177:
imperial claims over the liberated provinces—part of an attempt to substitute
Lombard suzerainty for Byzantine domination—but Pepin refused such offers, allowing the Roman West to retain some autonomy as the Frankish king thought only of the Papacy. Meanwhile, Pepin imposed an annual tribute be paid by the Lombards to the Franks, which historian Paolo Delogu labels nothing less than "political subjection." Despite this blow to Aistulf's prestige, the Lombard kingdom remained more or less intact and as Delogu observes, "the political and military alliance between the Franks and the papacy was not solid enough to allow the latter to act very effectively against the Lombards." When Aistulf died in 756—killed during a hunting accident—his succession was not without controversy when the ex-king Ratchis emerged from his monastery with the intention to reascend to the throne, but the ambitious
27:
1060:
152:
cause by bestowing the title "Patrician of the Romans" onto him and his son, which proved sufficient to elicit
Frankish aide and opposition to Aistulf's claims of sovereignty over the Roman empire. Pepin then sent demands to Aistulf for him submit to the patrimony of St. Peter, which meant relinquishing his gains; the Lombard king refused Pepin's demands, thus beginning a Frankish military incursion into Italy.
176:
Once he heard the anxious pleas from the pope, Pepin marched his
Frankish army back into Italy, again defeated the Lombards and forced Aistulf to surrender, but this time the Franks directly supervised the land returns. In the midst of these negotiations, a Byzantine ambassador was sent to Pepin with
171:
I, the
Apostle Peter...who adopted you as my sons...and who chose you Franks above all other peoples...I hereby urge and exhort you...to protect my flock...defend Rome, and your brothers the Romans, from the heinous Lombards!...Come, come, in the name of the one living and true God, I beseech you,
151:
Carloman's effort to deter his brother from pursuing
Aistulf proved unsuccessful and Pepin, who was accompanied by Pope Stephen, left Francia for Italy during the summer of 754; the ailing Carloman joined them on their journey but died on the way. Pope Stephen had further ingratiated Pepin to his
108:
and all the provinces subject to the
Exarchate, even declaring himself king of the Romans. He also held court in the former palace of the Exarch, where historian Peter Brown asserts, that as a good western Catholic, Aistulf likely offered gifts "on the altar of San Vitale." With the Lombard king
92:
became king, Aistulf succeeded him as Duke of Friuli and later succeeded him as king, when
Ratchis was forced to abdicate the throne. Ratchis entered a monastery thereafter. While Ratchis had been more tolerant with the Roman element of the Italian population, Aistulf followed a more aggressive
167:, which included the return of Roman lands and a lasting peace, Aistulf was not long in breaking the treaty once Pepin left Italy. After the Frankish army was back across the Alps, Aistulf besieged Rome again in 756, engendering another plea from the papacy. It read:
172:
come and help before the spring of life from which you drink and in which you are reborn dries up, before the last spark of the sacred flame which illuminates you dies out, and before your spiritual mother, God’s holy Church...is desecrated."
120:
Having declared himself the new king of the Romans, Aistulf believed that the empire's former supremacy in Italy was now extinct; as a result, the Roman Pope
Stephen was unable to exercise the same pastoral diplomacy that his predecessor,
144:, learned that the pontiff—accompanied by a large following and bearing gifts—was traveling north to meet with him. While Pope Stephen's arrival in Francia was noteworthy, it was near concomitant with that of Pepin's brother,
213:
paints a very negative picture of
Aistulf as a savage, he did act benevolently towards the Church on occasion. For instance, while he controlled the duchy of Spoleto, he granted the title
129:
and
Ratchis. At Ravenna, Aistulf demanded tribute from the Roman duchy itself, straining papal coffers and greatly worrying Pope Stephen enough that he began negotiations with the
109:
close, Rome was under threat and if the city and its Patriarch were to survive, Brown adds, "they had to look for new protectors." Recognizing the religious authority of
680:
Giostra, Caterina; Lusuardi Siena, Maria Silvia; Spalla, Elena (2000). "Sepolture e luoghi di culto in età longobarda: il modello regio". In Gian Pietro Brogiolo (ed.).
757:
718:
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1022:
159:
at the head of his army, putting the Lombards to flight and forcing Aistulf's hand in returning papal lands and those belonging to the wider Roman
140:, again petitioning them for assistance against Aistulf's Lombards. Returning from a summer campaign against the Saxons, the Frankish leader,
148:, who had incidentally come to Francia under pressure from the Lombard king, Aistulf, to explicitly dissuade Pepin from entering Italy.
772:
1807:
1797:
936:
818:
691:
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651:
632:
613:
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575:
556:
67:
from 751. His reign was characterized by ruthless and ambitious efforts to conquer Roman territory to the extent that in the
1584:
1015:
537:
523:
763:
724:
181:(duke of Tuscany), gained both Frankish and papal support and replaced Aistulf as king of the Lombards in March 757.
1760:
866:
848:
799:
136:
Aistulf's demands were causing consternation in Rome. In 753, Pope Stephen II crossed the Alps and wintered with the
113:, Aistulf offered peace to the pontiff but under Lombard hegemony. In the late spring or summer 751, Aistulf placed
1720:
1680:
1331:
1008:
126:
1744:
1251:
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Power and Patronage in Early Medieval Italy: Local Society, Italian Politics and the Abbey of Farfa, c.700–900
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that he had occupied. While a treaty was signed between Aistulf and Pepin after the Franks laid siege to
732:
Hallenbeck, Jan T. (1982). "Pavia and Rome: The Lombard Monarchy and the Papacy in the Eighth Century".
226:
For additional insights into the relationship between Pope Zachary and the latter Lombard leaders, see:
910:
1812:
1802:
982:
1145:
1519:
946:
1688:
894:
217:'Germaniciana' to the Farfa Abbey, adding substantial lands and prestige to the institution.
1696:
1563:
904:
701:
Hallenbeck, Jan T. (1980). "Instances of Peace in Eighth-Century Lombard-Papal Relations".
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8:
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1549:
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1376:
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710:
73:, he is described as a "shameless" Lombard given to "pernicious savagery" and cruelty.
69:
1000:
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Delogu, Paolo (2006). "Lombard and Carolingian Italy". In Rosamond McKitterick (ed.).
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56:
836:
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Fouracre, Paul (2006). "Frankish Gaul to 814". In Rosamond McKitterick (ed.).
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782:
122:
94:
497:
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665:. Cambridge and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
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The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, A.D. 200–1000
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627:. Vol. II. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
608:. Vol. II. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
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130:
32:
777:. Vol. VII, Frankish Invasions. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
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under his direct control without naming a replacement duke.
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686:. Brescia: Società degli Archeologi Medievalisti Italiani.
679:
644:
Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation
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156:
155:
In the spring of 755, the newly anointed Pepin crossed the
521:
Bertolini, Ottorino (1962). "Astolfo, re dei Longobardi".
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Atti del II Congresso Nazionale di Archeologia medievale
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843:. Translated by Guglielmotti, Paola. Torino: Einaudi.
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792:
The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987
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589:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
441:
429:
305:
734:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
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625:The New Cambridge Medieval History, c.700–c.900
606:The New Cambridge Medieval History, c.700–c.900
1016:
813:. Oakland: University of California Press.
811:King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne
789:
479:
1023:
1009:
885:
731:
700:
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345:
231:
227:
93:policy of expansion and raids against the
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520:
504:Giostra, Lusuardi Siena & Spalla 2000
423:
357:
270:
1818:Deaths by horse-riding accident in Italy
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381:
25:
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45:Ahistulf, Aistulfus, Haistulfus, Astolf
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603:
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408:
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333:
299:
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1004:
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546:
447:
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551:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
524:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
184:Aistulf was buried in the church of
16:King of the Lombards from 749 to 756
530:Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
13:
829:
14:
1829:
879:
85:of Friuli and his wife Ratperga.
1058:
871:Ottorino Bertolini (1892-1977),
570:. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
774:Italy and Her Invaders, 744–774
646:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
568:Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000
513:
236:
81:Aistulf was born as the son of
19:For the fictional paladin, see
790:McKitterick, Rosamond (1983).
703:Archivum Historiae Pontificiae
526:, Volume 4: Arconati–Bacaredda
220:
203:
1:
248:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
191:
55:; died December 756) was the
1808:8th-century dukes of Spoleto
1798:8th-century Lombard monarchs
257:
188:in Pavia, which he founded.
76:
7:
642:Frassetto, Michael (2003).
585:Costambeys, Marios (2007).
104:. In 750, Aistulf captured
10:
1834:
18:
1583:
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1056:
1039:
989:
980:
972:
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953:
943:
934:
926:
921:
886:Macpherson, Ewan (1907).
1471:(title disputed 887–933)
771:Hodgkin, Thomas (1892).
661:Fried, Johannes (2015).
911:The American Cyclopædia
566:Collins, Roger (1999).
861:, Milan, Xenia, 2003.
809:Nelson, Janet (2019).
348:, pp. 78–79, 100.
174:
59:from 744, King of the
52:
37:
895:Catholic Encyclopedia
841:Storia dei Longobardi
547:Brown, Peter (2006).
169:
29:
1681:Lothair III (or II)
1034:between 476 and 1556
956:King of the Lombards
528:(in Italian). Rome:
250:Epp. 3, pp. 501–505.
102:exarchate of Ravenna
794:. London: Longman.
197:Informational notes
875:, pp. 246/247
857:Sergio Rovagnati,
211:Liber Pontificalis
88:After his brother
70:Liber Pontificalis
38:
1780:
1779:
1591:Holy Roman Empire
999:
998:
990:Succeeded by
963:Succeeded by
944:Succeeded by
905:"Astolphus"
820:978-0-52031-420-7
693:978-8-87814-171-1
672:978-0-67405-562-9
653:978-1-57607-263-9
634:978-0-52136-292-4
615:978-0-52136-292-4
596:978-0-52187-037-5
577:978-0-31221-885-0
558:978-0-69116-177-8
246:10, found in the
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1813:Lombard warriors
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1585:Kingdom of Italy
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898:. Vol. 1.
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850:88-06-13658-5
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801:0-582-49005-7
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481:
476:
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450:, p. 41.
449:
444:
438:, p. 40.
437:
432:
426:, p. 13.
425:
420:
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411:, p. 76.
410:
405:
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396:, p. 73.
395:
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384:, p. 98.
383:
382:Fouracre 2006
378:
372:, p. 72.
371:
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99:Eastern Roman
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58:
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50:
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35:
34:
28:
22:
1697:Frederick I
1564:Berengar II
1557:
1527:
1513:
1491:
1477:
1469:Non-dynastic
1441:Charles III
1385:Charlemagne
1377:Carolingians
1355:
1170:
1040:Non-dynastic
981:
954:
935:
909:
893:
872:
859:I Longobardi
858:
840:
837:Jarnut, Jörg
810:
791:
773:
740:(4): 1–186.
737:
733:
706:
702:
682:
662:
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624:
605:
586:
567:
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514:Bibliography
499:
492:Collins 1999
487:
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365:
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283:Hodgkin 1892
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123:Pope Zachary
119:
95:Papal States
87:
80:
68:
44:
40:
39:
31:
1771:(1530–1556)
1763:(1452–1493)
1755:(1431–1437)
1747:(1355–1378)
1745:Charles IV
1739:(1327–1347)
1731:(1311–1313)
1723:(1212–1250)
1715:(1209–1212)
1707:(1186–1197)
1699:(1154–1186)
1691:(1138–1152)
1689:Conrad III
1683:(1125–1137)
1675:(1106–1125)
1667:(1093–1101)
1659:(1056–1105)
1651:(1039–1056)
1643:(1026–1039)
1635:(1004–1024)
1627:(1002–1014)
1550:Lothair II
1484:Berengar I
1479:Unruochings
1425:Charles II
1364:Desiderius
1340:Hildeprand
1316:Aripert II
1171:Interregnum
465:Delogu 2006
409:Nelson 2019
394:Nelson 2019
370:Nelson 2019
334:Delogu 2006
300:Delogu 2006
161:res publica
1793:756 deaths
1787:Categories
1769:Charles V
1753:Sigismund
1729:Henry VII
1665:Conrad II
1649:Henry III
1641:Conrad II
1619:(996–1002)
1594:(962–1556)
1409:Lothair I
1332:Liutprand
1308:Raginpert
1268:Perctarit
1244:Perctarit
1228:Aripert I
1093:Theodahad
1085:Athalaric
1077:Theodoric
1069:Ostrogoths
966:Desiderius
448:Fried 2015
436:Fried 2015
315:Brown 2006
209:While the
192:References
186:San Marino
179:Desiderius
83:Duke Pemmo
36:of Aistulf
1737:Louis IV
1705:Henry VI
1657:Henry IV
1633:Henry II
1625:Arduin I
1617:Otto III
1611:(980–983)
1603:(962–973)
1574:(950–963)
1572:Adalbert
1566:(950–963)
1559:Anscarids
1552:(945–950)
1544:(926–947)
1536:(900–905)
1534:Louis II
1522:(922–933)
1508:(891–897)
1500:(889–894)
1493:Guideschi
1486:(887–924)
1451:(896–899)
1443:(879–887)
1435:(877–879)
1433:Carloman
1427:(875–877)
1419:(855–875)
1411:(818–855)
1403:(810–818)
1395:(781–810)
1387:(774–814)
1366:(756–774)
1358:(749–756)
1350:(744–749)
1334:(712–744)
1324:Ansprand
1318:(702–712)
1302:(700–702)
1300:Liutpert
1294:(689–700)
1292:Cunipert
1278:(688–689)
1276:Cunipert
1270:(671–688)
1260:Garibald
1254:(662–671)
1252:Grimoald
1246:(661–662)
1238:(661–662)
1236:Godepert
1230:(653–661)
1222:(652–653)
1214:(636-652)
1206:(626–636)
1198:(616–626)
1196:Adaloald
1190:(590–616)
1182:(584–590)
1174:(574–584)
1164:(572–574)
1156:(568–572)
1135:(552–553)
1127:(541–552)
1111:(540–541)
1103:(536–540)
1095:(534–536)
1087:(526–534)
1079:(493–526)
1049:(476–493)
839:(1995) .
709:: 41–56.
258:Citations
127:Liutprand
77:Biography
1713:Otto IV
1673:Henry V
1609:Otto II
1529:Bosonids
1520:Rudolph
1506:Lambert
1417:Louis I
1401:Bernard
1356:Aistulf
1348:Ratchis
1220:Rodoald
1212:Rothari
1204:Arioald
1188:Agilulf
1180:Authari
1146:Lombards
1109:Ildibad
1101:Vitiges
1047:Odoacer
987:751–756
960:749–756
941:744–749
783:11903416
764:12327704
725:12600309
715:23564026
146:Carloman
97:and the
61:Lombards
1601:Otto I
1587:within
1457:Ratold
1449:Arnulf
1284:Alahis
1154:Alboin
1125:Totila
1117:Eraric
930:Ratchis
914:. 1879.
873:Astolfo
754:1006429
115:Spoleto
106:Ravenna
90:Ratchis
53:Astolfo
49:Italian
41:Aistulf
21:Astolfo
1393:Pepin
1162:Cleph
993:Alboin
976:Unnolf
947:Anselm
865:
847:
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761:
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713:
690:
669:
650:
631:
612:
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555:
536:
230:&
215:curtis
138:Franks
131:Franks
47:etc.;
43:(also
33:follis
1542:Hugh
1515:Welfs
1459:(896)
1342:(744)
1326:(712)
1310:(701)
1286:(689)
1262:(671)
1133:Teia
1119:(541)
758:INIST
750:JSTOR
719:INIST
711:JSTOR
242:See:
165:Pavia
1589:the
1498:Guy
863:ISBN
845:ISBN
815:ISBN
796:ISBN
779:OCLC
688:ISBN
667:ISBN
648:ISBN
629:ISBN
610:ISBN
591:ISBN
572:ISBN
553:ISBN
534:ISBN
157:Alps
742:doi
1789::
1562::
1532::
1518::
1496::
1482::
908:.
892:.
756:.
748:.
738:72
736:.
717:.
707:18
705:.
532:.
472:^
455:^
416:^
401:^
322:^
307:^
290:^
133:.
51::
30:A
1024:e
1017:t
1010:v
853:.
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23:.
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