Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra

1540: 1556: 1361: 2490: 1257:). This figure is connected with the teaching of the eternity of the Buddha and is said to have been born during the a Śātavāhana king (a prophesy placed in the mouth of the Buddha himself in some sources). According to Hodge, Sarvasattvapriyadarśana may have been a historical figure connected to the Nirvana sutra lineage (even its founder) in south India. After the situation in the south became unfavorable for this tradition, it was taken to Kashmir, where later parts of the text were written, reflecting the decline narrative of some parts of the text. 1145: 33: 2454:. Hodge argues that the earliest portion of the sutra was written in India by people who believed they were living in an age of decline in which the Buddha-dharma would perish. The sutra states that during the age of Dharma decline, the Mahayana sutras will be lost (including the Nirvana sutra itself), false teachings will spread, and monks will act unethically, owning servants, cattle and horses, and engaging in lay jobs like farming, smithing, painting, sculpture and divination (instead of focusing on the Dharma). 250: 3094:. Pao-liang interprets the buddha-nature as the innately pure mind which is "the mysterious essence of divine illumination". According to Pao-liang, "there is not one split second in which this liberating essence is not functioning (to deliver the person from ignorance)" and he also says that this "liberating function" is the same as the natural tendency to avoid pain and seek bliss. Pao-liang also says that buddha nature is both in the skandhas and transcends them, being the unity of the 2048: 1783: 7841: 7852: 1926:"tathagata's hidden treasury". This treasury is seen as a wondrous liberating truth that is mysteriously hidden from the view of ordinary people. Blum notes that the two major Chinese versions of the sutra don't use the literal Chinese term for embryo or womb, but speak of the "wondrous interior treasure-house of the Buddha" which is always present within all beings. This inner treasure, a pure "buddha-relic" within, is obscured by the negative 5250: 5237: 2272:, the Buddha proclaims "I do not teach that all sentient beings are without a self! I constantly teach that all sentient beings possess Buddha-nature; is Buddha-nature not the self? Hence, I have not taught an annihilationist view." The Buddha then states the reason he teaches not-self (and impermanence, suffering, and impurity) is because sentient beings do not see the buddha-nature. Later on in the sutra, the Buddha also states: 1125: 5227: 2032: 1701: 2779:(出三藏記集), which was written less than 100 years after the date of this translation, makes no mention of Faxian. Instead it states that the translation was done by Buddhabhadra and his assistant Baoyun (寶雲), quoting earlier catalogues to corroborate this attribution. The idea that Faxian was involved in the translation only emerges in later catalogues, compiled several hundred years after the event. 1395:(c. 385–433) is significantly longer and this has led some scholars to argue that the latter portions of this edition were composed in China. This longer edition was also the most important and popular one in China, Japan and Korea, since it promoted the universality of Buddha nature and Buddhahood. The six fascicle version on the other hand was mostly ignored according to Blum. 3085:, 大般涅槃經集解 T 1763), compiled in 509 by Baoliang (寶亮) in the Liang dynasty. This is a compilation of comments by numerous masters on the Nirvana sutra. It includes comments by Emperor Wu of the Liang, Daosheng, Sengliang, Falue, Tanji, Sengzong, Baoliang, Zhixiu, Fazhi, Faan, Tanzhun, Falang, Tan'ai, Tanqian, Mingjun, Daohui, Falian and Jiaoyi. 2727:(fl. c. 260-280), though this version is now lost. Chinese canonical records also mention that another lost translation was made by the Chinese monk Zhimeng who studied in India from 404-424 CE. According to Zhimeng's own account, he also obtained his manuscript from the same layman in Pataliputra as Faxian did some years earlier. 191:, a class of sentient beings who "have little or no chance of liberation." The icchantika idea is discussed in various ways throughout the different versions of the sutra, and the issue is complex, though as Blum writes the Nirvana sutra seems "ambivalent on whether or not icchantikas can attain buddhahood". 2184:. Early Buddhism held that living beings have four distortions in how they perceive reality: they see what is impermanent as permanent (nitya), they see what is not-self as a self (ātman), they see what is impure as pure (śubha/śuci) and they see what is suffering as being pleasant or blissful (sukha). The 2336:

Using another medicinal simile, the Nirvana sutra compares the teaching of not-self to a medicine which requires a mother to stop breast feeding her infant. The mother thus smears her breast with a pungent ointment and tells her child that it is poison. When the medicine is fully ingested, the mother

2243:

is aware that there are numerous non-buddhist accounts of a self which might sound similar to its own self theory and it argues that if they seem similar, this is due to two reasons. The first is that non-buddhist ātmavāda theories are often misinterpretations or misrememberings of what was taught by

1721:

The body of the Tathāgata is an eternal body (*nityakāya), an indestructible body (*abhedakāya), an adamant body (*vajrakāya); it is not a body sustained by various kinds of food. That is to say, it is the Dharma Body (*dharmakāya). Do not say now that the body of the Tathāgata is soft, can easily be

1238:

contains prophesies of its own emergence during a period of Dharma decline (which can be calculated to be in around 220 CE) along with prophesies that the text will be taken to Kashmir (罽賓). Hodge also discusses an important person named Sarvasattvapriyadarśana who appears in a group of texts related

2425:

explains that because all beings have the buddha-nature, all beings without exception, even icchantikas (the most incorrigible and spiritually base of beings), can eventually attain liberation and become Buddhas. This is possible if they gain faith in buddha-nature, as the Dharmakṣema translation of

1937:

explanation of buddha-nature is multifaceted and complex. Karl Brunnholzl argues that there three main meanings of buddha-nature in the Nirvana sutra: (1) an intrinsic pure nature that merely has to be revealed, (2) a seed or potential that can grow into Buddhahood with the right conditions, (3) the

2308:

sees the Buddhist doctrine of not-self as "a very important doctrine to be expounded when the listener is attached to his or her notion of selfhood or personality, because it deconstructs that object of attachment, revealing its nature as a fantasy." However, the sutra understands both the not-self

1264:

is related to the views and practices of itinerant dharma preachers called dharmakathikas or dharmabhānakas (說法者 or 法師). These figures frequently went on pilgrimage to stūpa sites in the company of laypeople who were allowed to protect them with swords and staves. They may have also believed in the

2846:

composition, and some, even argue it may have been written by Dharmakṣema himself. However, other scholars like Jones and Granoff note that the latter portion knows of Indic texts which were unknown in China. Thus, Jones writes that there is "convincing evidence that this material is familiar with

2392:

In some parts, icchantikas are said to be like scorched seeds who can never sprout and thus of being incurable and incapable of Buddhahood. In other passages, they are said to also possess buddha-nature and to be able to attain buddhahood (their potential for buddhahood is also depicted much more

2093:

could also have referred to "the chamber (garbha) for a Buddha (tathāgata): the space at the center of a stūpa, where lies hidden that which is essential to a Buddha and most precious to the world after his (apparent) departure from it." The term “chamber for a relic” (dhātugarbha) is attested in

1402:

inspired numerous sutra commentaries and is cited widely by numerous East Asian Buddhist authors. The sutra was a key scriptural source for the idea that all sentient beings have buddha-nature, which was seen as an active force in the world. It was also influential due to its teachings promoting

2906:. This edition integrates and amends the translations of the six fascicle text and Dharmakṣema's into a single edition of thirty-six fascicles. This edition changes the chapter divisions of the first part of the Dharmakṣema to match the six fascicle version and it also changes the language, 2276:

Good son, this Buddha-nature is in truth not the self; for the benefit of sentient beings is it called the self.… Buddha-nature is absence of self, the Tathāgata teaches the self : because of his permanence, the Tathāgata is the self, but he teaches absence of self, because he has achieved

2807:

kingdom. This "northern" version of the text is "around four times the length" of the "six fascicle" version and the later Tibetan translation, extending for a further thirty fascicles, beyond the first ten fascicles of the "core" sutra material. This version was also later translated into

2401:

According to Karashima, the word icchantika derives from the verb icchati (to claim, to hold, to maintain) and the term is thus best understood as "someone who claims; an opinionated ." Specifically, the icchantika is someone who rejects and is hostile to the buddha nature teaching of the

1344:

an expanded version of this core text was then developed and would have comprised chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 of the six fascicle text and shorter Tibetan versions, though it is believed that in their present state there is a degree of editorial addition in them from the later phases of

1840:

is closely related to the positive elements of this docetic Buddhology, which refers to the idea that since the Buddha did not have a normal human body (nor did he gestate in a normal womb), he must have had some other transcendent type of body (which requires a transcendent womb, the

2088:

Some scholars like Shimoda and Radich have seen the buddha-nature idea as arising from an internalization of stupa and relic worship. Instead of worshiping relics externally, the buddha-nature teaching turns inward, to the inner buddha relic in all of us. According to Jones, the term

1318:

Scholars believe that the compilation of the core portion (corresponding to the six fascicle Chinese translation and the shorter Tibetan translation) must have occurred at an early date, during or prior to the 2nd century CE, based internal evidence and on Chinese canonical catalogs.

2877:

seems to indicate that icchantikas can redeem themselves and eventually attain Buddhahood (since all beings have buddha-nature), while the six fascicle version seems to indicate that icchantikas are hopeless. This was famously a point of contention for the leading Chinese monk

2337:

removes the ointment and invites the child to nurse at her breast again. In this simile, the medicine is the skillful notion of not-self, and the mother's milk is the teaching of "the nature of the Tathāgata, which is the supermundane, supreme self" (離世真實之我, possibly *

2235:

Paul Williams also notes that while we can speak of the tathāgatagarbha as a Self, this is a much more complex issue since the sutra also speaks of the importance of the not-self teaching, saying that those who have notions of a self cannot perceive buddha-nature.

2094:

many Buddhist texts. Due to this, Radich argues that the term tathāgatagarbha also developed as an internalized buddha relic which came to refer to the presence of a buddha's qualities, mode of being or body which was not located in a stupa but in sentient beings.

2285:, the Buddha uses the term self when needed (to overcome nihilistic interpretations of not-self) and teaching not-self when needed (to overcome grasping at what is not the self). This is part of his skillful means (upaya) to guide beings to liberation. 2171:) in sentient beings that allows them to become Buddhas, the sutra is self consciously adopting a Buddhist version of ātmavāda (“discourse about the self”) which was popular in Indian thought, while also modifying the Buddhist doctrine of not-self ( 198:'s precise date of origin is uncertain, but its early form may have developed in or by the second century CE. The original Sanskrit text is not extant except for a small number of fragments, but it survives in Chinese and Tibetan translation. The 2388:

discusses this class of people often. According to scholars like Blum and Brunnholzl, the exact status and nature of the icchantika in the Nirvana sutra is difficult to ascertain, as the topic is discussed in different ways throughout the sutra.

2469:

sees itself as the final teaching of the Buddha that has the power to lead people to discover their own innate buddha-nature (as long as they listen to it with faith). As such, it sees itself as the ideal solution to the era of Dharma decline.

2196:

Monks, whatever you mentally cultivate, repeatedly and increasingly and with full acceptance, to be in all instances impermanent, unsatisfactory, without self, and impure, amid these there is that which exhibits permanence, bliss, purity and

1712:

is the eternal nature of the Buddha. Blum notes that the sutra makes it clear that the Buddha is not subject to the processes of birth and death, but abides forever in an undying state. While the Buddha will appear to die (and manifest

2930:

Toh 120, the first "short" translation of the sūtra, in 3. 900 ślokas (13 scrolls). It was made in the early 9th century by Jinamitra, Dhyānagarbha and Ban de btsan dra. It is titled: ཡོངས་སུ་མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པ་ཆེན་པོ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།,

2162:

The Indic term "ātman" generally referred to "the permanent and indestructible essence, or an unchanging central element, of any human or other sentient being", and the idea that such a thing existed was widely rejected by mainstream

2101:

is that it can only be directly perceived by a fully awakened Buddha, though the sutra says that a bodhisattva at the tenth stage (bhūmi) can also perceive buddha-nature in an imperfect and indistinct manner. Since according to the

2324:

compares the not-self teaching to a milk-based medicine which is useful for certain ailments, but not for all. Because of this, a physician who only prescribed this single medicine would be an unskillful one. The Buddha in the

3025:

Dharmakṣemaʼs biography records a comment by Tanwufa mentioning a missing portion, and some biographies mention that Dharmakṣema died while on his way back to India (or Central Asia) to search for the missing parts of the

2819:

from North-Western India that Dharmakṣema brought with him, which he used for the initial translation work of his version. This version corresponds overall in content to the "six fascicle" version and the Tibetan version.

1817:

aeons ago (and yet remains actively benefiting beings). As such, the Buddha merely appears to be born, practice the path, achieve nirvana and die in order to be "in accordance with the world" (lokānuvartanā, Ch.

2079:

draws on this term and applies it to the true nature of a Buddha, which is permanent (nitya), pure, blissful and resides within all sentient beings (analogous to how the pure buddha relics were housed inside a

2267:

often portrays the teaching of the tathāgatagarbha as a Self as being a skillful means, a useful strategy to convert non-buddhists and to combat annihilationist interpretations of the Dharma. For example, in

2937:

Toh 119 - a translation from Chinese into Tibetan of the version of Dharmakṣema by Wang-phab-zhun, Dge-ba'i blos-gros and Rgya-mtsho'i sde in 56 scrolls, with the title ཡོངས་སུ་མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།,

2885:

There is also a secondary Chinese version the Dharmakṣema's translation, which was completed in 453 CE. This was produced "by polishing the style and adding new section headings" according to Stephen Hodge.

1539: 2333:"the Buddha teaches that the nature of the Tathāgata (如來性) is the real self (真實我), but if with respect to this tenet one mentally cultivates that it is not the self, this is called the third distortion." 2417:

ny person, no matter whether they are a monk, a nun, a lay-man or lay-woman, who rejects this sûtra with abusive words, and does not even ask for forgiveness afterwards, has entered the icchantika path.

2329:

says he taught not-self in order to get rid of certain mistaken views of self in order that the correct teaching about the self (i.e. the buddha-nature) could be given. This is why according to the

2823:

Many scholars doubt the Indian provenance of the extra material found in the northern edition (the content beyond the first ten fascicles). The chief reasons for this skepticism are the following:

1611:

is somewhat unsystematic and this made it a fruitful sutra for later commentators who drew on it for various doctrinal and exegetical purposes. King notes that the most important innovation of the

2260:"is not a Self in the worldly sense taught by non-Buddhist thinkers, or maintained to exist by the much-maligned ‘man in the street’", since these are considered to lead to egoistic grasping. 2244:

a bodhisattva and the second is that they may be skillful means taught to non-buddhists by Buddhas and bodhisattvas. Furthermore, numerous non-buddhist doctrines of a self are rejected in the

2671: 4932: 2205:

claims that buddha-nature (and the Buddha's body, his Dharmakaya) is characterized by four perfections (pāramitās) or qualities (which are denied in classic Buddhist doctrine): permanence (

1802:, the idea that the Buddha's physical birth and death on earth was a mere appearance, a conventional show for the sake of helping sentient beings (a doctrine which was already found in the 3008:

There are several associated texts which are considered to be part of the Nirvana sutra "family". These are found in the "Nirvana" section (涅槃部) in the Chinese Buddhist canon. It includes:

2158:

The real self is the nature of the Tathāgata ( 如來性). Know that all sentient beings have this, but as those sentient beings are enshrouded by immeasurable afflictions, it is not manifested.

1869:

According to Sally King, the sutra speaks about Buddha-nature in many different ways. This led Chinese scholars to create a list of types of buddha-nature that could be found in the text.

1745:

or "dharma body" (which is equivalent to the buddha-body). The sutra also states that the Buddha's body (buddhakaya) is an eternal, unchanging, unimpeded, and indivisible adamantine body (

5039:

Matsuda, Kazunobu (1988). "Sanskrit Fragments of the Mahāyāna Mahāparinivāṇa-sūtra. A Study of the Central Asian Documents of the Stein/Hoernle Collection of the India Office Library".

4911: 3314:

Corresponding to the shorter Tibetan translation, the six fascicle (juan) Chinese translation attributed to Faxian, and the first ten fascicles of the Dharmakṣema Chinese translation.

4778:"A Study of the Early-Stage Translations of Foxing佛性 in Chinese Buddhism: The Da Banniepan Jing大般涅槃經 Trans. Dharmakṣema and the Da Fangdeng Rulaizang Jing大方等如來藏經 Trans. Buddhabhadra" 1722:

broken, and is the same as that of common mortals. O good man! Know now that for countless billions of kalpas, the body of the Tathāgata has been strong, firm, and indestructible.

3021:, 大般涅槃經後分, Taisho no. 377) translated by Tang dynasty monk Huining and the Indian monk *Jñānabhadra (若那跋陀羅) in Heling. This is purported to be an even further missing part of the 2831:

have been found over the past hundred years in various parts of Asia; Likewise, there are no quotations from this latter portion in any Indian commentaries or sutra anthologies.

3050:), translated by Dharmarakṣa. The first six chapters are similar to Taisho no. 379, while the rest of the text focuses on Śākyamuniʼs buddhafield and the Buddha's parinirvāṇa. 2430:

states: "If an icchantika were to have faith in the existence of Buddha-nature, know that he will not descend into the three bad , and also is then not called an icchantika."

2120:

itself and in the buddha-nature, saying that "only one who follows the teachings of the Tathāgata, faithfully committing oneself to them, after that sees their equality ."

2827:

No traces of an extended Sanskrit text has ever been found. Sanskrit manuscript fragments of twenty four separate pages distributed right across the core portion of the

2021:

Furthermore, other similes reject the idea that buddha-nature abides in sentient beings at all, stating that buddha-nature abides nowhere, like how the sound made by a

1999:

contain slightly different characterizations of buddha-nature. For example, one simile compares the buddha nature to a treasure buried under the earth, or a to a

1717:, his final nirvana, the apparent death of his body), he is in fact eternal and immortal, since he was never born, and had no beginning or end. The sutra states: 4993: 5162: 1896:). According to King, this can be understood as an "embryonic tathāgata" or as the "womb of the tathāgata". The Chinese typically translated the term as 如來藏 4949:

Corrected and revised version of a paper presented in July 2010 at the Second International Workshop on the Mahaparinirvana Sutra held at Munich University.

2895: 5991: 183:, and how they are incomplete unless they are complemented by the teaching of "non-emptiness" and the true self, which is buddha-nature. Furthermore, the 2862:

suggesting an Indic origin. Furthermore, as Jones notes, both Chinese and Tibetan tradition understood the additional content as being of Indic origin.

6906: 5381: 2873:(heretics who cling to wrong views and reject the teachings of the Nirvana sutra) is much more negative and harsh. The Dharmakṣema translation of the 1555: 152:, who is described in this sutra as undying and eternal, without beginning or end. The text also discusses the associated doctrine of buddha-nature ( 3255: 2223: 576: 2678: 1106: 4941: 1704:

Shakyamuni Buddha's transcendent body arising from his golden tomb (絹本著色釈迦金棺出現図), 11th century Heian period Hanging scroll, Kyoto National Museum.

1175:, likely the 2nd century CE. The Śātavāhana rulers gave rich patronage to Buddhism, and were involved with the development of the cave temples at 6910: 4858: 2882:(c. 360–434), who rejected the Faxian translation and was exiled, until he was vindicated when the new translation of Dharmakṣema was released. 7134: 4920: 4747:

Granoff, Phyllis. 2012. “After Sinning: Some Thoughts on Remorse, Responsibility, and the Remedies for Sin in Indian Religious Tradition.” In

2356:: "the wise know that the existence of the self and absence of self are non-dual." In making this claim, the sutra also cites two sutras, the 2300:. Likewise, those who see everything as not-self but fail to see what is Self also fail to see the true middle way, which is the buddha nature 2961:, 3 Volumes, Karinbunko, Ube City, Japan. A limited run of 500 copies, currently out of print. This is actually a translation from Shimajiʼs 2847:

Indian literature unknown to any other Chinese materials that we know from Dharmakṣema’s time." Granoff notes for example, that the story of

1989:

criticizes those who think that buddha-nature means that all beings are already full Buddhas and do not need to practice the bodhisattva path

1433:. This school taught the universality of Buddha nature and the capacity for even icchantikas to attain Buddhahood. The school thrived in the 1930:

of each sentient being. Once these negative mental states have been eliminated, however, buddha-nature is said to shine forth unimpededly.

1341:, which was, he argues, probably not distinctively Mahāyāna, but quasi-Mahāsāṃghika in origin and would date to 100 CE, if not even earlier; 5351: 4873:

The Indian Buddhist Missionary Dharmakṣema (385-433): A New dating of his Arrival in Guzang and of his Translations, T'oung Pao 90, 215–263

3661: 1230:

indicates that these texts initially circulated in South India, but then gradually began to be propagated in the northwest (especially in

202:

was translated into Chinese various times. The most important editions are the 416 CE "six fascicle text" and the 421 CE translation of

5459: 5194: 5062: 3752: 2699:) has survived only in a number of fragments, which were discovered in Central Asia, Afghanistan and Japan. Four full editions of the 1360: 249: 5216: 3040:

as the main interlocutor. It also teaches that the Buddha is eternally embodied in the dharmakaya and is always preaching the Dharma.

2899: 2763:(法顯), this attribution is probably inaccurate. According to Faxian's own account, the manuscript copy forming the basis of the six 4889: 7726: 7178: 7381: 5361: 3400: 2384:("extremists" or "dogmatists") which are either excluded from Buddhahood or will find it very difficult to ever reach it. The 1900:("tathāgata storehouse," "tathāgata matrix", or "tathāgata chamber"). However, according to Mark Blum, Dharmaksema translates 5154: 2996: 2981: 1631:

womb/chamber). The buddha-dhātu (buddha-nature, buddha-element) is presented as a timeless, eternal (nitya) and pure "Self" (

592: 364: 3995: 1753:

to die, his "transcendent, indestructible mode of being" is something that never truly dies, being uncompounded (asaṃskṛta).

1152:

The history of the text is extremely complex, but the consensus view is that the core portion of this sutra was compiled in

5544: 5386: 2771:

from the house of a layman known as Kālasena, during his travels in India. The earliest surviving Chinese sutra catalogue,

1099: 7721: 4913:

On the Eschatology of the Mahaparinirvana Sutra and Related Matters (lecture delivered at the University of London, SOAS)

1407:

and its teachings on the eternal nature of the Buddha. All these doctrines became central teachings of Chinese Buddhism.

2944:

Toh 121 which preserves 16 verses translated by Kamalagupta and Rin Chen Bzang Po titled ཡོངས་སུ་མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པའི་མདོ།,

7618: 7168: 5263: 3429:

Kritische Ausgabe des Sanskrittextes und seiner tibetischen Übertragung im Vergleich mit den chinesischen Übersetzungen

2489: 1767:

According to Shimoda and Radich, this theme is the central theme of what is perhaps the earliest textual layer of the

629: 5464: 3911: 1171:

The language used in the sūtra and related texts seems to indicate a region in southern India during the time of the

7711: 5005: 2965:

a classic Japanese translation of the Southern version, rather than a direct translation from Dharmakṣema's Chinese.

7396: 7141: 5189: 4954: 948: 1822:, 隨順世間) so that people would trust him as a human sage. However, in reality, his nature is eternal and unchanging. 408: 7897: 7788: 7778: 5607: 3951: 3826: 2664: 1411: 1092: 5014: 3698: 3297:, but is quite different in form and content. It is therefore generally referred to by its full Sanskrit title, 2560: 2378:

Despite the fact that the Buddha-nature is innate in all sentient beings, there is a class of people who called

512: 7733: 7386: 7188: 7079: 7024: 5597: 3073:

Numerous commentaries on the Nirvana sutra were written in China. The most important Chinese commentary on the

2180:

The teaching that the buddha-nature is a self is one of the "four inversions" (viparyāsas), a key theme in the

1905: 58: 3036:), translated by Jñānagupta in the Sui dynasty. Its setting is also the Buddha's final nirvana, though it has 2973: 2834:

No other translator in China or Tibet ever found Sanskrit copies of this portion. The Chinese monk-translator

1882: 1326:

and related texts, Stephen Hodge estimates a compilation period between 100 CE and 220 CE for the core sutra.

1241: 1216: 7703: 7401: 7084: 5376: 5209: 2450:, describing how in the times of Dharma decline, there will be false monks, false teachings and all sorts of 4175: 1946:

states that buddha-nature as buddhahood is endowed with the powers and qualities of a buddha is free of any

537: 324: 156:) which is said to be a "hidden treasury" within all living beings that is eternal (nitya), blissful, Self ( 7286: 7158: 7129: 6831: 5054:

The Mahāparinivāṇa-mahasūtra and the Emergence of Tathagatagarba Doctrine (Hamburg Buddhist Studies Vol. 5)

2838:

traveled to India and searched for this material but only found manuscripts corresponding to the core text.

2164: 2252:), in which the self is "some kernel of identity hidden within the body" which is a "person" (pudgala), a 643: 6977: 6886: 6356: 6001: 5514: 5409: 4955:"The Tathagatagarbha Theory Reconsidered. Reflections on Some Recent Issues in Japanese Buddhist Studies" 622: 569: 458: 6521: 3891:

A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms: With Sanskrit and English Equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali Index.

7882: 7826: 7306: 6782: 6268: 5391: 5224: 3327:, 大唐西域求法高僧傳 T2066. He travelled widely through India and parts of Southeast Asia over a 25-year period. 3267: 3196: 2188:

claims that while these four do apply to samsaric phenomena, when it comes to the "supreme dharma(s)" (

2005: 1569: 1291:

to reshape the worship of the śarīra into worship of the inner Buddha as a principle of salvation: the

1287: 211: 6716: 4735:, edited by Jonathan A. Silk, Oskar von Hinüber, and Vincent Eltschinger, 264-66. Leiden: Brill, 2015. 993: 7716: 7529: 7519: 7391: 6374: 5954: 5715: 5690: 2752: 2748: 758: 5740: 5097:

A Study of the Mahāparinivāṇasūtra ~ with a Focus on the Methodology of the Study of Mahāyāna Sūtras

1391:. It was translated various times and two major Chinese translations are extant. The translation by 309: 206:, which is about four times longer than the earlier one. This sutra should not be confused with the 7902: 7877: 7821: 7173: 6987: 6965: 6958: 6861: 6394: 6014: 5830: 5775: 5396: 5202: 3122: 2843: 2704: 2192:真實法, *paramadharma, like Buddha and buddha-nature), the opposite is the case. As the sutra states: 2056: 299: 7758: 7738: 7069: 7049: 6806: 6536: 5780: 3450: 3207: 1333:

underwent a number of stages in its composition. Masahiro Shimoda discerns several main stages:

943: 5139:

New Sanskrit fragments of the Mahāyāna Mahāparinivāṇa-sūtra: Central Asian manuscript collection

3234: 3110: 2792: 2743:

no. 376.12.853-899), is the shortest and earliest translation into Chiense. It is attributed to

2740: 2396:

As such, the icchantika doctrine has caused much controversy and debate in East Asian Buddhism.

7892: 7768: 7608: 7276: 7246: 7019: 6970: 6811: 6759: 6754: 6516: 6337: 6234: 5986: 5981: 5730: 2481: 2443: 2064: 1959: 1760:

further equates the Dharmakāya with the buddha-nature and states that it has four perfections (

6098: 5030:

Liu, Ming-Wood (2005), "The Doctrine of Buddha-nature in the Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra",

918: 544: 7773: 7743: 7324: 7256: 7089: 7004: 6999: 6923: 6918: 6836: 5366: 3289: 2816: 2317:

also affirms the truth of "non-emptiness", which is a real genuine self, the buddha-nature.

2017:

understanding of buddha-nature in which the buddha element is merely something to be revealed

1803: 1639:) is a radical one which caused much controversy and was interpreted in many different ways. 1204: 1192: 1129: 1073: 858: 608: 559: 126: 24: 6389: 2106:, "the nature of the Tathāgata is difficult to see", the sutra emphasizes the importance of 908: 7796: 7763: 7748: 7266: 7163: 7109: 6994: 6933: 6901: 6896: 6881: 6866: 6856: 6821: 6734: 6426: 6349: 5652: 5592: 5341: 5308: 5258: 5077: 3764: 2723:(歷代三寶紀), a part of the core portion of the sutra was translated previously into Chinese by 1441:

school. During the Liang, the school's teachings were supplemented by the teachings of the

1222: 1078: 1068: 1063: 720: 334: 207: 7636: 6251: 6120: 6046: 5922: 5660: 3223: 2256:, a "doer" (kartṛ) or a "master" (zhu 主). According to Williams, the "Self" taught in the 1892: 1265:

eternal nature of the Buddha and his vajra body. According to Shimoda, the authors of the

8: 7603: 7482: 7316: 7291: 7281: 7241: 7218: 7101: 7074: 7034: 6953: 6943: 6871: 6798: 6229: 6086: 5867: 5845: 5797: 5617: 5417: 5273: 5253: 3095: 2619: 1470:

even saw the sutra as a final teaching of the Buddha and as being of equal status to the

1388: 1038: 528: 519: 304: 134: 5577: 5504: 3202: 2865:

One significant difference between the Dharmakṣema edition and the earlier six fascicle

2526: 2509: 2137: 1865:, "all sentient beings possess buddha-nature without distinction" (Chinese:一切眾生皆有佛性而無差別) 1636: 1632: 1601: 453: 344: 157: 7666: 7571: 7413: 7376: 7371: 7301: 7251: 7198: 7193: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7044: 7029: 7014: 7009: 6948: 6928: 6891: 6816: 6621: 6322: 6246: 6124: 6066: 5907: 5807: 5735: 5710: 5356: 5286: 4895: 3923:

Ming-Wood, L. (1981). The P'an-Chiao System of the Hua-Yen School in Chinese Buddhism.

3239: 2907: 2894:

The "Southern text" (Taisho no. 375.12.605-852), in 36 fascicles, was edited c. 453 by

2842:

Some textual scholars argue the latter portion of the northern edition may have been a

2636: 2576: 2462: 2052: 1951: 1927: 1814: 1477:

Due to its status in these doctrinal traditions, it also became important for numerous

1172: 1144: 1058: 1023: 685: 615: 160:), and pure (shudda). Due to this buddha nature, all beings have the capacity to reach 7465: 1857:), which refers to the fundamental nature of the Buddha, is a central teaching of the 1285:

of the Buddha. According to Shimoda's theory, these figures used the teachings of the

1184: 7887: 7844: 7806: 7502: 7487: 7450: 7435: 7208: 7124: 7039: 6876: 6841: 6826: 6553: 6543: 6224: 6071: 6056: 5927: 5850: 5770: 5705: 5637: 5524: 5281: 4799: 3907: 3212: 2992: 2977: 2809: 2516: 2112: 1969:

which actualize their buddha potential into full Buddhahood. This is compared to how

1947: 1490: 1486: 1478: 1048: 1033: 1028: 1011: 690: 601: 551: 231: 76: 32: 6788: 5582: 5482: 3864:

Lai, Whalen. “Sinitic Speculations on Buddha-Nature: The Nirvāṇa School (420-589).”

2457:

The sutra responds to this situation of decline with the proclamation of the innate

2344:

Another important element of the relationship between not-self and true self in the

2071:

of a Buddha as well as to basic constituents of reality or "raw material" (like the

1187:. During this time, the Śātavāhana dynasty also maintained extensive links with the 428: 7492: 7445: 7440: 7296: 7261: 7236: 7231: 6982: 6938: 6851: 6526: 6182: 6175: 5959: 5949: 5835: 5499: 5371: 4789: 3932: 3873: 2903: 2555: 1965:

However, in order to become true Buddhas, sentient beings need to practice the six

1463: 1415: 1043: 1016: 883: 700: 680: 504: 468: 6571: 1731: 1671: 1208: 748: 130: 7856: 7801: 7753: 7681: 7551: 7349: 7329: 7271: 7183: 6846: 6744: 6591: 6327: 6310: 6295: 6273: 5825: 5695: 5529: 5509: 3999: 3992: 3244: 3217: 3090:

Another important commentary was the Nirvana school scholar Pao-liang's (d. 509)

3061: 2800: 2724: 1794:

developed out of earlier miraculous accounts of the Buddha's gestation and birth.

1662:

that paves the way for the ultimate buddha-nature teachings, the doctrine of the

1419: 1392: 1372: 1196: 988: 923: 763: 481: 463: 448: 339: 319: 216: 203: 6601: 5755: 5745: 5063:"Review Article: The Mahaparinirvana Sutra and the Origins of Mahayana Buddhism" 3431:, Indica et Tibetica 51 (Marburg : lndica et Tibetica, 2007), pp. xliii–li. 2703:

of varying lengths survive in Chinese and Tibetan. The fragments are written in

1655: 783: 7811: 7514: 7364: 7146: 6726: 6706: 6626: 6315: 6305: 6239: 6076: 5562: 5425: 3336:

Qualified by Stephen Hodge as a "sadly unreliable, though pioneering, attempt".

2804: 2545: 2531: 2521: 2362: 2036: 1849:

The doctrine of the "buddha-dhātu" (buddha-nature, buddha-element, Chinese: 佛性

1798:

A key element of the doctrine of the eternal buddha-body is a kind of Mahayana

1787: 1165: 1161: 1053: 968: 725: 489: 388: 289: 86: 3099: 2755:

between 416 and 418. Though the translation of this version in six fascicles (

2230: 2151: 2047: 1567:'s setting is the final hours of the Buddha's life. Unlike the early Buddhist 7871: 7581: 7430: 6739: 6641: 6499: 6300: 6278: 6214: 5885: 5680: 5675: 5567: 5236: 4803: 3261: 3064:. It also describes the final nirvana and teaches that the Buddha is eternal. 2835: 1966: 1683: 1620: 1544: 1515: 1434: 1404: 1292: 1188: 1157: 953: 938: 878: 710: 670: 413: 354: 294: 279: 153: 112: 6039: 6029: 5401: 3936: 3294: 2352:(advaya), as two sides of the same coin so to speak. Thus, according to the 1830: 1742: 1695: 1295:. Sasaki states that a key premise of Shimoda's work is that the origins of 20: 7671: 7656: 7626: 7576: 7566: 7408: 7203: 6696: 6531: 6409: 6197: 6192: 6019: 5890: 5765: 5226: 5172:

Sanskrit fragments of the Mahāyāna Mahāparinivāṇa-sūtra: Koyasan manuscript

4829: 3181: 2647: 2540: 2142:), a “supreme essence” (Tibetan: snying po’i mchog) and as a "great self" ( 1782: 1737: 1482: 1443: 1200: 1180: 978: 963: 803: 6454: 6439: 6399: 6096: 5760: 5336: 4994:"The Doctrine of the Buddha-Nature in the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra." 3753:"The Transmission of the Mahāyāna Mahāparinivāṇa-sūtra ( 略論大乘《大般涅槃經》的傳譯定)" 2035:

Buddha relics which were originally housed inside the chamber (garbha) of

1628: 793: 589: 557: 525: 502: 7641: 7470: 6611: 6596: 6379: 6187: 6115: 5895: 5725: 5627: 5474: 5346: 5164:

The Mahāparinivāṇa-mahasūtra and the Emergence of Tathagatagarba Doctrine

4751:, edited by Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara, 175–215. Leiden: Brill. 3229: 3126: 2857: 2848: 2768: 2550: 2447: 2000: 1714: 1591: 1278: 1176: 1153: 1137: 1133: 838: 813: 798: 495: 438: 381: 264: 145: 37: 7631: 6091: 5032:

Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies (Vol. V), Paul Williams

4966: 4794: 4777: 2221:

The four perfections as a feature of buddha-nature is also found in the

1589:

also ends with the Buddha lying down, but it does not depict his actual

393: 164:. Some scholars like Michael Radich and Shimoda Masahiro think that the 7586: 7544: 7420: 7226: 7151: 6765: 6749: 6711: 6691: 6586: 6561: 6469: 6404: 6384: 6130: 6061: 5932: 5815: 5785: 5720: 5670: 5328: 5318: 5291: 5116:

Mahayanism: A Critical Exposition of the Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra

3453:

Die zentralasiatischen Sanskrit‐Fragmente des Mahāparinirvāṇa‐mahāsūtra

3248: 2870: 2594: 2589: 2458: 2380: 2349: 2297: 2249: 2133: 1833:

of a billion worlds, and yet, ultimately, I do not take parinirvāṇa.”

1675: 1663: 1376: 958: 868: 853: 778: 773: 650: 398: 377: 274: 269: 188: 161: 149: 6606: 5602: 3955: 2292:

states that those who see everything as empty and fail to see what is

2146:大我) that is eternal, pure and blissful, and is also separate from the 1600:, and other episodes after his death, like the division of relics and 788: 329: 7561: 7534: 6701: 6576: 6288: 6204: 6081: 5971: 5944: 5937: 5900: 5857: 5820: 5587: 5552: 5519: 5494: 5449: 5015:"The Problem of the Icchantica in the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra" 2972:(of a projected 4), Berkeley, Calif.: BDK America (distr.: Honolulu: 2599: 2014: 1597: 1582: 983: 743: 695: 433: 423: 418: 403: 349: 180: 7334: 6170: 6024: 5790: 5572: 5441: 5433: 3877: 3287:

It shares its title with another well-known Buddhist scripture, the

3037: 2933:

Phags pa yong su Mya ngan las 'Das pa chen po theg pa chen po'i mdo.

2172: 1651: 1647: 1574: 913: 843: 176: 133:

school. The sutra was particularly important for the development of

7851: 7691: 7646: 7591: 7556: 7460: 7119: 6686: 6681: 6631: 6566: 6484: 6449: 6444: 6105: 5976: 5964: 5875: 5534: 5231: 4934:

The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra. The text & its Transmission

2879: 2735:

This translation, often called the "Six fascicle text", and titled

2696: 2451: 2040: 1799: 1667: 1548: 1498: 1430: 1364: 1296: 903: 828: 753: 705: 655: 443: 239: 104: 54: 6676: 6666: 6651: 6474: 6344: 5612: 4145: 2815:

The first ten fascicles of the northern edition may be based on a

1790:). Some scholar like Radich have argued that the doctrines of the 1494: 1191:. Hodge argues that it is likely that the text was composed "in a 1124: 933: 898: 888: 848: 7596: 7539: 7524: 6671: 6661: 6636: 6511: 6506: 6464: 6434: 6366: 6332: 6219: 6160: 6155: 6009: 5912: 5750: 5700: 5487: 5313: 3137: 3103: 2919: 2796: 2772: 2708: 2147: 2072: 1955: 1524: 1510: 1502: 1455: 1438: 1231: 893: 823: 818: 715: 660: 359: 314: 6283: 6051: 4365:, 2nd edition, Routledge, London and New York, 2009, pp. 108-109 3180:《涅槃玄義發源機要》by the Tiantai master Zhi Yuan (976-1022 C.E.) in the 2123: 2051:

Illustration of the reliquary and relic chamber of found in the

2031: 1786:

Gandharan depiction of the Miraculous birth of the Buddha (from

1310:

might be the earliest source for the tathāgatagarbha doctrine.

7676: 7661: 7497: 7359: 7339: 7114: 6776: 6656: 6646: 6581: 6209: 6165: 6150: 6140: 6110: 6034: 5917: 5685: 5557: 5301: 5296: 3166: 3155: 2989:

Nirvana Sutra: A Translation of Dharmakshema's Northern version

2760: 2744: 2581: 2421:

In spite of their hostile dogmatism, the longer version of the

1978: 1913: 1730:

thus presents the Buddha as an eternal and transcendent being (

1700: 1459: 1437:(502-557) and many of its teachings were incorporated into the 1375:

and the universality of buddha-nature and Buddhahood, even for

1306:

Scholars like Shimoda as well as Michael Radich argue that the

928: 863: 833: 768: 665: 125:) and the earliest version of the text was associated with the 68: 5184: 5130:

Blum, Mark (2003). Nirvana Sutra, in: Buswell, Robert E. ed.,

4294: 4292: 4157: 4057: 4055: 3589: 3587: 3585: 7816: 7651: 7509: 7475: 7455: 7425: 7354: 6771: 6616: 6494: 6489: 6459: 6414: 6261: 6256: 6135: 5840: 5665: 5632: 5622: 3170: 2922:

collection (vols. 77-78) there are three translations of the

2782: 2310: 2167:. In teaching the existence of a permanent element (Tibetan: 2107: 2081: 2068: 1974: 1679: 1659: 1467: 1282: 1270: 1214:

According to Stephen Hodge, internal textual evidence in the

973: 873: 808: 284: 168:

might be the earliest source for the idea of buddha-nature.

108: 5167:, Hamburg Buddhist Studies Vol. 5, Hamburg University Press. 5019:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

4998:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

3974: 3972: 2999:. This is Dr. Tony Page's re-editing of Yamamoto's original. 7686: 6479: 6145: 5642: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4563: 4289: 4052: 3582: 2461:

that is present in all (though it remains concealed by the

2253: 2022: 1970: 1635:). This notion of a buddhist theory of a true self (i.e. a 4733:

Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism: Literature and Languages

4731:

Radich, Michael. "Tathāgatagarbha Scriptures." In Vol. 1,

4515: 4072: 4070: 3551: 3549: 1493:. The work is cited by key Japanese Buddhist figures like 7344: 5880: 5151:

Lai, Whalen (1982). Sinitic speculations on buddha-nature

4234: 4133: 4082: 4003:

Japanese Journal o f Religious Studies 4/4 December 1977.

3969: 3771: 3401:"Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra (Buddha-nature, Tsadra Foundation)" 2097:

Another key aspect of the buddha-nature as taught in the

675: 5158:(420-589), Philosophy East and West 32 (2), 135-149 4698: 4664: 4224: 4222: 4123: 4121: 3668:

Lecture held at University of London, SOAS, Spring 2006.

3534: 3079:

Compendium of Commentaries on the *Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra

2719:

According to early Chinese sutra catalogues such as the

1775:

sutra refers to itself by alternative titles, including

1686:, and a teaching on the decline of the Buddha's Dharma. 1260:

Shimoda Masahiro proposes that the earliest part of the

4759: 4757: 4067: 4030: 4028: 3546: 1523:

for the more theoretical elaboration of the meaning of

1203:. Hiromi Habata likewise associated the sutra with the 4715: 4713: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4628: 4489: 4487: 4437: 4392: 4380: 4333: 4331: 4316: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4207: 3637: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 1509:

is among the most important sources and influences on

4891:

Textual History of the Mahāyāna-mahāparinirvāna-sūtra

4652: 4219: 4118: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3795: 3721: 3719: 3524: 3522: 2940:

Phags pa yongs su mya ngan las 'das pa chen po'i mdo.

2707:

and indicate that they were written by speakers of a

1836:

According to Radich, the tathāgatagarbha idea in the

4754: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4575: 4368: 4343: 4185: 4183: 4094: 4040: 4025: 3704: 3625: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 2730: 1734:) who is beyond being and non-being and is Thusness 1577:, the Buddha's attendant, is mostly absent from the 5141:, The International Institute for Buddhist Studies. 4749:

Sins and Sinners: Perspectives from Asian Religions

4710: 4681: 4640: 4587: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4484: 4472: 4425: 4404: 4328: 4277: 4265: 4246: 4106: 3807: 3561: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3325:

Eminent Monks who Went West in Search of the Dharma

2889: 1531:is a key source for Dōgen's view of buddha-nature. 5134:, New York: Macmillan Reference Lib., pp. 605–606. 4810: 4195: 4006: 3716: 3519: 1371:. His work promoted the "northern" translation by 1351:Ch. 5, and Ch. 9 onwards of the six fascicle text. 1148:Illustration of a chaitya cave temple, Karla Caves 4599: 4304: 4180: 3498: 2393:positively in the longer versions of the sutra). 2177:) that completely rejected any notion of a self. 1367:, a great Chinese commentator and scholar of the 7869: 5190:Revised translation of the Mahaparinirvana Sutra 4616: 3952:"Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism, T'ien-T'ai" 3611:The Buddhist Self: On Tathāgatagarbha and Ātman, 3595:The Buddhist Self: On Tathāgatagarbha and Ātman, 3459: 1425:, which was simply called the "Nirvana School" ( 1249:(he is also called Sarvalokapriyadarśana in the 4976:The Buddhist Self: On Tathāgatagarbha and Ātman 3019:The Latter Portion of the Mahāparinirvāṇa sūtra 2991:, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 1779:which indicate the eternity of the Tathāgata. 1777:Tathāgataśāśvata-sūtra/Tathāgatanityatva-sūtra, 4512:, BDK Berkeley, California, 2013, pp. xvi-xvii 3889:William Edward Soothill, Lewis Hodous (1977). 3147:《大般涅槃經疏》by Guanding in the Sui in 33 fascicles 2910:and syntax to a more accessible and readable. 2248:(including some of the theories taught in the 1519:. Shinran relies on crucial passages from the 80: 5210: 4464:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations, 3788: 3786: 3425:Die zentralasialischen Sanskrit-Pragmente des 2946:Phags pa yongs su mya ngan las 'das pa'i mdo. 2672: 2124:Buddhadhātu as ātman and the four perfections 1100: 62: 5992:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 4363:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 1880:(which is also done by other texts like the 1764:): permanence, bliss, purity, and selfhood. 123:Great Scripture of the Great Perfect Nirvāṇa 3906:, p. 91, York Beach, Maine: Samuel Weiser, 3056:(佛垂般涅槃略說教誡經 Taisho no. 389), also known as 2803:(c. 385–433 CE) between 421 and 430 in the 2791:(大般涅槃經), is a translation in 40 fascicles ( 2366:sutra (the most likely candidate being the 115:class. The original title of the sutra was 5217: 5203: 3904:Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen 3783: 2679: 2665: 2154:phenomena. For example, the sutra states: 1938:idea that the Mahayana path is open to all 1454:was also seen as a key sutra for both the 1429:) and was also influenced by the works of 1107: 1093: 4793: 1876:also equates buddha-nature with the term 1559:Chinese illustration of the Nirvana sutra 5113: 5104: 4569: 4298: 4240: 4100: 4061: 3993:The Buddha-nature in Dogen's Shobogenzo. 3054:Fo chui banniepan lüe shuo jiao jie jing 2795:no. 374.12.365c-603c), completed by the 2433: 2046: 2030: 1781: 1699: 1642:Other important doctrinal themes in the 1554: 1538: 1359: 1143: 1123: 31: 7179:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 5094: 5038: 4704: 4692: 4675: 4646: 4634: 3777: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3643: 3631: 3597:pp. 29-30. University of Hawaiʻi Press. 3140:monk Guanding in the Sui in 2 fascicles 2951: 2767:Chinese version was obtained by him in 2231:"Self" and "not-self" as skillful means 1462:schools, the main doctrinal schools of 1273:worship, would have known how the term 7870: 7382:List of Buddhist architecture in China 5109:, Taylor & Francis, Kindle Edition 5060: 5051: 4952: 4878: 4743: 4741: 4176:T12n0376, p. 79, buddhism.lib.ntu.edu. 4163: 4151: 4139: 4127: 4088: 4046: 3725: 3710: 3694: 3540: 2025:is not located in any part of the lute 1829:"at times, I show parinirvāṇa in the 5198: 5070:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 4973: 4959:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 4930: 4909: 4887: 4816: 4719: 4610: 4593: 4557: 4545: 4533: 4521: 4504: 4502: 4493: 4478: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4443: 4431: 4410: 4398: 4386: 4374: 4349: 4337: 4322: 4283: 4271: 4259: 4112: 3946: 3944: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3605: 3603: 3528: 3492: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3125:scholar Hui Yuan (慧遠 523–592) in the 2987:Yamamoto, Kosho; Page, Tony. (2015). 2957:Yamamoto, Kosho, trans. (1973-1975). 1741:), the ultimate reality, the eternal 1689: 1447:by scholars like Pao-liang (d. 509). 1387:is an extremely influential work for 4982: 4870: 4856: 4763: 4658: 4622: 4228: 4213: 4201: 4189: 4076: 4019: 3978: 3868:, vol. 32, no. 2, 1982, pp. 135–49. 3813: 3801: 3750: 3731: 3576: 3555: 3513: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 2360:(possibly Taisho no. 381–382) and a 1547:, late 2nd to early 3rd century CE, 5034:, Taylor & Francis, p. 190 5029: 5012: 4991: 4738: 4581: 4310: 4034: 3613:p. 30. University of Hawaiʻi Press. 2913: 2869:is that the six fascicle's view of 2633:25. Additional Sutra Clarifications 2075:that make up any personality). The 1581:(instead, the main interlocutor is 1348:Chapter 8 of the six fascicle text. 13: 7169:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 5124: 4775: 4499: 4449: 3984: 3941: 3843: 3671: 3649: 3600: 3109:Other Chinese commentaries in the 3046:(方等般泥洹經 Taisho no. 378, Sanskrit: 3032:(四童子三昧經 Taisho no. 379, Sanskrit: 2959:The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra 2918:In the 6th section of the Tibetan 2136:and buddha-nature as a true self ( 1841:tathāgata-garbha, "buddha womb"). 144:uses the backdrop of the Buddha's 14: 7914: 5185:Tony Page's Nirvana Sutra website 5178: 3893:p. 256. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 3455:. Indo‐Iranian Journal 58: 71–78. 3434: 3348: 3003: 2759:卷) is conventionally ascribed to 2309:and emptiness teachings as being 2063:The Indic term dhātu was used in 1607:According to Sallie B. King, the 1128:Cave complex associated with the 7850: 7840: 7839: 7397:Thai temple art and architecture 7142:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 5382:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 5248: 5235: 5225: 3701:, Digital Dictionary of Buddhism 3092:On the Middle Path Buddha-nature 2783:Dharmakṣema's "northern" edition 2652:30. Shōwa Treasures of the Faith 2488: 2013:). These similes suggest a more 2009:, which is cited by name in the 1844: 1604:paying respect to his body etc. 248: 175:also discusses the teachings of 5249: 4822: 4769: 4725: 4416: 4355: 4169: 3917: 3896: 3883: 3819: 3616: 3330: 3317: 3308: 3068: 1379:, the most dogmatic of persons. 1355: 7387:Japanese Buddhist architecture 7189:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 6269:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 5460:Places where the Buddha stayed 5076:(1–2): 189–197, archived from 3417: 3301:, or more commonly simply the 3299:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra 3281: 2373: 1995:However, other similes in the 1918: 1909: 1646:include re-interpretations of 1414:(420-589) period, there was a 1324:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra 1322:Using textual evidence in the 1239:to the Nirvana sutra like the 63: 50:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra 1: 7402:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 3880:. Accessed 29 September 2023. 3342: 3178:Niepan Xuan Yi Fa Yuan Ji Yao 2851:in the latter portion of the 2003:(both which are found in the 1981:through additional conditions 1543:Parinirvana scene in schist, 148:to discuss the nature of the 103:for short, is an influential 7159:Buddhism and the Roman world 7135:Decline of Buddhism in India 7130:History of Buddhism in India 5230: Topics in 4978:, University of Hawaii Press 4965:(1–2): 73–83, archived from 2787:The "Northern text", titled 2442:are very concerned with the 2304:According to Mark Blum, the 1708:A key teaching found in the 1534: 7: 6357:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 6097: 5137:Bongard-Levin, G.M (1986). 4154:, p. 105-107, 132-134. 3662:“On the Eschatology of the 3427:Mahāparinirvāṇa-mahāsūtra: 3256:Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra 3188: 2974:University of Hawai'i Press 2970:The Nirvana Sutra: Volume 1 2968:Blum, Mark, trans. (2013). 2413:describes them as follows: 2368:Suvikrāntavikrāmiparipṛcchā 2313:, not ultimate truths. The 2296:empty do not know the true 1771:Radich also notes that the 1615:is the linking of the term 1195:environment" like Karli or 590: 558: 526: 503: 10: 7919: 7307:The unanswerable questions 5095:Shimoda, Masahiro (1997). 5056:, Hamburg University Press 5004:(2): 63–94, archived from 4849: 3757:Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 3197:Anunatva-Apurnatva-Nirdesa 3134:Da Ban Niepan Jing Xuan Yi 2714: 1825:As the Buddha says in the 1693: 1466:. The key Tiantai exegete 1329:The Indian version of the 1183:, and also with the Great 1119: 222: 187:discusses the idea of the 18: 16:Sutra in Mahāyāna Buddhism 7835: 7787: 7702: 7617: 7392:Buddhist temples in Korea 7315: 7217: 7100: 6797: 6725: 6552: 6425: 6365: 6000: 5955:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 5866: 5858:Three planes of existence 5806: 5651: 5543: 5473: 5465:Buddha in world religions 5327: 5272: 5244: 4953:Jikido, Takasaki (2000), 4883:, Oxford University Press 4860:The Nirvana Sutra, Vol. 1 3763:: 103–127. Archived from 3152:Da Ban Niepan Jing You Yi 3048:Caturdhārakasamādhi sūtra 3034:Caturdhārakasamādhi sūtra 2348:is that they are seen as 1954:), transcending the five 1682:-kaya), the promotion of 1678:and his adamantine body ( 1313: 90: 7174:Persecution of Buddhists 6395:Four stages of awakening 5776:Three marks of existence 5362:Physical characteristics 5161:Radich, Michael (2015). 5132:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 5114:Yamamoto, Kosho (1975), 5061:Sasaki, Shizuka (1999), 5052:Radich, Michael (2015), 4983:King, Sallie B. (1991), 3998:14 February 2022 at the 3866:Philosophy East and West 3275: 3158:in the Sui in 1 fascicle 3119:Da Ban Niepan Jing Yi Ji 2705:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit 2473: 2358:Sarvapuṇyasamuccayasūtra 2057:Frederick Charles Maisey 1958:and the twelve links of 1234:). Hodge notes that the 118:Mahāparinirvāṇamahāsūtra 6537:Ten principal disciples 5420:(aunt, adoptive mother) 5174:, The Reiyukai Library. 5105:Williams, Paul (2002), 5013:Liu, Ming-Wood (1984), 4992:Liu, Ming-Wood (1982), 4931:Hodge, Stephen (2012), 4910:Hodge, Stephen (2006), 4888:Hodge, Stephen (2004), 4881:Foundations of Buddhism 4879:Gethin, Rupert (1998), 4776:Li, Zijie (July 2022). 4462:Williams, Paul (2008). 4166:, p. 105-107, 132. 3937:10.1163/156853281X00038 3902:Huai-Chin, Nan (1997), 3405:buddhanature.tsadra.org 3208:Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen 3044:Fangdeng bannihuan jing 3015:Dabanniepan jing houfen 2799:Indian monk translator 2731:The "six fascicle text" 2281:Thus, according to the 1596:nor does it depict the 1277:originally referred to 593:Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra 7898:Buddhist vegetarianism 7247:Buddhism and democracy 6760:Tibetan Buddhist canon 6755:Chinese Buddhist canon 5987:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 5982:Early Buddhist schools 5170:Yuyama, Akira (1981). 5148:, Somerset Hall Press. 4857:Blum, Mark L. (2013), 3990:Takashi James Kodera, 3751:Wang, Bangwei (1993). 3145:Da Ban Niepan Jing Shu 3083:Dabanniepanjing ji jie 2890:The "southern" edition 2691:The Indic text of the 2627:23. Non-Buddhist Texts 2551:4. Saddharma Pundarika 2482:Chinese Buddhist Canon 2419: 2279: 2199: 2160: 2060: 2044: 1795: 1724: 1705: 1560: 1552: 1418:school devoted to the 1380: 1149: 1141: 623:Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra 570:Tathāgatagarbha sūtras 81: 44: 7257:Eight Consciousnesses 5367:Life of Buddha in art 4871:Chen, Jinhua (2004), 4422:see Ruegg 1989a: 21-6 3666:and Related Matters.” 3664:Mahâparinirvâṇa-sûtra 3290:Mahaparinibbana Sutta 3268:Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra 3060:(遺教經), translated by 3030:Si tongzi sanmei jing 2829:Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra 2817:birch-bark manuscript 2753:Jin dynasty (266–420) 2693:Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra 2444:decline of the Dharma 2434:Decline of the Dharma 2415: 2274: 2194: 2156: 2050: 2034: 1855:sangs rgyas gyi khams 1785: 1719: 1703: 1570:Mahaparanibbana sutta 1558: 1542: 1363: 1331:Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra 1288:Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra 1147: 1127: 584:Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra 561:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra 505:Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra 490:Prajñāpāramitā sūtras 212:Mahāparinibbāna Sutta 95:Kinh Đại Bát Niết Bàn 35: 25:Mahaparinibbana Sutta 19:For the sutta of the 7734:East Asian religions 7164:Buddhism in the West 6735:Early Buddhist texts 6350:Four Right Exertions 5816:Ten spiritual realms 5309:Noble Eightfold Path 5144:Ito, Shinjo (2009). 5099:. Tokyo, Shunjū-sha. 4974:Jones, C.V. (2020), 4947:on December 19, 2013 4524:, p. 36-39, 42. 3981:, p. xviii-xix. 3767:on October 15, 2006. 3609:Jones, C. V. (2020) 3593:Jones, C. V. (2020) 2952:English translations 2006:Tathāgatagarbhasūtra 1164:or some part of the 335:Bodhisattva Precepts 295:Transcendent Virtues 7857:Religion portal 7604:Temple of the Tooth 7483:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 6522:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 6015:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 5798:Two truths doctrine 5618:Mahapajapati Gotamī 5418:Mahapajapati Gotamī 5155:The Nirvaana school 5146:Shinjo: Reflections 5008:on October 16, 2013 4795:10.3390/rel13070619 4064:, pp. 163–164. 3558:, p. xiv-xvii. 2963:Kokuyaku issai kyō, 2339:lokottaraparamātman 1861:. According to the 1813:the Buddha entered 1444:Tattvasiddhi-Śāstra 1389:East-Asian Buddhism 1006:Regional traditions 545:Lalitavistara Sūtra 520:Mahāsaṃnipāta Sūtra 513:Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra 409:Prajñāpāramitā Devī 325:Non-abiding Nirvana 290:Transcendent Wisdom 135:East Asian Buddhism 59:traditional Chinese 7779:Western philosophy 7377:Dzong architecture 7199:Vipassana movement 7194:Buddhist modernism 6622:Emperor Wen of Sui 6390:Pratyekabuddhayāna 6323:Threefold Training 6125:Vipassana movement 5841:Hungry Ghost realm 5661:Avidyā (Ignorance) 5608:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 5357:Great Renunciation 5352:Eight Great Events 5234: 5083:on August 11, 2011 4572:, p. 153–154. 4301:, p. 107–108. 4142:, p. 112, 42. 4091:, p. 130-131. 4079:, p. xv-xvii. 3780:, pp. 446–48. 3543:, p. 101-102. 3451:Review of Habata, 3323:In his account of 3251:school of Buddhism 3240:Nirvana (Buddhism) 2908:Chinese characters 2812:from the Chinese. 2586:12. Sutravyakarana 2061: 2053:Sanchi Stupa No. 2 2045: 1928:mental afflictions 1796: 1749:As such, while he 1706: 1690:The Eternal Buddha 1666:, the eternal and 1637:Buddhist ātma-vada 1561: 1553: 1412:Southern Dynasties 1381: 1217:Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra 1173:Śātavāhana dynasty 1150: 1142: 630:Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra 616:Golden Light Sutra 529:Vimalakirtinirdeśa 345:Bodhisattva stages 310:Consciousness-only 45: 40:manuscript of the 7883:Nichiren Buddhism 7865: 7864: 7503:Om mani padme hum 7209:Women in Buddhism 7125:Buddhist councils 6995:Western countries 6783:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 6544:Shaolin Monastery 6121:Samatha-vipassanā 5731:Pratītyasamutpāda 5535:Metteyya/Maitreya 5453: 5445: 5437: 5429: 5421: 5413: 5405: 5282:Four Noble Truths 4707:, pp. 163–4. 4678:, pp. 12–13. 4661:, pp. 221–2. 4510:The Nirvana Sutra 4466:p. 108. Routledge 4216:, p. xv-xxi. 3247:, founder of the 3224:Kulayarāja Tantra 3213:Faith in Buddhism 3176:Taisho no. 1766, 3161:Taisho no. 1769, 3150:Taisho no. 1768, 3143:Taisho no. 1767, 3132:Taisho no. 1765, 3117:Taisho no. 1764, 3098:and the unity of 2997:978-1-5176-3172-7 2982:978-1-886439-46-7 2810:Classical Tibetan 2689: 2688: 2648:29. Illustrations 2613:19. Sastravibhasa 2610:18. Vinayavibhasa 2546:3. Prajnaparamita 2224:Śrīmālādevī sūtra 2073:eighteen "dhātus" 2059:, published 1850. 1960:dependent arising 1809:According to the 1747:abhedavajrakāya). 1676:Shakyamuni Buddha 1527:. Similarly, the 1479:Japanese Buddhist 1117: 1116: 602:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 577:Śrīmālādevī Sūtra 552:Samādhirāja Sūtra 275:Mind of Awakening 241:Mahāyāna Buddhism 91:མྱ ངནལས་དསཀྱི མྡོ 82:Daihatsunehan-gyō 7910: 7855: 7854: 7843: 7842: 7682:Sacred languages 7530:Maya Devi Temple 7493:Mahabodhi Temple 7297:Secular Buddhism 7262:Engaged Buddhism 6102: 5950:Tibetan Buddhism 5901:Vietnamese Thiền 5500:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 5451: 5443: 5435: 5427: 5419: 5411: 5403: 5252: 5251: 5239: 5229: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5196: 5195: 5119: 5110: 5107:Buddhist Thought 5100: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5082: 5067: 5057: 5048: 5035: 5026: 5009: 4988: 4979: 4970: 4969:on July 27, 2014 4948: 4946: 4940:, archived from 4939: 4927: 4926:on June 14, 2013 4925: 4919:, archived from 4918: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4898:on June 22, 2009 4894:, archived from 4884: 4875: 4867: 4865: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4797: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4752: 4745: 4736: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4679: 4673: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4584:, p. 71-72. 4579: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4506: 4497: 4491: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4460: 4447: 4446:, p. 55-59. 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4401:, p. 35-36. 4396: 4390: 4389:, p. 33-34. 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4326: 4325:, p. 55-60. 4320: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4244: 4243:, p. 94–96. 4238: 4232: 4231:, p. xv-xx. 4226: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4178: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4065: 4059: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4037:, p. 66-67. 4032: 4023: 4017: 4004: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3954:. Archived from 3948: 3939: 3921: 3915: 3900: 3894: 3887: 3881: 3862: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3837: 3831:Oxford Reference 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3804:, p. xviii. 3799: 3793: 3790: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3748: 3729: 3723: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3699:涅槃經 (2022-03-03) 3696: 3669: 3660:Hodge, Stephen. 3658: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3622:Chen 1993 p103-5 3620: 3614: 3607: 3598: 3591: 3580: 3574: 3559: 3553: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3517: 3511: 3496: 3490: 3457: 3447: 3432: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3411: 3397: 3337: 3334: 3328: 3321: 3315: 3312: 3306: 3285: 3203:Ātman (Buddhism) 3121:《大般涅槃經義記》by the 3111:Taisho Tripitaka 2914:Tibetan editions 2904:Liu Song dynasty 2789:Dabanniepan jing 2777:Chu Sanzang Jiji 2737:Dabannihuan jing 2681: 2674: 2667: 2607:17. Sutravibhasa 2573:9. Sutrasanipata 2570:8. Mahasannipata 2492: 2478: 2477: 2067:to refer to the 2037:Kanishka's stupa 1920: 1911: 1513:'s magnum opus, 1464:Chinese Buddhism 1416:Chinese Buddhist 1269:as advocates of 1109: 1102: 1095: 884:Hongzhi Zhengjue 701:Tibetan Buddhism 609:Ghanavyūha sūtra 597: 565: 538:Pure Land Sutras 533: 508: 469:Wrathful deities 252: 242: 227: 226: 92: 84: 73:Dàbānnièpán-jīng 66: 65: 7918: 7917: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7903:Vaipulya sutras 7878:Mahayana sutras 7868: 7867: 7866: 7861: 7849: 7831: 7783: 7698: 7613: 7350:Ordination hall 7311: 7213: 7184:Buddhist crisis 7096: 6793: 6745:Mahayana sutras 6721: 6717:Thích Nhất Hạnh 6548: 6421: 6361: 6311:Bodhisattva vow 5996: 5862: 5802: 5761:Taṇhā (Craving) 5696:Five hindrances 5647: 5539: 5469: 5323: 5268: 5240: 5223: 5181: 5127: 5125:Further reading 5122: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5065: 5041:Studia Tibetica 4944: 4937: 4923: 4916: 4901: 4899: 4863: 4852: 4847: 4838: 4836: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4774: 4770: 4766:, p. xiii. 4762: 4755: 4746: 4739: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4691: 4682: 4674: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4633: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4568: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4532: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4507: 4500: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4461: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4361:Paul Williams, 4360: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4336: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4188: 4181: 4174: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4126: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4075: 4068: 4060: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4033: 4026: 4018: 4007: 4000:Wayback Machine 3989: 3985: 3977: 3970: 3961: 3959: 3950: 3949: 3942: 3922: 3918: 3901: 3897: 3888: 3884: 3878:10.2307/1398712 3863: 3844: 3835: 3833: 3827:"Nirvāṇa Sūtra" 3825: 3824: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3749: 3732: 3724: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3672: 3659: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3608: 3601: 3592: 3583: 3575: 3562: 3554: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3527: 3520: 3512: 3499: 3491: 3460: 3449:Baums, Stefan. 3448: 3435: 3423:Hiromi Habata, 3422: 3418: 3409: 3407: 3399: 3398: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3235:Mahāyāna sūtras 3218:God in Buddhism 3191: 3184:in 4 fascicles. 3163:Niepan Zong Yao 3129:in 10 fascicles 3071: 3006: 2954: 2916: 2892: 2785: 2733: 2721:Lidai Sanbao ji 2717: 2685: 2656: 2655: 2616:20. Sarvasamaya 2537: 2505: 2476: 2436: 2376: 2233: 2217:), and purity ( 2165:Indian Buddhism 2148:five aggregates 2126: 2091:tathāgatagarbha 1950:or affliction ( 1935:Nirvana sutra's 1902:tathāgatagārbha 1878:tathāgatagarbha 1847: 1820:suishun shijian 1698: 1692: 1658:(Śūnyatā) as a 1625:tathagatagarbha 1537: 1358: 1316: 1301:Mahāparinirvāṇa 1255:Mahābherīhāraka 1223:Mahābheri Sūtra 1185:Amarāvati Stupa 1160:), possibly in 1122: 1113: 1084: 1083: 1007: 999: 998: 994:Thích Nhất Hạnh 989:14th Dalai Lama 924:Abhayākaragupta 739: 731: 730: 646: 636: 635: 484: 482:Mahayana sutras 474: 473: 384: 370: 369: 340:Bodhisattva vow 260: 240: 225: 215:which is not a 154:tathāgatagarbha 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7916: 7906: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7859: 7847: 7836: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7793: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7730: 7729: 7724: 7714: 7708: 7706: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7696: 7695: 7694: 7689: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7623: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7600: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7548: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7506: 7505: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7417: 7416: 7414:Greco-Buddhist 7406: 7405: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7368: 7367: 7365:Burmese pagoda 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7321: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7223: 7221: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7147:Greco-Buddhism 7144: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7106: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7080:United Kingdom 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7025:Czech Republic 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6985: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6963: 6962: 6961: 6956: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6904: 6899: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6803: 6801: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6789:Abhidharmadīpa 6786: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6731: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6707:B. R. Ambedkar 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6627:Songtsen Gampo 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6558: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6431: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6371: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6306:Eight precepts 6303: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6185: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6094: 6084: 6079: 6077:Five Strengths 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6017: 6012: 6006: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5872: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5818: 5812: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5716:Mental factors 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5657: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5568:Mahamoggallāna 5565: 5560: 5555: 5549: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5483:Avalokiteśvara 5479: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5447: 5439: 5431: 5423: 5415: 5407: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5333: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5284: 5278: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5222: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5180: 5179:External links 5177: 5176: 5175: 5168: 5159: 5149: 5142: 5135: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5111: 5102: 5092: 5058: 5049: 5036: 5027: 5010: 4989: 4980: 4971: 4950: 4928: 4907: 4885: 4876: 4868: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4821: 4809: 4768: 4753: 4737: 4724: 4709: 4697: 4680: 4663: 4651: 4639: 4637:, p. 157. 4627: 4615: 4598: 4586: 4574: 4562: 4550: 4538: 4526: 4514: 4508:Mark L. Blum, 4498: 4483: 4471: 4448: 4436: 4424: 4415: 4403: 4391: 4379: 4377:, p. 1-3. 4367: 4354: 4352:, p. 1-2. 4342: 4327: 4315: 4303: 4288: 4276: 4264: 4245: 4233: 4218: 4206: 4194: 4179: 4168: 4156: 4144: 4132: 4130:, p. 112. 4117: 4105: 4093: 4081: 4066: 4051: 4039: 4024: 4005: 3983: 3968: 3940: 3916: 3895: 3882: 3842: 3818: 3816:, p. xix. 3806: 3794: 3782: 3770: 3730: 3715: 3703: 3670: 3648: 3646:, p. 156. 3636: 3624: 3615: 3599: 3581: 3579:, p. xvi. 3560: 3545: 3533: 3518: 3497: 3458: 3433: 3416: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3338: 3329: 3316: 3307: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3271: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3185: 3174: 3159: 3148: 3141: 3130: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3051: 3041: 3027: 3023:Nirvana sutra. 3005: 3004:Related sutras 3002: 3001: 3000: 2985: 2966: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2942: 2935: 2915: 2912: 2891: 2888: 2840: 2839: 2832: 2805:Northern Liang 2784: 2781: 2732: 2729: 2716: 2713: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2683: 2676: 2669: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2634: 2631: 2630:24. Catalogues 2628: 2625: 2624:22. Cyclopedia 2622: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2597: 2595:14. Madhyamaka 2592: 2590:13. Abhidharma 2587: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2485: 2484: 2475: 2472: 2435: 2432: 2375: 2372: 2363:Prajñāpāramitā 2331:Nirvana sutra, 2311:skillful means 2232: 2229: 2203:Nirvana sutra 2169:yang dag khams 2125: 2122: 2116:) in both the 2065:early Buddhism 1846: 1843: 1827:Nirvana sutra, 1811:Nirvana sutra, 1769:Nirvana sutra. 1694:Main article: 1691: 1688: 1660:skillful means 1545:Kushan dynasty 1536: 1533: 1398:Dharmakṣema's 1357: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1337:a short proto- 1315: 1312: 1303:are entwined. 1267:Nirvana sutra, 1121: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1112: 1111: 1104: 1097: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 949:Rangjung Dorje 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 919:Ratnākaraśānti 916: 911: 909:Śaṅkaranandana 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 859:Shāntarakshita 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 740: 737: 736: 733: 732: 729: 728: 726:Chung Tai Shan 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 647: 642: 641: 638: 637: 634: 633: 626: 619: 612: 605: 598: 587: 580: 573: 566: 555: 548: 541: 534: 523: 516: 509: 500: 493: 485: 480: 479: 476: 475: 472: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 429:Avalokiteśvara 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 385: 376: 375: 372: 371: 368: 367: 365:Three Turnings 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 320:Three vehicles 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 285:Skillful Means 282: 277: 272: 267: 261: 258: 257: 254: 253: 245: 244: 236: 235: 224: 221: 217:Mahayana sutra 208:early Buddhist 93:; Vietnamese: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7915: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7893:Buddha-nature 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7846: 7838: 7837: 7834: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7786: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7701: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7619:Miscellaneous 7616: 7610: 7609:Vegetarianism 7607: 7605: 7602: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7431:Buddha in art 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7410: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7318: 7314: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7216: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7153: 7150: 7149: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7099: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7085:United States 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6976: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6912: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6642:Padmasambhava 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6554:Major figures 6551: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6501: 6500:Western tulku 6498: 6497: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6346: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6321: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6301:Five precepts 6299: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6279:Dhamma vicaya 6277: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6047:Buddhābhiṣeka 6045: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5691:Enlightenment 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5681:Dhamma theory 5679: 5677: 5676:Buddha-nature 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5515:Samantabhadra 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5448: 5446: 5440: 5438: 5432: 5430: 5424: 5422: 5416: 5414: 5408: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5220: 5215: 5213: 5208: 5206: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5173: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5101:(in Japanese) 5098: 5093: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5059: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4990: 4986: 4985:Buddha Nature 4981: 4977: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4943: 4936: 4935: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4914: 4908: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4874: 4869: 4866:, BDK America 4862: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4835: 4834:ntireader.org 4831: 4825: 4818: 4813: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4765: 4760: 4758: 4750: 4744: 4742: 4734: 4728: 4722:, p. 30. 4721: 4716: 4714: 4706: 4701: 4694: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4677: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4660: 4655: 4648: 4643: 4636: 4631: 4624: 4619: 4612: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4596:, p. 63. 4595: 4590: 4583: 4578: 4571: 4570:Yamamoto 1975 4566: 4560:, p. 61. 4559: 4554: 4548:, p. 60. 4547: 4542: 4536:, p. 46. 4535: 4530: 4523: 4518: 4511: 4505: 4503: 4496:, p. 66. 4495: 4490: 4488: 4481:, p. 65. 4480: 4475: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4445: 4440: 4434:, p. 58. 4433: 4428: 4419: 4413:, p. 36. 4412: 4407: 4400: 4395: 4388: 4383: 4376: 4371: 4364: 4358: 4351: 4346: 4340:, p. 44. 4339: 4334: 4332: 4324: 4319: 4313:, p. 66. 4312: 4307: 4300: 4299:Yamamoto 1975 4295: 4293: 4286:, p. 43. 4285: 4280: 4274:, p. 42. 4273: 4268: 4262:, p. 19. 4261: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4242: 4241:Yamamoto 1975 4237: 4230: 4225: 4223: 4215: 4210: 4204:, p. 48. 4203: 4198: 4191: 4186: 4184: 4177: 4172: 4165: 4160: 4153: 4148: 4141: 4136: 4129: 4124: 4122: 4115:, p. 31. 4114: 4109: 4102: 4101:Yamamoto 1975 4097: 4090: 4085: 4078: 4073: 4071: 4063: 4062:Williams 2002 4058: 4056: 4049:, p. 52. 4048: 4043: 4036: 4031: 4029: 4022:, p. 14. 4021: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3987: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3958:on 2014-05-30 3957: 3953: 3947: 3945: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3913: 3912:1-57863-020-7 3909: 3905: 3899: 3892: 3886: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3815: 3810: 3803: 3798: 3789: 3787: 3779: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3727: 3722: 3720: 3713:, p. 73. 3712: 3707: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3667: 3665: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3645: 3640: 3633: 3628: 3619: 3612: 3606: 3604: 3596: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3578: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3557: 3552: 3550: 3542: 3537: 3531:, p. 32. 3530: 3525: 3523: 3516:, p. xv. 3515: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3494: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3456: 3454: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3347: 3333: 3326: 3320: 3311: 3304: 3303:Nirvāṇa Sūtra 3300: 3296: 3292: 3291: 3284: 3280: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3263: 3262:Buddha-nature 3260: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3193: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3173:in 1 fascicle 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3087: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3075:Nirvana sutra 3063: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3010: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2924:Nirvana sutra 2921: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2887: 2883: 2881: 2876: 2875:Nirvana sutra 2872: 2868: 2867:Nirvana sutra 2863: 2861: 2859: 2855:draws on the 2854: 2853:Nirvana sutra 2850: 2845: 2844:Central Asian 2837: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2813: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2701:Nirvana sutra 2698: 2694: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2659: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2620:21. Histories 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2600:15. Yogachara 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2556:5. Avatamsaka 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2471: 2468: 2467:Nirvana sutra 2464: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2440:Nirvana Sutra 2438:Parts of the 2431: 2429: 2424: 2423:Nirvana Sutra 2418: 2414: 2412: 2411:Nirvana sutra 2407: 2405: 2404:Nirvana sutra 2399: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2386:Nirvana sutra 2383: 2382: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2346:Nirvana sutra 2342: 2340: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2327:Nirvana sutra 2323: 2322:Nirvana sutra 2318: 2316: 2315:Nirvana sutra 2312: 2307: 2306:Nirvana sutra 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2290:Nirvana sutra 2286: 2284: 2283:Nirvana sutra 2278: 2277:sovereignty . 2273: 2271: 2270:Nirvana sutra 2266: 2265:Nirvana sutra 2261: 2259: 2258:Nirvana sutra 2255: 2251: 2247: 2246:Nirvana sutra 2242: 2241:Nirvana sutra 2237: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2201:As such, the 2198: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2186:Nirvana sutra 2183: 2182:Nirvana sutra 2178: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2130:Nirvana sutra 2121: 2119: 2118:Nirvana sutra 2115: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2104:Nirvana sutra 2100: 2099:Nirvana sutra 2095: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2077:Nirvana sutra 2074: 2070: 2066: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2011:Nirvana sutra 2008: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1997:Nirvana sutra 1993: 1992: 1988: 1987:Nirvana sutra 1985:As such, the 1984: 1980: 1976: 1973:is made into 1972: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1944:Nirvana sutra 1941: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1874:Nirvana sutra 1870: 1868: 1864: 1863:Nirvana sutra 1860: 1859:Nirvana sutra 1856: 1852: 1845:Buddha-nature 1842: 1839: 1838:Nirvana sutra 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1793: 1792:Nirvana sutra 1789: 1788:Lorian Tangai 1784: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1758:Nirvana sutra 1755: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1733: 1729: 1728:Nirvana sutra 1723: 1718: 1716: 1711: 1710:Nirvana sutra 1702: 1697: 1687: 1685: 1684:vegetarianism 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1644:Nirvana sutra 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1621:buddha-nature 1618: 1614: 1610: 1609:Nirvana sutra 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1588: 1587:Nirvana sutra 1584: 1580: 1579:Nirvana sutra 1576: 1573: 1571: 1566: 1565:Nirvana sutra 1557: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521:Nirvana Sutra 1518: 1517: 1516:Kyogyoshinsho 1512: 1508: 1507:Nirvana Sutra 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1491:Shin Buddhism 1488: 1484: 1481:schools like 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1452:Nirvana sutra 1448: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1435:Liang dynasty 1432: 1428: 1424: 1423:Nirvana sutra 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1405:vegetarianism 1401: 1400:Nirvana sutra 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1385:Nirvana sutra 1378: 1374: 1370: 1369:Nirvana sutra 1366: 1362: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1339:Nirvāṇa Sūtra 1336: 1335: 1334: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1320: 1311: 1309: 1308:Nirvana sutra 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1293:Buddha-nature 1290: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1262:Nirvana sutra 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1237: 1236:Nirvana sutra 1233: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1218: 1212: 1210: 1209:Lokottaravāda 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1189:Kuṣāṇa Empire 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1146: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1091: 1090: 1088: 1087: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1003: 1002: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 939:Sakya Pandita 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 879:Dahui Zonggao 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 741: 735: 734: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 711:Fo Guang Shan 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 648: 645: 644:Major schools 640: 639: 632: 631: 627: 625: 624: 620: 618: 617: 613: 611: 610: 606: 604: 603: 599: 596: 595: 594: 588: 586: 585: 581: 579: 578: 574: 572: 571: 567: 564: 563: 562: 556: 554: 553: 549: 547: 546: 542: 540: 539: 535: 532: 531: 530: 524: 522: 521: 517: 515: 514: 510: 507: 506: 501: 499: 498: 494: 492: 491: 487: 486: 483: 478: 477: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 459:Samantabhadra 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 414:Bhaiṣajyaguru 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 386: 383: 379: 374: 373: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 355:Luminous mind 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 280:Buddha-nature 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 262: 256: 255: 251: 247: 246: 243: 238: 237: 233: 229: 228: 220: 218: 214: 213: 209: 205: 201: 200:Nirvana sutra 197: 196:Nirvana sutra 192: 190: 186: 185:Nirvana sutra 182: 178: 174: 173:Nirvana sutra 169: 167: 166:Nirvana sutra 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 146:final nirvana 143: 142:Nirvana sutra 138: 136: 132: 131:Lokottaravāda 128: 124: 120: 119: 114: 113:Buddha-nature 110: 106: 102: 101: 100:Nirvana Sutra 96: 88: 83: 78: 74: 70: 60: 56: 52: 51: 43: 42:Nirvāṇa Sūtra 39: 34: 30: 26: 22: 7797:Bodhisattvas 7717:Christianity 7712:Baháʼí Faith 7577:Dharmachakra 7567:Prayer wheel 7557:Prayer beads 7325:Architecture 7204:969 Movement 6988:Saudi Arabia 6966:Central Asia 6959:South Africa 6781: 6764: 6697:Panchen Lama 6602:Buddhapālita 6198:Satipatthana 6193:Mindful Yoga 6106:Recollection 6020:Brahmavihara 5891:Japanese Zen 5886:Chinese Chan 5846:Animal realm 5653:Key concepts 5475:Bodhisattvas 5287:Three Jewels 5171: 5163: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5131: 5118:, Karinbunko 5115: 5106: 5096: 5085:, retrieved 5078:the original 5073: 5069: 5053: 5044: 5040: 5031: 5022: 5018: 5006:the original 5001: 4997: 4987:, SUNY Press 4984: 4975: 4967:the original 4962: 4958: 4942:the original 4933: 4921:the original 4912: 4900:, retrieved 4896:the original 4890: 4880: 4872: 4859: 4837:. Retrieved 4833: 4830:"NTI Reader" 4824: 4819:, p. 2. 4812: 4785: 4781: 4771: 4748: 4732: 4727: 4705:Shimoda 1997 4700: 4693:Matsuda 1988 4676:Matsuda 1988 4654: 4647:Shimoda 1997 4642: 4635:Shimoda 1997 4630: 4618: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4553: 4541: 4529: 4517: 4509: 4474: 4467: 4463: 4439: 4427: 4418: 4406: 4394: 4382: 4370: 4362: 4357: 4345: 4318: 4306: 4279: 4267: 4236: 4209: 4197: 4192:, p. 4. 4171: 4159: 4147: 4135: 4108: 4096: 4084: 4042: 3991: 3986: 3960:. Retrieved 3956:the original 3931:(1), 10-47. 3928: 3924: 3919: 3903: 3898: 3890: 3885: 3869: 3865: 3834:. Retrieved 3830: 3821: 3809: 3797: 3778:Shimoda 1997 3773: 3765:the original 3760: 3756: 3706: 3663: 3644:Shimoda 1997 3639: 3634:, p. 5. 3632:Matsuda 1988 3627: 3618: 3610: 3594: 3536: 3452: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3408:. Retrieved 3404: 3332: 3324: 3319: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3283: 3266: 3254: 3222: 3195: 3177: 3162: 3151: 3144: 3136:《大般涅槃經玄義》by 3133: 3118: 3108: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3072: 3069:Commentaries 3058:Yi jiao jing 3057: 3053: 3047: 3043: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3007: 2988: 2969: 2962: 2958: 2945: 2939: 2932: 2923: 2917: 2893: 2884: 2874: 2866: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2841: 2828: 2822: 2814: 2788: 2786: 2776: 2764: 2756: 2749:Buddhabhadra 2736: 2734: 2720: 2718: 2700: 2692: 2690: 2644:28. Doubtful 2565: 2561:6. Ratnakuta 2466: 2456: 2439: 2437: 2427: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2408: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2379: 2377: 2367: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2343: 2338: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2314: 2305: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2275: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2257: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2200: 2195: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2179: 2173: 2168: 2161: 2157: 2143: 2138: 2129: 2127: 2117: 2111: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2090: 2085: 2076: 2062: 2026: 2018: 2010: 2004: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1962: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1932: 1923: 1919:rúlái mìzàng 1917: 1901: 1897: 1893:Uttaratantra 1891: 1887: 1883:Aṅgulimālīya 1881: 1877: 1873: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1837: 1835: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1810: 1807: 1804:Mahāsāṃghika 1797: 1791: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1735: 1727: 1725: 1720: 1709: 1707: 1674:) nature of 1643: 1641: 1624: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1606: 1590: 1586: 1578: 1568: 1564: 1562: 1528: 1520: 1514: 1506: 1476: 1471: 1451: 1449: 1442: 1426: 1422: 1409: 1399: 1397: 1384: 1382: 1368: 1356:In East Asia 1345:development. 1338: 1330: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1307: 1305: 1300: 1286: 1281:or physical 1274: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1240: 1235: 1227: 1221: 1215: 1213: 1205:Mahāsāṃghika 1201:Dhanyakaṭaka 1193:Mahāsāṃghika 1170: 1158:dakṣiṇāpatha 1151: 1130:Mahāsāṃghika 979:D. T. Suzuki 784:Buddhapālita 628: 621: 614: 607: 600: 591: 583: 582: 575: 568: 560: 550: 543: 536: 527: 518: 511: 496: 488: 382:Bodhisattvas 315:Three bodies 210: 199: 195: 193: 184: 172: 170: 165: 141: 139: 127:Mahāsāṃghika 122: 117: 116: 99: 98: 94: 75:; 72: 67:; 49: 48: 46: 41: 29: 7642:Dharma talk 7471:Asalha Puja 7267:Eschatology 7070:Switzerland 7050:New Zealand 6978:Middle East 6887:Philippines 6807:Afghanistan 6612:Bodhidharma 6597:Buddhaghosa 6517:Householder 6427:Monasticism 6380:Bodhisattva 6235:Prostration 6188:Mindfulness 6116:Anapanasati 6099:Kammaṭṭhāna 5896:Korean Seon 5836:Asura realm 5831:Human realm 5771:Ten Fetters 5726:Parinirvana 5628:Uppalavanna 5593:Mahākaccana 5578:Mahākassapa 5510:Kṣitigarbha 5505:Ākāśagarbha 5402:Suddhodāna 5347:Four sights 5274:Foundations 4164:Radich 2015 4152:Radich 2015 4140:Radich 2015 4128:Radich 2015 4089:Radich 2015 4047:Gethin 1998 3726:Sasaki 1999 3711:Jikido 2000 3541:Radich 2015 3230:Parinirvana 2902:during the 2871:icchantikas 2858:Mahābhārata 2801:Dharmakṣema 2769:Pāṭaliputra 2751:during the 2725:Dharmarakṣa 2641:27. Ancient 2637:26. Siddham 2463:defilements 2448:eschatology 2381:icchantikas 2374:Icchantikas 2197:selfhood... 2150:and beyond 2043:, Pakistan. 1853:, Tibetan: 1831:Jambudvīpas 1715:parinirvāṇa 1617:buddhadhātu 1602:Mahakasyapa 1592:parinirvāṇa 1472:Lotus Sutra 1427:nièpán-zong 1420:Dharmakṣema 1393:Dharmakṣema 1377:icchantikas 1373:Dharmakṣema 1275:buddhadhātu 1247:Lotus sutra 1154:South India 1134:Karla Caves 1017:Han Chinese 839:Amoghavajra 814:Bodhidharma 804:Candrakīrti 799:Dharmakīrti 794:Bhāvaviveka 749:Ashvaghosha 738:Key figures 497:Lotus Sūtra 454:Ākāśagarbha 449:Kṣitigarbha 439:Vajrasattva 330:One Vehicle 265:Bodhisattva 204:Dharmakṣema 189:icchantikas 38:Sui dynasty 7872:Categories 7759:Psychology 7739:Gnosticism 7727:Comparison 7722:Influences 7704:Comparison 7587:Bhavacakra 7545:Kushinagar 7520:Pilgrimage 7466:Māgha Pūjā 7421:Bodhi Tree 7237:Buddhology 7227:Abhidharma 7219:Philosophy 7152:Menander I 7020:Costa Rica 6971:Uzbekistan 6812:Bangladesh 6766:Dhammapada 6750:Pali Canon 6712:Ajahn Chah 6692:Dalai Lama 6592:Kumārajīva 6587:Vasubandhu 6562:The Buddha 6470:Zen master 6405:Sakadagami 6385:Buddhahood 6316:Pratimokṣa 6131:Shikantaza 6087:Meditation 6062:Deity yoga 5933:Madhyamaka 5826:Deva realm 5721:Mindstream 5671:Bodhicitta 5583:Aṅgulimāla 5450:Devadatta 5426:Yaśodharā 5329:The Buddha 5319:Middle Way 5087:21 January 5025:(1): 57–82 4902:21 January 4839:2023-09-29 4817:Hodge 2012 4788:(7): 619. 4720:Jones 2020 4611:Hodge 2004 4594:Jones 2020 4558:Jones 2020 4546:Jones 2020 4534:Jones 2020 4522:Jones 2020 4494:Jones 2020 4479:Jones 2020 4444:Jones 2020 4432:Jones 2020 4411:Jones 2020 4399:Jones 2020 4387:Jones 2020 4375:Jones 2020 4350:Jones 2020 4338:Jones 2020 4323:Jones 2020 4284:Jones 2020 4272:Jones 2020 4260:Jones 2020 4113:Jones 2020 3962:2011-09-03 3925:T'oung Pao 3836:2023-09-28 3529:Jones 2020 3493:Hodge 2006 3410:2023-09-28 3343:References 3295:Pāli Canon 3249:Shinnyo-en 3245:Shinjō Itō 3154:《涅槃經遊意》by 3096:two truths 3062:Kumārajīva 2849:Ajatasatru 2711:language. 2604:16. Sastra 2582:11. Vinaya 2577:10. Tantra 2566:7. Nirvana 2459:Buddhahood 2452:calamities 2298:middle way 2263:Thus, the 2250:Upanishads 2209:), bliss ( 2134:Buddhahood 2132:describes 1922:or simply 1898:rúlái zàng 1743:Dharmakāya 1696:Dharmakāya 1664:icchantika 1242:Aṅgulimāla 1226:, and the 1138:Mahārāṣtra 959:Longchenpa 954:Tsongkhapa 869:Mazu Daoyi 854:Shāntideva 779:Sthiramati 774:Vasubandhu 764:Kumārajīva 721:Fa Gu Shan 651:Mādhyamaka 399:Adi-Buddha 389:Shakyamuni 350:Pure Lands 305:Two truths 270:Buddhahood 162:Buddhahood 21:Pāli Canon 7827:Festivals 7807:Buddhists 7769:Theosophy 7572:Symbolism 7562:Hama yumi 7535:Bodh Gaya 7302:Socialism 7277:Evolution 7252:Economics 7090:Venezuela 7005:Australia 7000:Argentina 6924:Sri Lanka 6919:Singapore 6837:Indonesia 6799:Countries 6740:Tripiṭaka 6702:Ajahn Mun 6577:Nagarjuna 6572:Aśvaghoṣa 6455:Anagārika 6450:Śrāmaṇerī 6445:Śrāmaṇera 6440:Bhikkhunī 6400:Sotāpanna 6289:Passaddhi 6230:Offerings 6205:Nekkhamma 6082:Iddhipada 6002:Practices 5972:Theravada 5945:Vajrayana 5938:Yogachara 5908:Pure Land 5821:Six Paths 5808:Cosmology 5588:Anuruddha 5563:Sāriputta 5553:Kaundinya 5545:Disciples 5520:Vajrapāṇi 5372:Footprint 5337:Tathāgata 4804:2077-1444 4782:Religions 4764:Blum 2013 4659:Chen 2004 4623:Chen 2004 4229:Blum 2013 4214:Blum 2013 4202:King 1991 4190:King 1991 4077:Blum 2013 4020:King 1991 3979:Blum 2013 3814:Blum 2013 3802:Blum 2013 3577:Blum 2013 3556:Blum 2013 3514:Blum 2013 3165:《涅槃宗要》by 3113:include: 2541:2. Jataka 2446:and with 2213:), self ( 2190:zhenshifa 2144:mahātman, 2001:gold mine 1967:pāramitās 1888:Mahābherī 1762:pāramitās 1732:lokottara 1672:lokottara 1656:emptiness 1629:tathagata 1598:cremation 1535:Teachings 1251:Mahāmegha 1197:Amaravatī 1074:Indonesia 984:Sheng-yen 759:Lokakṣema 744:Nāgārjuna 696:Vajrayāna 686:Pure Land 434:Vajrapāṇi 419:Vairocana 404:Akshobhya 300:Emptiness 259:Teachings 181:emptiness 109:scripture 107:Buddhist 7888:Shentong 7845:Category 7774:Violence 7744:Hinduism 7692:Sanskrit 7647:Hinayana 7632:Amitābha 7592:Swastika 7461:Uposatha 7451:Holidays 7436:Calendar 7282:Humanism 7120:Kanishka 7110:Timeline 6934:Thailand 6902:Kalmykia 6897:Buryatia 6882:Pakistan 6867:Mongolia 6862:Maldives 6857:Malaysia 6822:Cambodia 6687:Shamarpa 6682:Nichiren 6632:Xuanzang 6567:Nagasena 6485:Rinpoche 6215:Pāramitā 6057:Devotion 5977:Navayana 5965:Dzogchen 5928:Nichiren 5876:Mahayana 5868:Branches 5746:Saṅkhāra 5495:Mañjuśrī 5452:(cousin) 5444:(cousin) 5412:(mother) 5404:(father) 5392:Miracles 5342:Birthday 5259:Glossary 5232:Buddhism 4582:Liu 1984 4311:Liu 1982 4035:Liu 1982 3996:Archived 3189:See also 2880:Daosheng 2797:Magadhan 2739:(大般泥洹經, 2697:Sanskrit 2532:Ekottara 2527:Samyukta 2522:Madhyama 2510:1. Agama 2504:Sections 2497:Sections 2350:non-dual 2219:śuddha). 2152:samsaric 2041:Peshawar 2015:immanent 1956:skandhas 1806:school). 1800:docetism 1648:not-self 1583:Mañjuśrī 1549:Gandhara 1499:Nichiren 1487:Nichiren 1458:and the 1431:Daosheng 1365:Daosheng 1299:and the 1297:Mahayana 1245:and the 1211:school. 1069:Malaysia 1064:Mongolia 904:Nichiren 829:Xuanzang 754:Āryadeva 706:Dzogchen 691:Nichiren 656:Yogācāra 444:Maitreya 424:Mañjuśrī 394:Amitabha 232:a series 230:Part of 177:not-self 105:Mahāyāna 77:Japanese 55:Sanskrit 7822:Temples 7802:Buddhas 7764:Science 7754:Judaism 7749:Jainism 7667:Lineage 7627:Abhijñā 7597:Thangka 7540:Sarnath 7525:Lumbini 7446:Funeral 7441:Cuisine 7317:Culture 7292:Reality 7242:Creator 7232:Atomism 7102:History 7075:Ukraine 7035:Germany 6954:Senegal 6944:Vietnam 6872:Myanmar 6672:Shinran 6662:Karmapa 6637:Shandao 6607:Dignāga 6532:Śrāvaka 6512:Donchee 6507:Kappiya 6465:Sayadaw 6435:Bhikkhu 6410:Anāgāmi 6367:Nirvana 6333:Samadhi 6220:Paritta 6161:Tonglen 6156:Mandala 6111:Smarana 6092:Mantras 6040:Upekkha 6010:Bhavana 5960:Shingon 5913:Tiantai 5766:Tathātā 5756:Śūnyatā 5751:Skandha 5741:Saṃsāra 5736:Rebirth 5711:Kleshas 5701:Indriya 5603:Subhūti 5488:Guanyin 5442:Ānanda 5434:Rāhula 5314:Nirvana 5254:Outline 4850:Sources 3293:of the 3169:in the 3156:Ji Zang 3138:Tiantai 3104:nirvana 3100:samsara 3077:is the 2920:Kangyur 2896:Huiguan 2773:Sengyou 2715:Chinese 2709:Prakrit 2465:). The 2428:Nirvana 2354:Nirvana 2174:anātman 2113:śraddhā 1924:mìzàng, 1906:Chinese 1815:nirvāṇa 1773:Nirvana 1751:appears 1738:tathata 1668:docetic 1652:anātman 1623:) with 1613:Nirvana 1585:). The 1529:Nirvana 1525:shinjin 1511:Shinran 1503:Shinran 1456:Tiantai 1439:Tiantai 1410:In the 1232:Kashmir 1228:Nirvāṇa 1140:, India 1120:Origins 1044:Tibetan 1039:Vietnam 969:Hanshan 944:Dolpopa 894:Shinran 824:Shandao 819:Huineng 789:Dignāga 716:Tzu Chi 681:Shingon 661:Tiantai 378:Buddhas 360:Dharani 223:History 111:of the 87:Tibetan 7817:Sutras 7812:Suttas 7677:Siddhi 7662:Koliya 7637:Brahmā 7552:Poetry 7498:Mantra 7488:Kasaya 7360:Pagoda 7340:Kyaung 7335:Vihāra 7330:Temple 7272:Ethics 7115:Ashoka 7065:Sweden 7060:Poland 7055:Norway 7045:Mexico 7030:France 7015:Canada 7010:Brazil 6949:Africa 6929:Taiwan 6892:Russia 6817:Bhutan 6777:Vinaya 6657:Naropa 6647:Saraha 6582:Asanga 6338:Prajñā 6247:Refuge 6210:Nianfo 6171:Tertön 6166:Tantra 6151:Ganana 6141:Tukdam 6067:Dhyāna 6035:Mudita 6030:Karuṇā 5923:Risshū 5918:Huayan 5851:Naraka 5791:Anattā 5786:Dukkha 5781:Anicca 5686:Dharma 5638:Channa 5573:Ānanda 5558:Assaji 5525:Skanda 5428:(wife) 5397:Family 5377:Relics 5302:Sangha 5297:Dharma 5292:Buddha 4802: 3910: 3167:Wŏnhyo 3038:Ananda 3026:sutra. 2995: 2980: 2900:Huiyan 2836:Yijing 2793:Taisho 2761:Faxian 2745:Faxian 2741:Taisho 2517:Dirgha 2069:relics 1979:butter 1952:klesha 1916:: 1914:pinyin 1908:: 1890:, and 1851:foxing 1654:) and 1575:Ananda 1505:. The 1460:Huayan 1314:Dating 1283:relics 1279:śarīra 1181:Ajaṇṭā 1166:Deccan 1162:Andhra 1132:sect. 1059:Bhutan 1024:Taiwan 964:Hakuin 934:Atisha 929:Nāropā 914:Virūpa 864:Wohnyo 844:Saichō 834:Fazang 769:Asanga 671:Huayan 666:Tendai 150:Buddha 69:pinyin 23:, see 7789:Lists 7657:Kalpa 7652:Iddhi 7515:Music 7510:Mudra 7476:Vassa 7456:Vesak 7426:Budai 7372:Candi 7355:Stupa 7287:Logic 7040:Italy 6939:Tibet 6877:Nepal 6847:Korea 6842:Japan 6832:India 6827:China 6772:Sutra 6727:Texts 6677:Dōgen 6667:Hōnen 6652:Atiśa 6617:Zhiyi 6527:Achar 6495:Tulku 6490:Geshe 6475:Rōshi 6460:Ajahn 6415:Arhat 6375:Bodhi 6345:Vīrya 6262:Sacca 6257:Satya 6252:Sādhu 6240:Music 6183:Merit 6176:Terma 6136:Zazen 6072:Faith 6025:Mettā 5706:Karma 5666:Bardo 5633:Asita 5623:Khema 5613:Upāli 5598:Nanda 5436:(son) 5410:Māyā 5387:Films 5264:Index 5081:(PDF) 5066:(PDF) 4945:(PDF) 4938:(PDF) 4924:(PDF) 4917:(PDF) 4864:(PDF) 3870:JSTOR 3276:Notes 3171:Silla 3123:Dilun 2474:Texts 2215:ātman 2211:sukha 2207:nitya 2139:ātman 2108:faith 2082:stupa 1975:cream 1948:karma 1680:vajra 1633:ātman 1495:Dōgen 1468:Zhiyi 1271:stupa 1177:Karla 1054:Newar 1049:Nepal 1034:Korea 1029:Japan 1012:China 974:Taixu 899:Dōgen 889:Hōnen 874:Jinul 849:Kūkai 809:Zhiyi 158:atman 97:) or 64:大般涅槃經 7687:Pāḷi 7672:Māra 7582:Flag 6983:Iran 6907:Tuva 6852:Laos 6480:Lama 6328:Śīla 6296:Śīla 6284:Pīti 6274:Sati 6225:Puja 6146:Koan 6052:Dāna 5643:Yasa 5530:Tārā 5089:2012 4904:2012 4800:ISSN 3908:ISBN 3792:Chen 3182:Song 3102:and 2993:ISBN 2978:ISBN 2898:and 2765:juan 2757:juàn 2747:and 2695:(in 2426:the 2409:The 2320:The 2288:The 2254:jīva 2239:The 2128:The 2023:lute 1971:milk 1942:The 1933:The 1910:如來密藏 1872:The 1756:The 1726:The 1563:The 1501:and 1489:and 1450:The 1383:The 1253:and 1179:and 1079:West 464:Tara 380:and 194:The 179:and 171:The 140:The 47:The 7409:Art 7345:Wat 5881:Zen 4790:doi 3933:doi 3874:doi 3127:Sui 2976:). 2775:'s 2370:). 2341:). 2294:not 2055:by 2039:in 1977:or 1904:as 1483:Zen 676:Zen 7874:: 6911:ru 5153:: 5074:26 5072:, 5068:, 5045:14 5043:. 5021:, 5017:, 5000:, 4996:, 4963:27 4961:, 4957:, 4832:. 4798:. 4786:13 4784:. 4780:. 4756:^ 4740:^ 4712:^ 4683:^ 4666:^ 4601:^ 4501:^ 4486:^ 4451:^ 4330:^ 4291:^ 4248:^ 4221:^ 4182:^ 4120:^ 4069:^ 4054:^ 4027:^ 4008:^ 3971:^ 3943:^ 3929:67 3927:, 3872:, 3845:^ 3829:. 3785:^ 3761:06 3759:. 3755:. 3733:^ 3718:^ 3673:^ 3651:^ 3602:^ 3584:^ 3563:^ 3548:^ 3521:^ 3500:^ 3461:^ 3436:^ 3403:. 3350:^ 3106:. 2926:: 2406:. 1912:; 1886:, 1497:, 1485:, 1474:. 1220:, 1168:. 1136:, 234:on 219:. 137:. 89:: 85:, 79:: 71:: 61:: 57:; 36:A 6913:) 6909:( 6127:) 6123:( 5218:e 5211:t 5204:v 5047:. 5023:7 5002:5 4842:. 4806:. 4792:: 4695:. 4649:. 4625:. 4613:. 4468:. 4103:. 3965:. 3935:: 3914:. 3876:: 3839:. 3728:. 3495:. 3413:. 3305:. 3081:( 3017:( 2984:. 2860:, 2680:e 2673:t 2666:v 2534:) 2515:( 2302:. 2226:. 2110:( 2086:. 2084:) 2027:. 2019:. 1991:. 1983:. 1963:. 1940:. 1867:. 1736:( 1670:( 1650:( 1627:( 1619:( 1594:, 1572:, 1551:. 1207:- 1199:- 1156:( 1108:e 1101:t 1094:v 129:- 121:( 53:( 27:.

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