToxicology 8958: 8951: 8912: 8908: 8891: 8887: 8877: 8875: 8870: 8869: 8865: 8855: 8853: 8848: 8847: 8843: 8830: 8829: 8822: 8780: 8774: 8770: 8755: 8751: 8700: 8696: 8657: 8653: 8622: 8618: 8573: 8569: 8534: 8530: 8505: 8483: 8479: 8469: 8467: 8466:on 7 April 2020 8454: 8453: 8449: 8441: 8437: 8436: 8432: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8413: 8405: 8401: 8400: 8396: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8353: 8335: 8328: 8289: 8285: 8278: 8251: 8247: 8210:(7345): 55–60. 8199: 8193: 8189: 8158: 8154: 8144: 8142: 8135: 8131: 8088: 8084: 8077: 8063: 8059: 8049: 8047: 8038: 8037: 8033: 7988: 7984: 7974: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7963: 7959: 7936: 7932: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7885: 7881: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7828: 7824: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7781: 7777: 7746: 7742: 7732: 7718: 7717: 7713: 7703: 7701: 7692: 7691: 7687: 7680: 7658: 7654: 7644: 7642: 7634: 7630: 7629: 7625: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7570: 7563: 7553: 7551: 7546: 7545: 7541: 7502: 7498: 7491: 7475: 7471: 7464: 7448: 7444: 7405: 7401: 7396: 7392: 7385: 7371: 7367: 7348: 7344: 7325: 7321: 7270: 7263: 7234:Current Science 7226: 7222: 7171: 7164: 7117: 7113: 7070: 7066: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7039: 7033: 7029: 7019: 7017: 7008: 7004: 6994: 6992: 6987: 6986: 6982: 6972: 6970: 6961: 6960: 6956: 6948: 6941: 6935: 6931: 6904:Hydrometallurgy 6900: 6893: 6886: 6868: 6864: 6825: 6821: 6811: 6809: 6800: 6799: 6795: 6780: 6746: 6742: 6710: 6706: 6671: 6667: 6628: 6624: 6607: 6606: 6595: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6544: 6540: 6525: 6516: 6495:(11): 779–787. 6485: 6481: 6462: 6458: 6429: 6425: 6394: 6390: 6351: 6342: 6295: 6291: 6254:(12): 213–218. 6243: 6237: 6233: 6202: 6198: 6188: 6186: 6175: 6171: 6158:Pliny the Elder 6155: 6151: 6141: 6139: 6137:languagehat.com 6129: 6125: 6101: 6097: 6066: 6062: 6051: 6047: 6039: 6025: 6021: 5998: 5994: 5949: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5888: 5884: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5806: 5802: 5757: 5753: 5746: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5689: 5685: 5654: 5645: 5606: 5602: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5536: 5497: 5493: 5448: 5444: 5429: 5415: 5411: 5394: 5387: 5377: 5375: 5364: 5355: 5351: 5231: 5227: 5195: 5191: 5181: 5179: 5169: 5165: 5133: 5127: 5120: 5107: 5103: 5093: 5091: 5082: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5041: 5030: 4996: 4974: 4970: 4963: 4939: 4924: 4901: 4879: 4872: 4848: 4842: 4838: 4831: 4817: 4813: 4806: 4792: 4783: 4751: 4747: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4702: 4670: 4642: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4611: 4607: 4599: 4572: 4558: 4530: 4476: 4465: 4433: 4409: 4378: 4337:bioavailability 4333: 4328: 4319: 4313: 4255: 4250: 4245:lactating: 2.6 4130:, most notably 4128:metalloproteins 4115: 4108: 4099:light reactions 4020:oxidoreductases 4008: 3990: 3958:Mas Subramanian 3914: 3910: 3876: 3852: 3844:engine knocking 3829: 3816:Manganese oxide 3813: 3801:shunt resistors 3793: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3739: 3715: 3713:Aluminium alloy 3709: 3693:Robert Hadfield 3677:stainless steel 3651:manganese alloy 3643:, a variant of 3633: 3628: 3618:to tea-colored 3609: 3604: 3579:submarine, the 3559:Project Azorian 3551: 3533: 3480: 3474: 3432: 3327: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3282: 3263: 3257: 3156:Leblanc process 3152:sodium chloride 3095: 3043:Michele Mercati 2973: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2881:carbon monoxide 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2827: 2821: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2662: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2622: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2454: 2446: 2430: 2388: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2296: 2284:Delta manganese 2274:Gamma manganese 2238:Alpha manganese 2202: 2194:nucleosynthetic 2166:isotope geology 2095: 2089: 2073: 2068: 2066:Characteristics 2031:, most notably 2029:metalloproteins 1971: 1946: 1906: 1896: 1884: 1879: 1859: 1852: 1850: 1830: 1825: 1800: 1793: 1786:abundance 1759: 1741: 1731: 1725:First isolation 1718: 1700:7439-96-5 1665: 1642:Young's modulus 1631: 1629: 1583: 1581: 1567: 1500: 1495:Covalent radius 1475: 1427: 1421: 1415: 1409: 1403: 1402:−3, −1, 0, +1, 1387: 1362: 1330: 1266: 1256: 1212: 1128: 1124: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1073: 1066: 1059: 1052: 1045: 1038: 1031: 1024: 1017: 1010: 1003: 996: 989: 982: 975: 968: 961: 954: 947: 940: 933: 926: 919: 912: 905: 898: 891: 884: 877: 870: 863: 856: 847: 840: 833: 826: 819: 812: 805: 798: 791: 784: 777: 770: 763: 756: 749: 742: 735: 728: 721: 714: 707: 700: 693: 686: 679: 672: 665: 658: 651: 644: 637: 630: 621: 614: 607: 600: 593: 586: 579: 572: 565: 558: 551: 544: 537: 530: 523: 516: 505: 498: 489: 482: 475: 468: 461: 454: 447: 440: 433: 426: 419: 412: 405: 398: 391: 384: 375: 368: 359: 352: 345: 338: 331: 324: 315: 308: 299: 292: 285: 278: 271: 264: 255: 248: 239: 230: 199: 187: 185: 179: 175: 172: 170: 158: 152: 125: 121: 85: 81: 68: 54: 50: 47: 42: 35: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12054: 12044: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11986: 11985: 11971: 11968: 11967: 11965: 11964: 11958: 11948: 11941:Zincobotryogen 11938: 11928: 11922: 11912: 11911:(borosilicate) 11905: 11903: 11899: 11898: 11896: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11879: 11877: 11871: 11870: 11868: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11776: 11774: 11768: 11767: 11765: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11723: 11721: 11715: 11714: 11711: 11710: 11708: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11686:(calvonigrite) 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11664:Ferrotantalite 11661: 11659:Ferrocolumbite 11656: 11651: 11645: 11643: 11639: 11638: 11636: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11609: 11607: 11600: 11594: 11593: 11591: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11569: 11567: 11561: 11560: 11558: 11557: 11552: 11546: 11544: 11538: 11537: 11527: 11526: 11519: 11512: 11504: 11495: 11494: 11492: 11491: 11486: 11482: 11478: 11474: 11470: 11466: 11461: 11459: 11458:Manganese(VII) 11455: 11454: 11452: 11451: 11446: 11442: 11438: 11434: 11430: 11426: 11422: 11418: 11414: 11410: 11406: 11402: 11398: 11394: 11390: 11385: 11383: 11379: 11378: 11376: 11375: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11358: 11353: 11351: 11347: 11346: 11344: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11329: 11325: 11321: 11317: 11313: 11309: 11305: 11300: 11298: 11294: 11293: 11291: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11270: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11233: 11229: 11225: 11220: 11218: 11217:Manganese(III) 11214: 11213: 11211: 11210: 11206: 11202: 11197: 11195: 11191: 11190: 11188: 11187: 11183: 11179: 11174: 11172: 11168: 11167: 11165: 11164: 11157: 11148: 11139: 11131: 11124: 11115: 11106: 11098: 11094: 11090: 11086: 11082: 11078: 11074: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11058: 11054: 11050: 11046: 11042: 11038: 11034: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11006: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10970: 10966: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10889: 10883: 10881: 10877: 10876: 10874: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10831: 10829: 10825: 10824: 10822: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10808: 10806: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10798: 10794: 10789: 10787: 10783: 10782: 10775: 10774: 10767: 10760: 10752: 10743: 10742: 10736: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10706: 10702: 10701: 10692: 10683: 10674: 10665: 10656: 10647: 10638: 10629: 10620: 10611: 10602: 10593: 10584: 10575: 10566: 10557: 10548: 10539: 10530: 10521: 10512: 10503: 10494: 10485: 10476: 10467: 10458: 10449: 10440: 10431: 10422: 10413: 10407: 10406: 10397: 10388: 10379: 10370: 10361: 10352: 10343: 10334: 10325: 10316: 10307: 10298: 10289: 10280: 10271: 10262: 10253: 10244: 10235: 10226: 10217: 10208: 10199: 10190: 10181: 10172: 10163: 10154: 10145: 10136: 10127: 10118: 10112: 10111: 10102: 10093: 10084: 10075: 10066: 10057: 10048: 10039: 10030: 10021: 10012: 10003: 9994: 9985: 9976: 9967: 9965: 9956: 9947: 9941: 9940: 9931: 9922: 9913: 9904: 9895: 9886: 9877: 9868: 9859: 9850: 9841: 9832: 9823: 9814: 9805: 9796: 9794: 9785: 9776: 9770: 9769: 9760: 9751: 9742: 9733: 9724: 9715: 9713: 9704: 9695: 9689: 9688: 9679: 9670: 9661: 9652: 9643: 9634: 9632: 9623: 9614: 9608: 9607: 9598: 9596: 9587: 9581: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9476:Periodic table 9472: 9471: 9464: 9457: 9449: 9443: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9403: 9402:External links 9400: 9399: 9398: 9392: 9384:Pergamon Press 9368: 9365: 9363: 9362: 9327:(4): 361–367. 9311: 9289: 9263: 9256: 9236: 9214: 9203:(3): 137–141. 9187: 9136: 9105:(7): 7519–40. 9082: 9030: 8987: 8968:(3): 340–346. 8949: 8906: 8885: 8863: 8841: 8820: 8768: 8749: 8694: 8667:(4): 1068–71. 8651: 8632:(2): 293–307. 8616: 8587:(1): 138–143. 8567: 8528: 8503: 8477: 8447: 8430: 8411: 8394: 8366: 8351: 8326: 8283: 8277:978-0470860786 8276: 8245: 8187: 8152: 8129: 8082: 8075: 8057: 8031: 8002:(2): 112–114. 7982: 7957: 7930: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7879: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7822: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7775: 7740: 7730: 7711: 7685: 7678: 7652: 7623: 7593: 7586: 7561: 7539: 7496: 7489: 7469: 7462: 7453:Iron and Steel 7442: 7415:(5): 749–759. 7399: 7390: 7383: 7365: 7342: 7319: 7261: 7220: 7162: 7111: 7064: 7027: 7002: 6980: 6954: 6929: 6891: 6884: 6862: 6835:(5): 680–690. 6819: 6793: 6778: 6750:Marine Geology 6740: 6721:(3): 350–358. 6704: 6665: 6622: 6593: 6582:(5): 137–148. 6563: 6556: 6538: 6514: 6479: 6456: 6423: 6404:(4): 299–313. 6388: 6340: 6289: 6231: 6196: 6169: 6149: 6123: 6095: 6060: 6045: 6037: 6019: 5992: 5943: 5931: 5882: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5848:(7): 626–634. 5837: 5819:(2): 427–439. 5807: 5800: 5771:(6): 799–802. 5751: 5744: 5726: 5699:(3): 675–686. 5683: 5643: 5600: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5534: 5491: 5442: 5427: 5409: 5385: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5320: 5291: 5262: 5232: 5225: 5189: 5163: 5118: 5101: 5080: 5060: 5053: 5028: 4994: 4968: 4961: 4922: 4899: 4870: 4836: 4829: 4811: 4804: 4781: 4745: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4701: 4698: 4694:excitotoxicity 4669: 4666: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4583: 4582: 4573: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4540: 4539: 4529: 4526: 4475: 4472: 4464: 4461: 4432: 4429: 4408: 4405: 4401:exhaust valves 4377: 4374: 4358:hepatopancreas 4341:drinking water 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4315:Main article: 4312: 4309: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4149: 4140: 4114: 4111: 4106: 4103:photosynthesis 4062:(although not 4004:Main article: 3989: 3986: 3949:Manganese(III) 3912: 3908: 3874: 3850: 3828: 3825: 3812: 3809: 3792: 3789: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3758: 3754: 3738: 3735: 3711:Main article: 3708: 3705: 3649:Hadfield steel 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3607: 3603: 3600: 3550: 3547: 3543:electrowinning 3536:iron hydroxide 3531: 3496:electrowinning 3484:ferromanganese 3473: 3470: 3430: 3415: 3414: 3403: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3382:Manganese ore 3379: 3378: 3369: 3360: 3351: 3342: 3325: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3293: 3289: 3280: 3269:(0.1%) of the 3256: 3253: 3213:nickel–cadmium 3205:Leclanché cell 3160:Weldon process 3128:Johann Glauber 3093: 3033:magnesia nigra 2972: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2893: 2889: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2823:Main article: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2801: 2792: 2778: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2756: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2727: 2718: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2698: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2676: 2667: 2653: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2613: 2599: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2577: 2568: 2559: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2530: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2501: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2482: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2452: 2444: 2437:aquo complexes 2428: 2386: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2309:3d transition. 2307:spin-forbidden 2295: 2292: 2264:Beta manganese 2226: 2225: 2215: 2201: 2198: 2101:, Mn. Several 2091:Main article: 2088: 2085: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 1977: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1962: 1955: 1947: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1880:312.081 d 1877: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1864: 1857: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1788: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1773:Main isotopes 1766: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1750: 1742: 1735: 1734: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1662:Speed of sound 1658: 1657: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1626: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1561: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1515:Spectral lines 1503: 1502: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1474: 1473: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1454: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1400: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1319: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1291: 1290: 1283: 1281:Heat of fusion 1277: 1276: 1273: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1240: 1239: 1232: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1185: 1179: 1178: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1098: 1097: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1070: 1063: 1056: 1049: 1042: 1035: 1028: 1021: 1014: 1007: 1000: 993: 986: 979: 972: 965: 958: 951: 944: 937: 930: 923: 916: 909: 902: 895: 888: 881: 874: 867: 860: 852: 851: 844: 837: 830: 823: 816: 809: 802: 795: 788: 781: 774: 767: 760: 753: 746: 739: 732: 725: 718: 711: 704: 697: 690: 683: 676: 669: 662: 655: 648: 641: 634: 626: 625: 618: 611: 604: 597: 590: 583: 576: 569: 562: 555: 548: 541: 534: 527: 520: 513: 511: 509: 502: 494: 493: 486: 479: 472: 465: 458: 451: 444: 437: 430: 423: 416: 409: 402: 395: 388: 381: 379: 372: 364: 363: 356: 349: 342: 335: 328: 321: 319: 312: 304: 303: 296: 289: 282: 275: 268: 261: 259: 252: 244: 243: 236: 234: 224: 213: 212: 210:periodic table 205: 204: 201: 200: 198: 197: 183: 167: 165: 162: 161: 156: 146: 145: 142: 141: 138: 134: 133: 79: 75: 74: 70: 69: 66: 52: 45: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12053: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11998: 11996: 11983: 11982: 11969: 11962: 11959: 11956: 11952: 11949: 11946: 11942: 11939: 11936: 11932: 11929: 11926: 11923: 11920: 11916: 11913: 11910: 11907: 11906: 11904: 11900: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11880: 11878: 11876: 11872: 11866: 11865:Zircophyllite 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11835:Pyroxferroite 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11810:Glaucochroite 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11777: 11775: 11773: 11769: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11737:Lithiophilite 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11724: 11722: 11720: 11716: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11646: 11644: 11640: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11610: 11608: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11595: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11583:Rhodochrosite 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11570: 11568: 11566: 11562: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11543: 11539: 11535: 11532: 11525: 11520: 11518: 11513: 11511: 11506: 11505: 11502: 11490: 11483: 11481: 11475: 11473: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11456: 11449: 11439: 11437: 11431: 11429: 11419: 11417: 11407: 11405: 11399: 11397: 11387: 11386: 11384: 11382:Manganese(VI) 11380: 11373: 11367: 11365: 11355: 11354: 11352: 11348: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11326: 11324: 11318: 11316: 11310: 11308: 11302: 11301: 11299: 11297:Manganese(IV) 11295: 11289: 11279: 11277: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11250: 11248: 11242: 11240: 11230: 11228: 11222: 11221: 11219: 11215: 11209: 11199: 11198: 11196: 11192: 11186: 11176: 11175: 11173: 11169: 11163: 11132: 11130: 11099: 11097: 11079: 11077: 11063: 11061: 11051: 11049: 11039: 11037: 11031: 11029: 11023: 11021: 11011: 11009: 11003: 11001: 10995: 10993: 10987: 10985: 10979: 10977: 10971: 10969: 10963: 10961: 10955: 10953: 10947: 10945: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10896: 10885: 10884: 10882: 10880:Manganese(II) 10878: 10872: 10862: 10860: 10853: 10851: 10833: 10832: 10830: 10826: 10820: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10803: 10797: 10791: 10790: 10788: 10786:Manganese(-I) 10784: 10780: 10773: 10768: 10766: 10761: 10759: 10754: 10753: 10750: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10715: 10708: 10699: 10690: 10681: 10672: 10663: 10654: 10645: 10636: 10627: 10618: 10609: 10600: 10591: 10582: 10573: 10564: 10555: 10546: 10537: 10528: 10519: 10510: 10501: 10492: 10483: 10474: 10465: 10456: 10447: 10438: 10429: 10420: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10395: 10386: 10377: 10368: 10359: 10350: 10341: 10332: 10323: 10314: 10305: 10296: 10287: 10278: 10269: 10260: 10251: 10242: 10233: 10224: 10215: 10206: 10197: 10188: 10179: 10170: 10161: 10152: 10143: 10134: 10125: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10100: 10091: 10082: 10073: 10064: 10055: 10046: 10037: 10028: 10019: 10010: 10001: 9992: 9983: 9974: 9963: 9954: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9929: 9920: 9911: 9902: 9893: 9884: 9875: 9866: 9857: 9848: 9839: 9830: 9821: 9812: 9803: 9792: 9783: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9758: 9749: 9740: 9731: 9722: 9711: 9702: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9677: 9668: 9659: 9650: 9641: 9630: 9621: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9594: 9586: 9582: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9486: 9481: 9477: 9470: 9465: 9463: 9458: 9456: 9451: 9450: 9447: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9430: 9429: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9405: 9395: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9380: 9375: 9371: 9370: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9315: 9299: 9293: 9277: 9273: 9267: 9259: 9253: 9249: 9248: 9240: 9224: 9218: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9191: 9183: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9140: 9132: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9089: 9087: 9078: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9053:(2): 204–12. 9052: 9048: 9044: 9037: 9035: 9026: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8991: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8956: 8954: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8922:(4): 375–87. 8921: 8917: 8910: 8903: 8902:0-9626523-7-7 8899: 8895: 8889: 8873: 8867: 8851: 8845: 8837: 8833: 8827: 8825: 8816: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8791:(5): 1190–8. 8790: 8786: 8779: 8772: 8765: 8764: 8759: 8753: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8698: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8655: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8620: 8612: 8608: 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7667: 7663: 7656: 7640: 7633: 7627: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7600: 7598: 7589: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7568: 7566: 7549: 7543: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7500: 7492: 7486: 7482: 7481: 7473: 7465: 7459: 7455: 7454: 7446: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7403: 7394: 7386: 7380: 7376: 7369: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7346: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7323: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7268: 7266: 7257: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7224: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7169: 7167: 7158: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7115: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7068: 7049: 7045: 7038: 7031: 7015: 7014: 7006: 6990: 6984: 6968: 6964: 6958: 6947: 6940: 6933: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6898: 6896: 6887: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6866: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6807: 6803: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6744: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6669: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6626: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6578:(in German). 6577: 6570: 6568: 6559: 6553: 6549: 6542: 6534: 6530: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6483: 6476:(1): 251–252. 6475: 6471: 6467: 6460: 6451: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6427: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6392: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6293: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6242: 6235: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6200: 6184: 6180: 6173: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6153: 6138: 6134: 6127: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6064: 6056: 6049: 6040: 6038:0-7167-4620-4 6034: 6030: 6023: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5935: 5927: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5879: 5874: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5747: 5741: 5737: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5687: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5610:J. Appl. Phys 5604: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5541: 5539: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5501:J. Appl. Phys 5495: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5405: 5404: 5401:Chapter 1 of: 5400: 5392: 5390: 5373: 5369: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5193: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5144:(3): 030001. 5143: 5139: 5132: 5125: 5123: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5088: 5083: 5077: 5074:. CRC press. 5073: 5072: 5064: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4964: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4875: 4866: 4862: 4859:(3): 030001. 4858: 4854: 4847: 4840: 4832: 4830:0-8493-0464-4 4826: 4822: 4815: 4807: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4727: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4631: 4624: 4617: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4584: 4574: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4515:basal ganglia 4512: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4481: 4471: 4468: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4437:United States 4428: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4397:octane rating 4394: 4387: 4382: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4323: 4318: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4287: 4281: 4279: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4224: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4146: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4007: 3999: 3994: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3918: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3872: 3871:aromatic ring 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3840:octane rating 3837: 3833: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3784: 3780: 3778: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3727:beverage cans 3724: 3720: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3701:steel helmets 3698: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3645:Brodie helmet 3642: 3641:combat helmet 3637: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3611: 3599: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3563:Howard Hughes 3560: 3556: 3553:In 1972, the 3546: 3544: 3539: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3511:heap leaching 3503: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3492:sulfuric acid 3489: 3485: 3479: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3421: 3412: 3408: 3407:rhodochrosite 3404: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3321: 3320:rhodochrosite 3299: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3272: 3271:Earth's crust 3268: 3262: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3148:sulfuric acid 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3038:magnesia alba 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3007:. The female 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2942: 2917: 2904: 2900: 2886: 2882: 2863: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2810: 2807: 2784: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2733: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2682: 2659: 2645: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2625: 2619: 2605: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2507: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2457:rhodochrosite 2450: 2442: 2439:derived from 2438: 2425: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2391:cave drawings 2384: 2379: 2377: 2376:hypomanganate 2373: 2369: 2365: 2353: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2233: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2107:atomic weight 2104: 2103:radioisotopes 2100: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1997:atomic number 1994: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1975: 1972: | 1968: 1963: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1935: 1931: 1924: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1883: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1847: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1822: 1815: 1812: 1811:product 1809: 1807: 1804: 1797: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1676:Mohs hardness 1673: 1669: 1666:thin rod 1663: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1509: 1504: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1481:Atomic radius 1478: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1424: 1418: 1412: 1406: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1359: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1245: 1244:Boiling point 1241: 1237: 1233: 1231: 1230:Melting point 1227: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1161:period 4 1159: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1126:Atomic number 1122: 1111: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1083: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1001: 999: 994: 992: 987: 985: 980: 978: 976:Rutherfordium 973: 971: 966: 964: 959: 957: 952: 950: 945: 943: 938: 936: 931: 929: 924: 922: 917: 915: 910: 908: 903: 901: 896: 894: 889: 887: 882: 880: 875: 873: 868: 866: 861: 859: 854: 853: 850: 845: 843: 838: 836: 831: 829: 824: 822: 817: 815: 810: 808: 803: 801: 796: 794: 789: 787: 782: 780: 775: 773: 768: 766: 761: 759: 754: 752: 747: 745: 740: 738: 733: 731: 726: 724: 719: 717: 712: 710: 705: 703: 698: 696: 691: 689: 684: 682: 677: 675: 670: 668: 663: 661: 656: 654: 649: 647: 642: 640: 635: 633: 628: 627: 624: 619: 617: 612: 610: 605: 603: 598: 596: 591: 589: 584: 582: 577: 575: 570: 568: 563: 561: 556: 554: 549: 547: 542: 540: 535: 533: 528: 526: 521: 519: 514: 510: 508: 503: 501: 496: 495: 492: 487: 485: 480: 478: 473: 471: 466: 464: 459: 457: 452: 450: 445: 443: 438: 436: 431: 429: 424: 422: 417: 415: 410: 408: 403: 401: 396: 394: 389: 387: 382: 378: 373: 371: 366: 365: 362: 357: 355: 350: 348: 343: 341: 336: 334: 329: 327: 322: 318: 313: 311: 306: 305: 302: 297: 295: 290: 288: 283: 281: 276: 274: 269: 267: 262: 258: 253: 251: 246: 245: 242: 237: 233: 228: 227: 223: 222: 219: 218: 214: 211: 206: 202: 195: 184: 169: 168: 166: 163: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 130: 129: 115: 80: 78:Pronunciation 76: 71: 64: 59: 44: 40: 33: 30: 19: 18:Manganese ore 11972: 11815:Jeffersonite 11780:Babingtonite 11742:Natrophilite 11530: 11350:Manganese(V) 10828:Manganese(I) 10805:Manganese(0) 9835: 9426: 9378: 9324: 9320: 9314: 9302:. Retrieved 9292: 9280:. Retrieved 9276:the original 9266: 9246: 9239: 9227:. Retrieved 9217: 9200: 9196: 9190: 9153: 9149: 9139: 9102: 9098: 9050: 9046: 9000: 8996: 8990: 8965: 8961: 8919: 8915: 8909: 8893: 8888: 8876:. Retrieved 8866: 8854:. Retrieved 8844: 8788: 8784: 8771: 8762: 8752: 8711: 8707: 8697: 8664: 8660: 8654: 8629: 8625: 8619: 8584: 8580: 8570: 8545: 8541: 8531: 8486: 8480: 8468:. Retrieved 8464:the original 8459: 8450: 8433: 8420: 8414: 8397: 8381: 8373: 8369: 8342: 8299:(1): 79–87. 8296: 8292: 8286: 8259: 8254: 8248: 8207: 8203: 8190: 8165: 8161: 8155: 8143:. Retrieved 8132: 8099: 8095: 8085: 8066: 8060: 8048:. Retrieved 8044:the original 8034: 7999: 7995: 7985: 7973:. Retrieved 7960: 7943: 7939: 7933: 7908: 7904: 7882: 7855: 7851: 7825: 7800: 7796: 7778: 7753: 7750:RSC Advances 7749: 7743: 7735: 7720: 7714: 7702:. Retrieved 7697: 7688: 7661: 7655: 7643:. Retrieved 7638: 7626: 7609: 7605: 7577: 7552:. Retrieved 7542: 7512:(1): 63–74. 7509: 7505: 7499: 7479: 7472: 7452: 7445: 7412: 7408: 7402: 7393: 7374: 7368: 7351: 7345: 7328: 7322: 7281: 7277: 7237: 7233: 7223: 7182: 7178: 7148:10871/130176 7128: 7124: 7114: 7081: 7077: 7067: 7055:. Retrieved 7048:the original 7043: 7030: 7018:. Retrieved 7012: 7005: 6995:18 September 6993:. Retrieved 6983: 6971:. Retrieved 6966: 6957: 6946:the original 6932: 6907: 6903: 6875: 6865: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6810:. Retrieved 6806:the original 6796: 6753: 6749: 6743: 6718: 6714: 6707: 6682: 6678: 6668: 6638:(1): 65–71. 6635: 6631: 6625: 6579: 6575: 6547: 6541: 6532: 6528: 6492: 6488: 6482: 6473: 6469: 6459: 6440: 6436: 6426: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6361:(5): 14–19. 6358: 6354: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6251: 6247: 6234: 6209: 6205: 6199: 6187:. Retrieved 6183:the original 6172: 6162: 6152: 6140:. 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TED Ideas 7975:10 December 7911:: 644–652. 7803:: 354–360. 6872:"Manganese" 6812:10 December 6189:10 December 6008:: 201–212. 6002:Struct Chem 5302:: 225–236. 5094:7 September 4943:"Manganese" 4717:Parkerizing 4519:Lewy bodies 4413:ferroportin 4362:immunocytes 4097:during the 3893:Tetravalent 3865:(where the 3842:and reduce 3673:Steelmaking 3665:deoxidizing 3639:U.S. M1917 3622:polymers). 3588:ocean floor 3515:percolating 3444:ocean floor 3298:psilomelane 3237:deoxidizing 3209:depolarizer 3126:(1770) and 3101:Middle Ages 2843:manganocene 2280:structure. 2154:cosmic rays 2135:meta states 2119:radioactive 1350:100 k 1285:12.91 1199:2, 8, 13, 2 1191:] 3d 4s 1060:Livermorium 1032:Copernicium 1025:Roentgenium 955:Mendelevium 941:Einsteinium 934:Californium 11995:Categories 11951:Wolframite 11893:Rambergite 11883:Alabandite 11830:Piemontite 11800:Chloritoid 11762:Zanazziite 11732:Graftonite 11719:Phosphates 11700:Todorokite 11649:Birnessite 11633:Pyrolusite 11565:Carbonates 9382:. Oxford: 9152:(Review). 9101:(Review). 9049:(Review). 8878:2 February 7360:2002100258 7337:2005924447 7284:: 103702. 7240:(1): 139. 7185:: 103536. 7057:2 February 7020:2 February 6276:2268/67458 5734:"Ch. 20". 5378:30 January 4723:References 4682:epithelium 4533:Manganese 4431:Regulation 4311:Deficiency 4253:Regulation 4136:astrocytes 4036:isomerases 4028:hydrolases 4018:including 3982:YInMn Blue 3545:facility. 3534:) to form 3476:See also: 3472:Production 3436:sphalerite 3275:pyrolusite 3259:See also: 3255:Occurrence 3096:pigments. 3029:manganesum 3021:pyrolusite 2839:anti-knock 2478:Mn(CO)(NO) 2383:pyrolusite 2352:Oxyhalides 2278:tetragonal 2232:allotropes 2200:Allotropes 2186:meteorites 2156:impact on 2142:iron group 2131:beta decay 2123:decay mode 2037:astrocytes 1974:references 1696:CAS Number 1532:primordial 1434:amphoteric 1347:10 k 1234:1519 1067:Tennessine 1011:Meitnerium 990:Seaborgium 969:Lawrencium 708:Dysprosium 694:Gadolinium 673:Promethium 545:Technetium 538:Molybdenum 339:Phosphorus 159:°(Mn) 137:Appearance 12001:Manganese 11961:Hübnerite 11955:tungstate 11935:sulfosalt 11931:Samsonite 11927:(various) 11915:Geigerite 11855:Tephroite 11840:Rhodonite 11825:Ottrelite 11820:Knebelite 11805:Eudialyte 11795:Calderite 11772:Silicates 11747:Purpurite 11695:Tantalite 11674:Jacobsite 11618:Manganite 11555:Tusionite 11550:Sussexite 11531:Manganese 9423:Manganese 9357:206339744 9341:0361-9230 9247:Manganese 9156:(1): 57. 8997:Neurology 8736:0166-445X 8240:205224374 8116:0020-1669 7895::Mn and K 7874:103724310 7632:"WSK1216" 7437:136550117 7314:203151735 7306:0304-4203 7256:0011-3891 7215:207935992 7199:0145-305X 7106:0967-0645 6857:139950857 6660:129495326 6443:: 29–51. 6398:Centaurus 6383:111314824 6226:250842390 5902:: 22159. 5721:0022-3719 5678:0921-4526 5638:0021-8979 5595:250784683 5587:0953-8984 5529:0021-8979 5486:0950-1207 5437:961064866 5374:. 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U.S. 8806:2819584 8716:Bibcode 8689:2711273 8681:8143974 8602:3018493 8514:6589086 8408:. 2017. 8321:1922613 8256:Edition 8212:Bibcode 8145:26 June 8017:1071501 7913:Bibcode 7805:Bibcode 7758:Bibcode 7704:25 June 7698:epa.gov 7417:Bibcode 7286:Bibcode 7086:Bibcode 7044:isa.org 6912:Bibcode 6837:Bibcode 6788:4515098 6758:Bibcode 6687:Bibcode 6640:Bibcode 6406:Bibcode 6363:Bibcode 6307:Bibcode 6299:Science 6284:9221234 6256:Bibcode 6142:18 June 5978:4002066 5917:4770591 5786:2224005 5701:Bibcode 5618:Bibcode 5567:Bibcode 5509:Bibcode 5464:Bibcode 5333:Bibcode 5304:Bibcode 5275:Bibcode 5246:Bibcode 5208:Bibcode 5182:26 July 5177:Science 5146:Bibcode 5111:at the 5005:6542352 4953:249–253 4742:. 2017. 4080:lectins 4040:ligases 4012:enzymes 3978:pigment 3966:yttrium 3879:pigment 3820:sulfate 3746:battery 3620:quinone 3457:in the 3455:Hotazel 3189:Spartan 3078:Lascaux 2971:History 2649:Mn(OAc) 2497:HMn(CO) 2403:enzymes 2399:ligands 2372:nitride 2336:reagent 2313:Common 2190:in situ 2099:isotope 2056:cluster 2052:enzymes 1705:History 1664: 1472:) 1254:Density 1176:d-block 1004:Hassium 997:Bohrium 983:Dubnium 948:Fermium 892:Uranium 878:Thorium 827:Bismuth 785:Iridium 771:Rhenium 750:Hafnium 729:Thulium 715:Holmium 701:Terbium 631:Caesium 580:Cadmium 559:Rhodium 531:Niobium 517:Yttrium 490:Krypton 483:Bromine 469:Arsenic 455:Gallium 376:Calcium 332:Silicon 249:Lithium 192: ( 120: 11606:Simple 11598:Oxides 11053:Mn(ClO 11041:Mn(ClO 11025:Mn(OH) 10868:Mn(CN) 10855:Mn(CO) 9390: 9355: 9347: 9339: 9254: 9180: 9170: 9129: 9119: 9075: 9065: 9023: 9015: 8980: 8942: 8934: 8900: 8813: 8803: 8742: 8734: 8687: 8679: 8644: 8609: 8599: 8560: 8521: 8511: 8501: 8470:16 May 8359: 8349: 8319: 8311: 8274: 8238: 8230: 8204:Nature 8180: 8122: 8114: 8073: 8024: 8014: 7872: 7728: 7676: 7639:vishay 7584: 7532: 7526:531536 7524: 7487: 7460: 7435: 7381: 7358: 7335: 7312: 7304: 7254: 7213: 7205: 7197: 7155: 7104: 6882: 6855: 6786: 6776: 6733: 6715:Micron 6658: 6554: 6507: 6381: 6333: 6325: 6282: 6224: 6088: 6035: 5985: 5975: 5924: 5914: 5860: 5831: 5793: 5783: 5742: 5719: 5676: 5636: 5593: 5585: 5527: 5484: 5435: 5425: 5078: 5051: 5022: 5012: 5002: 4992: 4959: 4915: 4907: 4897: 4827: 4802: 4774: 4650:copper 4646:nickel 4496:L-DOPA 4356:liver/ 4218:14–18 4212:14–18 4148:Males 4082:, and 4052:Mn-SOD 4032:lyases 3970:indium 3731:tonnes 3667:, and 3661:sulfur 3590:. The 3577:Soviet 3239:, and 3233:sulfur 3182:carbon 3105:Venice 3090:Gargas 3082:France 3059:Mangan 3055:German 3013:magnes 3009:magnes 3005:magnet 2993:magnes 2989:magnes 2943:= (CH 2935:(dmpe) 2927:(dmpe) 2447:) and 2058:, the 1990:symbol 1942: 1923:stable 1876:synth 1630:+529.0 1489: 1436:oxide) 1420:, +5, 1361: 1329: 1289: 1287:kJ/mol 1173: 1156:Period 920:Curium 864:Radium 778:Osmium 722:Erbium 652:Cerium 638:Barium 615:Iodine 587:Indium 573:Silver 441:Copper 434:Nickel 427:Cobalt 346:Sulfur 309:Sodium 286:Oxygen 272:Carbon 240:Helium 186:54.938 171:54.938 118: 11902:Other 11705:Umber 11642:Mixed 11433:BaMnO 11281:Mn(CH 11013:Mn(CH 11005:MnMoO 10997:MnTiO 10937:Mn(NO 9353:S2CID 9021:S2CID 8940:S2CID 8781:(PDF) 8760:, in 8685:S2CID 8442:(PDF) 8425:(PDF) 8406:(PDF) 8317:S2CID 8236:S2CID 8200:(PDF) 8050:4 May 7969:(PDF) 7870:S2CID 7635:(PDF) 7530:S2CID 7522:JSTOR 7433:S2CID 7310:S2CID 7211:S2CID 7153:S2CID 7051:(PDF) 7040:(PDF) 6973:3 May 6949:(PDF) 6942:(PDF) 6853:S2CID 6656:S2CID 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