Kashmir - Knowledge

699: 198: 1037: 640:, the public Muslim call to prayer. Kashmir had also now begun to attract European visitors, several of whom wrote of the abject poverty of the vast Muslim peasantry and of the exorbitant taxes under the Sikhs. High taxes, according to some contemporary accounts, had depopulated large tracts of the countryside, allowing only one-sixteenth of the cultivable land to be cultivated. Many Kashmiri peasants migrated to the plains of the Punjab. However, after a famine in 1832, the Sikhs reduced the land tax to half the produce of the land and also began to offer interest-free loans to farmers; Kashmir became the second highest revenue earner for the Sikh Empire. During this time 1307: 2972: 3000: 2988: 3265:

by Afghanistan to the northwest. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, ... The southern and southeastern portions constitute the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions are divided by a "line of control" agreed to in 1972, although neither country recognizes it as an international boundary. In addition, China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and since 1962 has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region)."

910:; it had been created rather off-handedly by the British after the first defeat of the Sikhs in 1846, as a reward to a former official who had sided with the British. The Himalayan kingdom was connected to India through a district of the Punjab, but its population was 77 per cent Muslim and it shared a boundary with Pakistan. Hence, it was anticipated that the maharaja would accede to Pakistan when the British paramountcy ended on 14–15 August. When he hesitated to do this, Pakistan launched a guerrilla onslaught meant to frighten its ruler into submission. Instead the Maharaja appealed to 7498: 7449: 7400: 7363: 7349: 7328: 7287: 7238: 7196: 7175: 7064: 7022: 6966: 6920: 6899: 6725: 6653: 6600: 2897: 225: 3155: 7491: 7456: 7407: 7377: 7342: 7301: 7252: 7203: 7126: 7078: 7029: 7001: 6980: 6927: 6906: 6753: 6732: 6711: 6667: 6614: 2381: 7470: 7370: 7245: 6952: 867: 832:

system, and were forced into labor without any wages. Conditions in the princely state caused a significant migration of people from the Kashmir Valley to the Punjab of British India. For almost a century, until the census, a small Hindu elite had ruled over a vast and impoverished Muslim peasantry. Driven into docility by chronic indebtedness to landlords and moneylenders, having no education besides, nor awareness of rights, the Muslim peasants had no political representation until the 1930s.

2334: 1171: 7526: 7154: 6809: 7519: 7321: 7273: 7168: 7140: 6816: 7098: 1271: 7463: 7189: 7105: 6945: 6878: 6795: 7428: 6864: 6836: 6788: 6688: 6639: 6746: 6681: 5142:, p. 274: The Hindu Pandits, a small but influential elite community who had secured a favourable position, first under the maharajas, and then under the successive Congress regimes, and proponents of a distinctive Kashmiri culture that linked them to India, felt under siege as the uprising gathered force. Of a population of some 140,000, perhaps 100,000 Pandits fled the state after 1990; their cause was quickly taken up by the Hindu right. 7477: 7294: 7119: 2840: 7442: 6885: 2364: 6660: 7043: 6774: 1322:, and flows northwest to run a course through the entire Ladakh and Gilgit-Baltistan. Almost all the rivers originating in these region are part of the Indus river system. After reaching the end of the Great Himalayan range, the Indus turns a corner and flows southwest into the Punjab plains. The Jhelum and Chenab rivers also follow a course roughly parallel to this, and join the Indus river in southern Punjab plains in Pakistan. 718: 214: 7266: 7217: 6994: 6704: 3109: 5106:, p. 318: Since a majority of the landlords were Hindu, the (land) reforms (of 1950) led to a mass exodus of Hindus from the state. ... The unsettled nature of Kashmir's accession to India, coupled with the threat of economic and social decline in the face of the land reforms, led to increasing insecurity among the Hindus in Jammu, and among Kashmiri Pandits, 20 per cent of whom had emigrated from the Valley by 1950. 2311: 651:, which had been on the ascendant after the decline of the Mughal Empire, came under the sway of the Sikhs in 1770. Further in 1808, it was fully conquered by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Gulab Singh, then a youngster in the House of Jammu, enrolled in the Sikh troops and, by distinguishing himself in campaigns, gradually rose in power and influence. In 1822, he was anointed as the Raja of Jammu. Along with his able general 7512: 7421: 7393: 7224: 7147: 7071: 7050: 7015: 6973: 6857: 6843: 6767: 6632: 6607: 2761: 1160: 995:

division of the region. Pakistan was left with territory that, although basically Muslim in character, was sparsely populated, relatively inaccessible, and economically underdeveloped. The largest Muslim group, situated in the Valley of Kashmir and estimated to number more than half the population of the entire region, lay in India-administered territory, with its former outlets via the

2713:. According to a number of authors, approximately 100,000 of the total Kashmiri Pandit population of 140,000 left the valley during that decade. Other authors have suggested a higher figure for the exodus, ranging from the entire population of over 150 thousand, to 190 thousand of a total Pandit population of 200 thousand (200,000), to a number as high as 300 thousand (300,000). 2287:

receive much of their precipitation from the wind currents of the Arabian Sea. The Himalayan slope and the Pir Panjal witness greatest snow melting from March until June. These variations in snow melt and rainfall have led to destructive inundations of the main valley. One instance of such Kashmir flood of a larger proportion is recorded in the 12th-century book

4077:: "Kashmiri histories emphasize the wretchedness of life for the common Kashmiri during Sikh rule. According to these, the peasantry became mired in poverty and migrations of Kashmiri peasants to the plains of the Punjab reached high proportions. Several European travelers' accounts from the period testify to and provide evidence for such assertions." 751:(i.e. West Punjab) handed over to the British, as equivalent for one crore indemnity, the hill countries between the rivers Beas and Indus; by the second the British made over to Gulab Singh for 75 lakhs all the hilly or mountainous country situated to the east of the Indus and the west of the Ravi i.e. the Vale of Kashmir. 3451:

C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in

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In the 1911 Census of the British Indian Empire, the total population of Kashmir and Jammu had increased to 3,158,126. Of these, 2,398,320 (75.94%) were Muslims, 696,830 (22.06%) Hindus, 31,658 (1%) Sikhs, and 36,512 (1.16%) Buddhists. In the last census of British India in 1941, the total population

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journalist wrote: "The poverty of the Muslim masses is appalling. ... Most are landless laborers, working as serfs for absentee landlords ... Almost the whole brunt of official corruption is borne by the Muslim masses." Under Hindu rule, Muslims faced hefty taxation and discrimination in the legal

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regime. As the Kashmiris had suffered under the Afghans, they initially welcomed the new Sikh rulers. However, the Sikh governors turned out to be hard taskmasters, and Sikh rule was generally considered oppressive, protected perhaps by the remoteness of Kashmir from the capital of the Sikh Empire in

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Quote: "The Himalayan region of Kashmir has been a flashpoint between India and Pakistan for over six decades. Since India's partition and the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the nuclear-armed neighbours have fought three wars over the Muslim-majority territory, which both claim in full but control in

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Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east (both parts of China), by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, by Pakistan to the west, and

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Kashmir has a different climate for every region owing to the great variation in altitude. The temperatures ranges from the tropical heat of the Punjab summer to the intensity of the cold which keeps the perpetual snow on the mountains. Jammu Division, excluding the upper parts of the Chenab Valley,

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The Government of India and Indian sources refer to the territory under Pakistan control as "Pakistan-occupied Kashmir" ("POK"). The Government of Pakistan and Pakistani sources refer to the portion of Kashmir administered by India as "Indian-occupied Kashmir" ("IOK") or "Indian-held Kashmir" (IHK);

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Although there was a clear Muslim majority in Kashmir before the 1947 partition and its economic, cultural, and geographic contiguity with the Muslim-majority area of the Punjab (in Pakistan) could be convincingly demonstrated, the political developments during and after the partition resulted in a

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The eastern region of the former princely state of Kashmir is also involved in a boundary dispute that began in the late 19th century and continues into the 21st. Although some boundary agreements were signed between Great Britain, Afghanistan and Russia over the northern borders of Kashmir, China

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of Ladhakh and Gilgit only 94 out of every 10,000 persons (0.94%)." In the same Census of 1901, in the Kashmir Valley, the total population was recorded to be 1,157,394, of which the Muslim population was 1,083,766, or 93.6% and the Hindu population 60,641. Among the Hindus of Jammu province, who

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The southwestern Kashmir which includes much of the Jammu province and Muzaffarabad falls within the reach of Indian monsoon. The Pir Panjal Range acts as an effective barrier and blocks these monsoon tracts from reaching the main Kashmir Valley and the Himalayan slopes. These areas of the region

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agreed on the condition that the ruler accede to India. Indian soldiers entered Kashmir and drove the Pakistani-sponsored irregulars from all but a small section of the state. The United Nations was then invited to mediate the quarrel. The UN mission insisted that the opinion of Kashmiris must be

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The geographical features of the Kashmir region differ considerably from one part to another. The lowest part of the region consists of the plains of Jammu at the southwestern corner, which continue into the plains of Punjab at an elevation of below 1000 feet. Mountains begin at 2000 feet, then

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Paramountcy was the 'vague and undefined' feudatory system whereby the British, as the suzerain power, dominated and controlled India's princely rulers. ... These 'loyal collaborators of the Raj' were 'afforded protection in exchange for helpful behavior in a relationship of tutelage, called

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passes, whilst Pakistan controls the lower territory just southwest of the Saltoro Ridge. India controls 101,338 km (39,127 sq mi) of the disputed territory, Pakistan controls 85,846 km (33,145 sq mi), and the People's Republic of China controls the remaining

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It was emperor Akbar who brought an end to indigenous Kashmiri Muslim rule that had lasted 250 years. The watershed in Kashmiri history is not the beginning of the Muslim rule as is regarded in the rest of the subcontinent but the changeover from Kashmiri rule to a non-Kashmiri

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Though these regions are in practice administered by their respective claimants, neither India nor Pakistan has formally recognised the accession of the areas claimed by the other. India claims those areas, including the area "ceded" to China by Pakistan in the

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of Kashmir and Jammu (which as a result of the Second World War, was estimated from the 1931 census) was 3,945,000. Of these, the total Muslim population was 2,997,000 (75.97%), the Hindu population was 808,000 (20.48%), and the Sikh 55,000 (1.39%).

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Drafted by a treaty and a bill of sale, and constituted between 1820 and 1858, the Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu (as it was first called) combined disparate regions, religions, and ethnicities: to the east, Ladakh was ethnically and culturally

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raising to 3000–4000 feet in the "Outer Hills", a rugged country with ridges and long narrow valleys. Next within the tract lie the Middle Mountains which are 8000–10,000 feet in height with ramifying valleys. Adjacent to these hills are the lofty

3409:... the problem of the 'princely states'. These states had accepted the tutelage of the British Crown under the terms of the doctrine of 'paramountcy' under which they acknowledged the Crown as the 'paramount' authority in the subcontinent. 2428:

and high altitude meadows in Gilgit-Baltistan and Ladakh. The Kashmir region has four well defined zones of vegetation in the tree growth, due to the difference in elevation. The tropical forests up to 1500 m, are known as the Phulai

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Irfani, Suroosh, ed "Fifty Years of the Kashmir Dispute": Based on the proceedings of the International Seminar held at Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir 24–25 August 1997: University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, AJK,

2670:, the population of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu was 2,905,578. Of these, 2,154,695 (74.16%) were Muslims, 689,073 (23.72%) Hindus, 25,828 (0.89%) Sikhs, and 35,047 (1.21%) Buddhists (implying 935 (0.032%) others). 2719:

The population of India-administered union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh combined is 12,541,302; that of Pakistan-administered territory of Azad Kashmir is 4,045,366; and that of Gilgit-Baltistan is 1,492,924.

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mountains. To the northwest lies the Hindu Kush mountain range. The upper Indus River separates the Himalayas from the Karakoram. The Karakoram is the most heavily glaciated part of the world outside the polar regions. The

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In the British census of India of 1941, Kashmir registered a Muslim majority population of 77%, a Hindu population of 20% and a sparse population of Buddhists and Sikhs comprising the remaining 3%. That same year,

6548: 1239:. These river basins divide the region into three valleys separated by high mountain ranges. The Indus valley forms the north and north-eastern portion of the region which include bare and desolate areas of 1138:

in 1963, are a part of its territory, while Pakistan claims the entire region excluding Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract. The two countries have fought several declared wars over the territory. The

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Kashmir is referred as a beauty spot of the medicinal and herbaceous flora in the Himalayas. There are hundreds of different species of wild flowers recorded in the alpine meadows of the region. The

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which, as of 8 October 2005, resulted in over 70,000 deaths in the Pakistan-administered territory of Azad Kashmir and around 1,500 deaths in the India-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir.

2987: 2971: 1118:. It is under Indian administration and was part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir until 2019. It is one of the most sparsely populated regions in the area and is mainly inhabited by people of 4059:

During both Sikh and Dogra rule, heavy taxation, forced work without wages (begār), discriminatory laws, and rural indebtedness were widespread among the largely illiterate Muslim population.

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The Hindus were found mainly in Jammu, where they constituted a little less than 60% of the population. In the Kashmir Valley, the Hindus represented "524 in every 10,000 of the population (

6541: 1055:: Pakistan controls the northwest portion (Northern Areas and Kashmir), India controls the central and southern portion (Jammu and Kashmir) and Ladakh, and the People's Republic of 6534: 3075:

was exported to other regions and nations (exports have ceased due to decreased abundance of the cashmere goat and increased competition from China). Kashmiris are well adept at

6303: 4864: 4981: 3040:. Traditionally the staple crop of the valley was rice, which formed the chief food of the people. In addition, Indian corn, wheat, barley and oats were also grown. Given its 3585: 4247:

Viscount Louis Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of British India, stayed on in independent India from 1947 to 1948, serving as the first Governor-General of the Union of India.

3048:, artichoke, seakale, broad beans, scarletrunners, beetroot, cauliflower and cabbage. Fruit trees are common in the valley, and the cultivated orchards yield pears, apples, 529:

The terms "Pakistan-administered Kashmir" and "India-administered Kashmir" are often used by neutral sources for the parts of the Kashmir region controlled by each country.

3948: 3805: 6296: 1251:. High altitude lakes are frequent at high elevations. Lower down in the Vale of Kashmir there are many freshwater lakes and large areas of swamplands which include 5990:

Zutshi, Chitraleka (2008), "Shrines, Political Authority, and Religious Identities in Late-Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth-century Kashmir", in Rao, Aparna (ed.),

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Kaw, Mushtaq A. (2008), "Land Rights in Rural Kashmir: A Study in Continuity and Change from Late-Sixteenth to Late-Twentieth Centuries", in Rao, Aparna (ed.),

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Khan, Mohammad Ishaq (2008), "Islam, State and Society in Medieval Kashmir: A Revaluation of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani's Historical Role", in Rao, Aparna (ed.),

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People in Jammu speak Hindi, Punjabi and Dogri, the Kashmir Valley people speak Kashmiri, and people in the sparsely inhabited Ladakh speak Tibetan and Balti.

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features a semi-Tibetan climate. While as the other parts of Gilgit-Baltistan and Ladakh have Tibetan climate which is considered as almost rainless climate.

764:; to the south, Jammu had a mixed population of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. In the heavily populated central Kashmir valley, the population was overwhelmingly 6247:. First published as a four-part series, March 2002 – April 2003, in 'Prakash', a review of the Jagat Guru Bhagavaan Gopinath Ji Charitable Foundation. 3827: 2999: 978: 878:, who had ascended the throne of Kashmir in 1925, was the reigning monarch in 1947 at the conclusion of British rule of the subcontinent and the subsequent 7580: 6194: 5240: 3501: 5011: 1099:, the Northern Areas cover an area of 72,971 square kilometres (28,174 sq mi) and have an estimated population approaching 1 million (10 1359: 4896: 2481:

are found at higher elevations. The temperate zone between (1,500–3,500 m) is referred as the Chir Pine (Finns longifolia). This zone is dominated by

1204:. It has an area of 68,000 sq mi (180,000 km). It is bordered to the north and east by China (Xinjiang and Tibet), to the northwest by 4589: 3491:

Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."

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Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab; in Ladakh and Kashmir, in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara... from 1819 to 1825

911: 6222:. 18th Edition. Civil and Military Gazette, Ltd., Lahore. (The date of this edition is unknown – but the 16th edition was published in 1938). 5296: 3892: 3251: 5318: 5270: 4117: 2413: 4842: 698: 197: 3479: 3439: 3132:

line that started in October 2009, and was last extended in 2013 and connects Baramulla, in the western part of Kashmir, to Srinagar and

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demanded by the UN was never conducted, relations between India and Pakistan soured, and eventually led to two more wars over Kashmir in

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1909 Map of the Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu. The names of regions, important cities, rivers, and mountains are underlined in red.

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Lahore. The Sikhs enacted a number of anti-Muslim laws, which included handing out death sentences for cow slaughter, closing down the

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numbered 626,177 (or 90.87% of the Hindu population of the princely state), the most important castes recorded in the census were "

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established the rough boundaries of today, with Pakistan holding roughly one-third of Kashmir, and India one-half, with a dividing

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grow 300 breeds of flora and 60 varieties of tulips respectively. The later is considered as the largest Tulip Garden of Asia.

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at 63 km (39 mi) rank as the world's second and third longest glaciers outside the polar regions. Karakoram has four

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South Asia: fourth report of session 2006–07 by Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Foreign Affairs Committee page 37

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and Ladakh. The upper portion of the Jhelum valley forms the proper Vale of Kashmir surrounded by high mountain ranges. The

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forms the southern portion of the Kashmir region with its denuded hills towards the south. It includes almost all of the

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ascertained, while India insisted that no referendum could occur until all of the state had been cleared of irregulars.

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Where Three Empires Meet: A Narrative of Recent Travel in: Kashmir, Western Tibet, Gilgit, and the adjoining countries

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Transport is predominantly by air or road vehicles in the region. Kashmir has a 135 km (84 mi) long modern

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from that of the Indus. Beyond this range lies a wide tract of mountainous country of 17000–22000 feet in Ladakh and

142: 105: 41: 3197: 1130:, Aksai Chin is referred to as the Soda Plain. The region is almost uninhabited, and has no permanent settlements. 845: 151: 6201:. Keynote speech delivered at the "Global Discourse on Kashmir 2008." European Parliament, Brussels, 1 April 2008. 4930:"Pragmatic management increases a flagship species, the Himalayan brown bears, in Pakistan's Deosai National Park" 7505: 6144:

Hussain, Ijaz. 1998. "Kashmir Dispute: An International Law Perspective", National Institute of Pakistan Studies.

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part. Today it remains one of the most militarised zones in the world. China administers parts of the territory."

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controls the northeastern portion (Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract). India controls the majority of the

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Evans, Alexander. Why Peace Won't Come to Kashmir, Current History (Vol 100, No 645) April 2001 p. 170–175.

5232: 3505: 2658:. At least 711 bird species are recorded in the valley alone with 31 classified as globally threatened species. 2571:

Kashmir region is home to rare species of animals, many of which are protected by sanctuaries and reserves. The

1028:. India's belated discovery of this road led to border clashes between the two countries that culminated in the 477:

is an archaic spelling of modern Kashmir, and in some countries it is still spelled this way. Kashmir is called

5003: 3202: 2294: 1036: 3108: 6781: 6674: 5263:"Gilgit-Baltistan: Districts & Places - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information" 3031: 945:

India has control of about half the area of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, which comprises

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The Northern Barrier of India: a popular account of the Jammoo and Kashmir Territories with Illustrations

2412:. The forests vary according to the climatic conditions and the altitude. Kashmir forests range from the 2386:

A female snow leopard which was rescued in 2012 from a partly frozen river stream in the Wadkhun area of

1009: 542: 170:. The term has since come to encompass a larger area that includes the India-administered territories of 3824:"Pakistani flag hoisted, pro-freedom slogans chanted in Indian Occupied Kashmir – Daily Pakistan Global" 2993:

A group of Pandits, or Brahmin priests, in Kashmir, photographed by an unknown photographer in the 1890s

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Reynolds, Nathalène (2008), "Revisiting Key Episodes in Modern Kashmir History", in Rao, Aparna (ed.),

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occur at elevations between 2,800 and 3,500 m. The Birch (Betula utilis) Zone has Herbaceous genera of

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Kashmir has a recorded forest area of 20,230 square kilometres (7,810 sq mi) along with some

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mountain range in the north and the main Great Himalayas to the south. Capital towns of the region are

928: 853: 796: 7112: 4615: 3884: 3243: 986: 6697: 6493: 5293:"Local Transport in Kashmir – Means of Transportation Kashmir – Mode of Transportation Kashmir India" 5145: 4929: 2706: 2395: 915: 252: 6288: 5322: 5262: 4114: 799:

was populated mostly by Muslims of a different ethnicity than that of the Kashmir valley. After the

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An Army; Its Role & Rule (A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil 1947–1999)

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Quote: "A succession of Hindu dynasties ruled Kashmir until 1346, when it came under Muslim rule."

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of the Kashmir region. The river enters the region in Ladakh at its southeastern corner from the

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Sharma, Sunil (12 May 2017). "At the threshold of paradise: Kashmir in Mughal Persian poetry".

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of salt that reaches altitudes up to 5,000 metres (16,000 ft). Geographically part of the

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never accepted these agreements, and China's official position has not changed following the

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Norelli-Bachelet, Patrizia. "Kashmir and the Convergence of Time, Space and Destiny", 2004;

4401: 3728: 2293:. A single cloudburst in July 1935 caused the upper Jehlum river level to rise 11 feet. The 552:

In the first half of the first millennium, the Kashmir region became an important centre of

6934: 4941: 3149: 2647: 2591: 2587: 2465: 2405: 891: 861: 857: 726: 381: 244: 6138:; 1st edition: Edward Stanford, London. Reprint: Light & Life Publishers, Jammu. 1971. 5176: 560:. During the 7th-14th centuries, the region was ruled by a series of Hindu dynasties, and 8: 6175:. Longmans, Green, and Co., London. Reprint: Ch'eng Wen Publishing Company, Taipei. 1971. 4751:"Geophysical upheavals and evolutionary diversification of plant species in the Himalaya" 3775: 3061: 2599: 2409: 1193: 1189: 155: 5960:(2008), "Kashmir, Kashmiris, Kashmiriyat: An Introductory Essay", in Rao, Aparna (ed.), 5861: 4945: 4726:

Tourism Potential in Ecological Zones and Future Prospects of Tourism: in Kashmir Valley

977:. They formed a single state until 5 August 2019, when the state was bifurcated and its 6760: 6510: 6191:

The Kashmir Problem between Law and Realpolitik. Reflections on a Negotiated Settlement

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To the north and northeast, beyond the Great Himalayas, the region is traversed by the

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In the last days of 1948, a ceasefire was agreed under UN auspices. However, since the

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in Kashmir, the ninth-highest mountain on Earth, is the western anchor of the Himalayas

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features a humid subtropical climate. The Vale of Kashmir has a moderate climate. The

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Making a Difference: Dossier on Community Engagement on Nature Based Tourism in India

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Singh, Bawa Satinder (1971), "Raja Gulab Singh's Role in the First Anglo-Sikh War",

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Large Kashmir Durbar Carpet (detail), 2021 photo. "Durbar", in this context, means

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Kashmir and the Convergence of Time Space and Destiny by Patrizia Norelli Bachelet

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inundated the Kashmir city of Srinagar and submerged hundreds of other villages.

1327: 1319: 1288: 1163: 1144: 1127: 1088: 1060: 1029: 974: 907: 828: 824: 664: 280: 163: 6185: 2380: 6959: 6913: 6569: 6417: 6412: 6349: 6182:. Richard Bentley, London. Reprint 1998: Asian Educational Services, New Delhi. 5978: 5857: 4655: 4639: 4635: 4551: 4368: 4316: 3053: 2793: 2771: 2627: 2497: 2459: 2441: 2435: 2325: 1315: 1248: 1219:

The topography of Kashmir is mostly mountainous. It is traversed mainly by the

808: 757: 676: 648: 625: 597: 593: 581: 369: 272: 248: 206: 159: 6069: 5082: 4809: 4124:, International Affairs and Defence, House of Commons Library, United Kingdom. 3098:, wood-carving, and the weaving of silk. The economy was badly damaged by the 866: 7559: 7335: 6515: 6482: 5671: 5636: 5488: 5177:"South Asia :: India — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency" 5097: 5090: 4961: 4776: 4092: 3072: 2503: 2425: 2370: 2317: 2289: 2276: 1292: 1244: 953:, while Pakistan controls a third of the region, divided into two provinces, 883: 788: 706: 641: 621: 613: 577: 446: 434: 362: 56: 43: 5968: 5109: 2333: 870:

The prevailing religions by district in the 1901 Census of the Indian Empire

803:, in which Kashmir sided with the British, and the subsequent assumption of 418: 349:

The word has been referenced to in a Hindu scripture mantra worshipping the

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Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir

6055: 5981:(2008), "The Kashmiri Pandits: Their Early History", in Rao, Aparna (ed.), 5726: 5563: 5386: 5069:

Brush, J. E. (1949). "The Distribution of Religious Communities in India".

5004:"Jammu and Kashmir bird checklist - Avibase - Bird Checklists of the World" 4794: 4315:

Kashmir. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 27 March 2007, from

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had a population ethnically related to that of Ladakh, but which practised

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Evans, Alexander (2008), "Kashmiri Exceptionalism", in Rao, Aparna (ed.),

5210: 2433:) and Olive (Olea cuspid ata) Zone. There occur semi-deciduous species of 313: 259:, became the new ruler of Kashmir. The rule of his descendants, under the 7525: 7518: 7469: 7369: 7320: 7272: 7244: 7182: 7167: 7153: 7139: 6951: 6815: 6808: 5382: 4928:

Nawaz, Muhammad Ali; Swenson, Jon E.; Zakaria, Vaqar (1 September 2008).

4611: 4080: 3936: 3172: 3037: 3009: 2667: 2611: 2542: 2417: 1303:, the second highest peak in the world at 8,611 m (28,251 ft). 1228: 1205: 804: 743:(1846), when he appeared as a useful mediator and the trusted advisor of 702: 605: 601: 438: 430: 426: 413: 276: 256: 236: 5874:

Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir

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The Challenge in Kashmir: Democracy, Self-Determination and a Just Peace

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The Indian Princes and their States (The New Cambridge History of India)

4865:"Around the world, tulips turn hillsides into colorful patchwork quilts" 3395:

Fearful Symmetry: India-Pakistan Crises in the Shadow of Nuclear Weapons

644:

became known worldwide, attracting many buyers, especially in the West.

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Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M

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For a history of the region including the pre-19th century period, see

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