587:'. Linguistically, these can be regarded as a transitional stage between the Central and the Eastern groups of languages . The 'intermediate' character of this group of dialects seems to have taken shape as far back as the Old Indo-Aryan period. The Middle Indo-Aryan forerunner of the contemporary Eastern Hindi dialects was the Ardhamagadhi Prakrit, which was a transitional form between Sauraseni and Magadhi; the present-day Central dialects go back to Sauraseni, while the languages of the Eastern group derive from Magadhi
165:
581:
closely related dialects-Braj, Kanauji and
Bundell, which together with Khari Boli and Hariani, can be lumped under the common title 'Western Hindi'. The last-mentioned two dialects which occupy the north-western corner of the area covered by Hindi, display a number of common features with Panjabi, which in its turn can be seen as a transitional link with the most typical representative of the North Western group – Lahnda.
580:
Numerically, the content of the
Central Group of the Indo-Aryan languages has been very variously assessed by different researchers: Chatterji sees in it one language while Grierson enumerated six. Strictly speaking, the core of this group is represented not by languages at all, but by a number of
451:
583:
Closely connected with the dialects of the 'Western Hindi' group are Awadhi, Bagheli and
Chattisgarhi, which come under the heading of '
664:
603:
573:
17:
645:
669:
314:
190:
610:
599:
100:
105:
266:
198:
446:
110:
8:
420:
298:
226:
294:
234:
115:
155:
569:
519:
398:
330:
326:
318:
218:
141:
641:
476:
384:
342:
563:
501:
491:
210:
95:
529:
456:
392:
278:
230:
222:
206:
658:
584:
533:
523:
481:
471:
432:
410:
388:
370:
246:
225:(commonly referred to as just 'Hindi'), one of the official languages of the
214:
466:
461:
346:
334:
164:
366:
354:
306:
270:
202:
70:
619:. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
541:
537:
496:
402:
310:
245:
Western Hindi languages are much more widespread and spoken than their
78:
27:
Indo-Aryan language and dialect cluster of northwest and central India
374:
262:
149:
486:
440:
302:
254:
221:. The most-spoken language in the Western Hindi language family is
54:
297:(Indian immigrants to Pakistan after Partition). Apart from this,
406:
378:
322:
286:
194:
74:
50:
512:
507:
350:
290:
436:
424:
414:
338:
282:
250:
428:
274:
258:
66:
46:
173: Geographical distribution of Western Hindi languages
615:. Vol. IX Indo-Aryan family. Central group, Part 1,
249:counterpart. Western Hindi languages are spoken in
337:is spoken in Patna and some other urban areas in
656:
321:. A version of Hindustani heavily influenced by
301:forms the lingua franca in a large region in
217:. The Western Hindi languages evolved from
360:
90:approx. 272 million in India and Pakistan
598:
561:
14:
657:
617:Specimens of western Hindi and Pañjābī
240:
265:. In India, it is chiefly spoken in
24:
353:and neighbouring urban regions in
25:
681:
387:(6.5 m), spoken in south-western
565:Languages of South Asia: A guide
522:(9.5 m), spoken in west-central
341:. Another version influenced by
163:
293:. In Pakistan, it is spoken by
634:
592:
562:Zograph, G.A. (8 March 2023).
555:
13:
1:
548:
665:Central Indo-Aryan languages
646:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages
640:Not to be confused with the
431:(250 m)), spoken in western
313:) and the trade language in
7:
369:(1.6 m), spoken in western
10:
686:
612:Linguistic Survey of India
373:and adjacent districts of
191:Indo-Aryan language family
439:, and after partition in
162:
148:
134:
96:Linguistic classification
94:
84:
60:
42:
37:
32:
627:
409:, and as a minority in
183:Western Hindi languages
361:Languages and dialects
189:, are a branch of the
267:western Uttar Pradesh
199:western Uttar Pradesh
447:Andaman Creole Hindi
233:) and one of the 22
600:Grierson, George A.
532:(2,600), spoken in
241:Geographical extent
235:Scheduled Languages
227:Government of India
187:Khadiboli languages
670:Languages of India
401:(10 m), spoken in
271:Bundelkhand region
193:spoken chiefly in
116:Central Indo-Aryan
391:and west-central
319:Arunachal Pradesh
229:(the other being
219:Sauraseni Prakrit
179:
178:
142:Sauraseni Prakrit
16:(Redirected from
677:
649:
642:Bihari languages
638:
621:
620:
608:
596:
590:
589:
559:
452:Arunachali Hindi
185:, also known as
172:
167:
158:
30:
29:
21:
685:
684:
680:
679:
678:
676:
675:
674:
655:
654:
653:
652:
639:
635:
630:
625:
624:
606:
604:"Western Hindi"
597:
593:
582:
576:
560:
556:
551:
492:Hyderabadi Urdu
363:
289:and pockets in
243:
175:
174:
170:
154:
144:
137:
87:
86:Native speakers
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
683:
673:
672:
667:
651:
650:
632:
631:
629:
626:
623:
622:
591:
574:
553:
552:
550:
547:
546:
545:
527:
517:
516:
515:
510:
505:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
457:Bangalori Urdu
454:
449:
418:
396:
393:Madhya Pradesh
382:
362:
359:
279:Madhya Pradesh
242:
239:
223:Standard Hindi
207:Madhya Pradesh
177:
176:
169:
168:
160:
159:
152:
146:
145:
140:
138:
135:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
98:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
64:
58:
57:
44:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
682:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
660:
647:
644:, a group of
643:
637:
633:
618:
614:
613:
605:
601:
595:
588:
586:
585:Eastern Hindi
577:
575:9781000831658
571:
567:
566:
558:
554:
543:
539:
535:
534:Gissar Valley
531:
528:
525:
524:Uttar Pradesh
521:
518:
514:
511:
509:
506:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
482:Haflong Hindi
480:
478:
475:
473:
472:Dhakaiya Urdu
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
442:
438:
434:
433:Uttar Pradesh
430:
426:
422:
419:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
397:
394:
390:
389:Uttar Pradesh
386:
383:
380:
376:
372:
371:Uttar Pradesh
368:
365:
364:
358:
356:
352:
349:is spoken in
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:Deccan region
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:Central India
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
166:
161:
157:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
133:
122:
121:Western Hindi
119:
118:
117:
114:
113:
112:
109:
108:
107:
104:
103:
102:
101:Indo-European
99:
97:
93:
89:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
59:
56:
52:
48:
45:
41:
36:
33:Western Hindi
31:
19:
18:Western Hindi
636:
616:
611:
594:
579:
564:
557:
467:Bombay Hindi
462:Bihari Hindi
347:Bombay Hindi
335:Bihari Hindi
244:
186:
182:
180:
120:
106:Indo-Iranian
63:distribution
504:(Khariboli)
423:(including
355:Maharashtra
307:North India
277:in central
275:Braj region
203:Bundelkhand
71:Bundelkhand
659:Categories
549:References
542:Uzbekistan
538:Tajikistan
497:Judeo-Urdu
421:Hindustani
403:Chandigarh
311:Hindi Belt
299:Hindustani
237:of India.
205:region of
136:Early form
111:Indo-Aryan
79:Western UP
61:Geographic
375:Rajasthan
345:, called
333:, called
263:Caribbean
211:Northwest
150:Glottolog
55:Haryanvis
43:Ethnicity
38:Khadiboli
602:(1916).
520:Kannauji
487:Hinglish
441:Pakistan
399:Haryanvi
331:Bhojpuri
327:Maithili
303:Pakistan
295:Muhajirs
261:and the
255:Pakistan
156:west2812
51:Bundelis
502:Kauravi
477:Deccani
407:Haryana
385:Bundeli
379:Haryana
343:Marathi
323:Magadhi
315:Andaman
287:Haryana
247:Eastern
231:English
195:Haryana
75:Haryana
572:
513:Urdish
508:Rekhta
411:Punjab
351:Mumbai
171:
47:Brajis
628:Notes
607:(PDF)
530:Parya
437:Delhi
425:Hindi
415:Delhi
339:Bihar
283:Delhi
269:, in
251:India
209:, in
570:ISBN
540:and
429:Urdu
427:and
413:and
377:and
367:Braj
329:and
317:and
305:and
273:and
259:Fiji
213:and
201:and
181:The
67:Braj
536:in
661::
609:.
578:.
568:.
443:.
435:,
405:,
357:.
325:,
285:,
281:,
257:,
253:,
197:,
77:,
73:,
69:,
53:,
49:,
648:.
544:.
526:.
417:.
395:.
381:.
309:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
