55:
401:
351:
582:
Atlas, though in places, the
Government of Pakistan's position deviated from the 1954 Times Atlas, and included areas as part of Kashmir which were to the north of the border of Kashmir shown in the Times Atlas. Thus the official position of the Government of Pakistan prior to the 1963 Sino-Pakistan Agreement was that the northern border of Pakistan was on the Kuen Lun range, and the territory ceded by the Government of Pakistan was not just restricted to the Shaksgam Valley but extended to the Kuen Lun range. For an idea of the extent of the Trans-Karakoram Tract or the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract,
187:
563:
417:
599:
62:
536:
581:
published an official map depicting the alignment of the northern border of
Kashmir, which depicted much of the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract as part of Kashmir. The alignment published by the Government of Pakistan was mostly similar to the portrayal of the northern Border of Kashmir depicted in the 1954 Times
609:
After
Pakistan voted to grant China a seat in the United Nations, the Chinese withdrew the disputed maps in January 1962, agreeing to enter border talks in March. Negotiations between the nations officially began on October 13, 1962, and resulted in the Sino-Pakistan Agreement signed on 2 March 1963
522:
abandoned any claim to the area north of the MacDonald line, but the decision did not find its way on to
British maps. By 1959, however, Chinese maps were published showing large areas west and south of the MacDonald line in China. That year, the Government of Pakistan announced its willingness to
1034:
An area that is legally part of the state of Jammu and
Kashmir has since 1963 been administered by China as a part of Kargilik County and Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in the Kashgar Prefecture of Xinjiang Autonomous Region. Prior to 1963 the Shaksgam tract had been administered as a part of
494:
China weakened and so adopted a policy of claiming a border north of the
Shaksgam River. This followed a line proposed by Sir John Ardagh in a Memorandum of 1897. That border included the Mir of Hunza's claim over the Raskam Valley. However, British administration never extended north of the
502:
of Kashmír and Ladákh, first published in 1890 and compiled under the direction of the
Quarter Master General in India in the Intelligence Branch, gives a description and details of places inside Kashmir. It includes a description of the Híñdutásh Pass in north eastern Kashmir in the
543:
more or less followed the watershed of the Kuen Lun range from the
Taghdumbash Pamir to the Yangi Dawan pass north of Kulanaldi, but east of the Yangi Dawan Pass, the border deviated from the watershed of the Kuen Lun range on the edge of the highlands of
507:. The Gazetteer states in pages 520 and 364 that “The eastern (Kuenlun) range forms the southern boundary of Khotan”, “and is crossed by two passes, the Yangi or Elchi Diwan, .... and the Hindutak (i.e. Híñdutásh ) Díwán”. It describes
288:, and a border based on actual ground positions was recognized as the international border by China and Pakistan. The Shaksgam Tract, along with the entire Kashmir region, is claimed by India. Further, New Delhi has never accepted the
594:
prior to 1947" would show that the geographical and territorial extent of the Trans-Karakoram Tract or the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract is more or less the territory enclosed between the northernmost line and the innermost lines.
458:
to China, a new boundary between China and
British India. The Note proposed that China should relinquish its claims to suzerainty over Hunza, and in return Hunza should relinquish its claims to most of the
1446:
54:
311:
to play polo there. Most of the names of the mountains, lakes, rivers and passes are in Balti/Ladakhi, suggesting that this land had been part of
Baltistan/Ladakh region for a long time.
526:
Since 1947, India has claimed sovereignty over the entire area of the pre-1947 independent state of Jammu and Kashmir and maintains that Pakistan and China do not share a common border.
574:
sent a formal note to China; there was no reply. It is thought that the Chinese might not have been motivated to negotiate with Pakistan because of Pakistan's relations with India.
566:
Official alignment of the Government of Pakistan in 1962. The border is in the extreme north and is depicted as a dotted line with the caption Alignment Official Pakistan Map 1962
1439:
1432:
1300:
90:
570:
In 1959, the Pakistani government became concerned over Chinese maps that showed areas the Pakistanis considered their own as part of China. In 1961,
1249:
The Gazetteer of Kashmír and Ladák compiled under the direction of the Quarter Master General in India in the Intelligence Branch (1890), at page 493
835:
1301:
The Geographer. Office of the Geographer. Bureau of Intelligence and Research. Department of State, United States of America (November 15, 1968),
535:
predominantly depicted the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract (the region between the Karakoram and Kuen Lun mountains) as a part of Kashmir under the caption
629:
territory formed part of Kashmir. If one goes by these maps, Pakistan has obviously surrendered over 12,810.87 square miles of territory".
979:
1717:
1098:
277:
369:
1010:
907:"Why the 1963 Sino-Pakistan Boundary Agreement Is Unlawful in Light of the Recent ICJ Advisory Opinion on the Chagos Archipelago, 2019"
483:
was modified in 1905 to include in India a small area east of the Shimshal Pass, to put the border on a stretch of the Shaksgam River.
621:
The Indian government took the view that the agreement resulted in the surrendering of a significant area to China. In the opinion of
307:
region. A polo ground in Shaksgam was built by the Amacha Royal family of Shigar, and the Rajas of Shigar used to invite the Amirs of
793:
514:
From 1899 until the independence of India and creation of Pakistan in 1947, the representation of the border on maps varied. In 1926
1123:
1302:
479:
Pass. The Chinese did not respond to the Note and the Indian government never revisited the boundary in the same form again. The
511:
as “ A province of the Chinese Empire lying to the north of the Eastern Kuenlun range, which here forms the boundary of Ladák".
1682:
1677:
783:
1692:
1374:
1027:
788:
1543:
281:
1707:
1623:
201:
1273:
1167:
906:
571:
265:
161:
857:
314:
The tract is one of the most inhospitable areas of the world, with some of the highest mountains. Bounded by the
1722:
1697:
1351:
964:
The Shaksgam Valley was never part of Kashmir and the northern and eastern boundaries of Kashmir were undefined
1419:
1077:
587:
583:
756:
204:
with present-day borders, showing the Trans-Karakoram Tract in the northern part of the state (hatched red)
1702:
716:
625:, "According to the survey of Pakistan maps, even those published in 1962, about 11,000 square miles of
190:
134:
400:
1259:
515:
1687:
1629:
722:
1424:
1067:
1053:
955:
852:
480:
122:
987:
862:
557:
289:
285:
350:
734:
578:
429:
295:
Most of the tract is composed of the Shaksgam Valley and was formerly administered as part of
1586:
822:
1153:
1073:
448:
246:
146:
1398:
Himalayan Frontiers: A Political Review of British, Chinese, Indian, and Russian Rivalries
923:
8:
1360:
1321:
648:
615:
611:
1712:
1646:
1337:
1041:
885:
is under Indian administration despite being labelled "contested territory" in the map.
810:
643:
562:
151:
276:. Although the Shaksgam tract was originally under the control of India following the
1370:
1347:
1310:, International Boundary Study, vol. 85, Florida State University College of Law
1269:
1163:
1023:
678:
460:
447:
In 1889 the first expedition to the Shaksgam Valley by a European was undertaken by
1598:
1181:
1179:
1081:
773:
768:
751:
746:
622:
590:
with the caption, "The boundary of Kashmir with China as portrayed and proposed by
455:
409:
315:
213:
1191:
256:), is an area of approximately 5,200 km (2,000 sq mi) north of the
1672:
1591:
1581:
1490:
1396:
1383:
1364:
1341:
1263:
1157:
1137:
882:
816:
778:
728:
463:
and Raskam districts. The Note proposed a border which broadly followed the main
355:
335:
334:, on the southeast it is adjacent to the highest battlefield in the world on the
296:
165:
16:
Chinese-administered area in the northern half of Kashmir near the Shaksgam River
1282:
1176:
1553:
1548:
1485:
1099:"India lodges protest with China over its infra development in Shaksgam valley"
798:
683:
673:
591:
487:
405:
292:, asserting that Islamabad "unlawfully" attempted to cede the area to Beijing.
269:
261:
197:
186:
1666:
1651:
1618:
655:
AGPL (Actual Ground Position Line), south to north runs through the following
440:
claimed those areas as part of Hunza's territories. Those areas included the
384:
371:
235:
105:
92:
1359:
935:
929:
1576:
1517:
1513:
1475:
1215:
1203:
688:
491:
437:
693:
531:
519:
472:
468:
194:
475:, but with a variation to pass through a Hunza post at Darwaza near the
1521:
840:
703:
602:
504:
359:
331:
323:
1480:
1470:
1454:
1019:
740:
518:
explored and surveyed the Shaksgam Valley. In 1927 the Government of
499:
464:
433:
319:
304:
257:
588:
Joe Schwartzberg's Historical Atlas of South Asia at DSAL in Chicago
668:
626:
476:
421:
273:
139:
75:
41:
416:
1456:
598:
545:
404:
Detailed map showing part of the Trans-Karakoram Tract near the
280:
to India in 1947, Pakistan took control of the region after the
1560:
846:
698:
662:
508:
490:", Britain was concerned at the danger of Russian expansion as
441:
363:
300:
221:
1336:
941:
454:
In March 1899 the British proposed, in a formal Note from Sir
1414:
358:
map of India. The undefined boundary shown in dash line from
339:
308:
127:
37:
1394:
1382:
1288:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1012:
THE GILGIT AND BALTISTAN REGIONS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR STATE
74:
Location of the Trans-Karakoram Tract within the Southern
1265:
Exploration of the Shaksgam Valley and Aghil ranges, 1926
327:
284:
and subsequently ceded it to China in 1963 through the
1124:
Polo Diplomacy as Part of Indo-Pak CBMs: Any Takers?
264:. The tract is administered by China as part of its
1126:, Centre for Land Warfare Studies, 1 December 2011.
551:
251:
19:Region administered by China as a part of Xinjiang
930:Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015
836:Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces
1664:
1320:Formal statement of Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru in the
1008:
432:cultivated and grazed areas to the north of the
843:, after whom Quaid Post was renamed to Bana Top
1346:, London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co,
1162:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 200ff.
865:for transfer of Trans-Karakoram Tract to China
451:(who referred to the Shaksgam as the Oprang).
1440:
1268:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 72ff.
539:. The northern border published by the 1954
61:
1152:
1236:, p. 298, citing Alistair Lamb in the
1022:: Xtreme Office Aids Pvt. Ltd. p. 63.
849:, westernmost town in Trans-Karakoram Tract
1455:Regions and administrative territories of
1447:
1433:
240:
1060:
794:List of disputed territories of Pakistan
597:
561:
415:
399:
349:
185:
953:
1665:
1116:
974:
972:
904:
444:Valley, north of the Shaksgam Valley.
1428:
1258:
1252:
789:List of disputed territories of India
784:List of disputed territories of China
467:crest dividing the watersheds of the
180:5,180 km (2,000 sq mi)
1135:
1129:
1640:Proposed administrative territories
1366:Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris
1294:
1289:Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers (1970)
1234:Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers (1970)
1222:Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers (1970)
1210:Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers (1970)
1198:Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers (1970)
1186:Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers (1970)
969:
942:Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003
723:India–Pakistan International Border
239:
13:
1718:Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County
1500:Current administrative territories
1415:Jammu and Kashmir Official Website
1139:Aksaichin and Sino-Indian Conflict
954:Noorani, A. G. (20 October 2006).
523:consult on the boundary question.
14:
1734:
1612:Former administrative territories
1408:
422:Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
274:Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
552:Sino-Pakistan Frontier Agreement
354:Boundary of Kashmir in the 1888
60:
53:
1420:Northern Areas Official Website
1330:
1314:
1243:
1227:
1146:
1142:, Allied Publishers, p. 85
986:. 15 March 1963. Archived from
905:Trivei, Abishek (8 July 2019).
858:List of extreme points of India
605:lies on the border of the Tract
1304:China – Pakistan Boundary
1091:
1002:
980:"Signing with the Red Chinese"
947:
898:
876:
486:At the same time, in view of "
410:United States Army Map Service
338:region which is controlled by
322:peaks to the south, including
278:accession of Jammu and Kashmir
226:
1:
1683:Territorial disputes of China
1678:Territorial disputes of India
892:
424:) photographed in August 2008
366:, Aktagh to Karakunlun Shan
290:China-Pakistan boundary pact
7:
1369:, Oxford University Press,
1069:Complete Atlas Of The World
717:Actual Ground Position Line
632:
428:Historically the people of
252:
191:Central Intelligence Agency
78:region is disputed by India
10:
1739:
665:, LoC ends and AGPL begins
555:
345:
1639:
1611:
1569:
1536:
1506:
1499:
1463:
1395:Woodman, Dorothy (1970),
1009:R Chandrashekhar (2017).
537:"Undefined Frontier area"
299:, a district (formerly a
260:watershed, including the
217:
176:
171:
157:
145:
133:
121:
86:
48:
34:
24:
1693:China–Pakistan relations
1390:, Barrie & Rockcliff
1159:The Heart of a Continent
869:
853:India-China Border Roads
282:First India-Pakistan War
863:Sino-Pakistan Agreement
558:Sino-Pakistan Agreement
286:Sino-Pakistan Agreement
36:Region administered by
1200:, pp. 74–75, 102.
735:Line of Actual Control
606:
579:Government of Pakistan
567:
425:
413:
397:
385:35.28312°N 80.261863°E
318:in the north, and the
205:
1723:Subregions of Kashmir
1708:China–India relations
1698:Geography of Xinjiang
1528:Trans-Karakoram Tract
1154:Younghusband, Francis
823:Operation Safed Sagar
610:by foreign ministers
601:
565:
495:Karakoram watershed.
420:The Shaksgam Valley (
419:
403:
353:
230:), also known as the
210:Trans-Karakoram Tract
189:
106:36.02583°N 76.64611°E
68:Trans-Karakoram Tract
26:Trans-Karakoram Tract
1361:Snedden, Christopher
1291:, pp. 107, 298.
1188:, pp. 102, 366.
1136:Lall, J. S. (1989),
1074:Penguin Random House
830:Other related topics
779:Sino-Indian conflict
449:Francis Younghusband
1388:Himalayan Frontiers
1343:Kashmir in Conflict
1338:Schofield, Victoria
1322:Parliament of India
757:Borders of Pakistan
649:Sarpo Laggo Glacier
616:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
390:35.28312; 80.261863
381: /
123:Administering state
102: /
1703:Kashgar Prefecture
1647:Karakoram Province
1238:Australian Outlook
1103:The Indian Express
1086:(claimed by India)
956:"Facing the truth"
811:Operation Meghdoot
706:, AGPL ends at LAC
644:Yinsugaiti Glacier
607:
568:
426:
414:
398:
227:Kālǎkūnlún zǒuláng
206:
193:map of the former
177: • Total
111:36.02583; 76.64611
1660:
1659:
1630:Jammu and Kashmir
1624:Jammu and Kashmir
1607:
1606:
1544:Jammu and Kashmir
1376:978-1-84904-342-7
1029:978-93-84492-36-6
679:Saltoro Mountains
250:
202:Jammu and Kashmir
184:
183:
135:Autonomous Region
1730:
1688:Kashmir conflict
1626:(princely state)
1599:Gilgit-Baltistan
1504:
1503:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1402:
1391:
1384:Woodman, Dorothy
1379:
1356:
1325:
1324:on March 5, 1963
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1127:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1082:Internet Archive
1076:. 2016. p.
1064:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1017:
1006:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
990:on 18 March 2013
976:
967:
966:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
920:
918:
917:
902:
886:
880:
774:Siachen conflict
769:Kashmir conflict
752:Borders of India
747:Borders of China
623:Jawaharlal Nehru
456:Claude MacDonald
396:
395:
393:
392:
391:
386:
382:
379:
378:
377:
374:
316:Kunlun Mountains
272:counties in the
255:
245:
243:
242:
228:
219:
117:
116:
114:
113:
112:
107:
103:
100:
99:
98:
95:
64:
63:
57:
22:
21:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1635:
1603:
1565:
1532:
1495:
1491:Siachen Glacier
1459:
1453:
1411:
1377:
1354:
1333:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:, December 1964
1232:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1151:
1147:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1049:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1015:
1007:
1003:
993:
991:
984:Time (magazine)
978:
977:
970:
952:
948:
940:
936:
928:
924:
915:
913:
903:
899:
895:
890:
889:
883:Siachen Glacier
881:
877:
872:
817:Operation Rajiv
729:Line of Control
635:
560:
554:
389:
387:
383:
380:
375:
372:
370:
368:
367:
356:Survey of India
348:
336:Siachen Glacier
262:Shaksgam valley
110:
108:
104:
101:
96:
93:
91:
89:
88:
82:
81:
80:
79:
72:
71:
70:
69:
65:
44:
30:
27:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1736:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1632:(Indian state)
1627:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1510:
1508:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1486:Kashmir Valley
1483:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1409:External links
1407:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1380:
1375:
1357:
1352:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1313:
1293:
1281:
1274:
1260:Mason, Kenneth
1251:
1242:
1226:
1224:, p. 107.
1214:
1212:, p. 308.
1202:
1190:
1175:
1168:
1145:
1128:
1122:Senge Sering,
1115:
1090:
1072:(3 ed.).
1059:
1050:|website=
1028:
1001:
968:
946:
944:, p. 101.
934:
932:, p. 238.
922:
911:www.jurist.org
896:
894:
891:
888:
887:
874:
873:
871:
868:
867:
866:
860:
855:
850:
844:
838:
832:
831:
827:
826:
820:
814:
807:
806:
802:
801:
799:Northern Areas
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
765:
764:
760:
759:
754:
749:
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
713:
712:
708:
707:
701:
696:
691:
686:
684:Saltoro Kangri
681:
676:
674:Chumik Glacier
671:
666:
659:
658:
656:
652:
651:
646:
640:
639:
634:
631:
584:a view the map
556:Main article:
553:
550:
488:The Great Game
481:MacDonald line
406:Shaksgam River
347:
344:
232:Shaksgam Tract
198:princely state
195:British Indian
182:
181:
178:
174:
173:
169:
168:
159:
155:
154:
149:
143:
142:
137:
131:
130:
125:
119:
118:
84:
83:
73:
67:
66:
59:
58:
52:
51:
50:
49:
46:
45:
35:
32:
31:
29:Shaksgam Tract
28:
25:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1735:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
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1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1653:
1652:Panun Kashmir
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1619:Gilgit Agency
1617:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1597:
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87:Coordinates:
85:
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40:as a part of
39:
33:
23:
1587:Muzaffarabad
1577:Azad Kashmir
1527:
1518:Rutog County
1514:Hotan County
1476:Balawaristan
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1107:. Retrieved
1105:. 2024-05-02
1102:
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992:. Retrieved
988:the original
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577:In 1962 the
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492:Qing dynasty
485:
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438:Mir of Hunza
427:
313:
294:
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225:
209:
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694:Bilafond La
541:Times Atlas
532:Times Atlas
473:Tarim River
469:Indus River
461:Taghdumbash
388: /
109: /
1667:Categories
1522:Aksai Chin
1353:1860648983
1109:2024-06-12
994:28 October
916:2021-11-07
893:References
841:Bana Singh
825:, by India
819:, by India
813:, by India
805:Operations
704:Indira Col
603:Broad Peak
505:Aksai Chin
436:, and the
376:80°15′43″E
373:35°16′59″N
360:Malubiting
332:Gasherbrum
324:Broad Peak
147:Prefecture
97:76°38′46″E
94:36°01′33″N
1713:Karakoram
1481:Dardistan
1471:Baltistan
1401:, Praeger
1340:(2003) ,
1052:ignored (
1042:cite book
1020:New Delhi
960:Frontline
763:Conflicts
741:Sir Creek
572:Ayub Khan
500:Gazetteer
465:Karakoram
434:Karakoram
320:Karakoram
305:Baltistan
303:) in the
266:Taxkorgan
258:Karakoram
247:romanized
162:Taxkorgan
1570:Pakistan
1386:(1969),
1363:(2015),
1262:(1928).
1156:(1896).
669:Gyong La
638:Glaciers
633:See also
627:Sinkiang
477:Shimshal
471:and the
253:Shaksgām
166:Kargilik
140:Xinjiang
76:Xinjiang
42:Xinjiang
1554:Kashmir
1464:Regions
1457:Kashmir
1035:Shigar.
711:Borders
612:Chen Yi
592:Britain
546:Kashmir
412:, 1953)
346:History
270:Yecheng
249::
214:Chinese
152:Kashgar
1673:Tracts
1592:Poonch
1582:Mirpur
1561:Ladakh
1373:
1350:
1272:
1166:
1026:
847:Dafdar
719:(AGPL)
699:Sia La
663:NJ9842
509:Khotan
442:Raskam
364:Raskam
301:tehsil
297:Shigar
241:شکسگام
224::
222:pinyin
218:喀喇昆仑走廊
216::
158:County
1549:Jammu
1537:India
1507:China
1308:(PDF)
1016:(PDF)
870:Notes
737:(LAC)
731:(LoC)
430:Hunza
340:India
309:Hotan
128:China
38:China
1371:ISBN
1348:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1054:help
1024:ISBN
996:2019
743:(SC)
725:(IB)
498:The
330:and
268:and
236:Urdu
208:The
172:Area
164:and
1078:238
200:of
1669::
1178:^
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1040:{{
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234:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
