187:
in the world and dispatched 19 envoys or consuls, some of whom held several roles. This period of Qing diplomacy was the foundation upon which the Qing dynasty system of diplomats residing abroad would be established before the end of the dynasty. Qing China also established imperial consulates in
162:
stated: "Diplomatic practice dictates that China send diplomats abroad. Thomas Wade urges that we dispatch diplomats to
England in light of Margary's passing. We feel it would be foolish to refuse his demand since it might cause additional agitation in order to preserve our relationship and good
959:
1023:
344:
33:
183:
as the
Chinese Legation, followed by permanent diplomatic missions in other countries. By 1880 the Qing government had already built embassies in eight of the main capitalist nations or
1579:
857:
1618:
1898:
143:. However, because Burlingame died in Russia before the mission's conclusion, the agreements he negotiated and signed were never completely put into effect.
952:
44:
known as the "Chinese
Legation", "Imperial Consulate of China", "Imperial Chinese Consulate (General)" or similar names in seventeen countries, namely the
1623:
1459:
1908:
447:
1298:
349:
1443:
1414:
1033:
489:
1893:
1115:
654:
281:
105:
996:
1103:
1088:
354:
790:
1903:
1826:
1165:
1857:
1098:
1327:
1078:
991:
715:
900:
730:
359:
1543:
912:
785:
609:
171:
were appointed as the Qing emperor's ambassador and vice-envoy to the United
Kingdom in a subsequent imperial decree.
1832:
1673:
1548:
905:
482:
400:
197:
1643:
294:
57:
200:(which became recognized as the legitimate government of China) took over the buildings from the Qing government.
1760:
1003:
690:
576:
1344:
1210:
978:
725:
664:
634:
624:
1778:
1553:
1409:
1093:
1083:
1068:
1063:
895:
845:
825:
765:
599:
1537:
1315:
1182:
1048:
942:
552:
542:
475:
1454:
1437:
947:
922:
885:
795:
755:
507:
1837:
1283:
257:
81:
1847:
1566:
1495:
1288:
820:
745:
614:
532:
21:
1768:
1588:
1322:
1293:
1043:
325:
53:
196:
which were then under the
British or Spanish rule. After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912 the
1364:
830:
815:
649:
547:
364:
150:
accelerated the dispatch of
Chinese diplomatic representatives to other countries. British envoy
423:
158:
to issue an official apology. In a petition presented to the imperial court in August 1875, the
1745:
1633:
1514:
1339:
557:
1888:
1819:
1678:
1638:
1305:
1267:
1155:
1135:
1053:
852:
835:
700:
669:
604:
239:
61:
1750:
1717:
1683:
1628:
1508:
1490:
1200:
1130:
937:
720:
448:"The Late Qing Dynasty Diplomatic Transformation: Analysis from an Ideational Perspective"
8:
1803:
1653:
1593:
1525:
1205:
1058:
1013:
760:
639:
619:
527:
263:
151:
93:
1688:
1399:
1394:
1220:
1160:
1150:
1145:
1140:
964:
810:
629:
136:
1698:
1693:
1668:
1613:
1608:
1531:
1479:
1384:
1215:
1120:
1018:
917:
880:
805:
735:
705:
659:
396:
1852:
1735:
1658:
1598:
1404:
1125:
986:
932:
775:
740:
644:
569:
537:
251:
124:
69:
24:, by the 19th century Qing China had become part of a European-style community of
1867:
1813:
1663:
1648:
1472:
927:
890:
840:
800:
750:
695:
564:
390:
227:
214:
73:
45:
25:
1730:
1603:
1369:
1332:
780:
770:
710:
275:
269:
147:
109:
101:
97:
1882:
1842:
1808:
1773:
1389:
1379:
1195:
586:
312:
245:
128:
113:
65:
1862:
1559:
1501:
1190:
1172:
1028:
498:
369:
159:
17:
1798:
1519:
1240:
1235:
184:
164:
1466:
1310:
1260:
1230:
1073:
300:
77:
467:
1255:
1245:
189:
41:
29:
345:
Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the Qing dynasty
131:, was requested to take two Qing officials to the United States and
1740:
1485:
1432:
1374:
1250:
1225:
37:
1725:
233:
179:
In 1877 the first permanent
Chinese diplomatic mission opened in
168:
155:
49:
306:
180:
140:
132:
85:
1449:
1008:
193:
135:
in 1867 when the Qing government chose to send China's first
1619:
Convention
Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
1108:
331:
89:
163:
faith and after considerable deliberation". The officials
36:
before its downfall, and since the 1870s it established
1624:
Convention for the
Extension of Hong Kong Territory
1880:
203:
1899:Lists of diplomatic missions by sending country
424:"Chronology of U.S.-China Relations, 1784–2000"
350:Imperial Chinese missions to the Ryukyu Kingdom
1024:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
1444:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
1415:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
483:
139:to the Western countries to renegotiate its
34:more than twenty countries around the world
20:of China tried to maintain the traditional
490:
476:
1909:History of the foreign relations of China
1104:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
395:. Harvard University Press. p. 211.
355:Official communications in imperial China
154:urged that Qing China send a diplomat to
953:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
1560:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
497:
1881:
1858:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
1099:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
471:
442:
440:
1079:Ministry of Posts and Communications
392:China's Last Empire – The Great Qing
388:
1894:Foreign relations of Imperial China
1827:History of Qing (People's Republic)
360:Foreign relations of imperial China
13:
1544:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
913:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
906:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
786:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
610:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
437:
14:
1920:
1833:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
1674:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
1549:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
701:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
1644:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
960:Articles of Favourable Treatment
716:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
319:
288:
691:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
577:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
1345:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
635:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
416:
382:
1:
1904:China diplomacy-related lists
1779:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
1554:Islam during the Qing dynasty
1410:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
1094:Provincial military commander
1084:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
1069:Imperial Household Department
896:Preparative Constitutionalism
600:Sino-Russian border conflicts
375:
204:Permanent diplomatic missions
119:
28:and had established official
1538:Researches on Manchu Origins
943:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
553:Transition from Ming to Qing
543:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
7:
1438:Changzhou School of Thought
948:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
923:Railway Protection Movement
901:1909 Parliamentary election
886:British expedition to Tibet
796:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
756:Self-Strengthening Movement
731:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
338:
174:
10:
1925:
1838:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
726:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
665:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
655:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
625:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
127:, a representative of the
1848:Names of the Qing dynasty
1791:
1759:
1716:
1709:
1578:
1496:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
1423:
1355:
1276:
1181:
977:
868:
826:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
821:Gongche Shangshu movement
766:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
678:
615:Chinese Rites controversy
585:
515:
506:
221:
22:tributary system of China
1769:Great Qing Treasure Note
1589:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
1299:Administrative divisions
1116:Administrative divisions
1044:Flag of the Qing dynasty
1365:Chengde Mountain Resort
1166:Three Eastern Provinces
816:First Sino-Japanese War
791:Northern Chinese Famine
650:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
548:Qing invasion of Joseon
365:Peking Legation Quarter
208:
1746:Great Qing Copper Coin
1634:Convention of Tientsin
1567:Annotated Bibliography
1515:Qing official headwear
558:Battle of Shanhai Pass
1820:Draft History of Qing
1679:Treaty of Shimonoseki
1460:performance criticism
1064:Imperial Commissioner
1054:Great Qing Legal Code
853:Eight-Nation Alliance
836:Third plague pandemic
746:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
670:White Lotus Rebellion
1751:Great Qing Gold Coin
1684:Treaty of Tarbagatai
1629:Convention of Peking
1509:Pentaglot Dictionary
1491:Literary inquisition
1201:Ever Victorious Army
1034:Deliberative Council
938:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
891:1905 Batang uprising
831:Hundred Days' Reform
721:Small Swords Society
30:diplomatic relations
1804:Anti-Qing sentiment
1654:Treaty of the Bogue
1594:Treaty of Nerchinsk
1526:Complete Tang Poems
1206:Green Standard Army
1089:Provincial governor
1059:Imperial Clan Court
1039:Diplomatic missions
1014:Consultative Bureau
761:Tongzhi Restoration
640:Afaqi Khoja revolts
620:Ten Great Campaigns
528:Jurchen unification
389:Rowe, Rowe (2010).
152:Thomas Francis Wade
1689:Treaty of Tientsin
1400:Western Qing tombs
1395:Eastern Qing tombs
1221:Peking Field Force
965:Manchu Restoration
858:Declaration of war
811:Jindandao incident
630:Lhasa riot of 1750
137:diplomatic mission
1876:
1875:
1787:
1786:
1699:Treaty of Whampoa
1694:Treaty of Wanghia
1669:Treaty of Nanking
1639:Li–Lobanov Treaty
1614:Chefoo Convention
1609:Burlingame Treaty
1480:Kangxi Dictionary
1385:Old Summer Palace
1216:Firearm Battalion
1019:Cup of Solid Gold
973:
972:
918:Manchurian plague
881:Late Qing reforms
872:(1901–1912)
806:Sikkim expedition
736:Panthay Rebellion
706:Taiping Rebellion
682:(1801–1900)
660:Sino-Nepalese War
605:Dzungar–Qing Wars
591:(1683–1799)
519:(1616–1683)
198:Republic of China
1916:
1853:New Qing History
1736:Qianlong Tongbao
1714:
1713:
1659:Treaty of Canton
1599:Unequal treaties
1405:Fuling Mausoleum
1004:Advisory Council
933:Wuchang Uprising
873:
776:Tianjin Massacre
741:Second Opium War
683:
645:Sino-Burmese War
592:
570:Battle of Penghu
538:Seven Grievances
520:
513:
512:
492:
485:
478:
469:
468:
462:
461:
459:
457:
452:
444:
435:
434:
432:
430:
420:
414:
413:
411:
409:
386:
148:Margary incident
125:Anson Burlingame
26:sovereign states
1924:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1868:Willow Palisade
1814:Chuang Guandong
1783:
1755:
1705:
1664:Treaty of Kulja
1649:Treaty of Aigun
1582:
1574:
1473:History of Ming
1425:
1419:
1357:
1351:
1277:Special regions
1272:
1211:Imperial Guards
1177:
969:
928:1911 Revolution
874:
871:
864:
841:Boxer Rebellion
801:Sino-French War
751:Amur Annexation
696:First Opium War
684:
681:
674:
593:
590:
581:
565:Great Clearance
521:
518:
502:
496:
466:
465:
455:
453:
450:
446:
445:
438:
428:
426:
422:
421:
417:
407:
405:
403:
387:
383:
378:
341:
322:
291:
228:Austria-Hungary
224:
211:
206:
177:
122:
46:Austria-Hungary
12:
11:
5:
1922:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1731:Kangxi Tongbao
1728:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1604:Boxer Protocol
1596:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1505:
1498:
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1488:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1370:Forbidden City
1367:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1333:General of Ili
1330:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1316:List of ambans
1313:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
1000:
999:
994:
983:
981:
975:
974:
971:
970:
968:
967:
962:
957:
956:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
925:
920:
915:
910:
909:
908:
903:
893:
888:
883:
877:
875:
870:
866:
865:
863:
862:
861:
860:
850:
849:
848:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
781:Margary Affair
778:
773:
771:Mudan incident
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
711:Nian Rebellion
708:
703:
698:
693:
687:
685:
680:
676:
675:
673:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
596:
594:
589:
583:
582:
580:
579:
574:
573:
572:
562:
561:
560:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
524:
522:
517:
510:
504:
503:
495:
494:
487:
480:
472:
464:
463:
436:
415:
401:
380:
379:
377:
374:
373:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
340:
337:
336:
335:
329:
321:
318:
317:
316:
310:
304:
298:
290:
287:
286:
285:
282:United Kingdom
279:
273:
267:
261:
255:
249:
243:
237:
231:
223:
220:
219:
218:
210:
207:
205:
202:
176:
173:
121:
118:
110:British Empire
106:United Kingdom
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1921:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:Manchu people
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1809:Canton System
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1774:Hubu Guanpiao
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1697:
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1690:
1687:
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1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1424:Society &
1422:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1390:Summer Palace
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:Mukden Palace
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1356:Palaces &
1354:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1196:Eight Banners
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1049:Grand Council
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188:places like
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1761:Paper money
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1467:Four Wangs
1358:mausoleums
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1284:Inner Asia
1261:Xiang Army
1231:Hushenying
1156:Liangguang
1136:Liangjiang
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979:Government
376:References
120:Background
112:) and the
42:consulates
16:While the
1289:Manchuria
1256:Huai Army
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587:High Qing
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190:Singapore
38:legations
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1375:Hetu Ala
1328:Timeline
1323:Xinjiang
1294:Mongolia
1251:Chu Army
1226:New Army
1183:Military
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339:See also
264:Portugal
175:Overview
141:treaties
108:(or the
94:Portugal
1726:Zhiqian
1718:Coinage
1455:Economy
1426:culture
1161:Yun-Gui
1151:Min-Zhe
1146:Sichuan
1141:Huguang
987:Emperor
508:History
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78:Mexico
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1532:Queue
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1306:Tibet
1126:Zhili
1009:Amban
451:(PDF)
276:Spain
252:Italy
215:Japan
194:Luzon
102:Spain
74:Japan
70:Italy
32:with
1268:Navy
1109:Ejen
992:List
458:2023
431:2023
410:2010
397:ISBN
332:Peru
295:Cuba
209:Asia
192:and
167:and
146:The
90:Peru
58:Cuba
40:and
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