Kingdom of the Lombards

432: 2382: 1885: 2952: 362: 376: 1527: 97: 1486:(families) of the Lombard people. Not yet firmly associated with the cities, they simply acted independently, also because they were under pressure from the warriors nominally under their authority to allow them to loot. This unstable situation, which persisted over time, led to the final collapse of the Roman-Italic political-administrative structure, which was almost maintained up to the invasion, so that the same Roman-Italic aristocracy had retained responsibility for civil administration (as exemplified by the likes of 1381: 1191: 2414:" wrote Paul the Deacon, although, once recovered, he accepted the choice). The new king, then, at least initially enjoyed the support of most of the aristocracy, if not that of the great monarch. Ratchis, the Duke of Friuli, came from a family with a long tradition of rebellion against the monarchy and rivalry with the royal family, but on the other hand, he owed his life and the ducal title to Liutprand, who had forgiven him after discovering a conspiracy headed by his father, 2650: 2241: 5614: 2478: 1893: 2868: 295: 5603: 967: 2256:. His reign, the longest of all Lombard monarchs, was characterized by the almost religious admiration that was accorded to the king by his people, who recognized in him boldness, courage and political vision. Thanks to these qualities Liutprand survived two attempts on his life (one organized by one of his relatives, Rotari), and he displayed no inferior qualities in the conduct of the many wars of his long reign. 348: 2016: 1662: 2136: 2378:

some Romans began to ascend the social ladder, becoming rich through commerce, crafts, the professions or the acquisition of lands that the Lombards had not been able to manage profitably. Liutprand also intervened in this process by reforming the administrative structure of the kingdom and freeing the poorest Lombards from military obligations.

1934:, but could not limit the growing influence of the Franks in the kingdom. At his death, the legend says that, using the same procedure as that followed by his mother Theodelinda, Queen Gundeperga had the privilege to choose her new husband and king. The choice fell on Rothari, the duke of Brescia and an Arian. 1724:. Each duchy was led by a duke, not just the head of a fara but also a royal official, the depository of public powers. The locations of the duchies were established in strategically important centers, thus furthering the development of many urban centers placed along the main communication routes of the time 2493:, and coining money in Byzantine style, presented his program: to collect under Lombard power all the Romans until then subject to the emperor, without necessarily merging them with the Lombards. The Exarchate was not homologous to other Lombard possessions in Italy (that is it was not converted into a 2971:

tells the story of the last king of the Lombards, Desiderius and his children Ermengarde (whose real name was Desiderata) and Adalgis: the first the divorced wife of Charlemagne, and the second the last defender of the Lombard kingdom against the Frankish invasion. Manzoni used the Lombard kingdom as

2369:

of the royal palace of Pavia and defined in an organic way the territorial competencies (legal and administrative) of sculdasci, gastalds and dukes. He was also very active in the legislative field: the twelve volumes of laws enacted by him introduced legal reforms inspired by Roman law, improved the

1540:

After ten years of interregnum, the need for a strong centralised monarchy was clear even to the most independent of the dukes; Franks and Byzantines pressed and the Lombards could no longer afford so fluid a power structure, useful only to make forays in search of plunder. In 584 the dukes agreed to

2570:

Defeated again, Aistulf had to accept much harsher conditions: Ravenna was returned not to the Byzantines, but to the pope, increasing the core area of the Patrimony of St. Peter; Aistulf had to accept a sort of Frankish protectorate, the loss of territorial continuity of his domains, and payment of

2364:

Liutprand was the last of the Lombard kings to rule over a unified kingdom; later kings would face substantial internal opposition, which eventually contributed to the kingdom's downfall. The strength of his power was based not only on personal charisma, but also on the reorganization of the kingdom

2100:

assumed the throne, but Perctarit returned from exile and swiftly deposed him. He immediately came to an agreement with Grimoald's other son, Romualdo I of Benevento, who pledged loyalty in exchange for recognition of the autonomy of his duchy. Perctarit developed a policy in line with the tradition

2054:

Grimoald was invested by the Lombard nobles, but still had to deal with the legitimate faction, which tried international alliances to return the throne to Perctarit. Grimoald, however, persuaded the Avars to return the deposed ruler. Perctarit, as soon as he returned to Italy, had to make an act of

1773:

relations and more to land management, marked a milestone in the consolidation of the Lombard kingdom in Italy, which gradually lost the character of a pure military occupation and approached a more proper state model. The inclusion of the losers (the Romans) was an inevitable step, and Agilulf made

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king Pepin the Short, the adopted son of the king whose nephew he had dethroned. Not being able to trust the traditional structures of support for the Lombard monarchy, he sought support among the gasindii, the gentry bound to the king by treaties of protection, and especially among the Romans, the

2348:

In the following years, Liutprand entered into an alliance with the Exarch against the pope, without giving up the old one with the Pope against the Exarch; he crowned this classic double play with an offensive that led to placing the duchies of Spoleto and Benevento under his authority, eventually

2711:

Thus ended Lombard Italy, and nobody can say whether this was, for our country, a fortune or a misfortune. Alboin and his successors were awkward masters, more awkward than Theodoric, so long as they had been barbarians camped on a conquered territory. But now they were assimilating with Italy and

2624:

Despite the changing fortunes of central political power, the 8th century represented the apogee of the reign, also a period of economic prosperity. The ancient society of warriors and subjects had been transformed into a vivid articulation of classes with landowners, artisans, farmers, merchants,

2377:

The socio-economic structure of the kingdom had been progressively changing since the 7th century. Population growth led to fragmentation of funds, which increased the number of Lombards who fell below the poverty line, as evidenced by the laws aimed at alleviating their difficulties. By contrast,

1470:

and laying siege to Ravenna. Cleph tried to pursue the policy of Alboin consistently, which aimed to break the legal-administrative institutions firmly established during Ostrogoth and Byzantine rule. He achieved this by eliminating much of the Latin aristocracy, through occupying their lands and

2586:

Desiderius, with a clever and discreet policy, gradually reasserted Lombard control over the territory by gaining favor with the Romans again, creating a network of monasteries ruled by Lombard aristocrats (his daughter Anselperga was named abbess of San Salvatore in Brescia), dealing with Pope

1423:

were created in major cities of the kingdom. This was dictated primarily by immediate military needs as dukes were primarily military commanders, tasked to secure control of territory and guard it against possible counter-attacks. However, the resulting collection of duchies also contributed to

2853:

under Charlemagne, who inflicted decisive defeats on the last kings of the Lombards. The military defeat, however, did not correspond to a disappearance of the Lombard culture: Claudio Azzara states that "the same Carolingian Italy is configured, in fact, as a Lombard Italy, in the constituent

2162:

The dukes of Austria challenged the increasing "latinization" of customs, court practices, law and religion, which they believed accelerated the disintegration and loss of the Germanic identity of the Lombard people. The victory allowed Cuniperto, already long associated with the throne by his

2755:

The age of the Lombard kingdom was, especially in Italy, devalued as a long reign of barbarism in the midst of the "Dark Ages". A period of confusion and dispersion, marked by the abandoned ruins of a glorious past and still in search of new identity; see, for example, the verses of Manzoni's

2215:

Ansprand and Rotarit reacted immediately and imprisoned Aripert, returning the throne to Liutpert. Aripert, in turn, managed to escape and confront his rival's supporters. In 702, he defeated them in Pavia, imprisoned Liutpert and occupied the throne. Shortly after, he finally defeated the

2972:

the scene, adjusting its interpretation of the characters (the real centers of the work) and portrayed the Lombards as having a role in paving the way to Italian national unity and independence, while reproducing a then-dominant image of a barbaric period after the classical splendor.

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by Aistulf and based in Lucca; he did not belong to the dynasty of Friuli, frowned upon by the pope and the Franks, and managed to get their support. The Lombards surrendered to him to avoid another Frankish invasion, and Rachis was persuaded by the Pope to return to Monte Cassino.

1904:, who gave command of the military to Duke Sundarit. Theodelinda continued Agilulf's pro-Catholic policy and maintained the peace with the Byzantines, which generated ever-stronger opposition from the warriors and Arians among the Lombards. A civil war broke out in 624, led by 2877:

The persistent injury historiography on the "Dark Ages" has long cast shadows on the Lombard kingdom, averting the interest of writers from that period. Few literary works have been set in Italy between the 6th and 8th centuries; between them, relevant exceptions are those of

2474:, all ethnic groups in the kingdom. All free men of the kingdom, both those of Roman and Lombard origin, were obliged to serve in the military. The military standards promulgated by Aistulf mention the merchants several times, a sign of how that class had now become relevant. 2085:, and assured the loyalty of the duchies of Spoleto and Friuli, by appointing their dukes. He favoured the integration of the different components of the kingdom, presenting an image modeled on that of his predecessor Rotari—wise legislator in adding new laws to the Edict, 2227:

In 712, Ansprand returned to Italy with an army raised in Bavaria, and clashed with Aripert; the battle was uncertain, but the king behaved cowardly and was abandoned by his supporters. He died while trying to escape to the realm of the Franks, and drowned in the

1575:

To ensure a stable peace with the Franks, Autari attempted to marry a Frankish princess, but the project failed. Then the king, in a move that would influence the fate of the kingdom for more than a century, turned to the traditional enemies of the Franks, the

2558:

Because of the threat this move represented for the new king of the Franks, an agreement between Pepin and Stephen II settled, in exchange for the formal royal anointing, the descent of the Franks in Italy. In 754, the Lombard army, deployed in defence of the

2047:. This method of succession was known from the Romans and Franks, but was a unique case among the Lombards. Perhaps because of this, a conflict broke out between Perctarit, who was based in Milan, and Godepert, who remained in Pavia. The Duke of Benevento, 1595:

The alliance with the Bavarii led to a rapprochement between Franks and Byzantines, but Autari managed (in 588 and again, despite some severe early setbacks, in the 590s) to repel the resulting Frankish attacks. The period of Autari marked, according to

1443:

and Lombard warriors. Helmichis and Rosamund's attempt to usurp power in place of the assassinated Alboin, however, gained little support from Lombard duchies, and they were forced to flee together to the Byzantine territory before getting married in

1616:

There was a miracle in the kingdom of the Lombards: there was no violence, no insidious plot; no others unjustly oppressed, no depredations; there were no thefts, there were no robberies, where everyone went where they wanted, safely and without

1559:

From the military point of view, Autari defeated both the Byzantines and Franks and broke the coalition, thereby fulfilling the mandate with which the dukes had entrusted him at the time of his election. In 585 he drove the Franks into modern

1708:

was attacked and invaded by the Lombards on several occasions, although the degree of their occupation of the peninsula and its subordination to the Lombard kings is unclear. Even when Istria was part of the Exarchate of Ravenna, a Lombard,

2567:, was defeated by the Franks. Aistulf, perched in Pavia, had to accept a treaty that required the delivery of hostages and territorial concessions, but two years later resumed the war against the pope, who in turn called on the Franks. 2039:, Duke of Asti and grandson of Theodolinda, as the new king. The Bavarian dynasty returned to the throne, and the Catholic Aripert duly suppressed Arianism. At Aripert's death in 661, his will divided the kingdom between his two sons, 2469:

Aistulf expressed the more aggressive stance of the dukes, who refused an active role for the Roman population. For his expansionist policy, however, he had to reorganize the army to include, albeit in the subordinate position of

1122:, the king of the Franks, adopted the title "King of the Lombards", although he never managed to gain control of Benevento, the southernmost Lombard duchy. The Kingdom of the Lombards at the time of its demise was the last minor 1669:

After a rebellion among some dukes in 594 was preempted, Agilulf and Theodelinda developed a policy of strengthening their hold on Italian territory, while securing their borders through peace treaties with France and the

1805:

Moves in this direction also included strong pressure, particularly from Theodelinda, to convert the Lombards, who until then were still largely pagan or Arians, to Catholicism. The rulers also endeavored to heal the

2293:, and with the Avars, on the eastern borders, allowed him to keep his hand relatively free in the Italian theater, but he soon clashed with the Byzantines and with the Papacy. A first attempt to take advantage of an 2672:, of the opposite party of Desiderius, reversed the delicate game of alliances, demanding the surrender of the area never ceded by Desiderius and thus causing him to resume the war against the cities of Romagna. 2551:. The support Pepin enjoyed from the papacy was decisive, although negotiations were also underway between Aistulf and the pope (which soon failed), and an attempt was made to weaken Pepin by turning his brother 1641:

and, according to the legend recorded by Paul the Deacon, the succession to the throne was decided in a novel fashion. It was the young widow Theodelinda who chose the heir to the throne and her new husband: the

1607:

Erat hoc mirabile in regno Langobardorum: nulla erat violentia, nullae struebantur insidiae; nemo aliquem iniuste angariabat, nemo spoliabat; non erant furta, non latrocinia; unusquisque quo libebat securus sine

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In Italy, the Lombards then imposed themselves at first as the dominant caste in place of the former lineages, who were subsequently extinguished or exiled. The products of the land were allocated to his

2301:

in 717 achieved few results. Closer relations with the papacy therefore had to wait for the outbreak of tensions caused by the worsening of the Byzantine tax, and the expedition in 724 conducted by the

1937:

Rothari reigned from 636 to 652 and led numerous military campaigns, which brought almost all of northern Italy under the rule of the Lombard kingdom. He conquered Liguria (643), including the capital

2679:, came to the aid of the pope. He feared the capture of Rome by the Lombards and the consequent loss of prestige that would follow. Between 773 and 774 he invaded Italy. Once again the defence of the 2938: 2819:

The historical bipartition of Italy that has, for centuries, directed the North towards Central-Western Europe and the South, instead, to the Mediterranean area dates back to the separation between

1674:. The truce with the Byzantines was systematically violated and the decade up to 603 was marked by a notable recovery of the Lombard advance. In northern Italy Agilulf occupied, among other cities, 2051:, intervened with a substantial military force to support Godepert, but, as soon as he arrived in Pavia, he killed Godepert and took his place. Perctarit, clearly in danger, fled to the Avars. 1556:, with which he intended to proclaim himself also protector of all Romans in Lombard territory: it was a clear call, with anti-Byzantine overtones, to the heritage of the Western Roman Empire. 2591:, and recognizing the nominal domain on many areas truly in his power, such as reclaimed southern duchies. He also implemented a casual marriage policy, marrying his daughter Liutperga to the 2421:

Ratchis was a weak ruler: on one side he had to concede greater freedom of action to the other dukes, on the other extreme he had to take care not to exacerbate the Franks and, above all, the

1048:, as several attempts to establish a hereditary dynasty failed. The kingdom was subdivided into a varying number of duchies, ruled by semi-autonomous dukes, which were in turn subdivided into 2349:

arriving to negotiate a peace between the pope and Exarch beneficial to the Lombards. No Lombard king had ever obtained similar results in wars with other powers in Italy. In 732 his nephew

2406:

Hildeprand's reign lasted only a few months, before he was overthrown by Duke Ratchis. The details of the episode are not clear, since the crucial testimony of Paul the Deacon ended with a

1900:

After the death of Agilulf in 616, the throne passed to his son Adaloald, a minor. The regency (which continued even after the king passed into majority) was exercised by the Queen Mother,

1923:

of Adaloald and Theodelinda intensified the rivalry between the Arian and Catholic factions. The conflict had political overtones, as the Arians also opposed peace with Byzantium and the

2668:, to accept his protection. The death of Carloman left Charlemagne, now firmly on the throne after repudiating the daughter of Desiderius, freehanded. The following year a new pope, 2527:

Just when it seemed Aistulf was able to defeat all opposition on Italian soil, Pepin the Short, the old enemy of the usurpers of Liutprand's family, finally managed to overthrow the

7063: 1245:, where two private charters contain requests for the duke to confirm them with his seal. The existence of seal rings "testifies to the tenacity of Roman traditions of government". 1930:

Arioald (r. 626–636), who brought the capital back to Pavia, was troubled by these conflicts, as well as external threats; the King was able to withstand an attack of the Avars in

1720:

The strengthening of royal powers, started by Autari and continued by Agilulf, also marked the transition to a new concept based on stable territorial division of the kingdom into

431: 1564:

and led the Byzantines to ask, for the first time since the Lombards had entered Italy, for a truce. At the end, he occupied the last Byzantine stronghold in northern Italy:

5650: 1961:

to submit to the Lombards. Internally, Rothari strengthened the central power at the expense of the duchies of Langobardia Maior, while in the south the Duke of Benevento,

1774:

some symbolic choices aimed at the same time at strengthening its power and gaining credit with people of Latin descent. The ceremony of ascension to the throne of his son

2641:, the kings of Pavia developed an independent gold and silver coinage. The Duchy of Benevento, the most independent of the duchies, also had its own independent currency. 2571:

substantial compensation. The duchies of Spoleto and Benevento were quick to ally themselves with the victors. Aistulf died in 756, shortly after this severe humiliation.

1346:(between the 3rd and 2nd century BC). The peninsula was now torn between territories ruled by the Lombards and the Byzantines, with boundaries that changed over time. 390: 323: 309: 1412:

border. Justified by its exceptional military needs, the Duchy of Friuli thus had greater autonomy compared to other duchies of Langobardia Maior until the reign of

2410:

on the death of Liutprand. Hildeprand had been anointed king in 737, during a serious illness suffered by Liutprand (who did not like the choice of king at all: "

7058: 1174:, one of the oldest surviving royal insignias of Christendom, may have originated in Lombard Italy as early as the 7th century and continued to be used to crown 2599:(763), historical adversary of the Franks and, at the death of Pepin the Short, by marrying the other daughter Desiderata (who was immortalised in the tragedy 2124:

was initially defeated and forced to take refuge on the Isola Comacina - only in 689 did he manage to quash the rebellion, defeating and killing Alahis in the

3990:

Mor, Carlo Guido (1930). "Contributi alla storia dei rapporti fra Stato e Chiesa al tempo dei Longobardi. La politica ecclesiastica di Autari e di Agigulfo".

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influenced the Italian legal system for a long time, and was not completely abandoned even after the rediscovery of Roman law in the 11th and 12th centuries.

2732:

After the Frankish conquest of Langobardia Maior, only the Southern Lombard Kingdom was called Langbarðaland (Land of the Lombards), as attested in the Norse

1545:, and delivered to the new monarch half of their property (and then probably getting even with a new crackdown against the surviving Roman property land). 3058: 2155:, to the west, was loyal to the Bavarian rulers, pro-Catholic and supporters of the policy of reconciliation with Rome and Byzantium; on the other hand, 2120:

Alahis rebelled again later, joining with the political opponents of the pro-Catholic Bavarian policy at Perctarit's death in 688. His son and successor

2501:; in this way Aistulf proclaimed himself heir in the eyes of Italian Romans of both the Byzantine Emperor and the Exarch, the Emperor's representative. 4065: 2435:

The adoption of ancient customs, along with public pro-Latin attitudes—he married a Roman woman, Tassia, and with Roman rite, and adopted the title of

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acquiring their assets. However, he too, fell victim to regicide in 574, slain by a man in his entourage who perhaps colluded with the Byzantines.

4673: 765: 2457:, who had already succeeded him as duke in Cividale and now, after a short struggle, forced him to flee to Rome and finally to become a monk in 2109:. He sought and achieved peace with the Byzantines, who acknowledged Lombard sovereignty over most of Italy, and repressed the rebellion of the 3895: 2489:

Initially, Aistulf achieved some notable successes, culminating in the conquest of Ravenna (751). Here the king, residing in the Palace of the

2232:, dragged to the bottom by the weight of the gold that he brought with him. With him ended the Bavarian dynasty's role in the Lombard kingdom. 2445:—increasingly alienated the Lombard base, which forced him to adopt a diametrically opposed policy, with a sudden attack on the cities of the 4705: 789: 1987:, but also introduced significant innovations, a sign of the progress of Latin influence on the Lombards. The edict tried to discourage the 7073: 6918: 5636: 5336: 4688: 777: 314: 294: 2381: 1838: 610: 2935:("News of Cacasenno, son of simple Little Berthold"). Since then, the three works are usually published in one volume under the title of 1758: 1369:

and Benevento in southern Italy. The territories which remained under Byzantine control were called "Romania" (today's Italian region of

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Three films were inspired by stories of Croce and Banchieri and set in the initial period of the Lombard kingdom (very freely played):

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era, Pavia was about to take a guiding role for the West after determining, by tearing a large part of Italy from the dominance of the

995: 938: 2693:, the son of Desiderius, found refuge with the Byzantines. Desiderius and his wife were deported to Gaul. Charles then called himself 1327:, a Germanic people that had been previously allied with the Byzantine Empire, ensued. In the spring of 568 the Lombards, led by King 1114:

was all but complete. Nevertheless, their conflict with the Pope continued and was responsible for their gradual loss of power to the

5434: 2081:, exercised his sovereign powers with a fullness never attained by his predecessors. He entrusted the Duchy of Benevento to his son 5341: 3229: 3216: 1629: 1778:

in 604, followed a Byzantine rite. He chose not to continue to use Pavia as the capital, but the ancient Roman city of Milan with

96: 6001: 4906: 3531: 3477: 3448: 3416: 3341: 3300: 3144: 3140: 2834:

Regarding the role played by the Lombards within the emerging Europe, Jarnut shows that, after the decline of the kingdom of the

1818:(preserved in correspondence between him and Theodelinda) and promote the establishment of monasteries, like the one founded by 1427:

In 572, after the capitulation of Pavia and its elevation to the royal capital, King Alboin was assassinated in a conspiracy in

4118: 2329:; however, Liutprand gave the city not to the emperor, but to "the apostles Peter and Paul", as Paul the Deacon related in his 2159:, to the east, identified with the traditional Lombard adherence to paganism and Arianism, and favored a more warlike policy. 1592:, king of the Lombards between 510 and 540, a figure surrounded by an aura of legend, and a member of a respected royal line. 5584: 4747: 3268: 2574:

Aistulf's brother Ratchis left the monastery and attempted, initially with some success, to return to the throne. He opposed

2216:

opposition: he killed Rotarit, suppressed his duchy, and drowned Liutpert. Only Ansprand managed to escape, taking refuge in

2259:

These values are typical of Liutprand: Germanic descent, king of a nation now overwhelmingly Catholic, joined by those of a

1844: 6303: 6021: 5381: 4656: 4464: 3617: 1162: 595: 2712:

could turn it into a Nation, as the Franks were doing in France. But in France there wasn't the Pope. In Italy, there was.

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was ineffective, the fault of the divisions among the Lombards. Charlemagne, having prevailed against a tough resistance,

6816: 6559: 6507: 4710: 4573: 2325:, posing as the protector of Catholics. In order not to antagonize the Pope, he gave up the occupation of the village of 2208:, and, at the beginning of 701, took the throne. However, he died after just eight months, leaving the throne to his son 1067:, which had control of the peninsula at the time of the invasion. For most of the kingdom's history, the Byzantine-ruled 6698: 6369: 5429: 5014: 4641: 4474: 4235: 1044:

in the latter part of the 6th century. The king was traditionally elected by the very highest-ranking aristocrats, the

943: 649: 2633:, and expanded monetary economics, resulting in the creation of a banking class. After an initial period during which 1884: 1091:. Because of this division, the southern duchies were considerably more autonomous than the smaller northern duchies. 6810: 6418: 4661: 4636: 4479: 4086: 4046: 4027: 4008: 3964: 3933: 3879: 3854: 3836: 3817: 653: 31: 7043: 6911: 5659: 5033: 4314: 4200: 3013: 1518:

worked by peasants in semi-servile condition, was not revolutionized, but modified only to benefit the new rulers.

908: 1296:

that resulted in mass dislocation of population and destruction of property. Problems were further exacerbated by

6828: 5157: 5069: 4916: 4911: 4742: 4610: 2386: 2253: 2245: 1413: 810: 17: 2516:, and all territories south of Ravenna up to Perugia, from 750 to 751. With the occupation of the stronghold of 1658:. The influence of the queen over Agilulf's policies was remarkable and major decisions are attributed to both. 7053: 6804: 6708: 6652: 5810: 5105: 4693: 4170: 2078: 1829:

Even art enjoyed, under Agilulf and Theodelinda, a flourishing season. In architecture Theodelinda founded the

1106:

Christians or pagans, which put them at odds with the Roman population as well as the Byzantine Empire and the

988: 878: 533: 1548:

Autari was then able to reorganise the Lombards and stabilise their settlement in Italy. He assumed, like the

6896: 6693: 6627: 6426: 6158: 6081: 5932: 5356: 5187: 5074: 4605: 4600: 3712: 2745: 2552: 783: 725: 720: 704: 178: 2167:

convened in Pavia in 698 sanctioned the reintegration of the three anathematized chapters into Catholicism.

1850: 5115: 5054: 5039: 4891: 4752: 4205: 2684: 913: 846: 3260:

Pope Gregory's Letter-Bearers: A Study of the Men and Women who carried letters for Pope Gregory the Great

2453:. After this failure, the prestige of Ratchis collapsed and the dukes elected as the new king his brother 7068: 7048: 6904: 6822: 6774: 6465: 5952: 5459: 5177: 5023: 4805: 4715: 4615: 4501: 4469: 4154: 2394: 2180:

Cunipert's death in 700 marked the opening of a dynastic crisis. The succession of Cunipert's minor son,

2059:, who attacked Grimoald in 663. The new king, hated by Neustria because he was allied with the Franks of 1502:) of crops. The proceeds were not given to individuals but to the family, which administered them in the 1166:, a heritage of the Lombards, continued to exist for centuries as one of the constituent kingdoms of the 959: 800: 248: 2808:. The most recent historiographical guidelines, however, have largely reassessed the Lombard era of the 2015: 1997:(financial compensation) for injuries/murders and also contained drastic restrictions on the use of the 7083: 6952: 6768: 6762: 6713: 6703: 6133: 6118: 5981: 5514: 5142: 4962: 4869: 4842: 4777: 4651: 4185: 4111: 3761: 3170: 3025:

By far the most famous is the last of the three films, which boasted a cast composed of, among others,

2610: 2524:, while in Langobardia Minor he was able to impose his power on Spoleto and, indirectly, on Benevento. 2374:

and, above all, protected the weaker sectors of society, including minors, women, debtors, and slaves.

893: 852: 6880: 6163: 5544: 5310: 5233: 5197: 4215: 4180: 4175: 2353:, who succeeded him on the throne, briefly took possession of Ravenna, but he was driven away by the 2106: 1432: 981: 923: 888: 883: 411: 361: 355: 149: 3863:

Declino ed eredità dai Longobardi ai Carolingi. Lettura e interpretazione dell'altare di S. Ambrogio

1342:

The Lombard arrival broke the political unity of the Italian Peninsula for the first time since the

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His campaigns led the Lombards to a near-complete domination of Italy, with the occupation also of

2263:("loving king") (despite having tried several times to take control of Rome). On two occasions, in 2117:, although at the cost of hard territorial concessions to Alahis (including the Duchy of Brescia). 1424:

political fragmentation and sowed the seeds of the structural weakness of the Lombard royal power.

1343: 1285: 903: 638: 496: 6874: 6549: 6441: 6403: 5898: 5439: 5202: 5059: 5029: 5004: 4921: 4881: 4820: 4719: 4484: 2322: 2048: 1965:(who in turn was expanding Lombard domains), also recognized the authority of the King of Pavia. 796: 668: 6987: 6834: 6780: 6728: 6718: 6554: 6497: 6168: 5137: 5125: 4901: 4886: 4578: 4220: 4070:

Storia d'Italia. Vol. I: Dal tramonto dell'Impero fino alle prime formazioni di Stati regionali

3777: 2902:, who lived during the reign of Alboin (568-572), inspired many oral traditions throughout the 2816:

pointed out all the elements that constitute the historical importance of the Lombard kingdom.

2596: 2338: 2090: 2082: 1962: 1927:

and integration with the Romans, opting instead for a more aggressive and expansionist policy.

1857: 1702:, but also to the south the duchies of Spoleto and Benevento, extending the Lombards' domains. 1638: 1624: 1297: 1237:

that they became an integral part of royal administration, when the king required their use on

1171: 928: 2798:

Sergio Rovagnati defines the continuing negative prejudice against the Lombards as "a sort of

6798: 6642: 6594: 6580: 6408: 6148: 6061: 6011: 5690: 5673: 5444: 5371: 5351: 5265: 5214: 4972: 4952: 4762: 4356: 4324: 4210: 4190: 4104: 3703: 3258: 3175: 2192:, the most prominent of the Bavarian dynasty. Raginpert defeated the supporters of Liutpert ( 1833:(also known as the Duomo of Monza) and the Royal Palace of Monza, while some masterpieces in 1811: 918: 898: 820: 457: 3354: 2163:

father, to continue the work of pacifying the kingdom, always with a pro-Catholic accent. A

1052:

at the municipal level. The capital of the kingdom and the center of its political life was

7012: 6846: 6723: 6662: 6647: 6570: 6534: 6490: 6480: 6258: 6230: 6036: 5880: 5778: 5722: 5295: 5110: 4999: 4977: 4631: 4529: 4413: 4281: 3110: 2318: 1807: 1374: 1281: 1094:

Over time, the Lombards gradually adopted Roman titles, names, and traditions. By the time

1068: 736: 527: 451: 1862: 1304:(541–542). Although the Byzantine Empire eventually prevailed, the triumph proved to be a 8: 6997: 6977: 6868: 6599: 6502: 6485: 6475: 6330: 6253: 6076: 6071: 6006: 5906: 5816: 5579: 5569: 5524: 5290: 5255: 5250: 4967: 4588: 4524: 4444: 3742: 3734: 3544: 2879: 2871: 2839: 2805: 2703: 2458: 2422: 2144: 1908:, Duke of Turin and Adaloald's brother-in-law (through his marriage to Adaloald's sister 1405: 1301: 1289: 698: 686: 663: 565: 328: 2846:, the final boundary line between the Latin-Germanic West and the Greek-Byzantine East. 1549: 1353:, which comprised northern Italy gravitating around the capital of the Lombard kingdom, 1170:, roughly corresponding to the territory of the former Langobardia Maior. The so-called 7022: 6927: 6792: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6657: 6622: 6617: 6575: 6539: 6398: 6293: 6215: 6188: 6128: 6031: 6016: 5854: 5834: 5554: 5539: 5519: 5376: 5317: 5270: 5192: 5049: 5019: 5009: 4984: 4957: 4864: 4857: 4793: 4549: 4544: 4261: 3889: 2955: 2883: 2784: 2606: 2354: 2221: 2152: 2125: 1984: 1526: 1397: 1242: 1213: 1179: 1099: 1084: 659: 599: 128: 2151:

The crisis resulted from the divergence between the two regions of Langobardia Maior:

1312:

to crash, leaving the conquered territories severely underpopulated and impoverished.

7007: 6637: 6632: 6565: 6524: 6518: 6359: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6066: 6046: 5996: 5986: 5967: 5504: 5494: 5366: 5280: 5245: 5172: 5162: 4940: 4810: 4724: 4554: 4534: 4508: 4496: 4291: 4286: 4271: 4266: 4251: 4082: 4042: 4023: 4004: 3960: 3929: 3875: 3850: 3832: 3813: 3264: 3030: 2990: 2967: 2926: 2922:("The pleasant and ridiculous simplicity of Little Berthold"), about Berthold's son. 2800: 2789: 2638: 2601: 2334: 2303: 2156: 1756:). In the management of public power dukes were joined by minor officials, these the 1475: 1466:. The new monarch extended the boundaries of the kingdom, completing the conquest of 1457: 1362: 1350: 1309: 1274: 1268: 1264: 1167: 1088: 1076: 1041: 1029: 804: 614: 446: 171: 163: 155: 2849:

The rise of the Lombards in Europe was halted, however, by the growing power of the

2707:, but reorganized the kingdom on the Frankish model, with counts in place of dukes. 6931: 6854: 6436: 6431: 6354: 6288: 6283: 6153: 6123: 6091: 5947: 5892: 5871: 5849: 5628: 5574: 5396: 5346: 5327: 5322: 5275: 5182: 5120: 5100: 5088: 5044: 4847: 4827: 4815: 4678: 4559: 4276: 4139: 4131: 3974: 3719: 3355:"Lombard terms and Latin glosses from the Codex Eporedianus of the Edictum Rothari" 3093: 3085: 3050: 2809: 2733: 2717: 2665: 2358: 2010: 1981: 1950: 1920: 1819: 1721: 1366: 1293: 1209: 1123: 1080: 1064: 420: 300: 80: 4646: 2252:

Ansprand died after only three months of his reign, leaving the throne to his son

6962: 6377: 6345: 6340: 6320: 6183: 6143: 6113: 6096: 6056: 6041: 6026: 5957: 5942: 5859: 5839: 5712: 5484: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5361: 5285: 5147: 4666: 4564: 4449: 4349: 4256: 3978: 3750: 3621: 3018: 3006: 2959: 2721: 2634: 2592: 2579: 2521: 2494: 2415: 2307: 2290: 2102: 1879: 1830: 1671: 1597: 1482:. At this stage, the occupation of the dukes was simply the heads of the various 1479: 1474:

Following Cleph's assassination another king was not appointed, and for a decade

1305: 1223: 1095: 1037: 840: 643: 383: 6235: 3612: 2910:. In them the 17th-century scholar Giulio Cesare Croce found inspiration in his 7017: 6982: 6860: 6756: 6750: 6350: 6325: 6198: 6193: 6178: 6173: 6108: 6103: 6086: 6051: 5844: 5822: 5766: 5705: 5617: 5564: 5534: 5479: 5386: 5260: 5207: 5167: 4837: 4832: 4683: 4583: 4539: 4491: 4439: 4393: 4361: 4319: 4296: 3077: 3002: 2887: 2698: 2471: 2298: 2272: 1954: 1953:

of Ravenna, defeated and killed along with his eight thousand men at the River

1815: 1565: 1511: 1420: 1401: 1045: 1021: 771: 575: 555: 490: 66: 52: 6926: 3952: 3872:

Il futuro dei Longobardi. L'Italia e la costruzione dell'Europa di Carlo Magno

2813: 2649: 2365:

which he had undertaken since the beginning of his reign. He strengthened the

1650:. The following year (591) Agilulf received the official investiture from the 1380: 1190: 7037: 6544: 6382: 5886: 5760: 5732: 5489: 5130: 4700: 4388: 4366: 4225: 3797: 3772: 3034: 2907: 2669: 2536: 2220:. Subsequently, Aripert crushed a new rebellion, that of the Duke of Friuli, 2185: 2110: 1998: 1643: 1175: 1072: 933: 484: 463: 2313:

Later on he exploited the disputes between the pope and Constantinople over

2074:

Grimoald, who in 663 had also defeated an attempt to reconquer Italy by the

1404:

in 568. The duchy, established in the Roman town of Forum Iulii (modern-day

5917: 5772: 5752: 5607: 5414: 5219: 4989: 4593: 4459: 4408: 4383: 3026: 2342: 2129: 1968:

The memory of Rothari is linked to his famous edict, promulgated in 643 in

1924: 1834: 1823: 1783: 1691: 1665:

The Lombard Kingdom with its three main areas: Neustria, Austria and Tuscia

1495: 1393: 971: 692: 521: 477: 375: 369: 138: 124: 1349:

The newly arrived Lombards were divided into two main areas in Italy: the

6470: 6335: 5509: 5449: 5419: 4772: 4403: 3810:

Le leggi dei Longobardi: storia, memoria e diritto di un popolo germanico

3387: 3109:"The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 500-c. 700" by Paul Fouracre and 3038: 2965:

Set during the extreme end of the Lombard kingdom, the Manzonian tragedy

2916:("the smart craftiness of Berthold") (1606), to which, in 1608, he added 2903: 2828: 2697:("By the grace of God king of the Franks and the Lombards"), realizing a 2657: 2630: 2614: 2588: 2564: 2528: 1942: 1901: 1600:, the attainment of the first internal stability in the Lombard kingdom: 1581: 1530: 1487: 1199: 1119: 1111: 833: 746: 501: 225: 1102:, dress and hairstyles had all disappeared. Initially the Lombards were 4767: 4376: 3708:

Pseudo-Fredegarii scholastici Chronicarum libri IV cum continuationibus

3624:, an online article at Stockholm County Museum, retrieved July 1, 2007. 3383: 2618: 2575: 2477: 2446: 2366: 2350: 2314: 2209: 2064: 1973: 1909: 1814:

had broken communion with Rome), maintained a direct relationship with

1651: 1515: 1320: 826: 210: 4058:

I Longobardi nella civiltà e nell'economia italiana del primo Medioevo

3914:

L'Editto di Rotari come espediente politico di una monarchia barbarica

3865:(in Italian). Morimondo: Fondazione Abbatia Sancte Marie de Morimundo. 2838:

and during the period of weakness of the kingdom of the Franks in the

2321:

of 726) to take possession of many cities of the Exarchate and of the

2240: 1323:, late in the war was successfully repelled, a large migration by the 6947: 6942: 5737: 3724:

Gregorii episcopi Turonensis Libri historiarum X (Historia Francorum)

3379: 2899: 2835: 2513: 2189: 2060: 2040: 2036: 1958: 1687: 1569: 1534: 1507: 1436: 1277: 1230: 513: 507: 266: 168: 2867: 1588:

dynasty. This allowed the monarchy to trace a line of descent from

1521: 1462:

Later in 572, the thirty-five dukes assembled in Pavia to hail king

1241:. The only evidence for their use at the ducal level comes from the 7002: 6455: 5937: 5742: 5685: 5424: 5409: 5404: 5305: 4339: 4334: 2547: 2520:, he was putting further pressure on the territories controlled by 2437: 2427: 2286: 2264: 2197: 2181: 2140: 2121: 2097: 2075: 2056: 2044: 2020: 1993: 1892: 1775: 1710: 1679: 1585: 1561: 1358: 1332: 1324: 1292:, Byzantine hopes of an early and easy triumph evolved into a long 1280:

attempted to reassert imperial authority in the territories of the

1238: 1195: 1142: 1134: 1103: 1057: 1033: 709: 143: 3959:(in Italian). Translated by Guglielmotti, Paola. Torino: Einaudi. 2055:

submission to the usurper before he could escape to the Franks of

6957: 5717: 5678: 4371: 4096: 2898:

The figure of Bertoldo/Berthold, a humble and clever farmer from

2850: 2690: 2653: 2617:, offering him a useful support in the fight against his brother 2541: 2517: 2509: 2482: 2454: 2450: 2371: 2276: 2217: 2201: 2032: 1905: 1763: 1745: 1741: 1729: 1695: 1647: 1577: 1445: 1409: 1370: 1354: 1234: 1049: 341: 102: 6967: 6225: 5064: 3802:

Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society, 400–1000

2676: 2675:

Charlemagne, though he had just begun his campaign against the

2626: 2505: 2490: 2407: 2279: 2229: 2205: 2114: 2086: 1946: 1931: 1733: 1705: 1699: 1683: 1542: 1467: 1440: 1428: 1385: 1336: 1328: 1316: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1138: 1130: 1115: 1107: 197: 1110:. However, by the end of the 7th century, their conversion to 1075:

separated the northern Lombard duchies, collectively known as

6203: 5727: 5700: 4344: 4127: 4079:

Egemonie sociali e strutture del potere nel medioevo italiano

2804:", common to that given often to all the protagonists of the 2390: 2326: 2268: 2164: 2024: 1977: 1969: 1938: 1779: 1753: 1749: 1737: 1675: 1661: 1655: 1589: 1463: 1053: 114: 1129:

Some regions were never under Lombard domination, including

6972: 5695: 4852: 4329: 3869: 2532: 2449:. The pope, however, convinced him to abandon the siege of 2294: 2068: 1988: 1770: 1408:), constantly fought with the Slavic population across the 3907:(in Italian). Roma: Istituto di studi romani. BNI 7214344. 1873: 1637:

Autari died in 590, probably due to poisoning in a palace

3973: 1498:

subjects that worked it, giving to the Lombards a third (

1335:

and quickly overwhelmed the small Byzantine army left by

7064:

States and territories disestablished in the 8th century

4020:

Le radici degli italiani. Vol. II: Romania e Longobardia

2135: 2031:

After the short reign of the son of Rothari and his son

1912:). Adaloald was deposed in 625 and Arioald became king. 1794:, "By the grace of God king of all Italy", and not just 1300:, causing widespread famine (538–542) and a devastating 3920: 2932:

Novella di Cacasenno, figliuolo del semplice Bertoldino

2105:

against Arianism and the chapters anathematized in the

1769:

The new organisation of power, less linked to race and

1357:(the modern-day city of Pavia in the Italian region of 2890:

has devoted a fiction trilogy to the Lombard kingdom.

1373:) in northeastern Italy and had its stronghold in the 3378:

In this regard, it is worth mentioning the partition

2664:

In 771, Desiderius managed to convince the new pope,

2235: 5658: 2285:

His alliance with the Franks, crowned by a symbolic

1308:, as all these factors caused the population of the 4611:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

3059:

Longobards in Italy: Places of Power (568-774 A.D.)

2929:, poet and composer, produced a further follow-up: 2919:

Le piacevoli et ridicolose simplicità di Bertoldino

1782:as a summer residence. He identified himself, in a 1604: 1392:Arriving in Italy, King Alboin gave control of the 2625:lawyers; the era saw great development, including 1713:, rose to power in the region, styling himself as 1451: 3992:Rivista di storia del diritto italiano (Estratto) 3808:Azzara, Claudio; Gasparri, Stefano, eds. (2005). 2762:from the woods, from the flaming strident forges, 1522:Final settlement: Autari, Agilulf and Theudelinda 1063:The Lombard invasion of Italy was opposed by the 7035: 3443: 3441: 2282:, enhancing his reputation as a Christian king. 6844: 4001:I Longobardi. Storia e archeologia di un popolo 3790: 7059:States and territories established in the 560s 3807: 2760:From the mossy atria, from the crumbling Fora, 2224:, and adopted a strongly pro-Catholic policy. 1896:The Lombard rule at the death of Rothari (652) 6912: 5644: 4112: 3870:Bertelli, Carlo; Gian Pietro Broglio (2000). 3596: 3594: 3438: 3427: 3425: 3263:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 65. 2936: 2930: 2917: 2911: 2337:, provided the legal basis for attributing a 1949:; however, not even a total victory over the 989: 72: 6047:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia) 3240: 3238: 2096:With Grimoald's death in 671, his minor son 315:Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty 4060:(in Italian). Milano: Giuffrè. BNI 6513907. 4055: 2023:(688-700), king of the Lombards, minted in 1796: 1788: 1221: 58: 44: 6919: 6905: 5651: 5637: 4119: 4105: 3894:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3591: 3422: 2750: 2341:to the papacy, which finally produced the 1976:, an assembly of the army, and written in 1258: 996: 982: 95: 4036: 3902: 3812:(in Italian) (2 ed.). Roma: Viella. 3646: 3382:divided his kingdom between his two sons 3235: 2695:Gratia Dei rex Francorum et Langobardorum 2200:, Duke of Asti, and the Duke of Bergamo, 2089:(building a church in Pavia dedicated to 1098:was writing in the late 8th century, the 1079:, from the two large southern duchies of 1056:in the modern northern Italian region of 4017: 3942: 3911: 3849:in Storia d'Italia, Torino, UTET, 1980. 2950: 2866: 2648: 2481:Lombards domains after the conquests of 2476: 2380: 2239: 2134: 2014: 1891: 1883: 1660: 1525: 1396:to one of his most trusted lieutenants, 1379: 1365:, which included the Lombard duchies of 1189: 7079:8th-century disestablishments in Europe 6002:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca 4076: 4064: 3874:(in Italian) (Skira ed.). Milano. 3860: 2774:dai boschi, dall'arse fucine stridenti, 2701:of the two kingdoms. He maintained the 1874:Revival of the Arians: Arioald, Rothari 14: 7036: 3951: 3826: 3785:, Lorenzo Valla/Mondadori, Milan 1992) 3682: 3670: 3658: 3634: 3600: 3585: 3573: 3561: 3514: 3489: 3460: 3399: 3324: 3312: 3283: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3199: 3187: 3156: 2764:from the furrows wet with slave sweat, 2644: 2370:efficiency of the courts, changed the 2271:(where he had been called by his ally 1980:. The Edict consolidated and codified 27:568–774 state in the Italian Peninsula 6900: 5632: 4100: 3124:Literacy in Lombard Italy, c. 568–744 2772:Dagli atri muscosi, dai Fori cadenti, 4657:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 3998: 2886:. More recently the Friulian writer 2357:, who had allied with the new pope, 2184:, was immediately challenged by the 1991:(private revenge) by increasing the 1315:Although an invasion attempt by the 1118:, who conquered the kingdom in 774. 101:The Lombard Kingdom 751, under King 7074:6th-century establishments in Italy 3989: 3928:(in Italian). Firenze: Le Monnier. 3739:, ed. F. Beyerle, Witzenhausen 1962 3431:Franco Cardini e Marina Montesano, 2913:Le sottilissime astutie di Bertoldo 2778:un volgo disperso repente si desta. 2739: 2497:), but retained its specificity as 2004: 1233:, but it is not until the reign of 1219:The earliest Lombard law code, the 24: 4126: 4022:(in Italian). Milano: Effedieffe. 3831:(in Italian). Bologna: Il Mulino. 3696: 2854:elements of society and culture". 2776:dai solchi bagnati di servo sudor, 2236:Liutprand: the apogee of the reign 2175: 1506:(a term still used in the Italian 25: 7095: 6811:United Provinces of Central Italy 2101:of his dynasty and supported the 1185: 32:Kingdom of Italy (disambiguation) 30:For other kingdoms of Italy, see 5660:List of historic states of Italy 5613: 5612: 5601: 3947:(in Italian). Roma: La Sapienza. 3014:Bertoldo, Bertoldino e Cacasenno 2998:Bertoldo, Bertoldino e Cacasenno 2986:Bertoldo, Bertoldino e Cacasenno 2939:Bertoldo, Bertoldino e Cacasenno 965: 430: 388: 374: 360: 346: 321: 307: 293: 6793:Provisional Government of Milan 5342:Orders, decorations, and medals 4081:(in Italian). Torino: Einaudi. 3730:SS rer. Mer. I 1, Hanover 1951 3691: 3676: 3664: 3652: 3640: 3627: 3606: 3579: 3567: 3555: 3537: 3520: 3508: 3495: 3483: 3466: 3454: 3405: 3393: 3372: 3347: 3330: 3318: 3306: 3289: 3277: 3222: 2766:a dispersed mob suddenly awoke. 2578:, who was put in charge of the 1452:Cleph and the Rule of the Dukes 5992:City of Fiume and its District 4072:(in Italian). Torino: Einaudi. 3985:(in Italian). Milano: Rizzoli. 3916:(in Italian). Milano: Giuffre. 3716:SS rer. Mer. II, Hanover 1888 3205: 3193: 3181: 3162: 3150: 3129: 3116: 3103: 3070: 2857: 2333:. This donation, known as the 2170: 1868: 1478:as absolute monarchs in their 1253: 1206:(Neustria, Austria and Tuscia) 534:Praetorian prefecture of Italy 158:(rural nobles until about 760) 13: 1: 6427:County of Apulia and Calabria 5933:Campagna e Marittima Province 4041:(in Italian). Milano: Xenia. 3912:Bognetti, Gian Piero (1957). 3767:Monumenta Germaniae Historica 3755:Monumenta Germaniae Historica 3728:Monumenta Germaniae Historica 3713:Monumenta Germaniae Historica 3064: 2862: 2746:List of kings of the Lombards 2401: 2317:(after the decree of Emperor 2035:(652-653), the dukes elected 1790:Gratia Dei rex totius Italiae 1384:Lombard rule at the death of 644:Byzantine reconquest of Italy 4056:Tagliaferri, Amelio (1965). 4003:(in Italian). Genova: ECIG. 3903:Bertolini, Ottorino (1972). 3791:Historiographical literature 1288:(535–554) waged against the 705:Mid-16th c. to early 19th c. 152:(common; official after 653) 7: 6829:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 6823:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 6775:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 5953:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 5382:Water supply and sanitation 4806:Italian geographical region 4674:Monarchy and the World Wars 4616:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 4502:War of the Sicilian Vespers 4155:Timeline of Italian history 3924:; Marina Montesano (2006). 3168:or twelve years, according 3044: 2893: 2441:instead of the traditional 1957:, succeeded in forcing the 1605: 1229:, may allude to the use of 1208:and the Lombard Duchies of 1182:in the early 19th century. 10: 7100: 6769:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 6763:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 6164:Prince-Bishopric of Trento 6134:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 6119:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 5301:Inventions and discoveries 4711:Fall of the Fascist regime 4694:Fourth War of Independence 4652:Expedition of the Thousand 4642:Second War of Independence 4077:Tabacco, Giovanni (1999). 4037:Rovagnati, Sergio (2003). 3943:Gasparri, Stefano (1978). 3861:Bandera, Sandrina (2004). 3762:Origo gentis Langobardorum 3257:Martyn, John R. C (2012). 3171:Origo gentis Langobardorum 2946: 2743: 2464: 2008: 1877: 1802:, "King of the Lombards". 1510:). The economic system of 1455: 1262: 1248: 29: 6938: 6881:Free Territory of Trieste 6741: 6671: 6610: 6593: 6517: 6454: 6417: 6399:Principality of Benevento 6391: 6368: 6313: 6302: 6244: 6214: 5966: 5916: 5870: 5801: 5788: 5751: 5666: 5597: 5395: 5241: 5232: 5096: 5087: 5075:Security and intelligence 4948: 4939: 4801: 4792: 4735: 4662:Third War of Independence 4637:First War of Independence 4624: 4517: 4426: 4307: 4244: 4163: 4147: 4138: 3747:Chronica a. CCCCLV-DLXXXI 2975: 2275:) he successfully fought 2107:Three-Chapter Controversy 1837:were created such as the 1514:, which focused on large 1435:and her lover, the noble 1032:state established by the 548:Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms 356:Principality of Benevento 272: 262: 258: 245: 237:• Lombard migration 235: 231: 221: 217: 204: 191: 187: 177: 162: 150:Chalcedonian Christianity 134: 120: 110: 94: 89: 39: 6787:Italian United Provinces 6139:Principality of Piombino 5928:Patrimony of Saint Peter 4753:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 4748:Institutional referendum 4018:Possenti, Paolo (2001). 3827:Azzara, Claudio (2002). 3614:2. Runriket - Täby Kyrka 2587:Stephen II's successor, 2395:San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro 2093:), and valiant warrior. 1652:Assembly of the Lombards 1541:crown King Cleph's son, 639:Italy in the Middle Ages 497:Roman expansion in Italy 7044:Kingdom of the Lombards 6930:established around the 6875:Italian Social Republic 6550:Principality of Taranto 6442:Principality of Taranto 6404:Principality of Salerno 6159:Bishopric of Tarantasia 5982:Bishopric of Bressanone 5899:Duchy of the Pentapolis 5276:Emigration and diaspora 4485:Guelphs and Ghibellines 4470:the Sardinian Judicates 3999:Neil, Christie (1997). 3983:L'Italia dei secoli bui 3847:Longobardi e Bizantini 3097: 2812:. The German historian 2751:Historiographical views 2726:L'Italia dei secoli bui 2687:of the kingdom, Pavia. 2412:Non aequo animo accepit 1863:Duomo of Monza treasury 1580:, to marry a princess, 1400:, who became the first 1259:Founding of the kingdom 1010:Kingdom of the Lombards 847:European migrant crisis 797:Italian Social Republic 712:Italy (1801–1814) 669:Guelphs and Ghibellines 41:Kingdom of the Lombards 6781:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 6555:Terra Sancti Benedicti 6459:(from the 9th century) 6169:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 5158:Science and technology 5106:Italian regions by GDP 4907:Marine protected areas 4579:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 3778:Historia Langobardorum 3528:Historia Langobardorum 3474:Historia Langobardorum 3413:Historia Langobardorum 3338:Historia Langobardorum 3297:Historia Langobardorum 3213:Historia Langobardorum 3137:Historia Langobardorum 3089: 3081: 2962: 2937: 2931: 2918: 2912: 2874: 2796: 2768: 2730: 2661: 2486: 2432:non-Lombard subjects. 2398: 2331:Historia Langobardorum 2249: 2148: 2028: 1897: 1889: 1888:Map of Italy in 603 AD 1797: 1789: 1666: 1635: 1625:Historia Langobardorum 1613: 1537: 1439:, in league with some 1389: 1222: 1216: 1172:Iron Crown of Lombardy 1025: 530:(286 AD–476 AD) 460:(12th–6th c. BC) 454:(18th–3rd c. BC) 73: 59: 45: 7054:774 disestablishments 6799:Republic of San Marco 6581:Crown Colony of Malta 6409:Principality of Capua 6149:Marquisate of Saluzzo 6012:County of Santa Fiora 5674:Etruscan civilization 5357:Public administration 4465:the Holy Roman Empire 3957:Storia dei Longobardi 3783:Storia dei Longobardi 3704:Chronicle of Fredegar 3176:Chronicle of Fredegar 2954: 2870: 2769: 2758: 2709: 2652: 2480: 2384: 2267:and in the region of 2244:Lombards' Domains at 2243: 2138: 2018: 1895: 1887: 1861:(all resident in the 1846:Hen with seven chicks 1812:Patriarch of Aquileia 1664: 1614: 1602: 1529: 1383: 1319:, then allies of the 1298:volcanic winter (536) 1193: 1026:Regnum totius Italiae 790:Italy in World War II 493:(509 BC–27 BC) 487:(753 BC–509 BC) 466:(8th–3rd c. BC) 458:Etruscan civilization 121:Common languages 60:Regnum totius Italiae 6988:Kingdom of the Aurès 6948:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms 6595:French Revolutionary 6535:State of the Presidi 6259:Republic of Florence 6231:Domini di Terraferma 5881:Exarchate of Ravenna 5779:Western Roman Empire 5723:Nuragic civilization 5585:World Heritage Sites 5040:Council of Ministers 4778:Coronavirus pandemic 4176:Currency and coinage 3829:L'Italia dei barbari 3111:Rosamond McKitterick 3090:Regno dei Longobardi 3082:Regnum Langobardorum 3017:(1984), directed by 3001:(1954), directed by 2989:(1936), directed by 2685:captured the capital 2319:Leo III the Isaurian 1831:Basilica of St. John 1808:Three Chapter schism 1726:(Cividale del Friuli 1431:plotted by his wife 1375:Exarchate of Ravenna 1282:Western Roman Empire 1204:The Lombard Kingdom 1087:, which constituted 1069:Exarchate of Ravenna 1018:Kingdom of all Italy 1012:, also known as the 884:Currency and coinage 823:(1970s–1980s) 778:Italy in World War I 689:(14th–16th c.) 524:(27 BC–286 AD) 452:Nuragic civilization 146:(official until 653) 74:Regno dei Longobardi 46:Regnum Langobardorum 6998:Ostrogothic kingdom 6869:Free State of Fiume 6817:Kingdom of Sardinia 6560:Neapolitan Republic 6508:Kingdom of Sardinia 6503:Republic of Sassari 6331:Catepanate of Italy 6254:Republic of Cospaia 6077:Duchy of Montferrat 6072:March of Montferrat 6007:County of Guastalla 5907:Exarchate of Africa 5116:Automotive industry 5055:Metropolitan cities 4601:Early Modern period 4574:Kingdom of Sardinia 4525:Italian city-states 3905:Roma e i Longobardi 3757:AA, XI, Berlin 1894 3743:Marius Aventicensis 3735:Leges Langobardorum 3673:, pp. 136–137. 3661:, pp. 135–136. 3545:Leges Langobardorum 3135:cf. Paolo Diacono, 3122:N. Everett (2003), 3033:(Little Berthold), 2925:In 1620, the abbot 2880:Giulio Cesare Croce 2872:Giulio Cesare Croce 2806:barbarian invasions 2704:Leges Langobardorum 2645:Fall of the kingdom 2423:mayor of the palace 2145:Pavia Civic Museums 2063:, repulsed them at 1852:Theodelinda Gospels 1406:Cividale del Friuli 1290:Ostrogothic Kingdom 1284:. In the resulting 1273:In the 6th century 687:Italian Renaissance 664:Italian city-states 329:Ostrogothic Kingdom 7069:Barbarian kingdoms 7049:568 establishments 7023:Visigothic kingdom 6983:Kingdom of Odoacer 6953:Burgundian kingdom 6943:Alamannian kingdom 6928:Barbarian kingdoms 6699:Lucca and Piombino 6576:Malta Protectorate 6540:Duke of San Donato 6294:Republic of Ancona 6216:Republic of Venice 6129:Duchy of Mirandola 6017:Duchy of Guastalla 5855:Duchy of Tridentum 5835:Duchy of Benevento 5802:Barbarian kingdoms 5178:Telecommunications 4545:Maritime republics 3945:I duchi longobardi 3804:. MacMillan Press. 3765:, ed. G. Waitz in 3620:2008-06-04 at the 3517:, pp. 98–101. 3501:Sergio Rovagnati, 3037:(fra Cipolla) and 2963: 2956:Alessandro Manzoni 2884:Alessandro Manzoni 2875: 2793:, Choir Third Act. 2785:Alessandro Manzoni 2662: 2607:Alessandro Manzoni 2539:and becoming king 2487: 2399: 2297:offensive against 2250: 2149: 2126:Battle of Coronate 2029: 1898: 1890: 1667: 1538: 1390: 1243:Duchy of Benevento 1217: 1180:Napoleon Bonaparte 1100:Lombardic language 660:Maritime republics 646:(6th–8th c.) 600:Carolingian Empire 7084:Former monarchies 7031: 7030: 7008:Sub-Roman Britain 6978:Kingdom of Altava 6894: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6737: 6736: 6704:Massa and Carrara 6589: 6588: 6566:Hospitaller Malta 6525:Kingdom of Naples 6519:Kingdom of Sicily 6450: 6449: 6360:Duchy of Sorrento 6279:Republic of Genoa 6274:Republic of Siena 6269:Republic of Massa 6264:Republic of Lucca 5997:County of Gorizia 5987:Corsican Republic 5968:Holy Roman Empire 5626: 5625: 5593: 5592: 5228: 5227: 5163:Southern question 5083: 5082: 5015:Political parties 4963:Foreign relations 4935: 4934: 4788: 4787: 4509:Kingdom of Naples 4497:Kingdom of Sicily 4066:Tabacco, Giovanni 3975:Montanelli, Indro 3380:Pepin the Younger 3270:978-1-443-83918-1 3190:, pp. 46–48. 3159:, pp. 48–50. 3126:(Cambridge), 170. 3031:Maurizio Nichetti 2991:Giorgio Simonelli 2958:in a portrait by 2927:Adriano Banchieri 2825:Langobardia Minor 2821:Langobardia Major 2801:damnatio memoriae 2660:, opts for exile. 2443:rex Langobardorum 2335:Donation of Sutri 2304:Exarch of Ravenna 2076:Byzantine Emperor 1985:rules and customs 1816:Gregory the Great 1798:Langobardorum rex 1458:Rule of the Dukes 1419:Over time, other 1363:Langobardia Minor 1351:Langobardia Maior 1310:Italian Peninsula 1275:Byzantine Emperor 1269:Langobardia Minor 1265:Langobardia major 1168:Holy Roman Empire 1089:Langobardia Minor 1077:Langobardia Maior 1042:Italian Peninsula 1016:and later as the 1006: 1005: 853:COVID-19 pandemic 849:(2014–2016) 843:(2007–2009) 837:(1992–2001) 829:(1986–1992) 807:(1943–1945) 805:Italian Civil War 792:(1940–1945) 786:(1922–1943) 780:(1914–1918) 774:(1882–1960) 768:(1861–1946) 740:(1815–1871) 701:(1545–1648) 695:(1494–1559) 656:in southern Italy 624: 623: 615:Holy Roman Empire 447:Prehistoric Italy 404: 403: 400: 399: 396: 395: 334: 333: 249:Frankish invasion 172:elective monarchy 156:Germanic paganism 16:(Redirected from 7091: 6958:Frankish kingdom 6932:Migration Period 6921: 6914: 6907: 6898: 6897: 6855:Kingdom of Italy 6842: 6841: 6608: 6607: 6437:County of Sicily 6432:County of Aversa 6355:Byzantine Sicily 6341:Theme of Lucania 6311: 6310: 6289:Republic of Pisa 6284:Republic of Noli 6154:Duchy of Spoleto 6124:Duchy of Merania 6022:Kingdom of Italy 5948:Duchy of Ferrara 5893:Duchy of Perugia 5872:Byzantine Empire 5850:Duchy of Spoleto 5817:Ostrogothic rule 5799: 5798: 5667:Pre-Roman period 5653: 5646: 5639: 5630: 5629: 5616: 5615: 5608:Italy portal 5605: 5604: 5545:National symbols 5239: 5238: 5094: 5093: 4946: 4945: 4799: 4798: 4679:Kingdom of Italy 4606:Napoleonic Italy 4145: 4144: 4121: 4114: 4107: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4073: 4061: 4052: 4033: 4014: 3995: 3986: 3970: 3948: 3939: 3926:Storia medievale 3917: 3908: 3899: 3893: 3885: 3866: 3842: 3823: 3720:Gregory of Tours 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3647:Rovagnati (2003) 3644: 3638: 3631: 3625: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3541: 3535: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3445: 3436: 3433:Storia medievale 3429: 3420: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3351: 3345: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3233: 3226: 3220: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3133: 3127: 3120: 3114: 3107: 3101: 3074: 2942: 2934: 2921: 2915: 2851:Frankish kingdom 2810:history of Italy 2794: 2740:List of monarchs 2728: 2718:Indro Montanelli 2613:) to the future 2011:Bavarian Dynasty 2005:Bavarian dynasty 1951:Byzantine Exarch 1921:Bavarian dynasty 1820:Saint Columbanus 1800: 1792: 1633: 1611: 1339:to guard Italy. 1294:war of attrition 1227: 1124:Germanic kingdom 1065:Byzantine Empire 998: 991: 984: 972:Italy portal 970: 969: 968: 699:Catholic revival 552: 551: 434: 424: 406: 405: 392: 391: 378: 364: 350: 349: 338: 337: 325: 324: 311: 310: 301:Byzantine Empire 297: 290: 289: 274: 273: 99: 84: 76: 70: 62: 56: 48: 37: 36: 21: 7099: 7098: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7013:Suebian kingdom 6993:Lombard kingdom 6963:Frisian kingdom 6934: 6925: 6895: 6886: 6840: 6743: 6742:Post-Napoleonic 6733: 6667: 6603: 6597: 6585: 6527: 6523: 6522:(1130–1816) and 6521: 6513: 6458: 6446: 6413: 6387: 6378:Emirate of Bari 6364: 6351:Theme of Sicily 6346:Duchy of Naples 6321:Duchy of Amalfi 6306: 6298: 6246: 6245:Other Republics 6240: 6218: 6210: 6204:County of Tenda 6184:County of Savoy 6144:Duchy of Reggio 6114:Duchy of Mantua 6042:March of Friuli 5974: 5972: 5970: 5962: 5958:Duchy of Urbino 5943:Duchy of Castro 5920: 5912: 5866: 5860:Duchy of Tuscia 5840:Duchy of Friuli 5803: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5784: 5763:(753 BC–509 BC) 5747: 5662: 5657: 5627: 5622: 5602: 5589: 5560:Public holidays 5391: 5337:Life expectancy 5224: 5079: 4995:Law enforcement 4931: 4784: 4731: 4720:Social Republic 4684:Colonial Empire 4667:Capture of Rome 4620: 4513: 4422: 4315:Ancient peoples 4303: 4240: 4201:Historic states 4159: 4134: 4125: 4095: 4089: 4049: 4030: 4011: 3979:Roberto Gervaso 3967: 3936: 3922:Cardini, Franco 3887: 3886: 3882: 3839: 3820: 3793: 3788: 3751:Theodor Mommsen 3699: 3697:Primary sources 3694: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3632: 3628: 3622:Wayback Machine 3611: 3607: 3599: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3542: 3538: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3472:Paolo Diacono, 3471: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3447:Paolo Diacono, 3446: 3439: 3430: 3423: 3411:Paolo Diacono, 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3336:Paolo Diacono, 3335: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3295:Paolo Diacono, 3294: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3271: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3236: 3228:Paolo Diacono, 3227: 3223: 3211:Paolo Diacono, 3210: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3134: 3130: 3121: 3117: 3108: 3104: 3098:Regn di Lombard 3075: 3071: 3067: 3047: 3041:(king Alboin). 3019:Mario Monicelli 3007:Ruggero Maccari 2978: 2960:Francesco Hayez 2949: 2896: 2865: 2860: 2795: 2783: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2753: 2748: 2742: 2729: 2722:Roberto Gervaso 2716: 2647: 2639:Byzantine coins 2635:Lombard coinage 2593:Duke of Bavaria 2580:Duchy of Tuscia 2522:Pope Stephen II 2467: 2416:Pemmo of Friuli 2404: 2308:Pope Gregory II 2291:Pepin the Short 2248:'s death (744). 2238: 2178: 2176:Dynastic crisis 2173: 2103:Catholic Church 2013: 2007: 1882: 1880:Edictum Rothari 1876: 1871: 1855:and the famous 1634: 1622:Paolo Diacono, 1621: 1598:Paul the Deacon 1552:, the title of 1550:Ostrogoth Kings 1533:in a fresco by 1524: 1460: 1454: 1421:Lombard duchies 1306:pyrrhic victory 1302:plague pandemic 1271: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1224:Edictum Rothari 1203: 1198:possessions in 1188: 1096:Paul the Deacon 1038:Germanic people 1014:Lombard Kingdom 1002: 966: 964: 962: 953: 952: 951: 949: 909:Historic states 873: 865: 864: 841:Great Recession 772:Colonial Empire 761: 753: 752: 751: 732: 682: 674: 673: 634: 626: 625: 549: 541: 540: 480: 470: 469: 442: 422: 415: 389: 384:Pannonian Avars 347: 322: 308: 251: 238: 207: 206:• 756–774 194: 193:• 565–572 127: 106: 85: 78: 71: 64: 57: 50: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Lombard Kingdom 15: 12: 11: 5: 7097: 7087: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7018:Vandal kingdom 7015: 7010: 7005: 7003:Rugian kingdom 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6924: 6923: 6916: 6909: 6901: 6892: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6878: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6861:Italian Empire 6851: 6849: 6839: 6838: 6832: 6826: 6820: 6814: 6808: 6805:Roman Republic 6802: 6796: 6790: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6760: 6757:Duchy of Lucca 6754: 6751:Duchy of Genoa 6747: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6614: 6612: 6605: 6591: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6531: 6529: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6511: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6462: 6460: 6452: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6423: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6374: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6326:Duchy of Gaeta 6323: 6317: 6315: 6308: 6304:Southern Italy 6300: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6250: 6248: 6247:(c. 1000–1797) 6242: 6241: 6239: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6222: 6220: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6199:County of Nice 6196: 6194:Duchy of Aosta 6191: 6186: 6181: 6174:Savoyard state 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6109:Duchy of Milan 6106: 6104:Duchy of Ivrea 6101: 6100: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5978: 5976: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5924: 5922: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5877: 5875: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5845:Duchy of Ivrea 5842: 5837: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5811:Odoacer's rule 5807: 5805: 5796: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5776: 5775:(27 BC–395 AD) 5770: 5769:(509 BC–27 BC) 5767:Roman Republic 5764: 5757: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5706:Cisalpine Gaul 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5663: 5656: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5633: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5610: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5401: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5168:Stock exchange 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5070:Municipalities 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5030:Prime Minister 5027: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4981: 4980: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4917:Regional parks 4914: 4912:National parks 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4821:Climate change 4813: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4686: 4681: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4586: 4584:Duchy of Savoy 4581: 4576: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4494: 4492:Lombard League 4489: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4414:Western Empire 4406: 4401: 4399:Roman conquest 4396: 4391: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4320:Italic peoples 4311: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4151: 4149: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4124: 4123: 4116: 4109: 4101: 4094: 4093: 4087: 4074: 4062: 4053: 4047: 4034: 4028: 4015: 4009: 3996: 3987: 3971: 3965: 3949: 3940: 3934: 3918: 3909: 3900: 3880: 3867: 3858: 3845:Paolo Delogu. 3843: 3837: 3824: 3818: 3805: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3770: 3758: 3740: 3731: 3717: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3687: 3675: 3663: 3651: 3639: 3626: 3605: 3603:, p. 125. 3590: 3588:, p. 102. 3578: 3576:, p. 112. 3566: 3564:, p. 101. 3554: 3536: 3519: 3507: 3494: 3482: 3465: 3453: 3437: 3421: 3404: 3392: 3371: 3346: 3329: 3317: 3305: 3288: 3276: 3269: 3249: 3234: 3221: 3204: 3192: 3180: 3161: 3149: 3128: 3115: 3102: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3046: 3043: 3023: 3022: 3010: 3003:Mario Amendola 2994: 2977: 2974: 2948: 2945: 2895: 2892: 2888:Marco Salvador 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2781: 2752: 2749: 2744:Main article: 2741: 2738: 2714: 2699:personal union 2656:, defeated by 2646: 2643: 2637:only imitated 2472:light infantry 2466: 2463: 2403: 2400: 2385:Gravestone of 2339:temporal power 2299:Constantinople 2273:Charles Martel 2237: 2234: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2139:Gravestone of 2006: 2003: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1619: 1566:Isola Comacina 1523: 1520: 1512:late antiquity 1453: 1450: 1402:Duke of Friuli 1344:Roman conquest 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1187: 1186:Administration 1184: 1176:kings of Italy 1163:Regnum Italiae 1030:early medieval 1004: 1003: 1001: 1000: 993: 986: 978: 975: 974: 955: 954: 947: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 875: 874: 871: 870: 867: 866: 863: 862: 861: 860: 850: 844: 838: 830: 818: 808: 793: 787: 781: 775: 769: 762: 759: 758: 755: 754: 750: 749: 743: 742: 741: 731: 730: 729: 728: 723: 715: 714: 713: 707: 702: 696: 690: 683: 680: 679: 676: 675: 672: 671: 666: 657: 647: 641: 635: 632: 631: 628: 627: 622: 621: 620:962–1801 618: 607: 606: 603: 592: 591: 588: 582: 581: 578: 572: 571: 568: 562: 561: 558: 550: 547: 546: 543: 542: 539: 538: 537: 536: 528:Western Empire 525: 519: 518: 517: 504: 499: 488: 481: 476: 475: 472: 471: 468: 467: 461: 455: 449: 443: 440: 439: 436: 435: 427: 426: 417: 416: 409: 402: 401: 398: 397: 394: 393: 386: 380: 379: 372: 366: 365: 358: 352: 351: 344: 335: 332: 331: 326: 318: 317: 312: 304: 303: 298: 286: 285: 280: 270: 269: 264: 260: 259: 256: 255: 252: 246: 243: 242: 239: 236: 233: 232: 229: 228: 223: 222:Historical era 219: 218: 215: 214: 208: 205: 202: 201: 195: 192: 189: 188: 185: 184: 181: 175: 174: 166: 160: 159: 154: 153: 147: 136: 132: 131: 122: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 100: 92: 91: 87: 86: 43: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7096: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6973:Hunnic empire 6971: 6969: 6968:Gepid kingdom 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6922: 6917: 6915: 6910: 6908: 6903: 6902: 6899: 6882: 6879: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6867: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6843: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6740: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6592: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6545:Duchy of Sora 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6526: 6520: 6516: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6384: 6383:Muslim Sicily 6381: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5905: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5887:Duchy of Rome 5885: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5869: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5800: 5797: 5787: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5761:Roman Kingdom 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5733:Magna Graecia 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5654: 5649: 5647: 5642: 5640: 5635: 5634: 5631: 5619: 5611: 5609: 5600: 5599: 5596: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5319: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4763:Years of Lead 4761: 4759: 4758:Economic Boom 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4701:Fascist Italy 4699: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4647:Niçard exodus 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4367:Magna Graecia 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4117: 4115: 4110: 4108: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4090: 4088:88-06-49460-0 4084: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4048:88-7273-484-3 4044: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4029:88-85223-27-3 4025: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4010:88-7545-735-2 4006: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3966:88-06-13658-5 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3935:88-00-20474-0 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3883: 3881:88-8118-798-1 3877: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3856: 3855:88-02-03510-5 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3838:88-15-08812-1 3834: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3819:88-8334-099-X 3815: 3811: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3798:Chris Wickham 3796: 3795: 3784: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3773:Paolo Diacono 3771: 3769:SS rer. Lang. 3768: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3685:, p. 138 3684: 3683:Azzara (2002) 3679: 3672: 3671:Jarnut (1995) 3667: 3660: 3659:Jarnut (1995) 3655: 3648: 3643: 3637:, p. 135 3636: 3635:Azzara (2002) 3630: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3609: 3602: 3601:Jarnut (1995) 3597: 3595: 3587: 3586:Jarnut (1995) 3582: 3575: 3574:Jarnut (1995) 3570: 3563: 3562:Jarnut (1995) 3558: 3551: 3550:Ratchis Leges 3547: 3546: 3540: 3533: 3529: 3526:Paul Deacon, 3523: 3516: 3515:Jarnut (1995) 3511: 3504: 3498: 3492:, p. 82. 3491: 3490:Jarnut (1995) 3486: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3463:, p. 97. 3462: 3461:Jarnut (1995) 3457: 3450: 3444: 3442: 3434: 3428: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3402:, p. 59. 3401: 3400:Jarnut (1995) 3396: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3327:, p. 56. 3326: 3325:Jarnut (1995) 3321: 3315:, p. 61. 3314: 3313:Jarnut (1995) 3309: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3286:, p. 43. 3285: 3284:Jarnut (1995) 3280: 3272: 3266: 3262: 3261: 3253: 3247:, p. 44. 3246: 3245:Jarnut (1995) 3241: 3239: 3231: 3225: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3202:, p. 37. 3201: 3200:Jarnut (1995) 3196: 3189: 3188:Jarnut (1995) 3184: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3165: 3158: 3157:Jarnut (1995) 3153: 3147:, 24-26 e 52. 3146: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3125: 3119: 3112: 3106: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3069: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3054: 3049: 3048: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3035:Alberto Sordi 3032: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2982: 2981: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2909: 2908:modern period 2905: 2901: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2855: 2852: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2767: 2757: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2555:against him. 2554: 2550: 2549: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2537:Childeric III 2534: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2499:sedes imperii 2496: 2492: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2473: 2462: 2460: 2459:Monte Cassino 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2439: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2373: 2368: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2289:of the young 2288: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261:piissimus rex 2257: 2255: 2247: 2242: 2233: 2231: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2186:Duke of Turin 2183: 2168: 2166: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2111:Duke of Trent 2108: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2091:Saint Ambrose 2088: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2002: 2000: 1999:death penalty 1996: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1894: 1886: 1881: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1841: 1840:Agilulf Cross 1836: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1793: 1791: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1663: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1644:Duke of Turin 1640: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1618: 1612: 1610: 1609: 1601: 1599: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1459: 1449: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1331:, moved from 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1270: 1266: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1225: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1158: 1156: 1153:and southern 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1073:Duchy of Rome 1070: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 999: 994: 992: 987: 985: 980: 979: 977: 976: 973: 963: 961: 957: 956: 950: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 876: 869: 868: 858: 854: 851: 848: 845: 842: 839: 836: 835: 831: 828: 825: 824: 822: 821:Years of Lead 819: 816: 812: 809: 806: 802: 798: 794: 791: 788: 785: 782: 779: 776: 773: 770: 767: 764: 763: 757: 756: 748: 745: 744: 739: 738: 734: 733: 727: 724: 722: 719: 718: 717: 716: 711: 708: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 688: 685: 684: 678: 677: 670: 667: 665: 661: 658: 655: 651: 648: 645: 642: 640: 637: 636: 630: 629: 619: 616: 612: 609: 608: 605:774–962 604: 601: 597: 594: 593: 590:568–774 589: 587: 584: 583: 580:435–534 579: 577: 574: 573: 570:493–553 569: 567: 564: 563: 560:476–493 559: 557: 554: 553: 545: 544: 535: 532: 531: 529: 526: 523: 520: 516: 515: 510: 509: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 494: 492: 489: 486: 483: 482: 479: 474: 473: 465: 464:Magna Graecia 462: 459: 456: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 438: 437: 433: 429: 428: 425: 419: 418: 413: 408: 407: 387: 385: 382: 381: 377: 373: 371: 368: 367: 363: 359: 357: 354: 353: 345: 343: 340: 339: 336: 330: 327: 320: 319: 316: 313: 306: 305: 302: 299: 296: 292: 291: 288: 287: 284: 281: 279: 276: 275: 271: 268: 265: 261: 257: 253: 250: 244: 240: 234: 230: 227: 224: 220: 216: 212: 209: 203: 199: 196: 190: 186: 182: 180: 176: 173: 170: 167: 165: 161: 157: 151: 148: 145: 142: 141: 140: 137: 133: 130: 126: 123: 119: 116: 113: 109: 104: 98: 93: 88: 82: 75: 68: 61: 54: 47: 38: 33: 19: 6992: 6857:(1861–1946) 6835:Papal States 6663:Transpadania 6236:Stato da Màr 5918:Papal States 5829:Lombard rule 5828: 5793:Early Modern 5781:(395–476 AD) 5773:Roman Empire 5753:Ancient Rome 5445:Architecture 5415:Quattrocento 5372:Social class 5352:Prostitution 5266:Demographics 5188:Trade unions 5131:Central Bank 4973:Human rights 4953:Constitution 4736:Contemporary 4706:World War II 4594:Italian Wars 4518:Early modern 4460:Papal States 4454: 4438:Italy under 4384:Ancient Rome 4078: 4069: 4057: 4039:I Longobardi 4038: 4019: 4000: 3991: 3982: 3956: 3953:Jarnut, Jörg 3944: 3925: 3913: 3904: 3871: 3862: 3846: 3828: 3809: 3801: 3782: 3776: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3746: 3733: 3727: 3723: 3711: 3707: 3692:Bibliography 3678: 3666: 3654: 3642: 3629: 3613: 3608: 3581: 3569: 3557: 3549: 3543: 3539: 3527: 3522: 3510: 3505:, pp. 75-76. 3503:I Longobardi 3502: 3497: 3485: 3473: 3468: 3456: 3432: 3412: 3407: 3395: 3374: 3362:. 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I 1776:Adaloald 1762:and the 1711:Gulfaris 1680:Piacenza 1620:— 1586:Lethings 1562:Piedmont 1508:toponymy 1433:Rosamund 1359:Lombardy 1333:Pannonia 1325:Lombards 1143:Calabria 1135:Sardinia 1058:Lombardy 1034:Lombards 960:Timeline 924:Military 872:By topic 811:Republic 795:Fascist 766:Monarchy 721:Republic 633:Medieval 611:Germanic 596:Frankish 491:Republic 412:a series 410:Part of 263:Currency 144:Arianism 6729:Corsica 6719:Tuscany 6684:Etruria 6633:Liguria 6486:Gallura 6476:Arborea 6392:Lombard 6092:Tuscany 6082:Trieste 5718:Ligures 5679:Etruria 5575:Theatre 5550:Palaces 5530:Museums 5500:Gardens 5485:Fashion 5475:Cuisine 5455:Castles 5397:Culture 5347:Poverty 5323:Italian 5234:Society 5215:Welfare 5183:Tourism 5153:Exports 5121:Banking 5101:Economy 5089:Economy 5045:Regions 4927:Valleys 4897:Islands 4877:Beaches 4848:Prealps 4828:Geology 4816:Climate 4480:Normans 4440:Odoacer 4389:Kingdom 4372:Ligures 4308:Ancient 4282:Nuragic 4231:Postage 4206:Judaism 4196:Genetic 4186:Fashion 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6067:Milan 6052:Ivrea 5728:Umbri 5701:Celts 5565:Sport 5535:Music 5525:Media 5387:Women 5261:Crime 5126:Banks 4902:Lakes 4887:Caves 4838:Flora 4833:Fauna 4555:Genoa 4540:Milan 4535:Siena 4475:Arabs 4362:Celts 4345:Umbri 4221:Music 4191:Flags 4128:Italy 3534:, 55. 3480:, 49. 3451:, 35. 3419:, 46. 3344:, 45. 3303:, 41. 3232:, 35. 3219:, 16. 3078:Latin 2681:Locks 2561:Locks 2495:duchy 2485:(751) 2391:Pavia 2327:Sutri 2269:Arles 2204:) in 2165:synod 2025:Milan 1978:Latin 1972:by a 1970:Pavia 1939:Genoa 1915:This 1780:Monza 1754:Lucca 1750:Ivrea 1738:Turin 1676:Parma 1672:Avars 1656:Milan 1590:Wacho 1504:halls 1496:Roman 1464:Cleph 1441:Gepid 1388:(572) 1200:Italy 1104:Arian 1054:Pavia 1046:dukes 1022:Latin 929:Music 899:Flags 650:Islam 441:Early 423:Italy 115:Pavia 67:Latin 53:Latin 6724:Elba 6653:Rome 6602:eras 6598:and 6571:Gozo 6370:Arab 6353:and 6032:Ceva 5696:Osci 5490:Flag 5220:Wine 5208:road 5203:rail 5034:List 5024:List 4853:Alps 4718:and 4560:Pisa 4330:Osci 4226:Name 4211:LGBT 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Kingdom of the Lombards

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