Lanthanum - Knowledge

1449: 2968: 3947: 3868: 2284: 2847: 1505: 3948: 3943: 1885: 3306: 35: 3538:, which have a combination of high light yield, best energy resolution, and fast response. Their high yield converts into superior energy resolution; moreover, the light output is very stable and quite high over a very wide range of temperatures, making it particularly attractive for high-temperature applications. These scintillators are already widely used commercially in detectors of 3743:) is considered to be applied in the field of radioisotope power system (nuclear power plant) due to its significant conversion capabilities. The transmuted elements and isotopes in the segment will not react with the material itself, thus presenting no harm to the safety of the power plant. Though iodine, which can be generated during transmutation, is suspected to react with 2964:

known. Lanthanum is also ruefully considered a 'rare earth' metal because the process to mine it is difficult, time-consuming, and expensive. Lanthanum is rarely the dominant lanthanide found in the rare earth minerals, and in their chemical formulae it is usually preceded by cerium. Rare examples of La-dominant minerals are monazite-(La) and lanthanite-(La).

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per atom rather than three.) This chemical availability of f orbitals justifies lanthanum's placement in the f-block despite its anomalous ground-state configuration (which is merely the result of strong interelectronic repulsion making it less profitable to occupy the 4f shell, as it is small and close to the core electrons).

4142:"L'oxide de cérium, extrait de la cérite par la procédé ordinaire, contient à peu près les deux cinquièmes de son poids de l'oxide du nouveau métal qui ne change que peu les propriétés du cérium, et qui s'y tient pour ainsi dire caché. Cette raison a engagé M. Mosander à donner au nouveau métal le nom de 2121:

and ytterbium) are related to the extent of hybridisation of the 6s, 5d, and 4f electrons (lowering with increasing 4f involvement), and lanthanum has the second-lowest melting point among them: 920 °C. (Europium and ytterbium have lower melting points because they delocalise about two electrons

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sold in the US. These larger nickel-metal hydride batteries require massive quantities of lanthanum for the production. The 2008 Toyota Prius NiMH battery requires 10 to 15 kilograms (22 to 33 lb) of lanthanum. As engineers push the technology to increase fuel efficiency, twice that amount of

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at 41.5 mg/kg and cerium at 66.5 mg/kg. Despite being among the so-called "rare earth metals", lanthanum is thus not rare at all, but it is historically so-named because it is rarer than "common earths" such as lime and magnesia, and at the time it was recognized only a few deposits were

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is given by the Institute of Rare Earths Elements and Strategic Metals (IREESM) as below $ 2,000 for most of the period from early 2001 to September 2010 (at $ 10,000 in the short term in 2008); it rose steeply to $ 140,000 in mid-2011 and fell back just as rapidly to $ 38,000 by early 2012. The

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ion, it is sometimes used as an easily traced substitute for the latter in medical studies. Lanthanum, like the other lanthanides, is known to affect human metabolism, lowering cholesterol levels, blood pressure, appetite, and risk of blood coagulation. When injected into the brain, it acts as a

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and other opiates, though the mechanism behind this is still unknown. Lanthanum meant for ingestion, typically as a chewable tablet or oral powder, can interfere with gastrointestinal (GI) imaging by creating opacities throughout the GI tract; if chewable tablets are swallowed whole, they will

4859:]. The Divisions Semiconductor Physics, Surface Physics, Low Temperature Physics, High Polymers, Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, of the German Physical Society. Advances in Solid State Physics (in German). Vol. 13. Berlin, DE / Heidelberg, DE: Springer. pp. 375–396. 3049:

The procedure for monazite, which usually contains all the rare earths as well as thorium, is more involved. Monazite, because of its magnetic properties, can be separated by repeated electromagnetic separation. After separation, it is treated with hot concentrated sulfuric acid to produce

3351: 3102:, which is a strong gamma emitter. Lanthanum is relatively easy to extract as it has only one neighbouring lanthanide, cerium, which can be removed by making use of its ability to be oxidised to the +4 state; thereafter, lanthanum may be separated out by the historical method of 3446:

Hydrogen sponge alloys can contain lanthanum. These alloys are capable of storing up to 400 times their own volume of hydrogen gas in a reversible adsorption process. Heat energy is released every time they do so; therefore these alloys have possibilities in energy conservation

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SolV, although the great chemical similarity of the lanthanides means that it may be substituted with cerium, praseodymium, or neodymium without ill effects, and with the smaller samarium, europium, or gadolinium giving no side effects other than slower growth.

3078:. Lanthanum is separated as a double salt with ammonium nitrate by crystallization. This salt is relatively less soluble than other rare earth double salts and therefore stays in the residue. Care must be taken when handling some of the residues as they contain 2932:

Finally, Mosander explained his delay, saying that he had extracted a second element from cerium, and this he called didymium. Although he did not realise it, didymium too was a mixture, and in 1885 it was separated into praseodymium and neodymium.

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Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (15 December 2003). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation".

2117:, where the 4f shell is completely full). However, the 4f shell of lanthanum can become partially occupied in chemical environments and participate in chemical bonding. For example, the melting points of the trivalent lanthanides (all but 1977:

is +3, although some compounds are known with an oxidation state of +2. Lanthanum has no biological role in humans but is essential to some bacteria. It is not particularly toxic to humans but does show some antimicrobial activity.

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Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022).

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and the heavy lanthanides, and the purification of the light lanthanides from it is less involved. The ore, after being crushed and ground, is first treated with hot concentrated sulfuric acid, evolving carbon dioxide,

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of 615 nΩm at room temperature; in comparison, the value for the good conductor aluminium is only 26.50 nΩm. Lanthanum is the least volatile of the lanthanides. Like most of the lanthanides, lanthanum has a

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and to the left of the lanthanide cerium. Lanthanum is generally considered the first of the f-block elements by authors writing on the subject. The 57 electrons of a lanthanum atom are arranged in the

3971: 3876: 5982: 8574: 3848: 2026:, lanthanum composes about a quarter of the lanthanide content. It is extracted from those minerals by a process of such complexity that pure lanthanum metal was not isolated until 1923. 3815:

is a positive allosteric modulator at native and recombinant GABA receptors, increasing open channel time and decreasing desensitization in a subunit configuration dependent manner.

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Some lanthanum(II) compounds are also known, but they are much less stable. Therefore, in officially naming compounds of lanthanum its oxidation number always is to be mentioned.

2014:), meaning 'to lie hidden'. Although it is classified as a rare earth element, lanthanum is the 28th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, almost three times as abundant as 2632:

structure. This is a non-stoichiometric compound, and further absorption of hydrogen is possible, with a concomitant loss of electrical conductivity, until the more salt-like

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Chau YP; Lu KS (1995). "Investigation of the blood-ganglion barrier properties in rat sympathetic ganglia by using lanthanum ion and horseradish peroxidase as tracers".

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of the lanthanides. Hence, it is the most reactive among them, tarnishing quite rapidly in air, turning completely dark after several hours and can readily burn to form

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Wittig, Jörg (19–24 March 1973). "The pressure variable in solid state physics: What about 4f-band superconductors?". Written at Münster, DE. In Queisser, H.J. (ed.).

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5d6s, with three valence electrons outside the noble gas core. In chemical reactions, lanthanum almost always gives up these three valence electrons from the 5d and 6s

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Hitchcock, Peter B.; Lappert, Michael F.; Maron, Laurent; Protchenko, Andrey V. (2008). "Lanthanum Does Form Stable Molecular Compounds in the +2 Oxidation State".

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Lanthanum has no known biological role in humans. The element is very poorly absorbed after oral administration and when injected its elimination is very slow.

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due to the electron configuration of the element: thus its organometallic chemistry is quite limited. The best characterized organolanthanum compounds are the

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compounds. The anhydrous halides are produced by direct reaction of their elements, as heating the hydrates causes hydrolysis: for example, heating hydrated

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and patented in 1886. The original mantles gave a green-tinted light and were not very successful, and his first company, which established a factory in

2098:. Some lanthanum(II) compounds are also known, but they are usually much less stable. Lanthanum monoxide (LaO) produces strong absorption bands in some 4365: 2441:

with a half-life of about 60,000 years, all of them have half-lives less than two days, and most have half-lives less than a minute. The isotopes

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Shkolnikov, E.V. (2009). "Thermodynamic characterization of the amphoterism of hydroxides and oxides of scandium subgroup elements in aqueous media".

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Krinsky, Jamin L.; Minasian, Stefan G.; Arnold, John (8 December 2010). "Covalent lanthanide chemistry near the limit of weak bonding: Observation of

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dissolve but present initially as coin-shaped opacities in the stomach, potentially confused with ingested metal objects such as coins or batteries.

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Tliha, M.; Mathlouthi, H.; Lamloumi, J.; Percheronguegan, A. (2007). "AB5-type hydrogen storage alloy used as anodic materials in Ni-MH batteries".

5734: 5520:(1932). "The discovery of the elements: XI. Some elements isolated with the aid of potassium and sodium: Zirconium, titanium, cerium, and thorium". 5098:

Jørgensen, Christian (1973). "The Loose Connection between Electron Configuration and the Chemical Behavior of the Heavy Elements (Transuranics)".

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alterations. The application in carbon arc light led to the exposure of people to rare earth element oxides and fluorides, which sometimes led to

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industry for studio lighting and projection, consumed about 25% of the rare-earth compounds produced until the phase out of carbon arc lamps.

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Pol, Arjan; Barends, Thomas R.M.; Dietl, Andreas; Khadem, Ahmad F.; Eygensteyn, Jelle; Jetten, Mike S. M.; Op Den Camp, Huub J. M. (2013).

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with the nonmetals nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, boron, selenium, silicon and arsenic. Lanthanum reacts slowly with water to form

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Hagheseresht; Wang, Shaobin; Do, D. D. (2009). "A novel lanthanum-modified bentonite, Phoslock, for phosphate removal from wastewaters".

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Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see

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Since lanthanum's properties differed only slightly from those of cerium, and occurred along with it in its salts, he named it from the

5954: 3062:. The oxalates are converted to oxides by annealing. The oxides are dissolved in nitric acid that excludes one of the main components, 6523:

Waring, P.M.; Watling, R.J. (1990). "Rare earth deposits in a deceased movie projectionist. A new case of rare earth pneumoconiosis".

5708: 2929:, a student also at the Karolinska Institute, discovered lanthanum in a new mineral from Låven island located in a Norwegian fjord. 5180: 1692: 3693:

Lanthanum fluoride is used in phosphor lamp coatings. Mixed with europium fluoride, it is also applied in the crystal membrane of

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is formed: a lot of heat is evolved in the reaction and a hissing sound is heard. Lanthanum hydroxide will react with atmospheric

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The lanthanides become harder as the series is traversed: as expected, lanthanum is a soft metal. Lanthanum has a relatively high

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Among the lanthanides, lanthanum is exceptional as it has no 4f electrons as a single gas-phase atom. Thus it is only very weakly

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Lanthanum has a low to moderate level of toxicity and should be handled with care. The injection of lanthanum solutions produces

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Kim, K; Shim, Kwang Bo (2003). "The effect of lanthanum on the fabrication of ZrB2–ZrC composites by spark plasma sintering".

2884:, who did not find any new elements within. In 1803, after Hisinger had become an ironmaster, he returned to the mineral with 6787: 6716: 6337: 6151: 6120: 6091: 5900: 5420: 4975: 4872: 4733: 4245: 3651: 2698:

does not dissolve very much in alkali-metal oxalate solutions, and decomposes around 500 °C. Oxygen is the most common

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Lanthanum is the first element and prototype of the lanthanide series. In the periodic table, it appears to the right of the

3523:. This glass has superior transmittance in the infrared range and is therefore used for fiber-optical communication systems. 6369:

Boldyreva, A.A. (2005). "Lanthanum potentiates GABA-activated currents in rat pyramidal neurons of CA1 hippocampal field".

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to pH 3–4. Thorium precipitates out of solution as hydroxide and is removed. After that, the solution is treated with

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and low dispersion of rare-earth glasses. Lanthanum oxide is also used as a grain-growth additive during the liquid-phase

3978: 3046:: the product is then dried and leached with water, leaving the early lanthanide ions, including lanthanum, in solution. 1714: 6643: 8484: 5807:

Bauerlein, P.; Antonius, C.; Loffler, J.; Kumpers, J. (2008). "Progress in high-power nickel–metal hydride batteries".

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Dufresne, A.; Krier, G.; Muller, J.; Case, B.; Perrault, G. (1994). "Lanthanide particles in the lung of a printer".

5718: 5157: 5014: 4835: 4403: 4378: 1185: 92: 6780: 3371: 2907:, who lived in the same house as Berzelius and studied under him: he separated out two other oxides which he named 2478:

is a white solid that can be prepared by direct reaction of its constituent elements. Due to the large size of the

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Gschneidner, Karl A., Jr. (2016). "282 Systematics". In Bünzli, Jean-Claude G.; Vitalij K. Pecharsky (eds.).

1903: 5073: 3824: 2575: 1647: 1485: 8489: 8178: 2899:, which had been discovered two years earlier. Ceria was simultaneously independently isolated in Germany by 8083: 3904: 3896: 3788:

While lanthanum has pharmacological effects on several receptors and ion channels, its specificity for the

3694: 6759:] (in French). Vol. VII Scandium, Yttrium, Elements des Terres Rares, Actinium. Masson & Cie. 4262:

Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides".

5741: 6413: 6318:"Nuclear Considerations for the Application of Lanthanum Telluride in Future Radioisotope Power Systems" 8569: 4487: 3552:

use a mixture of rare earth elements to improve the light quality. This application, especially by the

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Small amounts of lanthanum are present in many pool products to remove the phosphates that feed algae.

2903:. Between 1839 and 1843, ceria was shown to be a mixture of oxides by the Swedish surgeon and chemist 2714:

structures. These high-coordinate species, reaching up to coordination number 12 with the use of

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average price for the last six months (April–September 2022) is given by the IREESM as follows:

6126: 4195: 1774: 8584: 8454: 3914: 3687: 3640: 2900: 2769: 2131: 2046: 1264: 4603:"The positions of lanthanum (actinium) and lutetium (lawrencium) in the periodic table: An update" 3245:

This is followed by reduction with alkali or alkaline earth metals in vacuum or argon atmosphere:

1969:, of which lanthanum is the first and the prototype. Lanthanum is traditionally counted among the 8199: 5925:

43rd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, 8–11 July 2007, Cincinnati, OH

4566:(1982). "The positions of lanthanum (actinium) and lutetium (lawrencium) in the periodic table". 3789: 3782: 3531: 1576: 1125: 6108: 3867: 2994:) that immediately follow in the periodic table, and hence it tends to occur along with them in 2885: 8532: 8345: 8329: 8183: 5586: 4479: 3701: 3527: 3325: 2865: 2691: 2427: 2087: 1789: 1152: 1137: 1112: 118: 6462: 6141: 5793: 5591: 4723: 4602: 3792:

receptor is unique among trivalent cations. Lanthanum acts at the same modulatory site on the

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to form the +3 oxidation state, achieving the stable configuration of the preceding noble gas

2033:, additives in glass, carbon arc lamps for studio lights and projectors, ignition elements in 1184: 8527: 8411: 8336: 8308: 8296: 8272: 8264: 6064: 5918:"Effect of Cathode Position on Hall-Effect Thruster Performance and Cathode Coupling Voltage" 3890: 3860: 3675: 3504: 3043: 2702:

in lanthanum complexes, which are mostly ionic and often have high coordination numbers over

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Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds".

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and is used in making special optical glasses, such as infrared-absorbing glass, as well as

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water-soluble sulfates of rare earths. The acidic filtrates are partially neutralized with

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is by far the most abundant, making up 99.910% of natural lanthanum: it is produced in the

2171: 2109:, unlike the strongly paramagnetic later lanthanides (with the exceptions of the last two, 2079: 1986: 1697: 1539: 6023: 3166:

or fluoride and hydrofluoric acid at 300–400 °C to produce the chloride or fluoride:

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adopts a hexagonal 7-coordinate structure that changes to the 6-coordinate structure of

2203:. A centimeter-sized sample of lanthanum will corrode completely in a year as its oxide 8564: 8494: 6625: 6548: 6394: 6351: 5961: 5376: 5241: 5173: 4985: 4670: 4622: 4504: 4420: 4341: 4316: 3668:

is used to estimate age of rocks and ores, though the technique has limited popularity.

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Uchida, H. (1999). "Hydrogen solubility in rare earth based hydrogen storage alloys".

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segment, the quantity of iodine is small enough to pose no threat to the power system.

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with more than 50% of lanthanum is used instead of pure lanthanum. The compound is an

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are used in high-brightness, extended-life, thermionic electron emission sources for

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Woosley, S.E.; Hartmann, D.H.; Hoffman, R.D.; Haxton, W.C. (1990). "The ν-process".

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Also, pure lanthanum can be produced by electrolysis of molten mixture of anhydrous

2690:, there is not much covalent contribution to its bonding and hence it has a limited 1985:

and the other rare earth elements. Lanthanum was first found by the Swedish chemist

7738: 7443: 7272: 7101: 7020: 6939: 6912: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6698: 6609: 6532: 6497: 6436: 6378: 6325: 6298: 6247: 6191: 6168: 6046: 5873: 5828: 5824: 5775: 5537: 5368: 5341: 5307: 5107: 5047: 4932: 4860: 4808: 4773: 4660: 4614: 4583: 4496: 4435: 4336: 4328: 4292: 4271: 4203: 3778: 3705: 3599: 3055: 3051: 3029:), where M refers to all the rare earth metals except scandium and the radioactive 2877: 2715: 2707: 2629: 2054: 1931: 1847: 1804: 1555: 1497: 1380: 1130: 52: 5779: 8399: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6702: 6081: 5279: 4541: 4453: 3650:

Various compounds of lanthanum and other rare-earth elements (oxides, chlorides,

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ion is similarly sized to the early lanthanides of the cerium group (those up to

2967: 2835: 2711: 2475: 2464: 2220: 2099: 1974: 1437: 1368: 6803: 6708: 6317: 6302: 5561: 5217: 4549: 4439: 4332: 4009: 3819: 3419: 2918: 2565: 2511: 2163: 2062: 1990: 1966: 1868: 1623: 1489: 1284: 1179: 1117: 178: 6382: 6329: 5372: 4618: 8558: 7897: 6414:"Rare earth metals are essential for methanotrophic life in volcanic mudpots" 6259: 4944: 4315:

Li, Wan-Lu; Chen, Teng-Teng; Chen, Wei-Jia; Li, Jun; Wang, Lai-Sheng (2021).

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Hamilton, David C. (1965). "Position of lanthanum in the periodic table".

4398:. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. 4207: 3970: 3918: 2846: 2758:, often have a low degree of symmetry because of stereo-chemical factors. 8005: 7969: 7960: 7870: 7852: 7843: 6880: 4665: 4649:"Provisional report on discussions on group 3 of the periodic table" 4648: 4275: 3977: 3818:

Lanthanum is an essential cofactor for the methanol dehydrogenase of the

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The Industrial Chemistry of the Lanthanons, Yttrium, Thorium and Uranium

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by roasting it in air and then treating the resulting oxide with dilute

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3737 K (3464 °C, 6267 °F)

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Lanthanum reacts exothermically with hydrogen to produce the dihydride

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at room temperature to form the trihalides, and upon warming will form

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The Radiochemistry of the Rare Earths, Scandium, Yttrium, and Actinium

5051: 4936: 4587: 4175: 2869: 8023: 7996: 7987: 7834: 7816: 7807: 7798: 7584: 7494: 7415: 7361: 7343: 7307: 7287: 7226: 7163: 7107: 7046: 7035: 6954: 6905: 6895: 6890: 6213:"FDA approves Fosrenol(R) in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients" 3679: 3626: 3603: 3592: 3313: 3305: 3003: 2995: 2960: 2673: 2395: 2391: 2367:). It is the only stable isotope of lanthanum. The very rare isotope 2364: 2360: 2352: 2315:

Naturally occurring lanthanum is made up of two isotopes, the stable

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Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).

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that tarnishes slowly when exposed to air. It is the eponym of the

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R. Smith, Michael B.; Whiting, Christopher; Barklay, Chad (2019).

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series, a group of 15 similar elements between lanthanum and

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Some comments on the position of lawrencium in the periodic table

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decreases its hardness and sensitivity to temperature variations.

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The first historical application of lanthanum was in gas lantern

3059: 3034: 2854: 2356: 2216: 2034: 1223: 971: 964: 950: 915: 859: 845: 794: 752: 738: 717: 696: 682: 668: 598: 547: 526: 498: 484: 457: 450: 436: 422: 343: 299: 216: 7825: 7753: 7638: 7566: 7476: 7458: 7424: 7388: 7370: 7199: 7190: 7181: 7073: 7026: 6992: 6974: 6929: 5806: 4755: 4192: 4001: 3588: 3063: 2951:). Relatively pure lanthanum metal was first isolated in 1923. 2873: 2858: 2082: 1982: 1205: 1078: 1070: 887: 831: 745: 689: 619: 605: 582: 554: 540: 408: 401: 394: 313: 276: 253: 239: 207: 8575:

Chemical elements with double hexagonal close-packed structure

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Jevons, W. (1928). "The band spectrum of lanthanum monoxide".

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La(I), Pr(I), Tb(I), Tm(I), and Yb(I) have been observed in MB

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Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements

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Lanthanum metal is obtained from its oxide by heating it with

2959:

Lanthanum makes up 39 mg/kg of the Earth's crust, behind

2426:

interact with stable nuclei. All other lanthanum isotopes are

2272:, which is again expected from its being the largest of them. 34: 8039: 7728: 7433: 7091: 6965: 5639:"Abundance of elements in the Earth's crust and in the sea". 4005: 3719:) is used to remove phosphates from water in lake treatments. 3618: 3584: 3520: 2941: 2679:

Due to the large ionic radius and great electropositivity of

2215:, scandium, yttrium, and lutetium. Lanthanum reacts with the 2095: 2002: 1954: 1192: 1158: 815: 589: 327: 232: 6115:. Clifton Park, N.Y.: Thomson/Delmar Learning. p. 350. 5590:. new series. Vol. 14. pp. 390–391. Archived from 5323: 4081:: the parameters (at 20 °C) for each crystal axis are α 3519:) is an essential component of a heavy fluoride glass named 3457:

alloy used in lighter flints, contains 25% to 45% lanthanum.

2359:

capture, which occurs in low- to medium-mass stars) and the

1504: 1208: (920 °C, 1688 °F) 67: 8474: 7692: 7665: 7208: 7172: 7010: 6166: 5277: 3797: 3553: 3435: 2208: 2015: 787: 766: 415: 387: 267: 76: 70: 6026:(Report). Bureau of Mines. p. 655. Bulletin 675. 5654: 5506:(6th ed.). Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. 5179:(Report). Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos National Laboratory. 4910:

and a comprehensive density functional theory analysis of

2880:, from the family owning the mine, sent a sample of it to 7397: 6812: 3033:(mostly Ce, La, and Y). Bastnäsite is usually lacking in 2029:

Lanthanum compounds have numerous applications including

561: 61: 5005:

Krishnamurthy, Nagaiyar; Gupta, Chiranjib Kumar (2004).

2264:

has no d or f electrons. Lanthanum is the strongest and

6594:

Evans NS, Aronowitz P, Altertson TE (30 October 2023).

6593: 6479: 3414:. Due to high cost to extract the other lanthanides, a 6571:

Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z guide to the elements

6315: 3922: 2363:(rapid neutron capture, which occurs in core-collapse 2243:, lanthanum readily forms the aquated tripositive ion 6411: 4887: 3654:, etc.) are components of various catalysis, such as 2211:, instead of forming a protective oxide coating like 93: 73: 64: 5710:

Episodes from the History of the Rare Earth Elements

4968:

Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths

4418: 2853:, the scientist who discovered lanthanum as well as 58: 5843:"Why Toyota offers 2 battery choices in next Prius" 5794:"As hybrid cars gobble rare metals, shortage looms" 79: 55: 6741: 6280: 5278:Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; 5004: 4055:Lanthanum Oxide - 99.9%min FOB China - 1308 EUR/mt 2560:) at high temperature. When it reacts with water, 6697: 5694: 5679: 5606:"It's elemental — the periodic table of elements" 5487: 5450: 5438: 5398: 5262: 5204: 5124: 4690: 4421:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" 1973:. Like most other rare earth elements, its usual 8556: 5690: 5688: 5569:: 356–357, quote p 356 – via Google books. 5483: 5481: 5434: 5432: 5413:The Metal-Hydrogen System, Basic Bulk Properties 5394: 5392: 5390: 4686: 4684: 4317:"Monovalent lanthanide(I) in borozene complexes" 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4059:Lanthanum Metal - 99%min FOB China - 3706 EUR/mt 3639:Lanthanum oxide additive to tungsten is used in 1517: = 1.2171 nm (at 20 °C) 4931:(1). American Chemical Society (ACS): 345–357. 3945: 5614:Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility 5352: 5236: 5234: 5218:"Rare-Earth Metal Long Term Air Exposure Test" 4536: 2253:: This is colorless in aqueous solution since 8590:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators 8091: 6788: 6522: 6371:Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 5685: 5478: 5464:"The Discovery and Naming of the Rare Earths" 5444: 5429: 5387: 5256: 5152:(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. 5118: 4825: 4681: 4373:(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. 4222: 3438:batteries can be found in many models of the 2291:showing stable isotopes (black) from barium ( 2138:-La). At 310 °C, lanthanum changes to a 1904: 1632:2475 m/s (at 20 °C) 1142: 6573:. Oxford University Press. pp. 266–77. 6237: 6140:C. K. Gupta; Nagaiyar Krishnamurthy (2004). 4990:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4314: 2954: 2868:discovered a heavy mineral from the mine at 1447: 6601:Journal of the American Medical Association 6207: 6205: 5915: 5713:. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 122. 5661:. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. 1993–2018 5288:evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" 5231: 4965: 4363: 4240:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. 2876:. Thirty years later, the fifteen-year-old 2589:. The heavier halides are all very soluble 2574:is insoluble in water and can be used as a 18:Chemical element with atomic number 57 (La) 8098: 8084: 6795: 6781: 6113:Welding : Principles and applications 6036: 5916:Sommerville, Jason D. & King, Lyon B. 5579: 5554: 5358: 5317: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4594: 4556: 4546:Quantum Mechanics: Non-relativistic theory 4135: 4000:, low blood pressure, degeneration of the 3159:techniques when higher purity is desired. 3058:to convert rare earths to their insoluble 2971:Production of Lanthanum from Monazite sand 2888:and isolated a new oxide which they named 2838:, and its methyl-substituted derivatives. 2801:, which is produced by reacting anhydrous 2694:, like yttrium and the other lanthanides. 2146:-La), and at 865 °C, it changes to a 1911: 1897: 1722: 1715: 1503: 33: 6564: 6562: 6368: 5735:"Inside the Nickel Metal Hydride Battery" 5097: 4664: 4412: 4340: 4235: 4050:Lanthanum oxide 99% (FOB China in USD/Mt) 3370:One material used for anodic material of 3316:lantern mantle burning at full brightness 2761:Lanthanum chemistry tends not to involve 6659:— site gives specifications and notation 6202: 6167:S. Nakai; A. Masuda; B. Lehmann (1988). 6017: 5884: 5858:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 5058: 5029: 5023: 4725:Handbook of Inorganic Chemical Compounds 4254: 4186: 3674:was approved as a medication (Fosrenol, 3443:lanthanum could be required per vehicle. 3349: 3304: 2966: 2845: 2628:, brittle, conducting compound with the 2282: 8105: 7895: 6763: 6742:Gupta, C.K.; Krishnamurthy, N. (2005). 5890: 5643:(97th ed.). 2016–2017. p. 14. 5273: 5271: 5100:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 4830:. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. 4721: 4696: 3781:to absorb excess phosphate in cases of 1981:Lanthanum usually occurs together with 8557: 7949: 7778: 7483: 6750: 6732: 6596:"Coin-shaped opacities in the stomach" 6568: 6559: 6106: 5952: 5891:Hammond, C.R. (2000). "The Elements". 5855: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5064: 4857:Solid state problems (plenary lecture) 4850: 4844: 4790: 4646: 4600: 4562: 4396:CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 2917:. He partially decomposed a sample of 2422:, is produced in the ν-process, where 8079: 8003: 7967: 7958: 7868: 7850: 7841: 6776: 6685:— site gives information and notation 5796:. Reuters 2009-08-31. 31 August 2009. 5706: 5641:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 5516: 5499: 5493: 5410: 5404: 5166: 5150:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 4853:Festkörper Probleme (plenary lecture) 4480:"New notations in the periodic table" 4477: 4471: 4393: 4367:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 4357: 4261: 2059:high levels of phosphate in the blood 1867: 1862: 1824: 1819: 1793: 1788: 1554:α, poly: 615 nΩ⋅m (at 8012: 7940: 7913: 7886: 7546: 7528: 7501: 7332: 7323: 6744:Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths 6143:Extractive metallurgy of rare earths 6079: 5946: 5707:Evans, C.H., ed. (6 December 2012). 5361:Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 5268: 5147: 5007:Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths 4826:Cullity, B.D.; Graham, C.D. (2011). 4176:"Standard Atomic Weights: Lanthanum" 3617:Small amounts of lanthanum added to 3583:) improves the alkali resistance of 3475:materials with strong emissivity of 2706:is the most characteristic, forming 8021: 7994: 7985: 7832: 7814: 7805: 7796: 7582: 7492: 7465: 7413: 7359: 7341: 7305: 7285: 7224: 7161: 7062: 7044: 7033: 6952: 6537:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1990.tb126334.x 5186:from the original on 31 August 2021 5130: 4793:Proceedings of the Physical Society 4285:Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 3629:, whereas addition of lanthanum to 1327: 13: 7976: 7877: 7760: 7742: 7717: 7708: 7681: 7654: 7609: 7591: 7519: 7510: 7404: 7276: 7242: 7152: 7134: 7125: 7105: 7080: 6802: 6726: 5620:from the original on 29 April 2007 5510: 4828:Introduction to Magnetic Materials 4518:from the original on 25 March 2012 4303: 3941: 3768: 3347:Modern uses of lanthanum include: 2864:In 1751, the Swedish mineralogist 2328:primordial long-lived radioisotope 2068: 1486:double hexagonal close-packed 1412:3rd: 1850.3 kJ/mol 14: 8601: 7931: 7922: 7904: 7859: 7769: 7699: 7672: 7645: 7627: 7618: 7600: 7573: 7555: 7537: 7447: 7377: 7350: 7314: 7260: 7251: 7233: 7215: 7143: 7114: 7053: 6999: 6981: 6943: 6916: 6757:New Treatise on Mineral Chemistry 6753:Nouveau Traité de Chimie Minérale 6215:. 28 October 2004. Archived from 6020:"Rare Earth Elements and Yttrium" 5893:Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 5522:The Journal of Chemical Education 5242:"Chemical reactions of lanthanum" 4728:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 444–446. 4077:The thermal expansion of α-La is 4048:The price for a (metric) ton of 3715:Lanthanum-modified bentonite (or 3695:fluoride ion-selective electrodes 1406:1st: 538.1 kJ/mol 7823: 7787: 7751: 7636: 7564: 7474: 7456: 7386: 7368: 7296: 7197: 7188: 7179: 7024: 6927: 6525:The Medical Journal of Australia 6482:Science of the Total Environment 4970:. Vol. 50. pp. 12–16. 4647:Scerri, Eric (18 January 2021). 4297:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028 3866: 3804:modulator. The lanthanum cation 3643:electrodes, as a substitute for 2390:which cannot be produced in the 1884: 1883: 1409:2nd: 1067 kJ/mol 1295: 51: 7726: 7431: 7422: 7089: 7071: 6990: 6972: 6691: 6662: 6636: 6587: 6516: 6473: 6455: 6405: 6362: 6309: 6274: 6231: 6160: 6133: 6100: 6073: 6057: 6030: 6011: 5975: 5909: 5849: 5835: 5800: 5786: 5768:Journal of Alloys and Compounds 5759: 5727: 5700: 5695:Greenwood & Earnshaw (1984) 5680:Greenwood & Earnshaw (1984) 5673: 5647: 5632: 5598: 5573: 5548: 5488:Greenwood & Earnshaw (1984) 5456: 5451:Greenwood & Earnshaw (1984) 5439:Greenwood & Earnshaw (1984) 5399:Greenwood & Earnshaw (1984) 5312:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 5263:Greenwood & Earnshaw (1984) 5210: 5205:Greenwood & Earnshaw (1984) 5198: 5125:Greenwood & Earnshaw (1984) 5091: 4998: 4959: 4881: 4819: 4784: 4749: 4691:Greenwood & Earnshaw (1984) 4640: 4530: 4446: 4128: 3300: 7690: 7663: 7206: 7170: 7008: 6963: 6322:2019 IEEE Aerospace Conference 5829:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.08.052 4548:. Vol. 3 (1st ed.). 4387: 4168: 4071: 4023:ion is similar in size to the 3832: 3825:Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum 3372:nickel–metal hydride batteries 3066:, whose oxide is insoluble in 1588: cm/mol (298 K) 1393:Pauling scale: 1.10 1: 7395: 6169:"La-Ba dating of bastnaesite" 6051:10.1016/S1044-5803(03)00055-X 5878:10.1016/S0360-3199(98)00161-X 5780:10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.07.012 5503:The discovery of the elements 4568:Journal of Chemical Education 4162: 3777:(Fosrenol) was approved as a 2568:to form the basic carbonate. 2386:It is one of the proton-rich 2378:is one of the few primordial 1577:Molar magnetic susceptibility 6502:10.1016/0048-9697(94)90474-X 6196:10.1016/0009-2541(88)90211-2 5895:(81st ed.). CRC press. 4454:"Monazite-(Ce) Mineral Data" 3625:, resistance to impact, and 2470: 2409:, along with the even rarer 2166:, lanthanum has the largest 2010: 1512: = 0.37742 nm 7: 6766:Chemistry of the Lanthanons 6598:. JAMA Clinical Challenge. 6018:Hendrick, James B. (1985). 5500:Weeks, Mary Elvira (1956). 5032:American Journal of Physics 4601:Jensen, William B. (2015). 4236:Arblaster, John W. (2018). 2382:, with a long half-life of 2278: 2157: 2132:hexagonal crystal structure 2073: 1618:α form: 27.9 GPa 1608:α form: 14.3 GPa 1598:α form: 36.6 GPa 10: 8606: 7294: 7123: 7042: 6961: 6925: 6827: 6421:Environmental Microbiology 6303:10.1016/j.clay.2009.09.009 6146:. CRC Press. p. 441. 6086:. CRC Press. p. 139. 6039:Materials Characterization 6024:Mineral Facts and Problems 5990:oilandgas.saint-gobain.com 5466:. Elements.vanderkrogt.net 5415:(2nd ed.). Springer. 4813:10.1088/0959-5309/41/1/355 4488:Pure and Applied Chemistry 4333:10.1038/s41467-021-26785-9 4200:Pure and Applied Chemistry 3704:, lanthanum is used as an 3297:at elevated temperatures. 3104:fractional crystallization 2942: 2841: 2308: 2003: 1989:in 1839 as an impurity in 1279:27.11 J/(mol·K) 1237:when liquid (at 481: 349: 289: 229: 204: 8114: 8037: 7737: 7442: 7271: 7100: 7019: 6938: 6911: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6822: 6817: 6810: 6704:Chemistry of the Elements 6701:; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). 6674:institut-seltene-erden.de 6648:institut-seltene-erden.de 6383:10.1007/s10517-005-0503-z 6330:10.1109/AERO.2019.8742136 5373:10.1134/S1070427209120040 5326:The Astrophysical Journal 5148:Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). 4722:Patnaik, Pradyot (2003). 4619:10.1007/s10698-015-9216-1 4043: 4035:painkiller, similarly to 3847: 3842: 3534:are the recent inorganic 3344:in 1887, failed in 1889. 2955:Occurrence and production 2578:test for the presence of 1882: 1878: 1859: 1816: 1785: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1706: 1691: 1686: 1676: 1666: 1656: 1646: 1636: 1622: 1612: 1602: 1592: 1575: 1562: 1548: 1538: 1521: 1496: 1478: 1468: 1463: 1446: 1436: 1428:empirical: 187 1422: 1397: 1387: 1367: 1362: 1283: 1273: 1263: 1249: 1235: 1222: 1212: 1198: 1178: 1173: 1165: 1151: 1136: 1124: 1111: 1092: 1069: 184: 176: 172: 133: 117: 113: 105: 46: 41: 32: 6751:Pascal, P., ed. (1959). 6080:Cary, Howard B. (1995). 5809:Journal of Power Sources 5582:"Latanium — a new metal" 5280:Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik 5072:(Report). Archived from 4607:Foundations of Chemistry 4440:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae 4064: 3905:Precautionary statements 3688:end-stage kidney disease 3641:gas tungsten arc welding 2901:Martin Heinrich Klaproth 2770:cyclopentadienyl complex 2430:: With the exception of 2225:lanthanum(III) hydroxide 2047:gas tungsten arc welding 6614:10.1001/jama.2023.19032 6441:10.1111/1462-2920.12249 4653:Chemistry International 4501:10.1351/pac198860030431 3783:end stage renal disease 3467:are used in electronic 1662:360–1750 MPa 1544:13.4 W/(m⋅K) 1534:/K (at 20 °C) 6764:Vickery, R.C. (1953). 6107:Jeffus, Larry (2003). 6083:Arc Welding Automation 5587:Philosophical Magazine 5112:10.1002/anie.197300121 4778:10.1002/ange.200704887 4394:Weast, Robert (1984). 3952: 3702:horseradish peroxidase 3598:, because of the high 3366: 3326:Carl Auer von Welsbach 3317: 2972: 2866:Axel Fredrik Cronstedt 2861: 2692:coordination chemistry 2306: 2018:. In minerals such as 1672:350–400 MPa 1550:Electrical resistivity 1452: 1231:6.145 g/cm 1153:Electron configuration 119:Standard atomic weight 6733:Callow, R.J. (1967). 6569:Emsley, John (2011). 6176:American Mineralogist 6129:on 23 September 2010. 5955:Infrared fiber optics 5953:Harrington, James A. 5559:[New metal]. 5194:– via lanl.gov. 5065:Jensen, W.B. (2015). 4321:Nature Communications 4208:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 3951: 3722:Lanthanum telluride ( 3706:electron-dense tracer 3676:Shire Pharmaceuticals 3505:Lanthanum trifluoride 3499:Hall-effect thrusters 3353: 3308: 3044:silicon tetrafluoride 2970: 2849: 2311:Isotopes of lanthanum 2286: 2195:, which is almost as 2134:at room temperature ( 1708:Isotopes of lanthanum 1484:α form: 1451: 1269:400 kJ/mol 6699:Greenwood, Norman N. 6283:Applied Clay Science 5697:, pp. 1426–1429 5612:. Newport News, VA: 5594:on 15 November 2022. 5441:, pp. 1108–1109 5401:, pp. 1107–1108 5207:, pp. 1105–1107 4666:10.1515/ci-2021-0115 4276:10.1039/CS9932200017 3934:(fire diamond) 3560:Lanthanum(III) oxide 3495:electron microscopes 2905:Carl Gustaf Mosander 2886:Jöns Jacob Berzelius 2851:Carl Gustaf Mosander 2708:square antiprismatic 2172:lanthanum(III) oxide 2080:alkaline earth metal 1987:Carl Gustaf Mosander 1698:Carl Gustaf Mosander 1540:Thermal conductivity 1289: (extrapolated) 1265:Heat of vaporization 1245:5.94 g/cm 1227:(at 20° C) 6494:1994ScTEn.151..249D 6433:2014EnvMi..16..255P 6295:2009ApCS...46..369H 6188:1988ChGeo..70...12N 6109:"Types of Tungsten" 5870:1999IJHE...24..871U 5845:. 19 November 2015. 5821:2008JPS...176..547B 5747:on 27 February 2009 5580:Berzelius (1839b). 5555:Berzelius (1839a). 5534:1932JChEd...9.1231W 5338:1990ApJ...356..272W 5304:2003NuPhA.729....3A 5079:on 23 December 2015 5044:1965AmJPh..33..637H 4925:Inorganic Chemistry 4805:1928PPS....41..520J 4770:2008AngCh.120.1510H 4580:1982JChEd..59..634J 4552:. pp. 256–257. 3839: 3800:, a known negative 3775:Lanthanum carbonate 3678:) to absorb excess 3672:Lanthanum carbonate 2562:lanthanum hydroxide 2270:rare earth elements 2148:body-centered cubic 2140:face-centered cubic 2051:Lanthanum carbonate 1971:rare earth elements 1890:Category: Lanthanum 1642:α form: 0.280 1442:207±8 pm 1399:Ionization energies 1286:Vapor pressure 1275:Molar heat capacity 1174:Physical properties 1166:Electrons per shell 29: 6670:"ISE Metal-quotes" 6463:"Lanthanum 261130" 5962:Rutgers University 5542:10.1021/ed009p1231 5518:Weeks, Mary Elvira 5411:Fukai, Y. (2005). 4865:10.1007/BFb0108579 4478:Fluck, E. (1988). 3953: 3837: 3666:radiometric dating 3656:petroleum cracking 3612:zirconium diboride 3532:lanthanum chloride 3367: 3336:, which he called 3328:used a mixture of 3318: 3091:, the daughter of 3006:minerals, such as 2973: 2925:. That same year, 2862: 2572:Lanthanum fluoride 2307: 1945: 57. It is a 1469:Natural occurrence 1459: 1453: 1169:2, 8, 18, 18, 9, 2 1076: 1059: 21: 8570:Chemical elements 8550: 8549: 8073: 8072: 8066: 8065: 8032: 8031: 6737:. Pergamon Press. 6718:978-0-08-022057-4 6608:(20): 2016–2017. 6531:(11–12): 726–30. 6339:978-1-5386-6854-2 6324:. pp. 1–11. 6252:10.1159/000313647 6153:978-0-415-33340-5 6122:978-1-4018-1046-7 6093:978-0-8247-9645-7 6069:. pp. 25–26. 5983:"BrilLanCe-NxGen" 5971:on 2 August 2010. 5902:978-0-8493-0481-1 5422:978-3-540-00494-3 5292:Nuclear Physics A 5287: 5052:10.1119/1.1972042 4977:978-0-444-63851-9 4937:10.1021/ic102028d 4874:978-3-528-08019-8 4758:Angewandte Chemie 4735:978-0-07-049439-8 4588:10.1021/ed059p634 4428:Chinese Physics C 4247:978-1-62708-155-9 4136:Berzelius (1839a) 3993:Chemical compound 3991: 3990: 3891:Hazard statements 3710:molecular biology 3684:hyperphosphatemia 3664:Lanthanum-barium 3528:lanthanum bromide 3422:component of the 3164:ammonium chloride 3040:hydrogen fluoride 2716:chelating ligands 2712:dodecadeltahedral 2696:Lanthanum oxalate 2644:is reached. Like 2289:chart of nuclides 2287:Excerpt from the 2162:As expected from 2039:electron cathodes 1993:– hence the name 1925: 1924: 1874: 1873: 1564:Magnetic ordering 1523:Thermal expansion 1498:Lattice constants 1480:Crystal structure 1454: 1389:Electronegativity 1379:(a strongly 1363:Atomic properties 1357: 1356: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1074: 1057: 1049: 1048: 775:Mercury (element) 177:Lanthanum in the 8597: 8542: 8523: 8522: 8521: 8513: 8512: 8504: 8503: 8437: 8435: 8434: 8426: 8425: 8395: 8394: 8393: 8385: 8384: 8376: 8375: 8367: 8366: 8260: 8259: 8258: 8250: 8249: 8241: 8240: 8138: 8137: 8136: 8128: 8127: 8100: 8093: 8086: 8077: 8076: 8042: 8041: 8028: 8026: 8019: 8017: 8010: 8008: 8001: 7999: 7992: 7990: 7983: 7981: 7974: 7972: 7965: 7963: 7956: 7954: 7947: 7945: 7938: 7936: 7929: 7927: 7920: 7918: 7911: 7909: 7902: 7900: 7893: 7891: 7884: 7882: 7875: 7873: 7866: 7864: 7857: 7855: 7848: 7846: 7839: 7837: 7830: 7828: 7821: 7819: 7812: 7810: 7803: 7801: 7794: 7792: 7785: 7783: 7776: 7774: 7767: 7765: 7758: 7756: 7749: 7747: 7733: 7731: 7724: 7722: 7715: 7713: 7706: 7704: 7697: 7695: 7688: 7686: 7679: 7677: 7670: 7668: 7661: 7659: 7652: 7650: 7643: 7641: 7634: 7632: 7625: 7623: 7616: 7614: 7607: 7605: 7598: 7596: 7589: 7587: 7580: 7578: 7571: 7569: 7562: 7560: 7553: 7551: 7544: 7542: 7535: 7533: 7526: 7524: 7517: 7515: 7508: 7506: 7499: 7497: 7490: 7488: 7481: 7479: 7472: 7470: 7463: 7461: 7454: 7452: 7438: 7436: 7429: 7427: 7420: 7418: 7411: 7409: 7402: 7400: 7393: 7391: 7384: 7382: 7375: 7373: 7366: 7364: 7357: 7355: 7348: 7346: 7339: 7337: 7330: 7328: 7321: 7319: 7312: 7310: 7303: 7301: 7292: 7290: 7283: 7281: 7267: 7265: 7258: 7256: 7249: 7247: 7240: 7238: 7231: 7229: 7222: 7220: 7213: 7211: 7204: 7202: 7195: 7193: 7186: 7184: 7177: 7175: 7168: 7166: 7159: 7157: 7150: 7148: 7141: 7139: 7132: 7130: 7121: 7119: 7112: 7110: 7096: 7094: 7087: 7085: 7078: 7076: 7069: 7067: 7060: 7058: 7051: 7049: 7040: 7038: 7031: 7029: 7015: 7013: 7006: 7004: 6997: 6995: 6988: 6986: 6979: 6977: 6970: 6968: 6959: 6957: 6950: 6948: 6934: 6932: 6923: 6921: 6813: 6797: 6790: 6783: 6774: 6773: 6769: 6760: 6747: 6738: 6722: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6666: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6566: 6557: 6556: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6418: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6219:on 26 April 2009 6209: 6200: 6199: 6173: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6125:. Archived from 6104: 6098: 6097: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6066:Pool Care Basics 6061: 6055: 6054: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5999:on 29 April 2011 5998: 5992:. Archived from 5987: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5964:. Archived from 5959: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5933: 5927:. Archived from 5922: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5774:(1–2): 221–225. 5763: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5746: 5740:. Archived from 5739: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5528:(7): 1231–1243. 5514: 5508: 5507: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5427: 5426: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5385: 5384: 5367:(2): 2098–2104. 5356: 5350: 5349: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5285: 5275: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5238: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5185: 5178: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5145: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5078: 5071: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4989: 4981: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4898: 4897: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4719: 4694: 4688: 4679: 4678: 4668: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4517: 4484: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4425: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4372: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4344: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4279: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4233: 4220: 4219: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4172: 4156: 4138:, p. 356: 4132: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4108: 4106: 4094: 4092: 4075: 4033: 4032: 4031: 4022: 4021: 4020: 3982: 3981: 3973: 3966: 3959: 3944: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3898: 3870: 3840: 3836: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3779:phosphate binder 3763: 3762: 3761: 3753: 3752: 3742: 3741: 3740: 3732: 3731: 3600:refractive index 3582: 3581: 3580: 3572: 3571: 3550:Carbon arc lamps 3518: 3517: 3516: 3492: 3490: 3489: 3433: 3432: 3431: 3413: 3411: 3410: 3402: 3401: 3393: 3392: 3384: 3383: 3364: 3363: 3362: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3273: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3241: 3239: 3238: 3228: 3227: 3226: 3216: 3215: 3214: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3199: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3179: 3178: 3154: 3152: 3151: 3143: 3142: 3134: 3133: 3125: 3124: 3116: 3115: 3101: 3099: 3098: 3089: 3087: 3086: 3077: 3076: 3075: 3056:ammonium oxalate 3052:sodium hydroxide 3028: 3016: 2985: 2984: 2983: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2878:Wilhelm Hisinger 2833: 2832: 2831: 2823: 2822: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2790: 2789: 2781: 2780: 2767: 2765: 2757: 2755: 2754: 2746: 2745: 2737: 2736: 2728: 2727: 2705: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2671: 2670: 2669: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2630:calcium fluoride 2623: 2622: 2621: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2549: 2548: 2534: 2533: 2532: 2524: 2523: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2499: 2498: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2465:fission products 2462: 2460: 2459: 2451: 2449: 2448: 2440: 2438: 2437: 2420: 2418: 2417: 2408: 2406: 2405: 2385: 2377: 2375: 2374: 2350: 2348: 2347: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2325: 2323: 2322: 2304: 2302: 2298:) to neodymium ( 2297: 2295: 2263: 2262: 2261: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2221:binary compounds 2194: 2193: 2192: 2184: 2183: 2153: 2145: 2137: 2055:phosphate binder 2013: 2007: 2006: 2005: 1953:, silvery-white 1932:chemical element 1913: 1906: 1899: 1887: 1886: 1865: 1850: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1822: 1807: 1800: 1798: 1771: 1739: 1738: 1729: 1724: 1717: 1702: 1668:Brinell hardness 1658:Vickers hardness 1629: 1587: 1585: 1533: 1531: 1507: 1464:Other properties 1378: 1369:Oxidation states 1335: 1331: 1303: 1299: 1292: 1291: 1242: 1228: 1189: 1188: 1144: 1120:(no number) 1104: 1103: 1044: 1037: 1030: 1023: 1016: 1009: 1002: 995: 988: 981: 974: 967: 960: 953: 946: 939: 932: 925: 918: 911: 904: 897: 890: 883: 876: 869: 862: 855: 848: 841: 834: 827: 818: 811: 804: 797: 790: 783: 776: 769: 762: 755: 748: 741: 734: 727: 720: 713: 706: 699: 692: 685: 678: 671: 664: 657: 650: 643: 636: 629: 622: 615: 608: 601: 592: 585: 578: 571: 564: 557: 550: 543: 536: 529: 522: 515: 508: 501: 494: 487: 476: 469: 460: 453: 446: 439: 432: 425: 418: 411: 404: 397: 390: 383: 376: 369: 362: 355: 346: 339: 330: 323: 316: 309: 302: 295: 286: 279: 270: 263: 256: 249: 242: 235: 226: 219: 210: 201: 195: 194: 190: 189: 186: 185: 160: 158: 151: 150: 146: 143: 129: 101: 96: 88: 86: 85: 82: 81: 78: 75: 72: 69: 66: 63: 60: 57: 37: 30: 28: 23:Lanthanum, 20: 8605: 8604: 8600: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8595: 8594: 8585:Reducing agents 8555: 8554: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8511: 8508: 8507: 8506: 8502: 8499: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8470: 8462: 8458: 8445: 8433: 8430: 8429: 8428: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8407: 8403: 8392: 8389: 8388: 8387: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8374: 8371: 8370: 8369: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8353: 8349: 8340: 8333: 8325: 8312: 8304: 8300: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8276: 8268: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8252: 8248: 8245: 8244: 8243: 8239: 8236: 8235: 8234: 8232: 8227: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8203: 8195: 8187: 8174: 8166: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8110: 8104: 8074: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8033: 8024: 8022: 8015: 8013: 8006: 8004: 7997: 7995: 7988: 7986: 7979: 7977: 7970: 7968: 7961: 7959: 7952: 7950: 7943: 7941: 7934: 7932: 7925: 7923: 7916: 7914: 7907: 7905: 7898: 7896: 7889: 7887: 7880: 7878: 7871: 7869: 7862: 7860: 7853: 7851: 7844: 7842: 7835: 7833: 7826: 7824: 7817: 7815: 7808: 7806: 7799: 7797: 7790: 7788: 7781: 7779: 7772: 7770: 7763: 7761: 7754: 7752: 7745: 7743: 7729: 7727: 7720: 7718: 7711: 7709: 7702: 7700: 7693: 7691: 7684: 7682: 7675: 7673: 7666: 7664: 7657: 7655: 7648: 7646: 7639: 7637: 7630: 7628: 7621: 7619: 7612: 7610: 7603: 7601: 7594: 7592: 7585: 7583: 7576: 7574: 7567: 7565: 7558: 7556: 7549: 7547: 7540: 7538: 7531: 7529: 7522: 7520: 7513: 7511: 7504: 7502: 7495: 7493: 7486: 7484: 7477: 7475: 7468: 7466: 7459: 7457: 7450: 7448: 7434: 7432: 7425: 7423: 7416: 7414: 7407: 7405: 7398: 7396: 7389: 7387: 7380: 7378: 7371: 7369: 7362: 7360: 7353: 7351: 7344: 7342: 7335: 7333: 7326: 7324: 7317: 7315: 7308: 7306: 7299: 7297: 7288: 7286: 7279: 7277: 7263: 7261: 7254: 7252: 7245: 7243: 7236: 7234: 7227: 7225: 7218: 7216: 7209: 7207: 7200: 7198: 7191: 7189: 7182: 7180: 7173: 7171: 7164: 7162: 7155: 7153: 7146: 7144: 7137: 7135: 7128: 7126: 7117: 7115: 7108: 7106: 7092: 7090: 7083: 7081: 7074: 7072: 7065: 7063: 7056: 7054: 7047: 7045: 7036: 7034: 7027: 7025: 7011: 7009: 7002: 7000: 6993: 6991: 6984: 6982: 6975: 6973: 6966: 6964: 6955: 6953: 6946: 6944: 6930: 6928: 6919: 6917: 6806: 6801: 6768:. Butterworths. 6729: 6727:Further reading 6719: 6694: 6689: 6678: 6676: 6668: 6667: 6663: 6652: 6650: 6642: 6641: 6637: 6592: 6588: 6581: 6567: 6560: 6521: 6517: 6478: 6474: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6416: 6410: 6406: 6367: 6363: 6340: 6314: 6310: 6279: 6275: 6236: 6232: 6222: 6220: 6211: 6210: 6203: 6171: 6165: 6161: 6154: 6138: 6134: 6123: 6105: 6101: 6094: 6078: 6074: 6063: 6062: 6058: 6035: 6031: 6016: 6012: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5985: 5981: 5980: 5976: 5968: 5957: 5951: 5947: 5937: 5935: 5934:on 20 July 2011 5931: 5920: 5914: 5910: 5903: 5889: 5885: 5854: 5850: 5841: 5840: 5836: 5805: 5801: 5792: 5791: 5787: 5764: 5760: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5721: 5705: 5701: 5693: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5638: 5637: 5633: 5623: 5621: 5604: 5603: 5599: 5578: 5574: 5557:"Nouveau métal" 5553: 5549: 5515: 5511: 5498: 5494: 5486: 5479: 5469: 5467: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5437: 5430: 5423: 5409: 5405: 5397: 5388: 5357: 5353: 5322: 5318: 5276: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5247: 5245: 5240: 5239: 5232: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5183: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5146: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5096: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5063: 5059: 5028: 5024: 5017: 5003: 4999: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4964: 4960: 4923:(E = Al, Ga)". 4918: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4824: 4820: 4789: 4785: 4754: 4750: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4720: 4697: 4689: 4682: 4645: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4599: 4595: 4561: 4557: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4482: 4476: 4472: 4462: 4460: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4423: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4234: 4223: 4191: 4187: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4159: 4133: 4129: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4046: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4013: 3994: 3987: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3961: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3907: 3893: 3879: 3863: 3835: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3771: 3769:Biological role 3760: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3608:silicon nitride 3579: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3483: 3480: 3461:Lanthanum oxide 3430: 3427: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3334:zirconium oxide 3330:lanthanum oxide 3303: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3092: 3085: 3083: 3082: 3081: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3011: 2982: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2957: 2940: 2844: 2836:tetrahydrofuran 2830: 2827: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2763: 2762: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2703: 2686: 2684: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2672:is probably an 2668: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2585: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2476:Lanthanum oxide 2473: 2458: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2416: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2411: 2404: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2346: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2335: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2313: 2300: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2281: 2268:base among the 2260: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2164:periodic trends 2160: 2151: 2143: 2135: 2100:stellar spectra 2076: 2071: 2069:Characteristics 2061:accompanied by 2001: 1975:oxidation state 1917: 1892: 1863: 1846: 1834: 1827: 1825: 1820: 1803: 1796: 1794: 1769: 1762: 1755:abundance 1728: 1710: 1700: 1682:7439-91-0 1627: 1594:Young's modulus 1583: 1581: 1529: 1527: 1513: 1508: 1438:Covalent radius 1418: 1374: 1358: 1333: 1301: 1236: 1226: 1182: 1097: 1093: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1042: 1035: 1028: 1021: 1014: 1007: 1000: 993: 986: 979: 972: 965: 958: 951: 944: 937: 930: 923: 916: 909: 902: 895: 888: 881: 874: 867: 860: 853: 846: 839: 832: 825: 816: 809: 802: 795: 788: 781: 774: 767: 760: 753: 746: 739: 732: 725: 718: 711: 704: 697: 690: 683: 676: 669: 662: 655: 648: 641: 634: 627: 620: 613: 606: 599: 590: 583: 576: 569: 562: 555: 548: 541: 534: 527: 520: 513: 506: 499: 492: 485: 474: 467: 458: 451: 444: 437: 430: 423: 416: 409: 402: 395: 388: 381: 374: 367: 360: 353: 344: 337: 328: 321: 314: 307: 300: 293: 284: 277: 268: 261: 254: 247: 240: 233: 224: 217: 208: 199: 168: 156: 154: 148: 144: 141: 139: 127: 121: 94: 90: 54: 50: 26: 22: 19: 12: 11: 5: 8603: 8593: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8544: 8539: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8518: 8509: 8500: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8431: 8422: 8414: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8390: 8381: 8372: 8363: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8338: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8255: 8246: 8237: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8133: 8124: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8103: 8102: 8095: 8088: 8080: 8071: 8070: 8064: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8030: 8029: 8020: 8011: 8002: 7993: 7984: 7975: 7966: 7957: 7948: 7939: 7930: 7921: 7912: 7903: 7894: 7885: 7876: 7867: 7858: 7849: 7840: 7831: 7822: 7813: 7804: 7795: 7786: 7777: 7768: 7759: 7750: 7741: 7735: 7734: 7725: 7716: 7707: 7698: 7689: 7680: 7671: 7662: 7653: 7644: 7635: 7626: 7617: 7608: 7599: 7590: 7581: 7572: 7563: 7554: 7545: 7536: 7527: 7518: 7509: 7500: 7491: 7482: 7473: 7464: 7455: 7446: 7440: 7439: 7430: 7421: 7412: 7403: 7394: 7385: 7376: 7367: 7358: 7349: 7340: 7331: 7322: 7313: 7304: 7295: 7293: 7284: 7275: 7269: 7268: 7259: 7250: 7241: 7232: 7223: 7214: 7205: 7196: 7187: 7178: 7169: 7160: 7151: 7142: 7133: 7124: 7122: 7113: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7088: 7079: 7070: 7061: 7052: 7043: 7041: 7032: 7023: 7017: 7016: 7007: 6998: 6989: 6980: 6971: 6962: 6960: 6951: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6926: 6924: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6804:Periodic table 6800: 6799: 6792: 6785: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6761: 6748: 6739: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6717: 6709:Pergamon Press 6693: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6661: 6635: 6586: 6579: 6558: 6515: 6488:(3): 249–252. 6472: 6454: 6404: 6361: 6338: 6308: 6289:(4): 369–375. 6273: 6246:(2): 135–144. 6240:Acta Anatomica 6230: 6201: 6159: 6152: 6132: 6121: 6099: 6092: 6072: 6056: 6029: 6010: 5974: 5945: 5908: 5901: 5883: 5864:(9): 871–877. 5848: 5834: 5799: 5785: 5758: 5726: 5719: 5699: 5684: 5682:, p. 1103 5672: 5646: 5631: 5597: 5572: 5562:Comptes rendus 5547: 5509: 5492: 5490:, p. 1424 5477: 5455: 5453:, p. 1110 5443: 5428: 5421: 5403: 5386: 5351: 5346:10.1086/168839 5316: 5267: 5265:, p. 1434 5255: 5230: 5209: 5197: 5165: 5158: 5129: 5127:, p. 1429 5117: 5090: 5057: 5038:(8): 637–640. 5022: 5015: 4997: 4976: 4958: 4916: 4903: 4894: 4880: 4873: 4843: 4836: 4818: 4783: 4748: 4734: 4695: 4693:, p. 1106 4680: 4639: 4593: 4574:(8): 634–636. 4555: 4550:Pergamon Press 4542:Lifshitz, E.M. 4529: 4495:(3): 431–436. 4470: 4445: 4411: 4404: 4386: 4379: 4356: 4313:clusters; see 4310: 4302: 4291:(1–2): 49–55. 4264:Chem. Soc. Rev 4253: 4246: 4221: 4185: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4127: 4114: 4110: 4096: 4082: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4045: 4042: 4029: 4018: 4010:pneumoconiosis 3992: 3989: 3988: 3976: 3969: 3962: 3955: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3926: 3925: 3908: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3864: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3845: 3844: 3834: 3831: 3820:methanotrophic 3810: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3758: 3749: 3737: 3728: 3720: 3713: 3698: 3691: 3669: 3662: 3648: 3637: 3634: 3615: 3577: 3568: 3557: 3554:motion picture 3547: 3524: 3513: 3502: 3486: 3479:. Crystals of 3458: 3448: 3444: 3428: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3359: 3302: 3299: 3283: 3275: 3274: 3254: 3243: 3242: 3235: 3223: 3211: 3196: 3184: 3175: 3148: 3139: 3130: 3121: 3112: 3096: 3084: 3072: 3024: 3013: 2981: 2956: 2953: 2919:cerium nitrate 2872:, later named 2843: 2840: 2828: 2819: 2807: 2795: 2786: 2777: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2724: 2685: 2666: 2650: 2638: 2618: 2599: 2584: 2566:carbon dioxide 2554: 2545: 2529: 2520: 2512:scandium oxide 2504: 2495: 2484: 2472: 2469: 2457: 2446: 2435: 2415: 2403: 2384:1.05×10 years. 2380:odd–odd nuclei 2372: 2345: 2334: 2320: 2309:Main article: 2280: 2277: 2259: 2248: 2233: 2207:off like iron 2189: 2180: 2159: 2156: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2063:kidney failure 1991:cerium nitrate 1967:periodic table 1923: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1908: 1901: 1893: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1801: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1742:Main isotopes 1735: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1719: 1711: 1704: 1703: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1624:Speed of sound 1620: 1619: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1502: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1482: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1456:Spectral lines 1444: 1443: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1385: 1384: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1290: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1261: 1260: 1253: 1251:Heat of fusion 1247: 1246: 1243: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1155: 1149: 1148: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1118:f-block groups 1115: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1067: 1066: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1039: 1032: 1025: 1018: 1011: 1004: 997: 990: 983: 976: 969: 962: 955: 948: 941: 934: 927: 920: 913: 906: 899: 892: 885: 878: 871: 864: 857: 850: 843: 836: 829: 821: 820: 813: 806: 799: 792: 785: 778: 771: 764: 757: 750: 743: 736: 729: 722: 715: 708: 701: 694: 687: 680: 673: 666: 659: 652: 645: 638: 631: 624: 617: 610: 603: 595: 594: 587: 580: 573: 566: 559: 552: 545: 538: 531: 524: 517: 510: 503: 496: 489: 482: 480: 478: 471: 463: 462: 455: 448: 441: 434: 427: 420: 413: 406: 399: 392: 385: 378: 371: 364: 357: 350: 348: 341: 333: 332: 325: 318: 311: 304: 297: 290: 288: 281: 273: 272: 265: 258: 251: 244: 237: 230: 228: 221: 213: 212: 205: 203: 193: 182: 181: 179:periodic table 174: 173: 170: 169: 167: 166: 152: 136: 134: 131: 130: 125: 115: 114: 111: 110: 107: 103: 102: 48: 44: 43: 39: 38: 24: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8602: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8553: 8543: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8465: 8463: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8440: 8438: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8398: 8396: 8356: 8354: 8344: 8341: 8334: 8328: 8326: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8307: 8305: 8295: 8293: 8279: 8277: 8271: 8269: 8263: 8261: 8230: 8228: 8222: 8220: 8206: 8204: 8198: 8196: 8190: 8188: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8169: 8167: 8161: 8159: 8141: 8139: 8117: 8116: 8113: 8108: 8101: 8096: 8094: 8089: 8087: 8082: 8081: 8078: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8036: 8027: 8018: 8009: 8000: 7991: 7982: 7973: 7964: 7955: 7946: 7937: 7928: 7919: 7910: 7901: 7892: 7883: 7874: 7865: 7856: 7847: 7838: 7829: 7820: 7811: 7802: 7793: 7784: 7775: 7766: 7757: 7748: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7723: 7714: 7705: 7696: 7687: 7678: 7669: 7660: 7651: 7642: 7633: 7624: 7615: 7606: 7597: 7588: 7579: 7570: 7561: 7552: 7543: 7534: 7525: 7516: 7507: 7498: 7489: 7480: 7471: 7462: 7453: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7428: 7419: 7410: 7401: 7392: 7383: 7374: 7365: 7356: 7347: 7338: 7329: 7320: 7311: 7302: 7291: 7282: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7257: 7248: 7239: 7230: 7221: 7212: 7203: 7194: 7185: 7176: 7167: 7158: 7149: 7140: 7131: 7120: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7086: 7077: 7068: 7059: 7050: 7039: 7030: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7005: 6996: 6987: 6978: 6969: 6958: 6949: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6922: 6914: 6910: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6814: 6809: 6805: 6798: 6793: 6791: 6786: 6784: 6779: 6778: 6775: 6767: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6749: 6745: 6740: 6736: 6731: 6730: 6720: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6696: 6695: 6675: 6671: 6665: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6590: 6582: 6580:9780199605637 6576: 6572: 6565: 6563: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6519: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6476: 6468: 6467:Sigma-Aldrich 6464: 6458: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6427:(1): 255–64. 6426: 6422: 6415: 6408: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6312: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6277: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6234: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6206: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6182:(1–2): 1111. 6181: 6177: 6170: 6163: 6155: 6149: 6145: 6144: 6136: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6103: 6095: 6089: 6085: 6084: 6076: 6068: 6067: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6033: 6025: 6021: 6014: 5995: 5991: 5988:. Detectors. 5984: 5978: 5967: 5963: 5956: 5949: 5930: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5904: 5898: 5894: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5852: 5844: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5803: 5795: 5789: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5762: 5743: 5736: 5730: 5722: 5720:9789400902879 5716: 5712: 5711: 5703: 5696: 5691: 5689: 5681: 5676: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5642: 5635: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5608:. Education. 5607: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5576: 5568: 5565:(in French). 5564: 5563: 5558: 5551: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5513: 5505: 5504: 5496: 5489: 5484: 5482: 5465: 5459: 5452: 5447: 5440: 5435: 5433: 5424: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5281: 5274: 5272: 5264: 5259: 5244:. Webelements 5243: 5237: 5235: 5219: 5213: 5206: 5201: 5182: 5175: 5169: 5161: 5159:0-8493-0486-5 5155: 5151: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5126: 5121: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5026: 5018: 5016:0-415-33340-7 5012: 5009:. CRC Press. 5008: 5001: 4993: 4987: 4979: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4884: 4876: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4847: 4839: 4837:9781118211496 4833: 4829: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4737: 4731: 4727: 4726: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4692: 4687: 4685: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4643: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4597: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4533: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4481: 4474: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4434:(3): 030001. 4433: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4407: 4405:0-8493-0464-4 4401: 4397: 4390: 4382: 4380:0-8493-0486-5 4376: 4369: 4368: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4249: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4167: 4153: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4131: 4101: = 4099: 4087: = 4085: 4080: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4041: 4038: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3998:hyperglycemia 3983: 3974: 3967: 3960: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3794:GABA receptor 3791: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3621:improves its 3620: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3536:scintillators 3533: 3529: 3526:Cerium-doped 3525: 3522: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3421: 3420:intermetallic 3417: 3373: 3369: 3368: 3352: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3315: 3312: 3307: 3298: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3160: 3158: 3105: 3090: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3020: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2969: 2965: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2949:to lie hidden 2939: 2938:Ancient Greek 2934: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2839: 2837: 2771: 2759: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2677: 2675: 2631: 2627: 2610: 2592: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2538: 2537:yttrium oxide 2513: 2477: 2468: 2466: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2329: 2312: 2290: 2285: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2242: 2241:sulfuric acid 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2201:calcium oxide 2198: 2173: 2169: 2168:atomic radius 2165: 2155: 2149: 2141: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2088:configuration 2084: 2081: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2053:is used as a 2052: 2048: 2044: 2043:scintillators 2040: 2037:and torches, 2036: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2000: 1999:ancient Greek 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1943:atomic number 1940: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1918: | 1914: 1909: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1833: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1791: 1784: 1781: 1780:product 1778: 1776: 1773: 1766: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1648:Mohs hardness 1645: 1641: 1639: 1638:Poisson ratio 1635: 1631: 1628:thin rod 1625: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1604:Shear modulus 1601: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1488:(dhcp) ( 1487: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1424:Atomic radius 1421: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1330: 1325: 1324: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1215: 1214:Boiling point 1211: 1207: 1203: 1201: 1200:Melting point 1197: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1131:period 6 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1095:Atomic number 1091: 1080: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1052: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1005: 1003: 998: 996: 991: 989: 984: 982: 977: 975: 970: 968: 963: 961: 956: 954: 949: 947: 945:Rutherfordium 942: 940: 935: 933: 928: 926: 921: 919: 914: 912: 907: 905: 900: 898: 893: 891: 886: 884: 879: 877: 872: 870: 865: 863: 858: 856: 851: 849: 844: 842: 837: 835: 830: 828: 823: 822: 819: 814: 812: 807: 805: 800: 798: 793: 791: 786: 784: 779: 777: 772: 770: 765: 763: 758: 756: 751: 749: 744: 742: 737: 735: 730: 728: 723: 721: 716: 714: 709: 707: 702: 700: 695: 693: 688: 686: 681: 679: 674: 672: 667: 665: 660: 658: 653: 651: 646: 644: 639: 637: 632: 630: 625: 623: 618: 616: 611: 609: 604: 602: 597: 596: 593: 588: 586: 581: 579: 574: 572: 567: 565: 560: 558: 553: 551: 546: 544: 539: 537: 532: 530: 525: 523: 518: 516: 511: 509: 504: 502: 497: 495: 490: 488: 483: 479: 477: 472: 470: 465: 464: 461: 456: 454: 449: 447: 442: 440: 435: 433: 428: 426: 421: 419: 414: 412: 407: 405: 400: 398: 393: 391: 386: 384: 379: 377: 372: 370: 365: 363: 358: 356: 351: 347: 342: 340: 335: 334: 331: 326: 324: 319: 317: 312: 310: 305: 303: 298: 296: 291: 287: 282: 280: 275: 274: 271: 266: 264: 259: 257: 252: 250: 245: 243: 238: 236: 231: 227: 222: 220: 215: 214: 211: 206: 202: 197: 196: 192: 191: 188: 187: 183: 180: 175: 171: 164: 153: 138: 137: 135: 132: 124: 120: 116: 112: 109:silvery white 108: 104: 99: 98: 84: 49: 47:Pronunciation 45: 40: 36: 31: 16: 8552: 8106: 7467: 6765: 6756: 6752: 6746:. 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