Urdu - Knowledge

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first step towards the establishment of the separate identity of Urdu, it was called Hindi for a long time. "The final and complete change-over to the new name took place after the content of the language had undergone a drastic change." He further observes: "In the light of the literature that has come down to us, for about six hundred years, the development of Hindi/Hindavi seems largely to substantiate the view of the basic unity of the two languages. Then, sometime in the first quarter of the eighteenth century, the cleavage seems to have begun." Rai quotes from Sadiq, who points out how it became a "systematic policy of poets and scholars" of the eighteenth century to weed out, what they called and thought, "vulgar words." This weeding out meant "the elimination, along with some rough and unmusical plebian words, of a large number of Hindi words for the reason that to the people brought up in Persian traditions they appeared unfamiliar and vulgar." Sadiq concludes: hence the paradox that this crusade against Persian tyranny, instead of bringing Urdu close to the indigenous element, meant in reality a wider gulf between it and the popular speech. But what differentiated Urdu still more from the local dialects was a process of ceaseless importation from Persian. It may seem strange that Urdu writers in rebellion against Persian should decide to draw heavily on Persian vocabulary, idioms, forms, and sentiments. . . . Around 1875 in his word

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left in the Nastaliq script (a modified form of the Arabic script) and is the national language of Pakistan. It's also one of the official languages of the Indian states of Bihar and Jammu & Kashmir. Considered as one, these tongues constitute the second most spoken language in the world, sometimes called Hindustani. In their daily lives, Hindi and Urdu speakers communicate in their 'different' languages without major problems. ... Both Hindi and Urdu developed from Classical Sanskrit, which appeared in the Indus Valley (modern Pakistan and northwest India) at about the start of the Common Era. The first old Hindi (or Apabhransha) poetry was written in the year 769 AD, and by the European Middle Ages it became known as 'Hindvi'. Muslim Turks invaded the Punjab in 1027 and took control of Delhi in 1193. They paved the way for the Islamic Mughal Empire, which ruled northern India from the 16th century until it was defeated by the British Raj in the mid-19th century. It was at this time that the language of this book began to take form, a mixture of Hindvi grammar with Arabic, Persian and Turkish vocabulary. The Muslim speakers of Hindvi began to write in the Arabic script, creating Urdu, while the Hindu population incorporated the new words but continued to write in Devanagari script.

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Muslim culture. It was only when the Muslim elites of north India and the British decided that Muslims were backward in education in relation to Hindus and should be encouraged to attend government schools that it was felt necessary to offer Urdu in the Persian-Arabic script as an inducement to Muslims to attend the schools. And it was only after the Hindi-Urdu controversy developed that Urdu, once disdained by Muslim elites in north India and not even taught in the Muslim religious schools in the early nineteenth century, became a symbol of Muslim identity second to Islam itself. A second point revealed by the Hindi-Urdu controversy in north India is how symbols may be used to separate peoples who, in fact, share aspects of culture. It is well known that ordinary Muslims and Hindus alike spoke the same language in the United Provinces in the nineteenth century, namely Hindustani, whether called by that name or whether called Hindi, Urdu, or one of the regional dialects such as Braj or Awadhi. Although a variety of styles of Hindi-Urdu were in use in the nineteenth century among different social classes and status groups, the legal and administrative elites in courts and government offices, Hindus and Muslims alike, used Urdu in the Persian-Arabic script.

1482:(1977–1988), who came from a middle-class Punjabi family and initially fervently supported a rapid and complete Urduisation of Pakistani society (earning him the honorary title of the 'Patron of Urdu' in 1981), failed to make significant achievements, and by 1987 had abandoned most of his efforts in favour of pro-English policies. Since the 1960s, the Urdu lobby and eventually the Urdu language in Pakistan has been associated with religious Islamism and political national conservatism (and eventually the lower and lower-middle classes, alongside regional languages such as Punjabi, Sindhi, and Balochi), while English has been associated with the internationally oriented secular and progressive left (and eventually the upper and upper-middle classes). Despite governmental attempts at Urduisation of Pakistan, the position and prestige of English only grew stronger in the meantime. 5424:

Ali Arzu, who proposed a typology of language that ran from "pure Sanskrit, through popular and regional variations of Hindustani to Urdu, which incorporated many loan words from Persian and Arabic. His emphasis on the unity of languages reflected the view of the Sanskrit grammarians and also affirmed the linguistic unity of the north Indian ecumene. What emerged was a kind of register of language types that were appropriate to different conditions. ...But the abiding impression is of linguistic plurality running through the whole society and an easier adaptation to circumstances in both spoken and written speech" (193). The more Persianized the language, the more likely it was to be written in Arabic script; the more Sanskritized the language; the more likely it was to be written in Devanagari.

1417:(who is popular in both countries and both language communities, but writes only in Urdu (script) and has difficulties reading Devanagari, so he lets others 'transcribe' his work) have disagreed with this assessment and state that Urdu "is the most alive language and moving ahead with times" in India. This phenomenon pertains to the decrease in relative and absolute numbers of native Urdu speakers as opposed to speakers of other languages; declining (advanced) knowledge of Urdu's Perso-Arabic script, Urdu vocabulary and grammar; the role of translation and transliteration of literature from and into Urdu; the shifting cultural image of Urdu and socio-economic status associated with Urdu speakers (which negatively impacts especially their employment opportunities in both countries), the 6114:

to have composed dohas (couplets) and riddles in the newly-formed speech, then called 'Hindavi'. Through the medieval time, this mixed speech was variously called by various speech sub-groups as 'Hindavi', 'Zaban-e-Hind', 'Hindi', 'Zaban-e-Dehli', 'Rekhta', 'Gujarii. 'Dakkhani', 'Zaban-e-Urdu-e-Mualla', 'Zaban-e-Urdu', or just 'Urdu'. By the late 11th century, the name 'Hindustani' was in vogue and had become the lingua franca for most of northern India. A sub-dialect called Khari Boli was spoken in and around the Delhi region at the start of the 13th century when the Delhi Sultanate was established. Khari Boli gradually became the prestige dialect of Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) and became the basis of modern Standard Hindi & Urdu.

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loan elements into Hindi/Urdu, in practice it is often difficult to separate these strands from one another. The Arabic (and also Turkic) lexemes borrowed into Hindi frequently were mediated through Persian, as a result of which a thorough intertwining of Persian and Arabic elements took place, as manifest by such phenomena as hybrid compounds and compound words. Moreover, although the dominant trajectory of lexical borrowing was from Arabic into Persian, and thence into Hindi/Urdu, examples can be found of words that in origin are actually Persian loanwords into both Arabic and Hindi/Urdu.

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even from the title of his dictionary. He estimates that roughly 75 per cent of the total stock of 55,000 Urdu words that he compiled in his dictionary are derived from Sanskrit and Prakrit, and that the entire stock of the base words of the language, without exception, are derived from these sources. What distinguishes Urdu from a great many other Indian languauges ... is that it draws almost a quarter of its vocabulary from language communities to the west of India, such as Farsi, Turkish, and Tajik. Most of the little it takes from Arabic has not come directly but through Farsi.

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that roughly 75 percent of the total stock of 55.000 Urdu words that he compiled in his dictionary are derived from Sanskrit and Prakrit, and that the entire stock of the base words of the language, without exception, are from these sources' (2000: 112–13). As Ahmad points out, Syed Ahmad, as a member of Delhi's aristocratic elite, had a clear bias towards Persian and Arabic. His estimate of the percentage of Prakitic words in Urdu should therefore be considered more conservative than not. The actual proportion of Prakitic words in everyday language would clearly be much higher.

4655: 2734: 3111: 9987: 5085: 3051: 2127: 667: 71: 3081: 4252:, wrote in a Sanskritised form of the language. There has been a move towards hyper Persianisation in Pakistan since 1947, which has been adopted by much of the country's writers; as such, some Urdu texts can be composed of 70% Perso-Arabic loanwords just as some Persian texts can have 70% Arabic vocabulary. Some Pakistani Urdu speakers have incorporated Hindi vocabulary into their speech as a result of exposure to Indian entertainment. In India, Urdu has not diverged from Hindi as much as it has in Pakistan. 2600: 2992: 563: 11676: 4551: 4378: 3021: 1667:– which in turn has led to the absorption of vocabulary from various regional Pakistani languages, while some Urdu vocabularies has also been assimilated by Pakistan's regional languages. Some who are from a non-Urdu background now can read and write only Urdu. With such a large number of people(s) speaking Urdu, the language has acquired a peculiar Pakistani flavor further distinguishing it from the Urdu spoken by native speakers, resulting in more diversity within the language. 2872: 2932: 11029:). It further tilted towards Arabo-Persian influences, writes Narang, with the rise of Iqbal. 'The diction of Faiz Ahmad Faiz who came into prominence after the death of Iqbal is also marked by Persianization; so it is the diction of N.M. Rashid, who popularised free verse in Urdu poetry. Rashid's language is clearly marked by fresh Iranian influences as compared to another trend-setter, Meeraji. Meeraji is on the other extreme because he used Hindized Urdu.' 2962: 11686: 1094: 2842: 3141: 913: 14039: 2902: 4743: 8516:

as the language of Hindus. Although objectively this is not entirely true even today, it is undeniable historical tendency has been in this direction. (...) Many Hindus also continue to write in Urdu, both in literature and in the mass media. However, Hindu writers in Urdu are a dying generation and Hindi and Urdu have increasingly become subjectively separate languages identified with different religious communities.

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movement towards the hyper-Persianisation of an Urdu emerged in Pakistan since its independence in 1947 which is "as artificial as" the hyper-Sanskritised Hindi that has emerged in India; hyper-Persianisation of Urdu was prompted in part by the increasing Sanskritisation of Hindi. However, the style of Urdu spoken on a day-to-day basis in Pakistan is akin to neutral Hindustani that serves as the

6456:... more words of Sanskrit origin but 75% of the vocabulary is common. It is also admitted that while this language is known as Hindustani, ... Muslims call it Urdu and the Hindus call it Hindi. ... Urdu is a national language that evolved through years of Hindu and Muslim cultural contact and, as stated by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, is essentially an Indian language and has no place outside. 1309:; the British, in order to promote literacy among Indian Muslims and attract them to attend government schools, started to teach Urdu written in the Perso-Arabic script in these governmental educational institutions and after this time, Urdu began to be seen by Indian Muslims as a symbol of their religious identity. Hindus in northwestern India, under the 9322: 8815:

will begin to use Urdu as the exclusive medium of instruction in schools beginning in 2020. Depending on the location and predominantly in rural areas, regional languages are used as well, particularly in elementary education. The language of instruction in higher education is mostly English, but some programs and institutions teach in Urdu.

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Indo-European family of languages. According to Dr Gian Chand Jain, Indo-Aryan languages had three phases of evolution beginning around 1,500 BC and passing through the stages of Vedic Sanskrit, classical Sanskrit and Pali. They developed into Prakrit and Apbhransh, which served as the basis for the formation of later local dialects.

2198:, section 145 of the Kashmir Constitution stated: "The official language of the State shall be Urdu but the English language shall unless the Legislature by law otherwise provides, continue to be used for all the official purposes of the State for which it was being used immediately before the commencement of the Constitution." 6485:

Khanqah (Sufi school of thought) were situated along the Yamuna river (also called Jamuna). Thus, it came to be known as the Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, with the word "tehzeeb" meaning culture. More than communal harmony, its most beautiful by-product was "Hindustani" which later gave us the Hindi and Urdu languages.

6248:, however, he presented a balanced view pointing out that attempts of the Maulavis to Persianize and of the Pandits to Sanskritize the language were not only an error but against the natural laws of linguistic growth. The common man, he pointed out, used both Persian and Sanskrit words without any qualms; 5300:

Constitution of India and has been conferred the status of the official language in many Indian states of Bihar, Telangana, Jammu, and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and New Delhi. Urdu is one of the members of the new or modern Indo-Aryan language group within the Indo-European family of languages.

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is by general agreement the most reliable Urdu dictionary. It was compiled in the late nineteenth century by an Indian scholar little exposed to British or Orientalist scholarship. The lexicographer in question, Syed Ahmed Dehlavi, had no desire to sunder Urdu's relationship with Farsi, as is evident

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English has been the main language of instruction at the elementary and secondary levels since colonial times. It remains the predominant language of instruction in private schools but has been increasingly replaced with Urdu in public schools. Punjab province, for example, recently announced that it

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The third force leading to the divergence between Hindi and Urdu was the parallel and associated development of Hindu and Muslim revivalisms and communal antagonism, which had the consequence for the Hindi–Urdu conflict of reinforcing the tendency to identify Urdu as the language of Muslims and Hindi

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It is generally admitted that Urdu is a dying language. What is not generally admitted is that it is a dying National language. What used to be called Hindustani, the spoken language of the largest number of Indians, contains more elements of Urdu than Sanskrit academics tolerate, but it is still the

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In the 1980s and '90s, at least three million Afghans--mostly Pashtun--fled to Pakistan, where a substantial number spent several years being exposed to Hindi language media, especially Bollywood films and songs, and being educated in Urdu-language schools, both of which contributed to the decline of

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Historically, Hindustani developed in the post-12th century period under the impact of the incoming Afghans and Turks as a linguistic modus vivendi from the sub-regional apabhramshas of north-western India. Its first major folk poet was the great Persian master, Amir Khusrau (1253–1325), who is known

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The basis of that shift was the decision made by the government in 1837 to replace Persian as court language by the various vernaculars of the country. Urdu was identified as the regional vernacular in Bihar, Oudh, the North-Western Provinces, and Punjab, and hence was made the language of government

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for publishing Urdu periodicals and have innovated new strategies to mark Urdu in Devanagari as distinct from Hindi in Devanagari. Such publishers have introduced new orthographic features into Devanagari for the purpose of representing the Perso-Arabic etymology of Urdu words. One example is the use

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political status of Urdu, how much Urdu is used as language of instruction and chosen by students in higher education, and how the maintenance and development of Urdu is financially and institutionally supported by governments and NGOs. In India, although Urdu is not and never was used exclusively by

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Historically, Urdu developed from the sub-regional language of the Delhi area, which became a literary language in the eighteenth century. Two quite similar standard forms of the language developed in Delhi, and in Lucknow in modern Uttar Pradesh. Since 1947, a third form, Karachi standard Urdu, has

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British language policy both resulted from and contributed to the larger political processes which eventually led to the partition of British India into India and Pakistan, an outcome almost exactly paralleled by the linguistic partition of the Hindi-Urdu continuum into highly Sanskritized Hindi and

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forms from Sanskrit. The Persian and Arabic lexical elements in Hindi result from the effects of centuries of Islamic administrative rule over much of north India in the centuries before the establishment of British rule in India. Although it is conventional to differentiate among Persian and Arabic

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The most important trend in the history of Hindi-Urdu is the process of Persianization on the one hand and that of Sanskritization on the other. Amrit Rai offers evidence to show that although the employment of Perso-Arabic script for the language which was akin to Hindi/Hindavi or old Hindi was the

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became the distinct register spoken by those who sought to construct a Hindu identity in the face of colonial rule. As Hindi separated from Hindustani to create a distinct spiritual identity, Urdu was employed to create a definitive Islamic identity for the Muslim population in India. Urdu's use was

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Owing to interaction with other languages, Urdu has become localised wherever it is spoken, including in Pakistan. Urdu in Pakistan has undergone changes and has incorporated and borrowed many words from regional languages, thus allowing speakers of the language in Pakistan to distinguish themselves

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Kaithi was used for writing Urdu in the law courts of Bihar when it replaced Perso-Arabic as the official script during the 1880s. The majority of extant legal documents from Bihar from the British period are in Urdu written in Kaithi. There is a substantial number of such manuscripts, specimens of

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On the issue of vocabulary, Ahmad goes on to cite Syed Ahmad Dehlavi as he set about to compile the Farhang-e-Asafiya, an Urdu dictionary, in the late nineteenth century. Syed Ahmad 'had no desire to sunder Urdu's relationship with Farsi, as is evident from the title of his dictionary. He estimates

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There are over 100 million native speakers of Urdu in India and Pakistan together: there were 50.8 million Urdu speakers in India (4.34% of the total population) as per the 2011 census; and approximately 16 million in Pakistan in 2006. There are several hundred thousand in the United Kingdom, Saudi

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saw a mobilisation around the Urdu language as tool of empowerment for minorities especially coming from weaker socio-economic backgrounds'), but in the early 21st century an increasing percentage of Indian Muslims began switching to Hindi due to socio-economic factors, such as Urdu being abandoned

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allowed to be released in Pakistan," said Rafia Taj, head of the mass communication department, University of Karachi. "I don't think it's a threat to our language, as it is bound to happen in the globalisation era. It is anytime better than the attack of western slangs on our language," she added.

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kaa hay for 'How much is it?' -- but the written form for Hindi will be यह कितने का है? and the Urdu one will be یہ کتنے کا ہے؟ Hindi is written from left to right in the Devanagari script, and is the official language of India, along with English. Urdu, on the other hand, is written from right to

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Whilst the Muhammadan rulers of India spoke Persian, which enjoyed the prestige of being their court language, the common language of the country continued to be Hindi, derived through Prakrit from Sanskrit. On this dialect of the common people was grafted the Persian language, which brought a new

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Historically speaking, Urdu grew out of interaction between Hindus and Muslims. He noted that Urdu is not the language of Muslims alone, although Muslims may have played a larger role in making it a literary language. Hindu poets and writers could and did bring specifically Hindu cultural elements

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or Urdu, which represented the principle of unity in diversity, thus marking a feature of Indian life at its best. The ordinary spoken version ('bazaar Urdu') was almost identical to the popularly spoken version of Hindi. Most prominent scholars in India hold the view that Urdu is neither a Muslim

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Bayly's description of Hindustani (roughly Hindi/Urdu) is helpful here; he uses the term Urdu to represent "the more refined and Persianised form of the common north Indian language Hindustani" (Empire and Information, 193); Bayly more or less follows the late eighteenth-century scholar Sirajuddin

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Quote: "The Eighth Schedule recognizes India's national languages as including the major regional languages as well as others, such as Sanskrit and Urdu, which contribute to India's cultural heritage. ... The original list of fourteen languages in the Eighth Schedule at the time of the adoption of

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Urdu continued its role in developing a Pakistani identity as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was established with the intent to construct a homeland for the Muslims of Colonial India. Several languages and dialects spoken throughout the regions of Pakistan produced an imminent need for a uniting

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script, which triggered a backlash against the use of Hindi written in Devanagari by the Anjuman-e-Islamia of Lahore. Hindi in the Devanagari script and Urdu written in the Perso-Arabic script established a sectarian divide of "Urdu" for Muslims and "Hindi" for Hindus, a divide that was formalised

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Urdu nouns and adjective can have a variety of origins, such as Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Pushtu and even Portuguese, but ninety-nine per cent of Urdu verbs have their roots in Sanskrit/Prakrit. So it is an Indo-Aryan language which is a branch of Indo-Iranian family, which in turn is a branch of

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Desexualizing campaigns dovetailed with the attempt to purge Urdu of Sanskrit and Prakrit words at the same time as Hindi literateurs tried to purge Hindi of Persian and Arabic words. The late-nineteenth century politics of Urdu and Hindi, later exacerbated by those of India and Pakistan, had the

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In the nineteenth century in north India, before the extension of the British system of government schools, Urdu was not used in its written form as a medium of instruction in traditional Islamic schools, where Muslim children were taught Persian and Arabic, the traditional languages of Islam and

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With the consolidation of the different linguistic bases of Khari Boli there were three distinct varieties of Hindi-Urdu: the High Hindi with predominant Sanskrit vocabulary, the High-Urdu with predominant Perso-Arabic vocabulary and casual or colloquial Hindustani which was commonly spoken among

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Quote: "As Mahapatra says: "It is generally believed that the significance for the Eighth Schedule lies in providing a list of languages from which Hindi is directed to draw the appropriate forms, style and expressions for its enrichment" ... Being recognized in the Constitution, however, has had

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Modern Standard Urdu, a register of the Hindustani language, is the national language, lingua-franca and is one of the two official languages along with English in Pakistan and is spoken in all over the world. It is also one of the 22 scheduled languages and officially recognized languages in the

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was established earlier in 1960, and the promotion of Hindi is better funded and more advanced, while the status of Urdu has been undermined by the promotion of Hindi. Private Indian organisations such as the Anjuman-e-Tariqqi Urdu, Deeni Talimi Council and Urdu Mushafiz Dasta promote the use and

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That Bollywood and Hindi television daily soaps are a hit in Pakistan is no news. So, it's hardly surprising that the Urdu-speaking population picks up and uses Hindi, even the tapori lingo, in its everyday interaction. "The trend became popular a few years ago after Hindi films were officially

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The "Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb" is one such instance of the composite culture that marks various regions of the country. Prevalent in the North, particularly in the central plains, it is born of the union between the Hindu and Muslim cultures. Most of the temples were lined along the Ganges and the

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are noticeable, though many native Hindi speakers also pronounce these phonemes. At a phonological level, speakers of both languages are frequently aware of the Perso-Arabic or Sanskrit origins of their word choice, which affects the pronunciation of those words. Urdu speakers will often insert

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words, and Hindi of Persian loanwords – new vocabulary draws primarily from Persian and Arabic for Urdu and from Sanskrit for Hindi. English has exerted a heavy influence on both as a co-official language. According to Bruce (2021), Urdu has adapted English words since the eighteenth century. A

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of Hindu origin, wrote the language in the Perso-Arabic script in courts and government offices, though Hindus continued to employ the Devanagari script in certain literary and religious contexts. Through the late 19th century, people did not view Urdu and Hindi as being two distinct languages,

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to social media, knowledge of the Urdu script and the publication of books in Urdu have steadily declined, while policies of the Indian government do not actively support the preservation of Urdu in professional and official spaces. Because the Pakistani government proclaimed Urdu the national

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as the language of instruction in much of India, and having limited employment opportunities compared to Hindi, English and regional languages. The number of Urdu speakers in India fell 1.5% between 2001 and 2011 (then 5.08 million Urdu speakers), especially in the most Urdu-speaking states of

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The primary sources of non-IA loans into MSH are Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Turkic and English. Conversational registers of Hindi/Urdu (not to mentioned formal registers of Urdu) employ large numbers of Persian and Arabic loanwords, although in Sanskritised registers many of these words are

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Modern Urdu is a fairly homogenous language. An older southern form, Deccani Urdu, is now obsolete. Two varieties however, must be mentioned viz. the Urdu of Delhi, and the Urdu of Lucknow. Both are almost identical, differing only in some minor points. Both of these varieties are considered

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member of the Indo-Aryan group within the Indo-European family of languages. Urdu is spoken as a first language by nearly 70 million people and as a second language by more than 100 million people, predominantly in Pakistan and India. It is the official state language of Pakistan and is also

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The linguistic and cultural ties between Sanskrit and Urdu are deeply rooted and significant, said Ishtiaque Ahmed, registrar, Maula Azad National Urdu University during a two-day workshop titled "Introduction to Sanskrit for Urdu medium students". Ahmed said a substantial portion of Urdu's

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in India had been educated in English during the British colonial period, and continued to operate in English and send their children to English-medium schools as they continued dominate both countries' post-Partition politics. Although the Anglicized elite in Pakistan has made attempts at

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The Mohammedans of the Deccan thus called their Hindustani tongue Dakhani (Dakhini), Gujari or Bhaka (Bhakha) which was a symbol of their belonging to Muslim conquering and ruling group in the Deccan and South India where overwhelming number of Hindus spoke Marathi, Kannada, Telugu and

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Arvind Kala is not much off the mark when he says 'Urdu is a dying language (in India), but it is Hindi movie dialogues which have heightened appreciation of Urdu in India. Thanks to Hindi films, knowledge of Urdu is seen as a sign of sophistication among the cognoscent of the

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Hindi and Urdu are generally considered to be one spoken language with two different literary traditions. That means that Hindi and Urdu speakers who shop in the same markets (and watch the same Bollywood films) have no problems understanding each other -- they'd both say yeh

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Most borrowed words in Urdu are nouns and adjectives. Many of the words of Arabic origin have been adopted through Persian, and have different pronunciations and nuances of meaning and usage than they do in Arabic. There are also a smaller number of borrowings from

14556: 4651:, the court language was Urdu written in the Kaithi script. Kaithi's association with Urdu and Hindi was ultimately eliminated by the political contest between these languages and their scripts, in which the Persian script was definitively linked to Urdu. 4638:

of the law courts of the British administration in Bengal and the North-West Provinces & Oudh. Until the late 19th century, all proceedings and court transactions in this register of Urdu were written officially in the Persian script. In 1880,

11294:, Routledge, 2005. pg 97: "It is generally understood that the bulk of the Arabic vocabulary in the central, contiguous Iranian, Turkic and Indic languages was originally borrowed into literary Persian between the ninth and thirteenth centuries" 8661: 2101:

Urdu is the sole national, and one of the two official languages of Pakistan (along with English). It is spoken and understood throughout the country, whereas the state-by-state languages (languages spoken throughout various regions) are the

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and modern cultural association of each language with the two religions has led to fewer Hindus using Urdu. In the 20th century, Indian Muslims gradually began to collectively embrace Urdu (for example, 'post-independence Muslim politics of

1465:, when it was chosen as the national language of Pakistan to unite all inhabitants with one linguistic identity, it faced serious competition primarily from Bengali (spoken by 56% of the total population, mostly in East Pakistan until that 1985:. The Urdu sentence is not a direct translation of the English ("Your beautiful city invites you to preserve it") or Arabic (the same). It says, "apné shahar kī Khūbsūrtīi ko barqarār rakhié, or "Please preserve the beauty of your city." 1445:

language at Partition, the Indian state and some religious nationalists began in part to regard Urdu as a 'foreign' language, to be viewed with suspicion. Urdu advocates in India disagree whether it should be allowed to write Urdu in the

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For Pakistan, Willoughby & Aftab (2020) argued that Urdu originally had the image of a refined elite language of the Enlightenment, progress and emancipation, which contributed to the success of the independence movement. But after

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Urdu is taught as a compulsory subject up to higher secondary school in both English and Urdu medium school systems, which has produced millions of second-language Urdu speakers among people whose native language is one of the other

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Phrases like 'dying language' are often used to describe the condition of Urdu in India and indicators like 'the number of Urdu-medium schools' present a litany of bad news with respect to the present conditions and future of the

1529:, and the core vocabulary of Urdu and Hindi are essentially identical – thus linguists usually count them as one single language, while some contend that they are considered as two different languages for socio-political reasons. 6177:** History (Simplified) ** Proto-Indo European > Proto-Indo-Iranian > Proto-Indo-Aryan > Vedic Sanskrit > Classical Sanskrit > Sauraseni Prakrit > Sauraseni Apabhramsa > Old Hindi > Hindustani > Urdu 1478:

Urduisation of education with varying degrees of success, no successful attempts were ever made to Urduise politics, the legal system, the army, or the economy, all of which remained solidly Anglophone. Even the regime of

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There have been and are many great Hindu poets who wrote in Urdu. And they learned Hinduism by readings its religious texts in Urdu. Gulzar Dehlvi—who nonliterary name is Anand Mohan Zutshi (b. 1926)—is one among many

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Persian became the court language, and many Persian words crept into popular usage. The composite culture of northern India, known as the Ganga Jamuni tehzeeb was a product of the interaction between Hindu society and

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who have lived in Pakistan for many decades, many Afghans, including those who moved back to Afghanistan, have also become fluent in Hindi-Urdu, an occurrence aided by exposure to the Indian media, chiefly Hindi-Urdu

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Malik, Muhammad Kamran, and Syed Mansoor Sarwar. "Named entity recognition system for postpositional languages: urdu as a case study." International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications 7.10 (2016):

1440:(c. 8% to 5%) and Bihar (c. 11.5% to 8.5%), even though the number of Muslims in these two states grew in the same period. Although Urdu is still very prominent in early 21st-century Indian pop culture, ranging from 1155:

held different meanings at that time. It is recorded that Aurangzeb spoke in Hindvi, which was most likely Persianized, as there are substantial evidence that Hindvi was written in the Persian script in this period.

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Urdu did not get its present name till late 18th Century and before that had had a number of different names – including Hindi, Hindvi, Hindustani, Dehlvi, Lahori, Dakkani, and even Moors – though it was born much

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The beginning of the language, now known as Urdu, should therefore, be placed in this period of the earlier Hindu Muslim contact in the Sindh and Punjab areas that took place in early quarter of the 8th century

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Professor Gopi Chand Narang points out that the trends towards Persianization in Urdu is not a new phenomenon. It started with the Delhi school of poets in the eighteenth century in the name of standardization

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both the Hindus and Muslims in the provinces of north India. The last phase of the emergence of Hindi and Urdu as pluricentric national varieties extends from the late 1920s till the partition of India in 1947.

1167:

is peculiar to themselves, yet it is destitute of Letters to express it; and therefore, in all their Writings in their Mother Tongue, they borrow their letters from the Heathens, or from the Persians, or other

4979:) and it is not native to any region of Pakistan, but was rather native to the Hindi-Urdu Belt and was the lingua franca of pre-partioned Northern India, what is now the region that is North India and Pakistan 2591:, Federal Minister of Pakistan, said "Now the government is working on a new curriculum to provide a new medium to the students which will be the combination of both Urdu and English and will name it Urdish." 2106:, although only 7.57% of Pakistanis speak Urdu as their first language. Its official status has meant that Urdu is understood and spoken widely throughout Pakistan as a second or third language. It is used in 6749:

Under the liberal patronage of the courts of Golconda and Bijapur, Urdu borrowed words from the local languages like Telugu and Marathi as well as from Sanskrit, but its themes were moulded on Persian models.

5512:

In terms of cross-linguistic relations, Urdu's combinations of Arabic-Persian orthography and Sanskrit linguistic roots provides interesting theoretical as well as practical comparisons demonstrated in table

2685:

Mutual intelligibility decreases in literary and specialised contexts that rely on academic or technical vocabulary. In a longer conversation, differences in formal vocabulary and pronunciation of some Urdu

9884:

Urdu is closely related to Hindi, a language that originated and developed in the Indian subcontinent. They share the same Indic base and are so similar in phonology and grammar that they appear to be one

6730:

After the conquest of the Deccan, Urdu received the liberal patronage of the courts of Golconda and Bijapur. Consequently, Urdu borrowed words from the local language of Telugu and Marathi as well as from

2603:

Urdu and Hindi on a road sign in India. The Urdu version is a direct transliteration of the English; the Hindi is a part transliteration ("parcel" and "rail") and part translation "karyalay" and "arakshan

2681:

ranging from Persianised to Sanskritised vocabulary, but now they are more and more different in words due to politics. Old Urdu dictionaries also contain most of the Sanskrit words now present in Hindi.

6208:

It might be useful to recall here that Old Hindi or Hindavi, which was a naturally Persian- mixed language in the largest measure, has played this role before, as we have seen, for five or six centuries.

5494:

The national language of India and Pakistan 'Standard Urdu' is mutually intelligible with 'Standard Hindi' because both languages share the same Indic base and are all but indistinguishable in phonology.

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The language of learning and administration in Bihar before the East India Company was Persian, and later it was replaced by English. The court language, however, continued to be Urdu written in Kaithi

8669: 8598: 4693:), in violation of Hindi orthographic rules. For Urdu publishers, the use of Devanagari gives them a greater audience, whereas the orthographic changes help them preserve a distinct identity of Urdu. 995: 9543: 1188:

around 1780. As a literary language, Urdu took shape in courtly, elite settings. While Urdu retained the grammar and core Indo-Aryan vocabulary of the local Indian dialect Khariboli, it adopted the

11525: 10163:

Hence Urdu and High-Hindi are really the same language; they have an identical grammar and differ merely in the vocabulary, the former using as many foreign words, the latter as few as possible.

5272:

An Indo-Aryan language of northern South Asia (now esp. Pakistan), closely related to Hindi but written in a modified form of the Arabic script and having many loanwords from Persian and Arabic.

13797: 9819: 13662: 7092: 2691:

vowels to break up consonant clusters found in words of Sanskritic origin, but will pronounce them correctly in Arabic and Persian loanwords. As a result of religious nationalism since the

668: 72: 2044:, holds spiritual significance and power. Because Urdu was intentioned as means of unification for Muslims in Northern India and later Pakistan, it adopted a modified Perso-Arabic script. 2420: 5457:

Urdu, like Hindi, was a standardized register of the Hindustani language deriving from the Dehlavi dialect and emerged in the eighteenth century under the rule of the late Mughals.

2084:. The significance of Urdu as a national symbol was downplayed by these disputes when English and Bengali were also accepted as official languages in the former East Pakistan (now 12361: 2118:

mandates that Urdu be implemented as the sole language of government, though English continues to be the most widely used language at the higher echelons of Pakistani government.

9158: 2032:

As Urdu and Hindi became means of religious and social construction for Muslims and Hindus respectively, each register developed its own script. According to Islamic tradition,

8787: 4732:

is a colloquial non-standard dialect of Urdu which was typically not written. However, organisations seeking to preserve the dialect have begun transcribing the dialect in the

1533:

more easily and giving the language a decidedly Pakistani flavor. Similarly, the Urdu spoken in India can also be distinguished into many dialects such as the Standard Urdu of

8018:

Bruce, Gregory Maxwell. "2 The Arabic Element". Urdu Vocabulary: A Workbook for Intermediate and Advanced Students, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2022, pp. 55-156.

2029:

not confined only to northern India – it had been used as a literary medium for Indian writers from the Bombay Presidency, Bengal, Orissa Province, and Tamil Nadu as well.

1377:, Urdu was recognised as the sole national language of Pakistan in 1973, although English and regional languages were also granted official recognition. Following the 1979 1273:

was the first in British India to begin a systematic study on Urdu and began to use the term "Hindustani" what the majority of Europeans called "Moors", authoring the book

4518:

If a word is of Persian or Arabic origin, the level of speech is considered to be more formal and grander. Similarly, if Persian or Arabic grammar constructs, such as the

6468: 6875:

language, Urdu, into existence. Sir George Grierson, in the Linguistic Survey of India, assigns no distinct place to Urdu, but treats it as an offshoot of Western Hindi.

1606:) who stayed in Pakistan for over twenty-five years have also become fluent in Urdu. Muhajirs since 1947 have historically formed the majority population in the city of 1301:

though in urban areas, the standardised Hindustani language was increasingly being referred to as Urdu and written in the Perso-Arabic script. Urdu and English replaced

9766: 789:, formal Hindi draws these aspects from Sanskrit; consequently, the two languages' mutual intelligibility effectively decreases as the factor of formality increases. 9058: 8122:

The everyday speech of well over 50,000,000 persons of all communities in the north of India and in West Pakistan is the expression of a common language, Hindustani.

5098: 11408: 8573: 8409: 5124: 6134:

Malik, Shahbaz, Shareef Kunjahi, Mir Tanha Yousafi, Sanawar Chadhar, Alam Lohar, Abid Tamimi, Anwar Masood et al. "Census History of Punjabi Speakers in Pakistan."

9390: 1163:

The language of the Moors is different from that of the ancient original inhabitants of India but is obliged to these Gentiles for its characters. For though the

13649: 9115: 4976: 10595: 9852:

Two forms of the same language, Nagarai Hindi and Persianized Hindi (Urdu) had identical grammar, shared common words and roots, and employed different scripts.

5525: 8590: 7461: 5289:

Muzaffar, Sharmin; Behera, Pitambar (2014). "Error analysis of the Urdu verb markers: a comparative study on Google and Bing machine translation platforms".

4940: 4917: 4643:, the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal in colonial India abolished the use of the Persian alphabet in the law courts of Bengal and ordered the exclusive use of 2194:

preservation of Urdu, with the Anjuman successfully launching a campaign that reintroduced Urdu as an official language of Bihar in the 1970s. In the former

1305:

as the official languages in northern parts of India in 1837. In colonial Indian Islamic schools, Muslims were taught Persian and Arabic as the languages of

1675:

In India, Urdu is spoken in places where there are large Muslim minorities or cities that were bases for Muslim empires in the past. These include parts of

9533: 2673:

and Persian loanwords, with a consensus of linguists considering them to be two standardised forms of the same language and consider the differences to be

1457:) to allow its survival, or whether this will only hasten its demise and that the language can only be preserved if expressed in the Perso-Arabic script. 14531: 2533:. Urdu is read and written as in other parts of India. A number of daily newspapers and several monthly magazines in Urdu are published in these states. 9355: 4180:

This table contains a list of phones, not phonemes. In particular, is an allophone of /ə/ near /h/, and the short nasal vowels are not phonemic either.

12366: 9815: 8214: 7271: 11305: 10544: 10500: 10470: 10418: 10343: 10313: 10235: 10175: 5373: 1284:

by British policies to counter the previous emphasis on Persian. In colonial India, "ordinary Muslims and Hindus alike spoke the same language in the

10923:... of the Qufdn; many Arabic loanwords in the indigenous languages, as in Urdu and Indonesian, were introduced mainly through the medium of Persian. 7003:

The "Moor" of Camoens, meaning simply "Moslem", was used by a past generation of Anglo-Indians, who called the Urdu or Hindustani dialect "the Moors"

6384:

Educated Muslims, for the most part supporters of Urdu, rejected the Hindu linguistic heritage and emphasized the joint Hindu-Muslim origins of Urdu.

1513:. However, Hindustani, of which Urdu is one variety, is spoken much more widely, forming the third most commonly spoken language in the world, after 10103: 9592: 9421:

in Pakistan, despite the proceedings taking place in Urdu, the documents are in English, whereas in the higher courts, i.e. the High Courts and the

1659:, and together with English as the main languages of instruction, although the people from differing provinces may have different native languages. 13969: 7986: 2072:

While Urdu and Islam together played important roles in developing the national identity of Pakistan, disputes in the 1950s (particularly those in

10864: 8100:

The style of Urdu, even in Pakistan, is changing from "high" Urdu to colloquial Urdu (more like Hindustani, which would have pleased M.K. Gandhi).

12690: 10895:

All verbs in Urdu are of Sanskrit origin. According to lexicographers, only about 25 percent words in Urdu diction have Persian or Arabic origin.

9219: 8949: 6270: 4369:

from Central Asia. Urdu and Turkish both borrowed from Arabic and Persian, hence the similarity in pronunciation of many Urdu and Turkish words.

1473:), and after 1971 from English. Both pro-independence elites that formed the leadership of the Muslim League in Pakistan and the Hindu-dominated 1288:

in the nineteenth century, namely Hindustani, whether called by that name or whether called Hindi, Urdu, or one of the regional dialects such as

464: 5876: 2653:

and relies heavily on Persian and Arabic as a source for technical and literary vocabulary, whereas Standard Hindi is conventionally written in

16948: 15013: 7122: 2205: 2114:, office and court business, although in practice, English is used instead of Urdu in the higher echelons of government. Article 251(1) of the 9005: 6011:(also called 'early Urdu'), the parent of both modern Hindi and Urdu. It originated as a new, common language of Delhi, which has been called 14561: 12327:

Ramkrishna Mukherjee (2018). Understanding Social Dynamics in South Asia: Essays in Memory of Ramkrishna Mukherjee. Springer. pp. 221–.

4222:, and approximately 99% of Urdu verbs have their roots in Sanskrit and Prakrit. Urdu has borrowed words from Persian and to a lesser extent, 2427: 840: 9739: 6951: 6125:

Schmidt, Ruth Laila. "1 Brief history and geography of Urdu 1.1 History and sociocultural position." The Indo-Aryan Languages 3 (2007): 286.

14002: 13370: 13321: 12644: 12314:, a site about Ghalib's Urdu ghazals by Frances W. Pritchett, Professor of Modern Indic Languages at Columbia University, New York, NY, US. 10530: 4475:

of the word used in Urdu, for the most part, decides how polite or refined one's speech is. For example, Urdu speakers distinguish between

720: 11096: 9648: 9140: 7254: 4975:

Urdu is spoken and understood fluently by almost 90% of Pakistanis, but is only spoken by 9% as their only mother language (estimate and

13273: 11384: 10834: 10830: 6681: 6330: 6274: 4955:

Organisations like Dhakaiya Sobbasi Jaban and Dhakaiya Movement, among others, consistently write Dhakaiya Urdu using the Bengali script.

4924:. Urdu and Hindi use Persian pronunciation in their loanwords, rather than that of Arabic– for instance rather than pronouncing ض as the 4849: 4227: 1652: 976: 11238: 8828: 5178: 1582:

Although Urdu is widely spoken and understood throughout all of Pakistan, only 9% of Pakistan's population spoke Urdu according to the

11183: 10129: 9949: 9923: 8165: 6304: 2024:

Religious and social atmospheres in early nineteenth century India played a significant role in the development of the Urdu register.

1159:

During this time period Urdu was referred to as "Moors", which simply meant Muslim, by European writers. John Ovington wrote in 1689:

10574: 9500: 1253:

era the word Rekhta was used to describe Urdu for the first time. It was originally a Persian word that meant "to create a mixture".

809: 9566: 8881: 8854: 11156: 9709: 7643: 1918:

films tend to contain a large number of Persian and Arabic words and thus considered to be "Urdu" in a sense, especially in songs.

8195: 4230:

likewise illustrates the amount of Persian loanwords to native Sanskrit-derived words in literary Urdu as comprising a 1:3 ratio.

2753:

Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

1200:

Throughout the history of the language, Urdu has been referred to by several other names: Hindi, Hindavi, Rekhta, Urdu-e-Muallah,

1011:

loanwords and continued to be called "Hindi" and later, also "Hindustani". An early literary tradition of Hindavi was founded by

16878: 14524: 13338: 10531:"Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for United States: 2009-2013" 10448: 9897: 4809: 2677:; a few classify them separately. The two languages are often considered to be a single language (Hindustani or Hindi-Urdu) on a 2143: 10042: 4248:

The "trend towards Persianisation" started in the 18th century by the Delhi school of Urdu poets, though other writers, such as

16908: 12073: 9890: 7956: 5832: 458: 11290:

John R. Perry, "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic" in Éva Ágnes Csató, Eva Agnes Csato, Bo Isaksson, Carina Jahani,

10158:

A Grammar of the Eastern Hindi Compared with the Other Gaudian Languages: Accompanied by a Language-map and Table of Alphabets

9439: 6635: 5150: 4226:

through Persian, to the extent of about 25% to 30% of Urdu's vocabulary. A table illustrated by the linguist Afroz Taj of the

13964: 12427: 11796: 11759: 11471: 11357: 11232: 11193: 11166: 10991: 10648: 10297: 10113: 10086: 9877: 9845: 9719: 9688: 9632: 9602: 9042: 8891: 8864: 8771: 8718: 8641: 8093: 7935: 7626: 7595: 7566: 7537: 7507: 7444: 7396: 7365: 6898: 6770: 6723: 6577:

in the dir. plural consists of words of Arabic or Persian origin borrowed by the Old Hindi with their Persian plural endings.

6566: 6525: 6405: 6377: 6344: 6236: 6201: 6170: 6104: 6083: 6000: 5845: 5804: 5656: 5629: 5595: 5568: 5487: 5352: 5323: 3884: 1899:. In a very significant amount among the nearly 800 districts of India, there is a small Urdu-speaking minority at least. In 1631:

No region in Pakistan uses Urdu as its mother tongue, though it is spoken as the first language of Muslim migrants (known as

568: 11124: 8761: 7227: 4317:

and Arabic were borrowed through Persian and hence are Persianised versions of the original words. For instance, the Arabic

2695:

and continued communal tensions, native speakers of both Hindi and Urdu frequently assert that they are distinct languages.

1105:

According to the Navadirul Alfaz by Khan-i Arzu, the "Zaban-e Urdu-e Shahi" had attained special importance in the time of

16938: 16893: 16863: 11042: 10063: 9762: 8032: 374: 10265: 9066: 16923: 14448: 12683: 11336:

Colin P. Masica, The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge Language Surveys (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). 466,

8562: 7016: 6429: 4897: 3769: 2183: 1647:

identity. Urdu was chosen as a symbol of unity for the new state of Pakistan in 1947, because it had already served as a

990: 605: 386: 380: 11405: 10000: 7417: 6996: 1553:, speakers of the two languages can easily understand one another if both sides refrain from using literary vocabulary. 15006: 14517: 11069: 10373: 9622: 9401: 7237: 5416: 5053: 4306: 3902: 2401: 6712:

The All India Muslim Educational Conference: Its Contribution to the Cultural Development of Indian Muslims, 1886-1947

1313:

agitated against the sole use of the Perso-Arabic script and argued that the language should be written in the native

16928: 16898: 16542: 12332: 12271: 12263: 12255: 12244: 12226: 11977: 11860: 11725: 11079: 11052: 11017: 10916: 10800: 10760: 9253: 8539: 8501: 8333: 8253: 8068: 8042: 7966: 7281: 7210: 7183: 7102: 7026: 6979: 6935: 6867: 6691: 6645: 6618: 6451: 6056: 5945: 5450: 2768: 2560: 1285: 1265:

Before the standardisation of Urdu into colonial administration, British officers often referred to the language as "

959:

that is also the ancestor of other modern Indo-Aryan languages. In the Delhi region of India the native language was

14551: 13995: 13314: 12737: 12639: 9032: 8940: 7434: 6412:

Urdu emerged as the language of contact between Hindu inhabitants and Muslim invaders to India in the 11th century.

6007:

Although it has borrowed a large number of lexical items from Persian and some from Turkish, it is a derivative of

4799: 3671: 3332: 2103: 1993:

countries. Urdu is also spoken by large numbers of immigrants and their children in the major urban centres of the

1989:

Outside South Asia, it is spoken by large numbers of migrant South Asian workers in the major urban centres of the

572: 8908: 7778: 4937: 4914: 1275:

The Strangers's East Indian Guide to the Hindoostanee or Grand Popular Language of India (improperly Called Moors)

16918: 16888: 16883: 8137: 6073: 6031:, or Hindustani, and only later as Urdu. Perfect amity and tolerance between Hindus and Muslims tended to foster 4118: 3967: 3647: 2151: 595: 12380: 11908:(8th ed.). Calcutta: Printed at the Baptist mission press for the Calcutta school-book society. p. 215 10945:

It is estimated that almost 25% of the Urdu vocabulary consists of words which are of Persian and Arabic origin.

6969: 5681:

Ahmad, Rizwan (1 July 2008). "Scripting a new identity: The battle for Devanagari in nineteenth-century India".

947:. Some linguists have suggested that the earliest forms of Urdu evolved from the medieval (6th to 13th century) 16903: 15412: 13078: 12676: 11493:

The court language however was Urdu in 'Kaithi' script in spite of the use of English as the official language.

9624:

Tracing the Boundaries Between Hindi and Urdu: Lost and Added in Translation Between 20th Century Short Stories

8531:

Tracing the Boundaries Between Hindi and Urdu: Lost and Added in Translation Between 20th Century Short Stories

4047: 4040: 3710: 2316: 1378: 1302: 12250:

Bhatia, Tej K. and Koul Ashok. 2000. "Colloquial Urdu: The Complete Course for Beginners." London: Routledge.

12101:

Narang, G. C.; Becker, D. A. (1971). "Aspiration and nasalization in the generative phonology of Hindi-Urdu".

11269: 10958: 9793: 7879:

Most Afghans in Kabul understand and/or speak Hindi, thanks to the popularity of Indian cinema in the country.

6802: 5799:, Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions From South Asia, University of California Press, p. 806, 4598:

is notoriously difficult to typeset, so Urdu newspapers were hand-written by masters of calligraphy, known as

16873: 16858: 16194: 15229: 14999: 11787:

Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

9397: 9347: 8569: 5762: 4779: 3735: 3467: 1904: 1019:, and a subsequent immigration of noble Muslim families into the south, a form of the language flourished in 553: 488: 17: 10728: 7866: 506: 16853: 16165: 15985: 15831: 15148: 14776: 14746: 13954: 13263: 11320: 10552: 10508: 10478: 10426: 10351: 10321: 10243: 10183: 8283: 8058: 6829: 5380: 4128: 3985: 3659: 2413: 2242: 2214: 1323: 12317:

The Comparative study of Urdu and Khowar. Badshah Munir Bukhari National Language Authority Pakistan 2003.

9270: 8376: 7058: 3929: 3924: 3808: 3616: 3538: 3530: 3522: 3502: 3413: 3405: 3397: 3377: 2445:

Urdu became a literary language in the 18th century and two similar standard forms came into existence in

1500: 16943: 16913: 16868: 16848: 16728: 16696: 16552: 14966: 13988: 13949: 13307: 11637: 5204: 4844: 4774: 4389: 4065: 4058: 3891: 3322: 2080:

was the dominant language), challenged the idea of Urdu as a national symbol and its practicality as the

956: 836: 750: 451: 329: 12311: 9680: 7995: 7462:"Till the late 19th century, people were hardly aware of Urdu and Hindi as being two distinct languages" 16262: 14610: 12551: 10856: 10620: 8456: 7075: 6955: 6923: 6555:

Morphology and Syntax of Old Hindī: Edition and Analysis of One Hundred Kabīr vānī Poems from Rājasthān

5344:

The Ecology of Language in Multilingual India: Voices of Women and Educators in the Himalayan Foothills

4804: 3781: 3300: 2747: 2609: 2325: 2014: 1994: 1427: 817: 8117: 6763:

History of Printing and Publishing in India: Origins of printing and publishing in the Hindi heartland

6666: 4670:, dō sarōñ wālé u'qāb kī shabīh wāla mandir. "The temple with the image of the eagle with two heads." 16701: 16402: 16376: 15815: 15699: 14796: 14655: 14540: 13213: 13095: 12624: 12420: 10940: 9422: 9348:"A Survey of Standardisation in Urdu". 4th Symposium on Multilingual Information Processing, (MLIT-4) 8169: 6859: 6558: 5880: 3722: 3681: 2552: 2195: 2190: 1921:

India has more than 3,000 Urdu publications, including 405 daily Urdu newspapers. Newspapers such as

1466: 1370: 1270: 442: 9986: 8410:"Surging Hindi, shrinking South Indian languages: Nine charts that explain the 2011 language census" 7298: 6317:

Hindi and Urdu developed from the "khari boli" dialect spoken in the Delhi region of northern India.

5084: 4522:, are used in Urdu, the level of speech is also considered more formal. If a word is inherited from 1561: 16597: 15358: 14692: 14601: 13959: 6472: 3909: 3691: 3457: 3353: 3310: 2742: 2556: 2396: 2115: 1656: 1526: 1474: 1042:

From the 13th century until the end of the 18th century; the language now known as Urdu was called

547: 110: 12599: 7014: 4926: 2571:

Many bilingual or multi-lingual Urdu speakers, being familiar with both Urdu and English, display

16933: 14618: 14578: 11463: 9735: 9655: 7558: 6715: 6369: 4463: 4440: 4417: 3435: 3342: 1804: 1369:

advocated the use of Urdu, which he used as a symbol of national cohesion in Pakistan. After the

1362: 1232: 1185: 860: 661: 342: 164: 128: 65: 11785: 10059:

A new Hindustani-English dictionary, with illustrations from Hindustani literature and folk-lore

5257: 2551:. However, its popularity, even amongst native speakers, has been gradually declining since the 1914:) teach Urdu as a first language and have their own syllabi and exams. In fact, the language of 16805: 16674: 15950: 15744: 15561: 15096: 14433: 14064: 13515: 13171: 12995: 12583: 10287: 5558: 5002: 4545: 3812: 3747: 3604: 2580: 2345: 972: 778: 169: 12009: 11347: 11222: 8708: 8691: 8491: 8243: 7616: 7527: 6927: 6023:

language enjoyed greater space and acceptance. Persian words and phrases came into vogue. The

5935: 5646: 5585: 5545:

vocabulary and cultural capital, as well as its syntactic structure, is derived from Sanskrit.

5406: 5313: 16475: 16288: 15774: 15739: 15734: 15573: 15556: 15076: 14941: 14591: 14438: 13393: 13375: 13166: 12786: 12771: 12699: 11007: 9501:"50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013)" 8529: 7831: 7809: 7497: 6608: 5961: 5790: 5342: 4591: 4571: 4193: 3761: 3581: 3571: 3445: 3253: 3241: 2646: 2517:

that are not found in the standard dialect of Urdu. Dakhini is widely spoken in all parts of

2391: 2368: 2107: 2062: 1764: 1664: 1635:) in Pakistan who left India after independence in 1947. Other communities, most notably the 1583: 1571: 1491: 1413:

have characterised Urdu as a "dying language", though others, such as Indian poet and writer

929: 917: 805: 793: 724: 694: 368: 349: 87: 9159:"Árabe y urdu aparecen entre las lenguas habituales de Catalunya, creando peligro de guetos" 8323: 6915: 5440: 735:

it is a protected language in the constitution. It is also spoken as a minority language in

16763: 16738: 16607: 16577: 16434: 16214: 16204: 16014: 15593: 15022: 14971: 14453: 14335: 13872: 13767: 13248: 13208: 13090: 12629: 12472: 12467: 12413: 10133: 9953: 9927: 6296: 4784: 4199: 3477: 3175: 3056: 2613: 2382: 2249: 2111: 2054: 1982: 1575: 1306: 980: 686: 174: 11526:"Urdu Bharti: नौकरी के लिए भटक रहे हैं 4 हजार उर्दू शिक्षक, कोर्ट कोर्ट खेल रही है सरकार." 9507: 9323:"From a Lingua Franca to a Communal Language: The Islamicization of Urdu in British India" 5028: 2189:

India established the governmental Bureau for the Promotion of Urdu in 1969, although the

979:(12th to 16th centuries) led to the development of Hindustani as a product of a composite 680: 8: 16810: 16617: 16338: 16323: 16255: 16229: 16219: 16144: 15861: 15651: 15578: 15551: 15303: 15133: 14842: 14791: 14443: 13817: 13161: 13015: 12920: 12447: 12031: 11950: 11292:

Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic

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The Annual of Urdu studies, number 11, 1996, "Some notes on Hindi and Urdu", pp. 203–208.

8199: 7927: 7839: 6398:

Scripts and Literacy: Reading and Learning to Read Alphabets, Syllabaries, and Characters

6336: 6146:

Literature, Language, and Nation Formation: The Story of a Modern Hindi Journal 1900-1920

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History of Indian Literature: 1911–1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy

10156: 8457:"The Fall of Urdu and the Triumph of English in Pakistan: A Political Economic Analysis" 7895: 6036:

nor a Hindu language; it is an outcome of a multicultural and multi-religious encounter.

1586:. Most of the nearly three million Afghan refugees of different ethnic origins (such as 16622: 16535: 16500: 16272: 15790: 15525: 15215: 15143: 15138: 14265: 14184: 14011: 13772: 13732: 13625: 13330: 12970: 12887: 12634: 12546: 12462: 12139:

Phukan, Shantanu (2000). "The Rustic Beloved: Ecology of Hindi in a Persianate World".

12118: 11839: 11748: 11589: 11581: 9303: 9242: 9201: 9097: 8984: 8829:"The History of the Urdu Language Together with Its Origin and Geographic Distribution" 8215:"The death of Urdu in India is greatly exaggerated – the language is actually thriving" 7756: 7748: 7699: 7691: 5530: 5155: 4624: 3267: 3203: 2733: 2699: 2692: 2635: 2617: 2454: 2354: 1495: 1462: 1319: 1177: 831: 801: 220: 119: 105: 10383: 9901: 7719:""A Place Insufficiently Imagined": Language, Belief, and the Pakistan Crisis of 1971" 6788: 6786: 5993:

The Changing Language Roles and Linguistic Identities of the Kashmiri Speech Community

5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5815: 539: 16815: 16629: 16298: 16267: 16245: 16209: 16051: 16009: 15914: 15856: 15621: 15543: 15538: 15447: 15368: 15348: 15270: 15195: 15112: 15045: 14832: 14786: 14771: 14398: 14383: 14358: 14217: 14192: 14146: 14096: 14073: 13927: 13722: 13707: 13702: 13610: 13510: 13428: 13418: 13403: 13383: 13288: 13278: 13258: 13148: 13143: 12910: 12819: 12766: 12723: 12717: 12570: 12328: 12267: 12259: 12251: 12240: 12222: 11989: 11973: 11968:

Dua, Hans R. (1992). "Hindi-Urdu as a pluricentric language". In Clyne, M. G. (ed.).

11856: 11843: 11802: 11792: 11765: 11755: 11731: 11721: 11467: 11353: 11228: 11189: 11162: 11075: 11048: 11013: 10987: 10912: 10796: 10756: 10578: 10293: 10109: 10082: 10036: 9873: 9841: 9715: 9684: 9628: 9598: 9249: 9205: 9038: 8976: 8887: 8860: 8805: 8767: 8714: 8637: 8535: 8497: 8329: 8249: 8089: 8064: 8038: 7962: 7931: 7760: 7740: 7703: 7683: 7622: 7591: 7562: 7533: 7503: 7471: 7440: 7392: 7306: 7277: 7233: 7206: 7179: 7098: 7022: 6975: 6931: 6916: 6894: 6863: 6766: 6719: 6687: 6641: 6614: 6562: 6521: 6401: 6373: 6340: 6232: 6197: 6166: 6079: 6052: 6019:

by Amir Khusrau. After the advent of the Mughals on the stage of Indian history, the

5996: 5941: 5841: 5800: 5744: 5724: 5698: 5652: 5625: 5591: 5564: 5483: 5446: 5412: 5348: 5319: 5205:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 1: Founding Provisions" 4759:, you may see unjoined letters running left to right or other symbols instead of 4701: 4362: 4314: 4210: 3974: 3703: 3601: 3493: 3428: 3282: 3228: 3213: 2678: 2642: 2630:. Both Urdu and Hindi, which are considered standard registers of the same language, 2623: 2514: 2470: 1997:, the United States, Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Norway, and Australia. Along with 1338: 1337:

Urdu had been used as a literary medium for British colonial Indian writers from the

1327: 708: 16659: 16645: 11593: 11426: 9307: 8060:

A History of Indian Literature: Struggle for freedom: triumph and tragedy, 1911–1956

6589: 5877:"A Historical Perspective of Urdu | National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language" 5851: 948: 601: 225: 16733: 16723: 16669: 16602: 16505: 16480: 16470: 16449: 16444: 16419: 16358: 16250: 16224: 16187: 16182: 16136: 16082: 16035: 15994: 15945: 15890: 15851: 15800: 15719: 15689: 15636: 15626: 15484: 15479: 15471: 15457: 15407: 15363: 15275: 15081: 15030: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14474: 14469: 14393: 14321: 14255: 14235: 14159: 14121: 14111: 14091: 14086: 13882: 13752: 13737: 13717: 13697: 13677: 13595: 13560: 13550: 13469: 13459: 13444: 13423: 13388: 13253: 13188: 13123: 13085: 13073: 13058: 13053: 13030: 13005: 13000: 12950: 12900: 12857: 12839: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12794: 12614: 12609: 12148: 12110: 12042: 11831: 11571: 11563: 11306:"Common Vocabulary in Urdu and Turkish Language: A Case of Historical Onomasiology" 9869: 9448: 9293: 9285: 9193: 7730: 7675: 6783: 6332:

Urdu Literary Culture: Vernacular Modernity in the Writing of Muhammad Hasan Askari

5906: 5812: 5740: 5736: 5690: 4938:

John T. Platts "A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English" (1884) Page 748

4932: 4915:

John T. Platts "A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English" (1884) Page 749

4910: 4829: 4794: 4563: 4512: 4358: 4310: 4286: 4214:

Urdu dictionary, estimated that 75% of Urdu words have their etymological roots in

3223: 3198: 3193: 2674: 2650: 2579:") in certain localities and between certain social groups. On 14 August 2015, the 2510: 2506: 2502: 2462: 2373: 2335: 2330: 2265: 2077: 1949: 1943: 1832: 1800: 1644: 1518: 1514: 1118: 1087: 1075: 1036: 1008: 876: 786: 712: 628: 261: 11822:

Alam, Muzaffar (May 1998). "The Pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics".

11552:"Urdu in Devanagari: Shifting orthographic practices and Muslim identity in Delhi" 9271:"Urdu in Devanagari: Shifting orthographic practices and Muslim identity in Delhi" 7350: 6108: 6047:

Dua, Hans R. (1992). Hindi-Urdu is a pluricentric language. In M. G. Clyne (Ed.),

2126: 1296:." Elites from Muslim communities, as well as a minority of Hindu elites, such as 16778: 16612: 16567: 16454: 16424: 16381: 16333: 16293: 16199: 16149: 16120: 16098: 16030: 15940: 15900: 15866: 15810: 15805: 15764: 15749: 15729: 15724: 15714: 15704: 15694: 15666: 15656: 15646: 15641: 15616: 15611: 15606: 15583: 15504: 15499: 15494: 15489: 15452: 15373: 15298: 15254: 15210: 15205: 15190: 15185: 15128: 15091: 15086: 14884: 14858: 14822: 14801: 14700: 14647: 14634: 14479: 14403: 14368: 14363: 14348: 14343: 14301: 14291: 14260: 14240: 14230: 14207: 14202: 14197: 14154: 14136: 14131: 14116: 14081: 14025: 13932: 13897: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13827: 13822: 13812: 13787: 13762: 13757: 13672: 13635: 13630: 13620: 13580: 13570: 13565: 13540: 13525: 13484: 13474: 13449: 13438: 13228: 13218: 13198: 13193: 13183: 13178: 13138: 13133: 13068: 13063: 13020: 13010: 12985: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12940: 12935: 12915: 12905: 12862: 12799: 12776: 12761: 12604: 12520: 12452: 12390: 12356: 12199: 12180: 12161: 11903: 11899: 11715: 11412: 10981: 10057: 9359: 8944: 7015:

Henk W. Wagenaar; S. S. Parikh; D. F. Plukker; R. Veldhuijzen van Zanten (1993).

6661: 6228: 6220: 6150:...Hindustani, Rekhta, and Urdu as later names of the old Hindi (a.k.a. Hindavi). 5794: 5785: 5783: 5694: 5622:

Librarianship and Library Science in India: An Outline of Historical Perspectives

5229: 4944: 4921: 4893: 4567: 4366: 3954: 3556: 3235: 3218: 2716: 2710: 2641:

Apart from religious associations, the differences are largely restricted to the

2486: 2340: 2281: 1998: 1900: 1410: 1382: 1350: 1346: 1293: 1205: 1071: 1032: 960: 844: 319: 303: 179: 156: 146: 12385: 4357: ). Nevertheless, contrary to popular belief, Urdu did not borrow from the 2599: 1591: 1176:. An Urdu-Persian dictionary was written by Khan-i Arzu in 1751 in the reign of 1113:

in the early 1700s, the common language around Delhi began to be referred to as

16788: 16530: 16439: 16371: 16366: 16348: 16328: 16115: 16108: 16077: 15971: 15919: 15759: 15754: 15709: 15684: 15676: 15631: 15601: 15568: 15419: 15328: 15293: 15285: 15249: 15200: 15066: 14956: 14946: 14918: 14853: 14847: 14827: 14766: 14761: 14719: 14671: 14663: 14626: 14388: 14378: 14316: 14306: 14296: 14286: 14270: 14250: 14225: 14174: 14106: 13912: 13902: 13892: 13887: 13862: 13837: 13832: 13747: 13727: 13712: 13692: 13682: 13615: 13600: 13585: 13575: 13545: 13479: 13398: 13360: 13128: 13118: 13043: 13038: 12975: 12925: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12847: 12756: 12023:

One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India

11460:

One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India

10198: 8735: 7555:

One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India

6994: 6366:

One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India

5725:"Language Politics in Pakistan: Urdu as Official versus National Lingua Franca" 4834: 4733: 4705: 4648: 4586: 4580: 4319: 4242: 4029: 3552: 2996: 2991: 2627: 2572: 2526: 2498: 2494: 2155: 1692: 1680: 1640: 1603: 1587: 1546: 1342: 1281: 1212: 1020: 921: 813: 797: 562: 410: 282: 141: 101: 11835: 11806: 11567: 9898:"Bringing Order to Linguistic Diversity: Language Planning in the British Raj" 9289: 9208:– via National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Qu.aid-i-Az.am University. 9197: 8763:

Of Sacred and Secular Desire: An Anthology of Lyrical Writings from the Punjab

7679: 5780: 16843: 16837: 16773: 16429: 16343: 16318: 16103: 15442: 15343: 14806: 14781: 14679: 14425: 14408: 14311: 14245: 14169: 14164: 14126: 14101: 13922: 13917: 13907: 13877: 13867: 13842: 13777: 13605: 13590: 13520: 13454: 13153: 12578: 12515: 12505: 12457: 12351: 11890:

Azim, Anwar (1975). "Urdu a victim of cultural genocide". In Imam, Z. (ed.).

11735: 11711: 11373: 10621:"Census of Population 2016 – Profile 7 Migration and Diversity: Demographics" 10004: 9974: 8980: 7744: 7687: 7588:

Religion as Critique: Islamic Critical Thinking from Mecca to the Marketplace

7475: 7310: 6469:"Women of the Indian Sub-Continent: Makings of a Culture - Rekhta Foundation" 6069: 5748: 5702: 4881: 4839: 4789: 4760: 4750: 4729: 4628: 4535: 4377: 4205: 3837: 3640: 3511: 3368: 3293: 3026: 2536: 2478: 2270: 2159: 2073: 1957:

are published and distributed in Bangalore, Malegaon, Mysore, Hyderabad, and

1736: 1676: 1599: 1567: 1437: 1374: 1079: 986: 968: 785:. While formal Urdu draws literary, political, and technical vocabulary from 782: 699: 398: 292: 266: 184: 124: 14509: 12655: 11769: 9567:"Parliament Nod to Bill for Declaration of 5 Official Languages for J&K" 8019: 4550: 4305:

is also derived, Turkic borrowings in Urdu are minimal and Urdu is also not

1610:, however. Many newspapers are published in Urdu in Pakistan, including the 16768: 15533: 14044: 13807: 13113: 12748: 12482: 11743: 11662: 11303: 10210: 9435: 7982: 7900: 7346: 7118: 5828: 4611: 4539: 4345: 4141: 4074: 3994: 3918: 2877: 2259: 2254: 1990: 1840: 1450: 1254: 1173: 1012: 732: 309: 297: 12046: 10596:"'Where we live, what we do' - Explore Urdu community by interactive tool" 10449:"Bangladesh: Urdu-Speaking 'Biharis' Seek Recognition, Respect and Rights" 9816:"Hindi and Urdu are classified as literary registers of the same language" 5072: 4555: 523: 15846: 15661: 15164: 14910: 13530: 13203: 12945: 12619: 10767:

On this there are far more reliable statistics than those on population.

10753:

Lineages of the Present: Ideology and Politics in Contemporary South Asia

10393: 9538: 9418: 9372: 4885: 4819: 4814: 4756: 4640: 4331: 4161: 4151: 4096: 4083: 4021: 4010: 4003: 3946: 3939: 3873: 3849: 3832: 2937: 2781:

The following table shows the number of Urdu speakers in some countries.

2588: 2518: 2466: 2171: 1852: 1828: 1696: 1618: 1289: 747: 736: 422: 12668: 11585: 8937: 8836:

International Journal of Innovation and Research in Educational Sciences

8826: 8114:

Encyclopaedia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 11

7094:

Global Connections: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History

6426:

The Politics of Secularism: Medieval Indian Historiography and the Sufis

1192:

writing system – which was developed as a style of Persian calligraphy.

15955: 15924: 15895: 14991: 13535: 12895: 12852: 12556: 12247:(Book), 0415110882 (Cassettes), 0415110890 (Book & Cassette Course) 11576: 10977: 10792: 9979: 9298: 9101: 8988: 8964: 7752: 5077: 4675: 4104: 3854: 3842: 2967: 2654: 2548: 2544: 2286: 2085: 1836: 1732: 1720: 1700: 1612: 1510: 1470: 1454: 1446: 1326:(though there are Hindu poets who continue to write in Urdu, including 1314: 1310: 1106: 1083: 825: 808:; Persian had until this point served as the court language of various 740: 690: 323: 313: 271: 97: 12152: 12122: 11955:(3rd ed.). London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. p. 264 10826: 8916: 7786: 7695: 7663: 6266: 6089: 4301: 1242:

During Shahjahan's time, the Capital was relocated to Delhi and named

1093: 16745: 16654: 16634: 15323: 15318: 15050: 14924: 14586: 13980: 13433: 13299: 11754:. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11659:বাংলা-ঢাকাইয়া সোব্বাসী ডিক্সেনারি (বাংলা - ঢাকাইয়া সোব্বাসী অভিধান) 11129: 11101: 10388: 10386: 8633: 8218: 7466: 7273:

Urdu/Hindi: An Artificial Divide: African Heritage, Mesopotamian Root

7073: 4877: 4873: 4824: 4472: 3116: 2540: 2530: 2522: 2175: 2167: 2131: 2041: 2002: 1974: 1915: 1903:, Bihar, there is a plurality of Urdu speakers and near-plurality in 1896: 1864: 1824: 1808: 1784: 1776: 1772: 1760: 1748: 1708: 1704: 1688: 1441: 1387: 1243: 1189: 1110: 1024: 1004: 964: 843:, with 230 million total speakers, including those who speak it as a 770: 532: 516: 498: 480: 416: 404: 230: 11656: 7735: 7718: 6794: 5245:

officially recognized, or "scheduled," in the constitution of India.

5179:"Urdu is second official language in Telangana as state passes Bill" 4291: 4281: 4233: 912: 816:

that advocated a distinction between Urdu and Hindi, leading to the

16783: 16525: 15876: 15338: 15333: 15313: 15071: 14951: 14889: 13555: 13464: 12477: 12114: 11551: 11261: 9789: 9474: 9116:"Highest Circulated amongst ABC Member Publications Jan - Jun 2017" 6683:

Culture and Circulation: Literature in Motion in Early Modern India

5408:

Indian Angles: English Verse in Colonial India from Jones to Tagore

4523: 4508: 4215: 2847: 2687: 2662: 2658: 2473:

by the 16th century. Urdu has a few recognised dialects, including

2275: 2037: 1884: 1876: 1872: 1752: 1724: 1636: 1398: 762: 704: 613: 51: 14557:

Commission for Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Community Rights

11406:

India: The Last Handwritten Newspaper in the World · Global Voices

9184:

Rahman, Tariq (1997). "The Urdu-English Controversy in Pakistan".

8883:

The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide

7077:

Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft:Volume 119

6952:"Urdu's origin: it's not a 'camp language' - Newspaper - DAWN.COM" 6078:, Language in South Asia, Cambridge University Press, p. 82, 4526:, the level of speech is considered more colloquial and personal. 2703: 2702:

is shared, though formal Urdu makes more use of the Persian "-e-"

2001:, Urdu is among the immigrant languages with the most speakers in 727:; and it also has an official status in several Indian states. In 723:, the status and cultural heritage of which are recognised by the 16717: 16588: 16061: 15795: 15308: 14353: 13742: 13687: 13413: 12829: 12510: 12375: 11681: 11433: 10956: 9141:"Most Pakistanis and Urdu speakers live in this Australian state" 8454: 7943:

unfortunate result of certain poets being excised from the canon.

7924:

Gender, Sex, and the City: Urdu Rekhti Poetry in India, 1780-1870

7330: 5476:

Education, Ethnicity and Equity in the Multilingual Asian Context

4909:

An example can be seen in the word "need" in Urdu. Urdu uses the

4616: 4249: 4219: 2666: 2458: 2450: 2292: 1911: 1856: 1844: 1812: 1768: 1744: 1740: 1712: 1607: 1534: 1394: 1266: 1201: 1028: 766: 609: 9447:. Islamabad: Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 59. Archived from 9034:

Bollywood Sounds: The Cosmopolitan Mediations of Hindi Film Song

8710:

Gendering Urban Space in the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa

5508:

Primary Language Impact on Second Language and Literacy Learning

1969: 16056: 15905: 15880: 15437: 15429: 15353: 15244: 15169: 14961: 14879: 13505: 13268: 13048: 12990: 12980: 12930: 12824: 12530: 12525: 12370: 12219:

A house divided: The origin and development of Hindi-Hindustani

10266:"Population by mother tongue, sex and rural/urban, Census-2023" 9534:"Kamtapuri, Rajbanshi make it to list of official languages in" 9351: 8245:

Anthems of Resistance: A Celebration of Progressive Urdu Poetry

8191: 6499:

Development of Urdu Language and Literature in the Jammu Region

4697: 4663: 4659: 4644: 4620: 4519: 4394: 4223: 3086: 2670: 2576: 2490: 2482: 2474: 2302: 2297: 2033: 1978: 1958: 1880: 1868: 1860: 1848: 1816: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1756: 1728: 1624: 1595: 1542: 1522: 1414: 1331: 1297: 1219:

I have a deep knowledge of the common tongue of India, called

1215:

notes that the English liked to use the name "Moors" for Urdu:

1098: 1016: 774: 240: 41: 12277:

Dua, Hans R. 1994a. Hindustani. In Asher, 1994; pp. 1554.

11607: 11415:. Globalvoices.org (26 March 2012). Retrieved on 12 July 2013. 11349:

Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach

11097:"Kids have it right: boundaries of Urdu and Hindi are blurred" 10893:. PTI for the Ministry of External Affairs. 1995. p. 23. 10205: 10203: 10201: 8856:

Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach

7994:, Quaid-i-Azam University=Islamabad, p. 9, archived from 7618:

Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach

7174:

Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1977).

6886: 4868:

Urdu has some form of official status in the Indian states of

4511:

origins; the latter is used formally and poetically, being of

2457:

in 1947, a third standard has arisen in the Pakistani city of

2134:

railway station board. The Urdu and Hindi texts both read as:

1322:

into the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan after

1129:

and is said to have arisen as the "language of the camp", or "

634: 15871: 15769: 14976: 14837: 14373: 13782: 13408: 13355: 13282: 13105: 12280:

Dua, Hans R. 1994b. Urdu. In Asher, 1994; pp. 4863–4864.

11679:[Unveiling of 'Bangla-Dhakaiya Sobbasi' Dictionary]. 7436:

Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia

7018:

Allied Chambers transliterated Hindi-Hindi-English dictionary

6637:

Hazart Nizam-Ud-Din Auliya and Hazrat Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti

5054:"Population Monograph of Nepal Volume II (Social Demography)" 4889: 4869: 4658:

An English-Urdu bilingual sign at the archaeological site of

2907: 2817: 2446: 2231: 2179: 2163: 2025: 1892: 1888: 1820: 1716: 1684: 1550: 1538: 1432: 1426:

Muslims (and Hindi never exclusively by Hindus), the ongoing

1250: 1078:

as its official language in India, a policy continued by the

940: 897: 758: 728: 716: 640: 392: 115: 11970:

Pluricentric languages: Differing norms in different nations

11158: