1872:"Few census figures are available; all countries (Algeria and Morocco included) do not count Berber languages. Population shifts in location and number, effects of urbanization and education in other languages, etc., make estimates difficult. In 1952 A. Basset (LLB.4) estimated the number of Berberophones at 5,500,000. Between 1968 and 1978 estimates ranged from eight to thirteen million (as reported by Galand, LELB 56, pp. 107, 123–25); Voegelin and Voegelin (1977, p. 297) call eight million a conservative estimate. In 1980, S. Chaker estimated that the Berberophone populations of Kabylie and the three Moroccan groups numbered more than one million each; and that in Algeria, 3,650,000, or one out of five Algerians, speak a Berber language (Chaker 1984, pp. 8-)
171:
585:
in teaching the fields of technology and science and acceptance of Berber. The state of
Morocco still sees Arabic (MSA) as its national language, but acknowledges that not all Moroccans are Arabic speakers and that Arabization did not succeed in the area of science and technology. The aims of the charter seem to have been met faster than expected, probably since the conditions of the charter started to be implemented immediately. Nowadays the different minority languages are acknowledged in Morocco although Arabic still is the dominant one and is being promoted by the government.
632:
4399:
28:
2120:
1896:
dialects cannot accurately be described as either
Central Morocco Tamazight (spoken in the Central and eastern Atlas area) or Shilha. The differences among all Moroccan dialects are not too pronounced: public radio news are broadcast using the various dialects; each journalist speaks his or her own dialect with the result that understanding is not obstructed, though most southern Berbers find that understanding Riff requires some getting used to.
2106:
1905:
1950:
161:
1305:, said that Berber is mainly used in the contexts of family, friendship, and "street". In his 2000–2002 research, Ennaji found that 52% of the interviewees placed Berber as a language inferior to Arabic because it did not have a prestigious status and because its domain was restricted. Ennaji added that "he dialectisation of Berber certainly reduces its power of communication and its spread."
1274:
752:, said that Moroccan Arabic has connotations of informality, and that Moroccan Arabic tends to be used in casual conversations and spoken discourse. Ennaji added that Bilingual Moroccans tend to use Moroccan Arabic while in the house. Berbers generally learn Moroccan Arabic as a second language and use it as a
1941:, 36% of Moroccans speak French overall, while 47% of students have French as their medium of instruction at schools. According to the 2014 census, about 66% of literate people can read and write French, that is, 66% of 68% = 45%. Other sources put the number of total French speakers at 64% as of 2014.
572:
language is also dominant in
Morocco, especially in education and administration, therefore was initially learned by an elite and later on was learned by a great number of Moroccans for use in domains such as finance, science, technology and media. That is despite the government decision to implement
2026:
as a province. After
Morocco declared independence in 1956, French and Arabic became the main languages of administration and education, causing the role of Spanish to decline. In northern Morocco, transmission of Spanish television is often available and there are interactions in Spanish on a daily
1895:
This nomenclature is common in linguistic publications, but is significantly complicated by local usage: thus Shilha is sub-divided into Shilha of the Dra valley, Tasusit (the language of the Souss) and several other (mountain) dialects. Moreover, linguistic boundaries are blurred, such that certain
1880:
cited "more than half" in an interview conducted by Brahim Karada at Tawalt.com. According to the
Ethnologue (by deduction from its Moroccan Arabic figures), the Berber-speaking population is estimated at 65% (1991 and 1995). However, the figures it gives for individual languages only add up to 7.5
584:
In 2000 the
Charter of Educational Reform introduced a drastic change in language policy. From then on, Morocco has adopted a clear perpetual educational language policy with three main cores: improving and reinforcing the teaching of Arabic, using a variety of languages, such as English and French
1289:
population census). The
Ethnologue provides a useful academic starting point; however, its bibliographic references are inadequate, and it rates its own accuracy at only B-C for the area. Early colonial censuses may provide better documented figures for some countries; however, these are also very
721:
Moroccans learn
Standard Arabic as a language. It is generally not spoken at home or on the streets. Standard Arabic is frequently used in administrative offices, mosques, and schools. According to Rouchdy, within Morocco Classical Arabic is still only used in literary and cultural aspects, formal
588:
Berber was made an official language in 2011. In 2019, a law was enacted to implement the constitutional changes from 2011. The government aims to generalize Berber education to all
Moroccan schools. However, as of 2023, only 10% of Moroccan pupils study Berber. The government hired civil servants
576:
From its independence until the year 2000, Morocco opted for
Arabization as a policy, in an attempt of replacing French with Arabic. By the end of the 1980s, Arabic was the dominant language in education, although French was still in use in many important domains. The goals of Arabization were not
538:
languages were marginalized in the modern society and the number of monolingual speakers decreased. In recent years, the Berber culture has been gaining strength and some developments promise that these languages will not die (Berber is the generic name for the Berber languages. The term Berber is
643:, meaning "everyday/colloquial language"; that is spoken or understood, frequently as a second language, by the majority of the population (about 85% of the total population). Many native Berber speakers also speak the local Arabic variant as a second language. Arabic in its
1875:
In 1952, André Basset ("La langue berbère", Handbook of African Languages, Part I, Oxford) estimated that a "small majority" of Morocco's population spoke Berber. The 1960 census estimated that 34% of Moroccans spoke Berber, including bi-, tri-, and quadrilinguals. In 2000,
748:, said that Moroccans who were bilingual in both French and Arabic preferred to speak Arabic while discussing religion; while discussing matters in a grocery store or restaurant; and while discussing matters with family members, beggars, and maids. Moha Ennaji, author of
3551:
251:. French retains a major place in Morocco, as it is taught universally and serves as Morocco's primary language of commerce and economics, culture, sciences and medicine; it is also widely used in education and government. Morocco is a member of the
2790:
659:, said that Classical/Modern Arabic and French are constantly in conflict with one another, but that most Moroccans believe that the bilingualism of Classical Arabic and French is the most optimal choice to allow for Morocco's development.
3696:
741:
Moroccan Arabic, along with Berber, is one of two mother tongues acquired by Moroccan children and spoken in homes and on the street. The language is not used in writing. Abdelâli Bentahila, the author of the 1983 book
761:
The below table presents statistical figures of speakers, based on the 2014 population census. This table includes not only native speakers of Arabic, but also people who speak Arabic as a second or third language.
2042:, there were 11,409 students learning Spanish in Morocco in 2016, a large decline from about 50,000 in 2005. Demand for Spanish and overall competency in the language has fallen since the start of the 21st century.
527:
called for a new incarnation of the language, describing Standard Arabic as untenably prescriptive and Moroccan vernacular Arabic (Darija) as too poor to become in and of itself a language of culture and knowledge.
371:. However, the language spread much more slowly than the religion. At first, Arabic was used only in urban areas, especially in cities in the north, while the rural areas remained the domain of Berber languages.
545:, on the other hand, has been perceived as a prestigious language in Morocco for over a millennium. However, there are very distinctive varieties of Arabic used, not all equally prestigious, which are
395:
713:
tribes swept through many of the unsettled areas, spreading with them their distinct Arabic dialect in the non-urbanized areas and leaving speakers of Berber isolated in the mountainous regions.
2476:
3512:. Saturday January 16, 1999. Retrieved on October 15, 2012. "Behind the locked gates and the sign saying "Interdit au Public" (forbidden to the public) (French is the lingua franca in Morocco)"
581:
terms, therefore a change was needed. By 2020, the country ended its policy of Arabization, with French reimplemented as the medium of instruction in core subjects such as science and math.
3694:
Keil-Sagawe, Regina. "Soziokulturelle und sprachenpolitische Aspekte der Francophonie am Beispiel Marokko (Manuskripte zur Sprachlehrforschung, 38) by Martina Butzke-Rudzynski" (review).
701:
shares 85%-90% of its vocabulary with Modern Standard Arabic. The country shows a marked difference in urban and rural dialects. This is due to the history of settlement. traditionally,
620:, about 2,000 schools taught Amazigh in 2022 and the government was training more teachers to accelerate the roll out of Berber teaching. As of 2023, this reform is still in progress.
1312:
language were estimated to be around 1.5 million in 1990. The language is spoken in the Rif area in the north of the country and is one of the three main Berber languages of Morocco.
2011:), 21.9% of respondents from Morocco claimed to speak Spanish, with higher percentages in the northern regions. By 2017, that figure had declined to about 4.5% of the population.
744:
531:
In the year 2000, after years of neglecting and ignoring the other languages present in Morocco, the Charter for Educational Reform recognized them and the necessity for them.
2405:
3112:
3633:
2986:
3613:
3368:
3755:
Salah-Dine Hammoud, Mohamed (1982). "Arabization in Morocco: A Case Study in Language Planning and Language Policy Attitudes." Unpublished PhD dissertation for the
2434:
3720:
244:." Ennaji also concluded "This survey confirms the idea that multilingualism in Morocco is a vivid sociolinguistic phenomenon, which is favored by many people."
2521:
3407:
2454:
3433:
3302:
3037:
2493:
3240:
2038:
Today, Spanish is still offered as one of the foreign languages in the educational system but has fallen well behind French and English. According to the
1285:
is hard to ascertain, since most North African countries do not—traditionally—record language data in their censuses (An exception to this was the 2004
400:
523:
in 1973 argued that, although French unified the elite and major sections of the economy, national unity could only be achieved based on Arabic—though
3345:
3088:
2957:
2489:
2374:
5133:
4903:
561:. MSA is practically foreign to Moroccan schoolchildren, and this creates problems with reading and writing, consequently leading to a high level of
510:
662:
In 1995 the number of native Arabic speakers in Morocco was approximately 18.8 million (65% of the total population), and 21 million including the
3188:
2337:
3788:
2459:
2342:
1938:
252:
2658:
Arabic Language Processing: From Theory to Practice: 7th International Conference, ICALP 2019, Nancy, France, October 16–17, 2019, Proceedings
2189:
4825:
2212:
697:
dialect of Morocco is quite different from its Middle Eastern counterparts but in general understandable to each other, it’s estimated that
3214:
2688:
2656:
2310:
2094:
adopted Spanish and French. Emigration to Spain, Iberoamerica, and Israel has significantly reduced the number of speakers of Haketia.
2008:
5048:
1967:
4888:
3533:
2355:
2232:
1301:, is one of two languages spoken in homes and on the street. The population does not use Berber in writing. Aleya Rouchdy, editor of
2805:"Décret n° 2-59-1965 du 15 rejeb 1379 (14 Janvier 1960) portant création d'un Institut d'études et de recherches pour l'arabisation"
4184:
2402:
609:
Framework Law 17:51 allowed scientific subjects to be taught in foreign languages—especially French—in public elementary schools.
4444:
423:
in Fes, Mahdī b. ‘Īsā, was replaced under the Almohads by Abū l-Ḥasan b. ‘Aṭiyya khaṭīb because the latter was fluent in Berber.
4908:
4529:
3378:
3062:
2722:
2666:
2639:
2595:
2568:
2534:
639:
Arabic, along with Berber, is one of Morocco's two official languages, although it is the Moroccan dialect of Arabic, namely
623:
In July 2023, the gradual generalization of learning English from secondary school was decided by the Ministry of Education.
3503:
4429:
2585:
2431:
2059:
705:
established centers of power in only a few cities and ports in the region, with the effect that the other areas remained
4536:
3781:
1331:
regions. Studies done in 1990 show around 3 million people, concentrated in the south of Morocco, speak the language.
4818:
4778:
4197:
3684:
3417:
2903:
2769:
2540:
1989:
4688:
2051:
1026:
2450:
5159:
4497:
4384:
4333:
3664:
Chakrani, Brahim. "A sociolinguistic investigation of language attitudes among youth in Morocco." (dissertation)
2019:
573:
a language policy of ignoring French after gaining independence, for the sake of creating a monolingual country.
517:
in 1960. The policy of Arabization was not applied in earnest until 17 years after independence. An editorial in
3593:
4923:
4752:
4424:
4328:
3749:
3673:
3625:
3312:
2220:
2197:
502:
348:
5237:
5206:
5202:
4607:
3774:
3756:
1341:, shows that around 3 million people speak the language in Morocco. The language is most used in the regions
4811:
4567:
4475:
4220:
4177:
3982:
3846:
2385:
1365:
360:
5215:
4502:
4439:
4023:
3987:
3813:
1919:
1377:
652:
468:
453:
420:
221:
192:, but a number of regional and foreign languages are also spoken. The official languages of Morocco are
4963:
4075:
2211:, January 6, 2003. Volume 3 of Curzon Arabic Linguistics Series, Curzon Studies in Arabic Linguistics.
1971:
1960:
1913:
1324:
1731:
1055:
922:
5198:
5073:
5063:
4868:
4597:
4524:
4490:
4419:
4015:
3949:
3162:
2895:
Les peuples autochtones et leur relation originale à la terre: un questionnement pour l'ordre mondial
2163:
2078:
and other Romance languages. Mixing in Morocco and influenced by local Arabic, their language became
1756:
1631:
1353:
1334:
1215:
1183:
906:
836:
613:
170:
5078:
4968:
4898:
4572:
236:
for approximately 33% of Moroccans. According to a 2000–2002 survey done by Moha Ennaji, author of
197:
44:
5138:
5058:
5023:
5008:
4993:
4948:
4883:
4698:
4653:
4507:
4398:
4170:
3934:
3631:
Bentahila, Abdelâli. "Motivations for Code-Switching among Arabic-French Bilinguals in Morocco."
2148:
2091:
1781:
1502:
1151:
804:
594:
104:
5189:
3650:
3642:
3137:
506:
341:) indicates it must have had a significant presence in the early years after the Arab conquest.
5013:
4512:
4374:
4122:
3992:
3882:
3877:
1373:
1032:
The below table presents statistical figures of speakers, based on the 2014 population census.
553:', the non-standardized spoken form. The difference between the two forms in terms of grammar,
546:
193:
142:
40:
3522:
Recensement Général de la Population et de l’Habitat 2014. Présentation des premiers résultats
2969:
Marley, D. (2004). Language Attitudes in Morocco Following Recent Changes in Language Policy.
2629:
2558:
5113:
5088:
4938:
4933:
4913:
4878:
4863:
4638:
4587:
4582:
4519:
4354:
3944:
3859:
2505:
2314:
98:
74:
3473:
2804:
2612:
5185:
5176:
5167:
5098:
5068:
5053:
5038:
5028:
4983:
4978:
4928:
4873:
4848:
4407:
4359:
4230:
3701:
3617:
2168:
2143:
1681:
1485:
1484:
The below table presents statistical figures of speakers of Berber languages, based on the
1087:
852:
631:
240:, "there is a general agreement that Standard Arabic, Moroccan Arabic, and Berber are the
8:
5108:
5103:
5043:
4998:
4958:
4853:
4834:
4678:
4663:
4458:
4095:
3837:
3760:
2185:
2158:
2067:
2039:
1319:
language is considered to be the most widely spoken as it covers the whole of the Region
1294:
435:
364:
302:
1320:
489:, Berber, Arabic, Spanish and Portuguese. Its use declined after the European conquest.
266:, as well as in parts of the south, due to historic ties and business interactions with
5163:
5083:
5033:
4988:
4973:
4953:
4943:
4918:
4858:
4771:
4626:
4602:
4592:
4550:
4470:
4434:
4205:
3735:
3478:
3370:
Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic: Variations on a Sociolinguistic Theme
3304:
Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic: Variations on a Sociolinguistic Theme
3215:"Maroc : Une application dédiée à l'apprentissage de l'Amazigh bientôt développée"
3038:"La stratégie du gouvernement pour promouvoir l'Amazigh dans l'administration publique"
2849:
2414:
2153:
1606:
1231:
890:
478:
241:
2927:
2750:"The Preaching of the Almohads: Loyalty and Resistance across the Strait of Gibraltar"
5093:
5003:
4893:
4745:
4643:
4577:
4287:
4282:
4006:
3869:
3805:
3745:
3680:
3669:
3658:
3646:
3638:
3621:
3508:
3413:
3374:
3308:
2899:
2841:
2765:
2728:
2718:
2662:
2635:
2591:
2564:
2530:
2216:
2193:
1806:
1581:
1135:
1071:
960:
788:
663:
449:
375:
352:
35:
3521:
2930:"From Monolingualism to Multilingualism: Recent Changes in Moroccan Language Policy"
1531:
1119:
976:
4787:
4728:
4721:
4683:
4673:
4668:
4648:
4612:
4379:
4369:
4364:
4297:
4261:
4129:
4085:
4080:
4067:
4033:
3977:
3969:
3954:
3917:
3887:
3654:
2757:
2237:
2208:
2138:
2125:
1520:
1513:
1357:
1309:
1282:
706:
690:
644:
550:
535:
486:
482:
464:
391:
310:
290:
286:
225:
217:
129:
124:
114:
88:
81:
68:
3679:
Heath, Jeffrey. "Jewish and Muslim Dialects of Moroccan Arabic". Routledge, 2013.
1922:
languages, is often used for business, diplomacy, and government; and serves as a
4740:
4733:
4716:
4658:
4562:
4480:
4338:
4307:
4292:
4277:
4251:
4136:
4108:
4049:
3959:
3939:
3926:
3903:
3688:
3628:(electronic book), 0585259763 (electronic book), 9780585259765 (electronic book).
3537:
2893:
2438:
2409:
2360:
2227:
2075:
1931:
1706:
1497:
1369:
1316:
1298:
1199:
820:
778:
736:
682:
678:
670:
648:
640:
617:
590:
569:
431:
427:
356:
334:
330:
282:
278:
258:
Spanish is spoken by many Moroccans, particularly in the northern regions around
233:
229:
201:
185:
155:
149:
119:
94:
62:
1290:
much out of date. The number for each Berber language is difficult to estimate.
459:
During the Middle ages, sailors and traders in the Mediterranean, including the
4792:
3089:"The Latest in Language Confusion: Morocco Switches Back from Arabic to French"
2749:
2241:
2111:
2083:
2023:
2015:
1656:
1167:
1022:
1018:
927:
874:
857:
758:, since not all versions of Berber are mutually intelligible with one another.
514:
306:
220:
serve as vernaculars for significant portions of the country. The languages of
2761:
5231:
4485:
4323:
4302:
4246:
3138:"Enseignement de l'amazigh : Le ministre de l'Éducation nationale dévoi"
2958:
The Latest in Language Confusion: Morocco Switches Back from Arabic to French
2845:
2732:
2087:
2071:
2055:
1923:
1273:
754:
686:
460:
322:
213:
137:
3460:
3448:
3327:
3281:
3063:"Maroc : l'Amazigh reconnue officiellement comme une langue de travail"
1937:
Different figures of French speakers in Morocco are given. According to the
1904:
3854:
2929:
2928:
James Cohen; Kara T. McAlister; Kellie Rolstad; Jeff MacSwan, eds. (2005),
1881:
million, or about 57%. Most of these are accounted for by three dialects:
1342:
1328:
673:
grouping of dialects, Moroccan Arabic is similar to the dialects spoken in
27:
3571:
2870:
2286:
2090:
dialects, Haketia did not develop a literature and, during colonization,
2063:
1877:
1556:
1103:
944:
578:
3705:
2987:"Au Maroc, le long chemin vers la reconnaissance de l'identité amazighe"
2853:
2830:"Language and Ideology in the Maghreb: Francophonie and Other Languages"
2829:
1908:
French and Arabic (MSA) coexist in Moroccan administration and business.
1021:, is spoken by about 0.8% of the population, mainly in the territory of
4256:
4225:
3828:
3766:
3718:(Teaching of the French Language in Morocco and Dialogue of Cultures).
3011:
1346:
1338:
318:
209:
51:
4803:
3597:
3113:"La langue amazighe (berbère) sera enseignée dans les écoles du Maroc"
3716:
Enseignement de la langue francaise au Maroc et dialogue des cultures
674:
558:
554:
3549:
3189:"Akhannouch: 1.941 écoles primaires ont enseigné l'amazighe en 2022"
2937:
ISB4: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism
601:) to help citizens in courts, hospitals, and other public services.
4162:
3665:
2119:
562:
3729:
3491:
French (often the language of business, government, and diplomacy)
4193:
4144:
4028:
2079:
2032:
1832:
1507:
1286:
1248:
993:
710:
598:
519:
498:
380:
338:
314:
263:
259:
248:
189:
549:(Modern Standard Arabic), the written form used in schools and '
4711:
4103:
3818:
3552:"Enseñanza y uso de la lengua española en el Sáhara Occidental"
3042:
L'Opinion Maroc – Actualité et Infos au Maroc et dans le monde.
2133:
1337:
is the second Berber language in Morocco. A 1998 study done by
698:
694:
542:
368:
344:
205:
181:
175:
56:
3708:
2028:
1930:, said that "For all practical purposes, French is used as a
702:
616:
classes to all Moroccan schools. According to Prime Minister
440:
326:
274:
267:
3614:
Language attitudes among Arabic-French bilinguals in Morocco
3409:
Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco
3241:"MAROC Au Maroc, les jeunes préfèrent l'anglais au français"
2228:
Language Attitudes among Arabic-French Bilinguals in Morocco
2182:
Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco
750:
Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco
745:
Language Attitudes among Arabic–French Bilinguals in Morocco
238:
Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco
160:
3725:
2627:
2631:
Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook
1029:. Communities of speakers exist elsewhere in Morocco too.
2515:
2513:
1361:
2403:
Instituto Cervantes: 1.7 Million Moroccans Speak Spanish
539:
not used nor known by the speakers of these languages).
716:
635:
Percentage of Arabic speakers in Morocco by subdivision
390:, the Friday sermon) had to be delivered in Arabic and
3759:, Available from University Microfilms International,
3412:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 127.
2939:, Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press, pp. 1487–1500
2510:
722:
traditional speeches, and discussions about religion.
3728:#: EJ312036. The document is in the French language.
1970:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
1352:
Other Berber languages are spoken in Morocco, as the
2621:
2101:
557:
and vocabulary is so great, it can be considered as
1479:
1297:in many rural areas of Morocco. Berber, along with
472:
3697:Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur
3594:Morocco’s diminishing interest in learning Spanish
2628:Martin Haspelmath; Uri Tadmor (22 December 2009).
2058:took refuge in Morocco. The Jews of Portugal were
2519:
1918:Within Morocco, French, one of the country's two
511:Institute for Studies and Research on Arabization
5229:
3012:"Le berbère enseigné dans les écoles marocaines"
2205:Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic
1928:Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic
1303:Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic
657:Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic
3550:Leyre Gil Perdomingo; Jaime Otero Roth (2008),
3163:"Enseignement : l'amazigh sera généralisé"
2027:basis in areas bordering the Spanish cities of
655:languages in Morocco. Aleya Rouchdy, editor of
273:According to a 2012 study by the Government of
188:dialect, is the most widely spoken language in
3444:
3442:
2981:
2979:
2712:
2460:Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie
2349:
2343:Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie
337:(particularly in the language of northwestern
247:There are around 6 million Berber speakers in
4819:
4178:
3782:
3620:(Clevedon, Avon, England), 1983. Series #4.
3559:Analysis of the Real Instituto Elcano nº 116
3401:
3399:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
2482:
2356:ENGLISH AND SOFT SKILLS IN THE MAGHREB, 2016
2287:"2014 General Population and Habitat Census"
2281:
2279:
2277:
2086:in Oran, now part of Algeria). Unlike other
410:
385:
3439:
2976:
2471:
2469:
2432:Full text of the 2011 Constitution (French)
2426:
2424:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
1891:Central Morocco Tamazight: 7 million (1998)
4826:
4812:
4185:
4171:
3789:
3775:
3463:. Ethnologue.com. Retrieved on 2011-07-23.
3451:. Ethnologue.com. Retrieved on 2011-07-23.
3330:. Ethnologue.com. Retrieved on 2011-07-23.
3284:. Ethnologue.com. Retrieved on 2011-07-23.
2009:Barcelona Centre for International Affairs
3711:. The document is in the German language.
3426:
3396:
3387:
3351:
3333:
3287:
3160:
2973:. Klauwer Academic Publishers. Pp. 25–46.
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2233:Journal of Language and Social Psychology
2014:Spanish was used in northern Morocco and
1990:Learn how and when to remove this message
1383:
3796:
3704:. Bd. 106, H. 3, 1996. p. 295–298.
3461:Ethnologue report for language code: tzm
3449:Ethnologue report for language code: rif
3328:Ethnologue report for language code: ary
3282:Ethnologue report for language code: shi
3212:
2466:
2421:
2254:
1966:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1903:
1272:
630:
612:In 2019, the Parliament voted to expand
501:gained independence with the end of the
228:and Modern Standard Forms and sometimes
169:
4833:
3504:Bitter Fruit: where Donegal's jobs went
3366:
3300:
2891:
2885:
2686:
2610:
2583:
2506:Francophonie: 88 Etats et gouvernements
2364:. p. 45. Retrieved on 17 February 2024.
2338:La langue française dans le monde, 2022
589:able to speak the three main dialects (
5230:
3534:English and Soft Skills in the Maghreb
3515:
3405:
3186:
3086:
2912:
2827:
2756:, BRILL, pp. 71–101, 2013-01-01,
2744:
2742:
2654:
2556:
2463:. p. 16. Retrieved on 15 October 2012.
4807:
4166:
3770:
3742:Women, Gender and Language in Morocco
3637:. 1983. Volume 3, p. 233 – 243.
2865:
2863:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2418:, 29 Nov 2018. Retrieved 11 Apr 2022.
2333:
2331:
355:cites the Friday sermon delivered by
174:Sign in Arabic, Berber and French in
4192:
2791:"الملعبة، أقدم نص بالدارجة المغربية"
2587:Morocco: From Empire to Independence
2007:In a survey from 2005 by the CIDOB (
1943:
1281:The exact population of speakers of
717:Modern Standard and Classical Arabic
3466:
3266:Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic
2739:
2443:
2346:. p. 31. Retrieved on 1 April 2023.
1013:
725:
411:
386:
289:, 14% spoke English, and 10% spoke
13:
3744:. 01/2003, Women and Gender Ser.,
3606:
3238:
2860:
2675:
2634:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 195.
2604:
2563:. University of California Press.
2375:"British Council – United Kingdom"
2328:
2311:"Ethnologue 14 report for Morocco"
1025:, claimed by both Morocco and the
730:
492:
232:, the latter of which serves as a
14:
5249:
3035:
2520:Fernández Vítores, David (2014),
2020:Spanish occupation of those areas
1388:Local used languages in Morocco:
505:in 1956, it started a process of
333:was spoken, but its influence on
5134:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4904:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4689:Jewellery of the Berber cultures
4397:
3373:. Psychology Press. p. 73.
3307:. Psychology Press. p. 71.
2892:Deroche, Frédéric (2008-01-01).
2118:
2104:
2052:expulsion of the Jews from Spain
2045:
1948:
1867:
1480:2014 population census by region
1277:Berber-speaking areas in Morocco
1027:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
363:in 711 as the first instance of
301:Historically, languages such as
159:
26:
3586:
3564:
3543:
3527:
3496:
3454:
3321:
3275:
3258:
3232:
3206:
3180:
3154:
3130:
3105:
3080:
3055:
3029:
3004:
2963:
2960:, Al-Fanar Media, 2 March 2020.
2950:
2821:
2797:
2783:
2706:
2648:
2577:
2550:
2523:La lengua española en Marruecos
2499:
1349:and east High Atlas Mountains.
448:," dating back to the reign of
394:, or as the Andalusi historian
208:) is by far the primary spoken
4147:, extinct as native in Morocco
2715:النبوغ المغربي في الأدب العربي
2395:
2367:
2303:
349:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
1:
3757:University of Texas at Austin
3270:Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic
3268:(2011); Harrell, Richard S.:
3087:Berets, Rachel (2020-03-02).
2871:"Le dossier de l'arabisation"
2584:Pennell, C. R. (2013-10-01).
2451:La Francophonie dans le monde
2430:2011 Constitution of Morocco
2174:
1378:Eastern Middle Atlas dialects
709:. Then, in the 13th century,
313:have been spoken in Morocco.
224:in Morocco are Arabic in its
3659:10.1016/0271-5309(83)90003-4
3634:Language & Communication
3367:Rouchdy, Aleya, ed. (2002).
3301:Rouchdy, Aleya, ed. (2002).
2687:المنصور, محمد (2017-01-02).
2655:Smaïli, Kamel (2019-10-04).
2614:The Natural History of Pliny
2611:Elder.), Pliny (the (1857).
2557:Markoe, Glenn (2000-01-01).
2313:. 2007-11-19. Archived from
2236:. 1985 4:73. p. 73–76.
1323:, and is also spoken in the
604:
7:
2097:
1926:. Aleya Rouchdy, editor of
1852:
1819:
1794:
1769:
1744:
1719:
1694:
1669:
1644:
1619:
1594:
1569:
1544:
1261:
1241:
1225:
1209:
1193:
1177:
1161:
1145:
1129:
1113:
1097:
1081:
1065:
1006:
986:
970:
954:
938:
916:
900:
884:
868:
846:
830:
814:
798:
477:. It was influenced by the
469:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
454:Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman
426:The first recorded work in
415:'the western tongue'). The
10:
5254:
2898:(in French). L'Harmattan.
2384:. May 2012. Archived from
2242:10.1177/0261927X8500400107
2060:similarly expelled in 1496
2002:
1914:French language in Morocco
1911:
1325:Marrakech-Tensift-El Haouz
734:
296:
5147:
5122:
4841:
4765:
4697:
4634:
4625:
4558:
4549:
4466:
4457:
4430:Prefectures and provinces
4415:
4406:
4395:
4347:
4316:
4270:
4239:
4213:
4204:
4117:
4096:Main liturgical languages
4094:
4066:
4042:
4014:
4005:
3968:
3925:
3916:
3896:
3868:
3845:
3836:
3827:
3804:
2762:10.1163/9789004256644_004
2590:. Oneworld Publications.
2164:Languages of South Africa
2022:and the incorporation of
1899:
1757:Tangier-Tetouan-Alhoceima
1525:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1368:(not to be confused with
1335:Central Morocco Tamazight
1268:
1216:Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
837:Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima
776:
773:
770:
767:
626:
329:. It is unclear how long
277:, 98% of Moroccans spoke
148:
136:
113:
50:
34:
25:
20:
4889:Central African Republic
3752:, Volume 1., p. 354
3161:LesEco.ma (2021-01-14).
2248:
1888:Shilha: 7 million (1998)
1885:Riff: 4.5 million (1991)
1376:in eastern Morocco, and
651:forms is one of the two
335:Northwest African Arabic
198:Standard Moroccan Berber
45:Standard Moroccan Berber
3724:. 1984. p. 18–21.
3119:(in French). 2019-06-13
3018:(in French). 2019-06-12
2993:(in French). 2023-02-09
2713:كنون، عبد الله (2014).
2149:Languages of Mauritania
2092:North African Sephardim
1732:Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra
1056:Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra
923:Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra
473:
105:Central Atlas Tamazight
4257:Barghawata Confederacy
4123:Modern Standard Arabic
4068:Main foreign languages
3721:Francais dans le Monde
3714:Lahjomri, Abdeljalil.
3676:. UMI Number: 3452059.
3612:Bentahila, Abdelâli. "
2054:in 1492, thousands of
1909:
1486:2014 population census
1384:2014 population census
1278:
1047:% of Hassaniya Arabic
636:
419:, or sermon-giver, of
361:conquest of al-Andalus
194:Modern Standard Arabic
178:
143:Moroccan Sign Language
41:Modern Standard Arabic
5049:São Tomé and Príncipe
4909:Republic of the Congo
4537:Western Sahara status
4317:European protectorate
4226:Kingdom of Mauretania
3406:Ennaji, Moha (2005).
2717:. دارالكتب العلمية،.
2408:15 April 2021 at the
2291:rgphentableaux.hcp.ma
1907:
1394:Local used languages
1276:
634:
509:. For this task, the
173:
75:Judeo-Moroccan Arabic
5238:Languages of Morocco
4835:Languages of Africa
4445:World Heritage Sites
4334:Spanish Protectorate
4231:Mauretania Tingitana
3988:Eastern Middle Atlas
3798:Languages of Morocco
3736:Languages of Morocco
3702:Franz Steiner Verlag
3618:Multilingual Matters
3592:Peregil, Francisco.
2828:Alalou, Ali (2006).
2809:adala.justice.gov.ma
2546:on November 22, 2019
2188:, January 20, 2005.
2169:Languages of Tunisia
2144:Languages of Algeria
1959:factual accuracy is
1682:Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab
1632:Béni Mellal-Khénifra
1380:in central Morocco.
1184:Béni Mellal-Khénifra
1088:Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab
907:Béni Mellal-Khénifra
853:Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab
421:al-Qarawiyyīn Mosque
150:Keyboard layout
21:Languages of Morocco
5124:States with limited
4329:French Protectorate
4143:Formerly native to
3761:Ann Arbor, Michigan
2754:Spanning the Strait
2661:. Springer Nature.
2186:Springer Publishing
2159:Languages of Africa
2040:Cervantes Institute
1295:vernacular language
1293:Berber serves as a
669:As a member of the
513:was established by
503:French Protectorate
436:Al-Kafif az-Zarhuni
365:Moroccan literature
184:, particularly the
4608:Telecommunications
3829:Native vernaculars
3806:Official languages
3479:CIA World Factbook
2437:2012-02-29 at the
2415:Morocco World News
2382:britishcouncil.org
2226:Stevens, Paul B. "
2154:Languages of Spain
1910:
1782:Rabat-Salé-Kénitra
1279:
1152:Rabat-Salé-Kénitra
805:Rabat-Salé-Kénitra
637:
479:languages of Italy
407:al-lisān al-gharbī
396:Ibn Ṣāḥib aṣ-Ṣalāt
242:national languages
179:
5225:
5224:
5151:other territories
4924:Equatorial Guinea
4801:
4800:
4761:
4760:
4621:
4620:
4545:
4544:
4476:Foreign relations
4453:
4452:
4393:
4392:
4160:
4159:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4001:
4000:
3912:
3911:
3509:Irish Independent
3380:978-0-7007-1379-0
3239:Collas, Aurélie.
3036:ALAMI, Malak EL.
2971:Language Policy 3
2881:: 14. April 1973.
2834:The French Review
2724:978-2-7451-8292-0
2689:"كيف تعرب المغرب"
2668:978-3-030-32959-4
2641:978-3-11-021844-2
2597:978-1-78074-455-1
2570:978-0-520-22614-2
2536:978-9954-22-936-1
2401:Saga, Ahlam Ben.
2230:." (book review)
2000:
1999:
1992:
1865:
1864:
1807:Casablanca-Settat
1582:Guelmim-Oued Noun
1526:Total population
1477:
1476:
1266:
1265:
1136:Casablanca-Settat
1072:Guelmim-Oued Noun
1044:Total population
1041:Hassaniya Arabic
1011:
1010:
789:Casablanca-Settat
774:Total population
693:). The so called
664:Moroccan diaspora
353:Abdellah Guennoun
168:
167:
5245:
5212:
5211:(United Kingdom)
5207:Tristan da Cunha
5203:Ascension Island
5195:
5182:
5173:
5149:Dependencies and
4842:Sovereign states
4828:
4821:
4814:
4805:
4804:
4781:
4774:
4722:Hassaniya Arabic
4632:
4631:
4556:
4555:
4498:Sûreté Nationale
4464:
4463:
4413:
4412:
4401:
4385:2011–12 protests
4262:Kingdom of Nekor
4211:
4210:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4164:
4163:
4130:Classical Arabic
4012:
4011:
3950:Sanhaja de Srair
3923:
3922:
3843:
3842:
3834:
3833:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3768:
3767:
3740:Sadiqi, Fatima.
3601:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3547:
3541:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3437:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3403:
3394:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3364:
3349:
3342:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3298:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3219:www.yabiladi.com
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3016:BBC News Afrique
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2983:
2974:
2967:
2961:
2956:Berets, Rachel.
2954:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2934:
2925:
2910:
2909:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2684:
2673:
2672:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2539:, archived from
2528:
2517:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2486:
2480:
2473:
2464:
2447:
2441:
2428:
2419:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2379:
2371:
2365:
2353:
2347:
2335:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2283:
2223:, 9780700713790.
2209:Psychology Press
2203:Rouchdy, Aleya.
2200:, 9780387239798.
2139:Berber languages
2128:
2126:Languages portal
2123:
2122:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2107:
1995:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1972:reliably sourced
1952:
1951:
1944:
1491:
1490:
1391:
1390:
1360:dialects in the
1354:Senhaja de Srair
1321:Souss-Massa-Drâa
1283:Berber languages
1035:
1034:
1014:Hassaniya Arabic
771:Moroccan Arabic
765:
764:
726:Dialectal Arabic
551:Dialectal Arabic
476:
465:contact language
414:
413:
404:
389:
388:
359:just before the
311:Berber languages
218:Berber languages
163:
82:Berber languages
30:
18:
17:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5220:
5210:
5193:
5180:
5171:
5152:
5150:
5143:
5127:
5125:
5118:
4837:
4832:
4802:
4797:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4757:
4741:Moroccan people
4717:Moroccan Arabic
4693:
4617:
4563:Bank Al-Maghrib
4541:
4449:
4402:
4389:
4343:
4339:Operation Torch
4312:
4266:
4252:Idrisid dynasty
4235:
4200:
4191:
4161:
4156:
4137:Medieval Hebrew
4113:
4090:
4054:
4038:
3997:
3993:Eastern Morocco
3964:
3908:
3892:
3864:
3823:
3800:
3795:
3609:
3607:Further reading
3604:
3591:
3587:
3577:
3575:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3554:
3548:
3544:
3538:British Council
3532:
3528:
3520:
3516:
3501:
3497:
3484:
3482:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3459:
3455:
3447:
3440:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3404:
3397:
3393:Stevens, p. 73.
3392:
3388:
3381:
3365:
3352:
3343:
3334:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3299:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3263:
3259:
3250:
3248:
3245:LeMonde Afrique
3237:
3233:
3224:
3222:
3211:
3207:
3198:
3196:
3185:
3181:
3172:
3170:
3159:
3155:
3146:
3144:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3122:
3120:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3097:
3095:
3085:
3081:
3072:
3070:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3047:
3045:
3034:
3030:
3021:
3019:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2996:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2977:
2968:
2964:
2955:
2951:
2942:
2940:
2932:
2926:
2913:
2906:
2890:
2886:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2826:
2822:
2813:
2811:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2725:
2711:
2707:
2698:
2696:
2685:
2676:
2669:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2626:
2622:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2537:
2526:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2500:
2487:
2483:
2474:
2467:
2448:
2444:
2439:Wayback Machine
2429:
2422:
2410:Wayback Machine
2400:
2396:
2388:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2361:British Council
2354:
2350:
2336:
2329:
2320:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2295:
2293:
2285:
2284:
2255:
2251:
2177:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2076:Judeo-Aragonese
2048:
2005:
1996:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1965:
1957:This section's
1953:
1949:
1932:second language
1916:
1902:
1870:
1482:
1386:
1364:mountains, the
1299:Moroccan Arabic
1271:
1016:
925:
855:
779:Moroccan Arabic
739:
737:Moroccan Arabic
733:
731:Moroccan Arabic
728:
719:
707:Berber-speaking
671:Maghrebi Arabic
629:
618:Aziz Akhannouch
607:
534:Until then the
495:
493:Language policy
432:Moroccan Arabic
405:described it: "
398:
331:African Romance
299:
279:Moroccan Arabic
234:second language
202:Moroccan Arabic
186:Moroccan Arabic
164:
158:
156:Arabic keyboard
128:
123:
63:Moroccan Arabic
57:Arabic dialects
12:
11:
5:
5251:
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5216:Western Sahara
5213:
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5160:Canary Islands
5156:
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4753:Western Sahara
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3860:Judeo-Moroccan
3857:
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3808:
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3730:See profile at
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3600:, 17 Jan 2018.
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3213:Yabiladi.com.
3205:
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3129:
3104:
3093:Al-Fanar Media
3079:
3054:
3028:
3003:
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2840:(2): 408–421.
2820:
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2793:. 27 May 2018.
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2391:on 2014-05-13.
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2180:Ennaji, Moha.
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2112:Morocco portal
2099:
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2056:Sephardic Jews
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2024:Spanish Sahara
2016:Western Sahara
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1168:Marrakesh-Safi
1164:
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1148:
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1120:Drâa-Tafilalet
1116:
1115:
1112:
1109:
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1023:Western Sahara
1015:
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989:
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985:
982:
979:
977:Drâa-Tafilalet
973:
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966:
963:
957:
956:
953:
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947:
941:
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934:
931:
928:Western Sahara
919:
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902:
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896:
893:
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883:
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875:Marrakesh-Safi
871:
870:
867:
864:
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858:Western Sahara
849:
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842:
839:
833:
832:
829:
826:
823:
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813:
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797:
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735:Main article:
732:
729:
727:
724:
718:
715:
628:
625:
606:
603:
494:
491:
463:, developed a
357:Tariq Ibn Ziad
347:came with the
298:
295:
166:
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154:
152:
146:
145:
140:
134:
133:
117:
111:
110:
109:
108:
102:
92:
79:
78:
77:(less than 1%)
72:
66:
54:
48:
47:
38:
32:
31:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5250:
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4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4964:Guinea-Bissau
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
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4709:
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4486:Alawi dynasty
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4324:Treaty of Fez
4322:
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4309:
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4299:
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4273:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:Berber Revolt
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:Early Islamic
4238:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
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4212:
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4087:
4084:
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4079:
4077:
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4050:African Latin
4048:
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3935:Central Atlas
3933:
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3690:
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3685:9781136126420
3682:
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3419:9780387239798
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2617:. H. G. Bohn.
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2462:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2398:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2370:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2317:on 2007-11-19
2316:
2312:
2306:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2253:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2088:Judeo-Spanish
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:Judeo-Catalan
2069:
2065:
2062:. They spoke
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:Judeo-Spanish
2043:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2010:
1994:
1991:
1983:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1924:lingua franca
1921:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1868:Other studies
1861:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1813:
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1797:
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1725:
1722:
1716:
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1710:
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1663:
1660:
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1654:
1650:
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1622:
1616:
1613:
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1608:
1605:
1604:
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1597:
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1583:
1580:
1579:
1575:
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1566:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
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1547:
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1499:
1492:
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1487:
1472:
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1462:
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1455:
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1427:
1424:
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1420:
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1413:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:Figuig Shilha
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1004:
1001:
998:
996:
995:
991:
990:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
967:
964:
962:
959:
958:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
935:
932:
929:
924:
921:
920:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
865:
862:
859:
854:
851:
850:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
783:
780:
766:
763:
759:
757:
756:
755:lingua franca
751:
747:
746:
738:
723:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
633:
624:
621:
619:
615:
610:
602:
600:
596:
592:
586:
582:
580:
574:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
537:
532:
529:
526:
522:
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
490:
488:
484:
480:
475:
470:
466:
462:
461:Barbary Coast
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
412:اللسان الغربي
408:
402:
397:
393:
383:
382:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:lingua franca
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
177:
172:
162:
157:
153:
151:
147:
144:
141:
139:
135:
131:
126:
121:
118:
116:
112:
106:
103:
100:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
85:
83:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
58:
55:
53:
49:
46:
42:
39:
37:
33:
29:
24:
19:
16:
5199:Saint Helena
5170:
5074:South Africa
5064:Sierra Leone
5018:
4869:Burkina Faso
4706:
4699:Demographics
4654:Coat of arms
4639:Architecture
4508:Human rights
4151:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
3945:Judeo-Berber
3847:Pre-Hilalian
3797:
3741:
3719:
3715:
3706:Available at
3695:
3632:
3588:
3576:. Retrieved
3574:. Ethnologue
3566:
3558:
3545:
3529:
3517:
3507:
3498:
3490:
3483:, retrieved
3477:
3468:
3456:
3428:
3408:
3389:
3369:
3323:
3303:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3264:Wehr, Hans:
3260:
3249:. Retrieved
3244:
3234:
3223:. Retrieved
3218:
3208:
3197:. Retrieved
3192:
3187:LEMATIN.ma.
3182:
3171:. Retrieved
3166:
3156:
3145:. Retrieved
3142:m.lematin.ma
3141:
3132:
3121:. Retrieved
3116:
3107:
3096:. Retrieved
3092:
3082:
3071:. Retrieved
3066:
3057:
3046:. Retrieved
3041:
3031:
3020:. Retrieved
3015:
3006:
2995:. Retrieved
2990:
2970:
2965:
2952:
2941:, retrieved
2936:
2894:
2887:
2878:
2874:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2812:. Retrieved
2808:
2799:
2785:
2775:, retrieved
2753:
2714:
2708:
2697:. Retrieved
2692:
2657:
2650:
2630:
2623:
2613:
2606:
2586:
2579:
2559:
2552:
2541:the original
2522:
2501:
2484:
2458:
2445:
2413:
2397:
2386:the original
2381:
2369:
2359:
2351:
2341:
2319:. Retrieved
2315:the original
2305:
2294:. Retrieved
2290:
2231:
2204:
2181:
2049:
2037:
2013:
2006:
1986:
1977:
1958:
1936:
1927:
1917:
1894:
1874:
1871:
1859:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1483:
1387:
1370:Atlas Shilha
1351:
1343:Middle Atlas
1333:
1329:Tadla-Azilal
1314:
1308:Speakers of
1307:
1302:
1292:
1280:
1257:
1247:
1048:
1031:
1017:
1002:
992:
961:Guelmim-Oued
781:
760:
753:
749:
743:
740:
720:
668:
661:
656:
638:
622:
611:
608:
587:
583:
575:
567:
565:in Morocco.
541:
533:
530:
524:
518:
496:
458:
445:
439:
425:
416:
406:
379:
373:
343:
300:
281:, 63% spoke
272:
257:
253:Francophonie
246:
237:
180:
99:Judeo-Berber
97:, including
80:
15:
5126:recognition
5079:South Sudan
4969:Ivory Coast
4513:LGBT rights
4425:Earthquakes
4375:Mohammed VI
4043:Undescribed
3870:Hilal-Mâqil
3524:(in French)
3247:(in French)
3221:(in French)
3195:(in French)
3169:(in French)
3069:(in French)
3044:(in French)
2991:Le Monde.fr
2695:(in Arabic)
2560:Phoenicians
2084:an offshoot
2064:Old Spanish
1878:Karl Prasse
1557:Souss-Massa
1104:Souss-Massa
945:Souss-Massa
507:Arabization
399: [
321:, wrote in
5181:(Portugal)
5139:Somaliland
5059:Seychelles
5024:Mozambique
5009:Mauritania
4994:Madagascar
4949:The Gambia
4884:Cape Verde
4664:Literature
4588:Casablanca
4583:Investment
4520:Parliament
4355:Mohammed V
4283:Almoravids
4221:Prehistory
3750:9004128530
3674:1124581251
3626:0585259763
3578:28 January
3485:13 October
3314:0700713794
3251:2023-08-04
3225:2023-02-26
3199:2023-02-26
3193:lematin.ma
3173:2023-02-26
3147:2023-02-26
3123:2023-02-26
3117:Franceinfo
3098:2020-03-15
3073:2023-02-26
3048:2023-02-26
3022:2023-02-26
2997:2023-02-26
2814:2021-03-31
2777:2023-02-13
2699:2020-03-30
2321:2020-06-04
2296:2019-09-15
2221:0700713794
2198:0387239790
2175:References
2068:Portuguese
2050:After the
1860:33,610,084
1826:6,826,773
1801:4,552,585
1776:3,540,012
1726:4,216,957
1707:Fès-Meknès
1676:4,504,767
1651:2,512,375
1626:2,302,182
1576:2,657,906
1551:1,627,269
1519:Number of
1436:Tamazight
1422:Tashelhit
1347:High Atlas
1339:Ethnologue
1258:33,610,084
1200:Fès-Meknès
1049:speakers
1003:33,610,084
999:30,551,566
821:Fès-Meknès
689:(and also
675:Mauritania
579:linguistic
563:illiteracy
446:al-Mala'ba
374:Under the
319:Mauretania
317:, king of
303:Phoenician
216:, whereas
210:vernacular
204:(known as
122:(36%–64%)
52:Vernacular
5014:Mauritius
4707:Languages
4568:Companies
4408:Geography
4360:Hassan II
4298:Wattasids
3940:Tashelhit
3888:Hassaniya
3651:1873-3395
3643:0271-5309
3572:"Spanish"
3474:"Morocco"
3167:LesEco.ma
2846:0016-111X
2733:949484459
1980:June 2020
1968:talk page
1856:8,738,622
1673:1,211,782
1648:1,027,561
1623:1,056,702
1573:1,783,455
1548:1,148,852
1523:speakers
1516:speakers
1503:Tamazight
1498:Tashelhit
1464:Hassania
1317:Tashelhit
1239:2,302,182
1223:3,540,012
1207:4,216,957
1191:2,512,375
1175:4,504,767
1159:4,552,585
1143:6,826,773
1127:1,627,269
1111:2,657,906
1019:Hassānīya
984:1,627,269
981:1,028,434
952:2,657,906
949:1,881,797
914:2,512,375
911:2,122,957
898:2,302,182
895:2,028,222
882:4,504,767
879:4,009,243
844:3,540,012
841:3,426,731
828:4,216,957
825:4,124,184
812:4,552,585
809:4,511,612
796:6,826,773
793:6,785,812
782:speakers
645:Classical
605:Education
595:Tamazight
591:Tachalhit
559:diglossia
555:phonology
467:known as
226:Classical
95:Tashelhit
69:Hassaniya
5232:Category
5205: /
5201: /
5194:(France)
5188: /
5166: /
5162: /
5114:Zimbabwe
5089:Tanzania
4939:Ethiopia
4934:Eswatini
4914:Djibouti
4879:Cameroon
4864:Botswana
4788:Category
4746:diaspora
4679:Religion
4503:Military
4459:Politics
4293:Marinids
4288:Almohads
4278:Idrisids
4198:articles
4145:Moriscos
3983:Tabeldit
3855:Northern
3666:ProQuest
3432:Ennaji,
3344:Ennaji,
3067:bladinet
2943:30 April
2854:25480661
2488:Ennaji,
2475:Ennaji,
2435:Archived
2406:Archived
2098:See also
1961:disputed
1920:prestige
1751:340,748
1701:114,021
1607:Oriental
1601:414,489
1450:Tarifit
1356:and the
1232:Oriental
891:Oriental
653:prestige
649:Standard
577:met, in
438:'s epic
376:Almohads
222:prestige
71:: (0.8%)
36:Official
5190:Réunion
5186:Mayotte
5177:Madeira
5172:(Spain)
5168:Melilla
5099:Tunisia
5069:Somalia
5054:Senegal
5039:Nigeria
5029:Namibia
5019:Morocco
4984:Liberia
4979:Lesotho
4929:Eritrea
4899:Comoros
4874:Burundi
4849:Algeria
4772:Outline
4649:Cuisine
4627:Culture
4603:Tourism
4593:Tangier
4551:Economy
4471:Cabinet
4435:Regions
4308:'Alawis
4214:Ancient
4206:History
4194:Morocco
4152:Extinct
4086:English
4081:Spanish
4034:Spanish
4029:Haketia
4016:Western
4007:Romance
3978:Tarifit
3955:Ghomara
3883:Eastern
3878:Western
3689:preview
3598:El País
3540:, 2016.
3536:, p.37
2875:Lamalif
2455:Archive
2080:Haketia
2033:Melilla
2018:due to
2003:Spanish
1833:Morocco
1823:532,488
1798:541,758
1773:446,041
1723:725,317
1598:221,752
1508:Tarifit
1494:Region
1408:Darija
1400:Female
1358:Ghomara
1310:Riffian
1287:Morocco
1254:268,881
1249:Morocco
1095:114,021
1079:414,489
1063:340,748
1060:133,914
1038:Region
994:Morocco
968:414,489
965:264,029
936:340,748
933:268,509
866:114,021
863:102,049
768:Region
711:Bedouin
691:Maltese
683:Tunisia
679:Algeria
599:Tarifet
525:Lamalif
520:Lamalif
499:Morocco
487:Occitan
483:Catalan
452:Sultan
450:Marinid
381:khuṭbas
339:Morocco
315:Juba II
297:History
291:Spanish
264:Tangier
260:Tetouan
249:Morocco
190:Morocco
130:Spanish
125:English
115:Foreign
101:(14.1%)
89:Tarifit
65:: (91%)
5209:
5192:
5179:
5109:Zambia
5104:Uganda
5044:Rwanda
4999:Malawi
4959:Guinea
4854:Angola
4793:Portal
4734:French
4729:Berber
4712:Arabic
4644:Cinema
4578:Health
4573:Energy
4420:Cities
4348:Modern
4303:Saadis
4271:Empire
4196:
4109:Hebrew
4104:Arabic
4076:French
3970:Zenati
3960:Gharbi
3918:Berber
3904:Darija
3838:Arabic
3819:Arabic
3814:Berber
3748:
3683:
3672:
3649:
3641:
3624:
3434:p. 163
3416:
3377:
3346:p. 162
3311:
3272:(1966)
2902:
2852:
2844:
2768:
2731:
2721:
2665:
2638:
2594:
2567:
2533:
2490:p. 162
2477:p. 164
2219:
2196:
2190:p. 127
2134:Arabic
2082:(with
1900:French
1853:26.0%
1795:11.9%
1770:12.6%
1748:53,838
1745:15.8%
1720:17.2%
1698:26,110
1695:22.9%
1670:26.9%
1645:40.9%
1620:45.9%
1595:53.5%
1570:67.1%
1545:70.6%
1521:Berber
1514:Berber
1431:14.1%
1428:14.1%
1425:14.2%
1417:90.9%
1414:89.7%
1411:92.2%
1403:Total
1372:) and
1269:Berber
1108:13,290
1098:18.7%
1092:21,322
1082:20.8%
1076:86,214
1066:39.3%
1007:90.9%
987:63.2%
971:63.7%
955:70.8%
939:78.8%
917:84.5%
901:88.1%
885:89.0%
869:89.5%
847:96.8%
831:97.8%
815:99.1%
799:99.4%
699:Darija
695:Darija
685:, and
641:Darija
627:Arabic
614:Berber
570:French
543:Arabic
536:Berber
515:decree
497:After
444:poem "
428:Darija
417:khaṭīb
392:Berber
384:(from
378:, the
369:Arabic
345:Arabic
309:, and
287:Berber
285:, 26%
283:French
230:French
206:Darija
182:Arabic
176:Agadir
138:Signed
132:(4.5%)
120:French
107:(7.9%)
84:(26%)
59:(92%)
5164:Ceuta
5084:Sudan
5034:Niger
4989:Libya
4974:Kenya
4954:Ghana
4944:Gabon
4919:Egypt
4859:Benin
4779:Index
4684:Sport
4674:Music
4669:Media
4613:Trade
4380:2000s
4370:1990s
4365:1970s
4024:Sabir
3927:Atlas
3897:Koiné
3732:ERIC.
3709:JStor
3555:(PDF)
2933:(PDF)
2850:JSTOR
2544:(PDF)
2527:(PDF)
2389:(PDF)
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