Arabization - Knowledge

4104:. However, it was the least successful due to its dependence on European nations and belief in Westernizing the nation for the future development of the people and the country. Much like Morocco, Tunisian leaders' debate consisted of traditionalists and modernists, traditionalists claiming that Arabic (specifically Classical Arabic) and Islam are the core of Tunisia and its national identity, while modernists believed that Westernized development distant from "Pan-Arabist ideas" are crucial for Tunisia's progress. Modernists had the upper hand, considering elites supported their ideals, and after the first wave of graduates that had passed their high school examinations in Arabic were not able to find jobs nor attend a university because they did not qualify due to French preference in any upper-level university or career other than Arabic and Religious Studies Department. 4091:

political and economic ties with European nations. Regardless, complete Arabization can only be achieved if Morocco becomes completely independent from France in all aspects; politically, economically, and socially. Around 1960, Hajj Omar Abdeljalil the education minister at the time reversed all the effort made to Arabize the public school and reverted to pre-independent policies, favoring French and westernized learning. Another factor that reflected the support of reversing the Arabization process in Morocco, was the effort made by King Hassan II, who supported the Arabization process but on the contrary increased political and economic dependence on France. Due to the fact that Morocco remained dependent on France and wanted to keep strong ties with the Western world, French was supported by the elites more than Arabic for the development of Morocco.

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Islamic extremists, resulting in the process of "Francophonie" or promoting French ideals, values, and language throughout the nation and placing its importance above Arabic. Although Tunisia gained its independence, nevertheless the elites supported French values above Arabic, the answer to developing an educated and modern nation, all came from Westernization. The constitution stated that Arabic was the official language of Tunisia but nowhere did it claim that Arabic must be utilized within the administrations or every-day life, which resulted in an increase of French usage not only in science and technology courses. Further, major media channels were in French, and government administrations were divided—some were in Arabic while others were in French.

22: 3026: 4527: 2898: 3582: 66: 4012:, in mosques or with strangers, however since the introduction of Arabic-only schools in 1984, Arabic is hence now spoken at both school and village with it being mandatory in school and as tv and radio are also in Arabic meaning virtually all media the people of Kumzar are exposed to is in Arabic. There has also been an internalization of outsiders' negative attitudes toward the Kumzari language to the point where some Kumzari families have begun to speak Arabic to their children at home. 4061:

however Arabic has taken over as the form of mutual communication in Dhofar and is now exclusively spoken by those to whom it is their native tongue. A number of the older generation of Shehri language speakers, particularly those who live in the mountains, don't even speak Arabic and it was only around fifty years ago that most of Dhofar's Shehri speaking population began to learn it. The fact that Arabic has a written form unlike Shehri has also greatly contributed to its decline.

3815: 9568: 2720: 3369: 4164:, were subjected to the official policy of Arabization by the central government. The constitution declared, however, that "all indigenous languages of the Sudan are national languages and shall be respected, developed, and promoted," and it allowed any legislative body below the national level to adopt any other national language(s) as additional official working language(s) within that body's jurisdiction. 3691: 4351:"Successive Syrian governments continued to adopt a policy of ethnic discrimination and national persecution against Kurds, completely depriving them of their national, democratic and human rights — an integral part of human existence. The government imposed ethnically-based programs, regulations and exclusionary measures on various aspects of Kurds' lives — political, economic, social and cultural." 6595: 3941:, and that Arabization was the first priority of the country to reverse French colonization. According to Abdelhamid Mehri, the decision of Arabic as an official language was the natural choice for Algerians, even though Algeria is a plurilingual nation with a minority, albeit substantial, number of Berbers within the nation, and the local variety of Arabic used in every-day life, 7594: 7575: 4644:. He urged the retention of Malay culture instead of introducing Arab culture. He called on people to not mind unveiled women or mixed sex handshaking, and urged against using Arabic words in place of Malay words. He suggested Saudi Arabia as a destination for those who wanted Arab culture. He said that he was going to adhere to Malay culture himself. 4360:

could not be given Kurdish names. Books, music, videos and other material could not be published in Kurdish language. Expressions of Kurdish identity like songs and folk dances were outlawed and frequently prosecuted under a purpose-built criminal law against "weakening national sentiment". Celebrating the

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Arabization in schools had been more time-consuming and difficult than expected due to the fact that the first 20 years following independence, politicians (most of which were educated in France or French private school in Morocco) were indecisive as to if Arabization was best for the country and its

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took power, the party focused on placing a language policy siding with the traditional ideas of supporting and focusing on Arabic and Islam. The Istiqal Party implemented the policy rapidly and by the second year after gaining independence, the first year of primary education was completely Arabized,

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is considered a critically endangered language. The actual number of speakers is unknown, but it is estimated to be only a few hundred. Most of those who maintain the language are elderly, which adds to the likelihood that language extinction is near. Ethnologue categorizes it as a moribund language

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ports for spices and slaves. Intermarriage and assimilation also facilitated Arabization. Traditional genealogies trace the ancestry of the Nile valley's area of Sudan mixed population to Arab tribes that migrated into the region during this period. Even many non-Arabic-speaking groups claim descent

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in the eighth and ninth century sought to integrate the peoples under their authority, and the Arabization of the administration was one of the tools. Arabization gained momentum with the increasing numbers of Muslim converts; the ascendancy of Arabic as the formal language of the state prompted the

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in several waves. Arab migrants settled in all parts of the Maghreb, coming as peaceful newcomers who were welcomed everywhere, establishing large Arab settlements in many areas. In addition to changing the population's demographics, the early migration of Arab tribes resulted in the Arabization of

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of Syria began in the 7th century, and it took several centuries for Islam, the Arab identity, and language to spread; the Arabs of the caliphate did not attempt to spread their language or religion in the early periods of the conquest, and formed an isolated aristocracy. The Arabs of the caliphate

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were granted to Arab families, while tens of thousands of Kurdish inhabitants of the villages concerned were evicted. These and other expropriations of ethnic Kurdish citizens followed a deliberate masterplan, called "Arab Belt initiative", attempting to depopulate the resource-rich Jazeera of its

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when communicating with their co-workers. These factors have also caused many Harasis to speak Arabic and Mehri in addition to or in place of Harsusi. These pressures led one researcher to conclude in 1981 that "within a few generations Harsusi will be replaced by Arabic, more specifically by the

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was not officially recognized, it had no place in public schools. A decree from 1989 prohibited the use of Kurdish at the workplace as well as in marriages and other celebrations. In September 1992 came another government decree that children not be registered with Kurdish names. Also businesses

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is the most at risk of dying out with its numbers (as of 2019) at currently anywhere from 12 to 17 fluent elderly speakers whereas there are some middle aged speakers but they mix their ancestral tongue with Arabic instead. The tribe seems to be dying out with the language also under threat from

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in Eastern Oman. Until around as little as forty years ago, Shehri was spoken by all of the inhabitants of Dhofar as the common language, including by the native Arabic speakers in Salalah who spoke it fluently. The remainder of Dhofar's inhabitants all spoke Shehri as their mother tongue. Today

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and told them "I have given you the Maghrib and the rule of al-Mu'izz ibn Balkīn as-Sanhājī the runaway slave. You will want for nothing." and told Al-Mu'izz "I have sent you horses and put brave men on them so that God might accomplish a matter already enacted". Sources estimated that the total

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Following 44 years of colonization by France, Morocco began promoting the use of Modern Standard Arabic to create a united Moroccan national identity, and increase literacy throughout the nation away from any predominant language within the administration and educational system. Unlike Algeria,

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There were legitimate efforts made to Arabize the nation from the 1970s up until 1982, though the efforts came to an end and the process of reversing all the progress of Arabization began and French implementation in schooling took effect. The Arabization process was criticized and linked with

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However, the process of Arabization was meant not only to promote Islam, but to fix the gap and decrease any conflicts between the different Algerian ethnic groups and promote equality through monolingualism. In 1964 the first practical measure was the Arabization of primary education and the

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First and foremost, educational policy was the main focus within the process, debates surfaced between officials who preferred a "modern and westernized" education with enforcement of bilingualism while others fought for a traditional route with a focus of "Arabo-Islamic culture". Once the

4024:(EGIDS 8a). The only fluent speakers that are left are older than the child-bearing age, which ultimately makes integration of the language into subsequent generations highly improbable. Mechanisms of transmission would have to be created from outside the community in order to preserve it. 4031:

is also critically endangered, as most Harsusi children now attend Arabic-language schools and are literate in Arabic, Harsusi is spoken less in the home, meaning that it is not being passed down to future generations. With the discovery of oil in the area and the reintroduction of the

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Modern Arabization in Algeria took place to develop and promote Arabic into the nation's education system, government, and media in order to replace the former language that was enforced due to colonization, French. Algeria had been conquered by France and even made to be part of its

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was to be found in the Arab identity, Arabic language and religion. Ben Bella composed the Algerian constitution in October 1963, which asserted that Islam was the state religion, Arabic was the sole national and official language of the state, Algeria was an integral part of the

4371:, which were owned and cultivated by tens of thousands of Kurdish citizens, and gave it to Arab families brought in from other provinces. Describing the settlement policies pursued by the regime as part of the "Arab Belt programme, a Kurdish engineer in the region stated: 2953:

South Arabia is a historical region that consists of the southern region of the Arabian Peninsula, mainly centered in what is now the Republic of Yemen, yet it also included Najran, Jizan, and 'Asir, which are presently in Saudi Arabia, and the Dhofar of present-day Oman.

3470:, most of whom were descendants of local Hispano-Basques and Visigoths who converted to Islam and adopted Arabic culture, dress, and language. By the 11th century, most of the population of al-Andalus was Muladi, with large minorities of other Muslims, Mozarabs, and 3137:

also became Arabized; it was probably during the Abbasid period in the ninth century that Christians adopted Arabic as their first language; the first translation of the gospels into Arabic took place in this century. Many historians, such as

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Morocco did not encounter with the French as strongly due to the fact that the Moroccan population was scattered throughout the nation and major cities, which resulted in a decrease of French influence compared to the neighboring nations.

7480: 4375:"The government built them homes for free, gave them weapons, seeds and fertilizer, and created agricultural banks that provided loans. From 1973 to 1975, forty-one villages were created in this strip, beginning ten kilometers west of 4280:

drove out 500,000 people in the years 1991–2003. The Baathists also pressured many of these ethnic groups to identify as Arabs, and restrictions were imposed upon their languages, cultural expression and right to self-identification.

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The Arabization process in Tunisia theoretically should have been the easiest within the North African region because less than 1% of its population was Berber, and practically 100% of the population natively spoke vernacular

4714: 3913:'s rule began a policy of Arabization. Indeed, due to the lasting and deep colonization, French was the major administrative and academic language in Algeria, even more so than in neighboring countries. Since independence, 3976:, the government tried to enforce even more the use of Arabic, but the relative effect of this policy after 1998 (the limit fixed for complete Arabization) forced the heads of state to make concessions towards 3376:

The migration of Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym in the 11th century had a much greater influence on the process of Arabization of the population than did the earlier migrations. It played a major role in spreading

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in 2011 after a bloody civil war decreased Sudan's territory by almost half. Sudan is a member of the Arab League while South Sudan did not enter membership. Arabic also is not an official language of South

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said that Islam and Arab culture are intertwined and criticized the Johor Sultan for what he said. Datuk Haris Kasim, who leads the Selangor Islamic Religious Department, also criticized the Sultan for his

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destroyed many Kurdish, Assyrian and other ethnic minority villages and enclaves in North Iraq, and their inhabitants were often forcibly relocated to large cities in the hope that they would be Arabized.

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Language Maintenance or Shift? An Ethnographic Investigation of the Use of Farsi among Kuwaiti Ajams: A Case Study. AbdulMohsen Dashti. Arab Journal for the Humanities. Volume 22 Issue : 87. 2004.

3980:, recognizing it in 2002 as another national language that will be promoted. However, because of literary Arabic's symbolic advantage, as well as being a single language as opposed to the fragmented 4494:

is the most notable example of a historic reversion of Arabization. The process of Arabization and Islamization was reversed as the mostly Christian kingdoms in the north of the peninsula conquered

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Coinage and History in the Seventh Century Near East: Proceedings of the 12th Seventh Century Syrian Numismatic Round Table Held at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge on 4th and 5th April 2009

7488: 4190:", and the other 40% are Arabized Blacks, both groups suffering high levels of discrimination. Recent Black Mauritanian protesters have complained of "comprehensive Arabization" of the country. 3561:

Contacts between Nubians and Arabs long predated the coming of Islam, but the Arabization of the Nile Valley was a gradual process that occurred over a period of nearly one thousand years. Arab

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region in northern Syria suffered grave human rights violations, because all governments pursued a most brutal policy of Arabization. While all non-Arab ethnic groups within Syria, such as

3204:, was spoken in most of Egypt prior to the Islamic conquest. Arabic, however, was already being spoken in the eastern fringes of Egypt for centuries prior to the arrival of Islam. By the 1276: 3348:

wrote that the lands ravaged by Banu Hilal invaders had become completely arid desert. The Fatimid caliph instructed the Bedouin tribes to rule the Maghreb instead of the Zirid emir

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for centuries. These regions of Egypt collectively were known as "Arabia" to the contemporary historians and writers documenting them. Several pre-Islamic Arab kingdoms, such as the

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is an ethnically mixed country that is economically and politically dominated by the society of central northern Sudan, where many identify as Arabs and Muslims. The population in

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emerged and ruled a region extending from north of Arabia to the south of Syria. The Nabataeans originated from the Arabian peninsula, who came under the influence of the earlier

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Correll, Christoph (1987). "Ma'lūlā. 2. The Language". In Bosworth, Clifford Edmund; van Donzel, Emericus Joannes; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.; Dijkema, F. Th.; Nurit, Mme S. (eds.).

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Troupeau, Gérard (1987). "Ma'lūlā. 1. The Locality". In Bosworth, Clifford Edmund; van Donzel, Emericus Joannes; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.; Dijkema, F. Th.; Nurit, Mme S. (eds.).

4262:. Most of them went to Iran. Those who could prove an Iranian/Persian ancestry in Iran's court received Iranian citizenship (400,000) and some of them returned to Iraq after 4133:, who have been regarded for centuries as non-Arab, African people. Apart from Modern Standard Arabic, taught in schools and higher education, and the spoken forms of 6449: 6896: 3961:

regime, Arabization was extended, and a law tried to enforce the use of Arabic for civil servants, but again, the major role played by French was only diminished.

3877:. Modern Arabization also occurred to reverse the consequences of European colonialism. Arab governments often imposed policies that sought to promote the use of 3466:

Besides Mozarabs, another group of people in Iberia eventually came to surpass the Mozarabs both in terms of population and Arabization. These were the Muladi or

6725: 3309:, were influential in encouraging Arabization by attracting Arab migrants and by promoting Arab culture. In addition, disturbances and political unrest in the 3290:) into extinction in the cities. The Arabization took place around Arab centres through the influence of Arabs in the cities and rural areas surrounding them. 7635:. Vol. 4:Science and Technology in Islam. Part 1: The exact and Natural Sciences. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 149: 4171:

have emerged, and many people have become genuinely multilingual, fluent in a native language spoken at home, a lingua franca, and perhaps other languages.

2620:. The term applies not only to cultures, but also to individuals, as they acclimate to Arab culture and become "Arabized". Arabization took place after the 8112: 7384: 4167:

MSA is also the language used in Sudan's central government, the press, as well as in official programmes of Sudan television and Radio Omdurman. Several

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fighters and Sunni Arab refugees from southern Syria into the empty homes that belonged to displaced locals. The previous owners, most of them Kurds or

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The whole policy was ultimately not as effective as anticipated: French has kept its importance and Berber opposition kept growing, contributing to the

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number of Arab nomads who migrated to the Maghreb in the 11th century was at around 1 million Arabs. There were later Arab migrations to the Maghreb by

9327: 6602:. Though published in 2015, this work covers events in the whole of Sudan (including present-day South Sudan) until the 2011 secession of South Sudan. 4652:

The Chinese government launched a campaign in 2018 to remove Arab-style domes and minarets from mosques in a campaign called "de-Arabization" and "de-

4427:, said that they were part of "an organised demographic change" which was supposed to replace the Kurdish population of Afrin with an Arab majority. 3898:

for 132 years, a significantly longer timespan compared to Morocco and Tunisia, and it was also more influenced by Europe due to the contiguity with

7938: 3385:. It also heavily transformed the culture of the Maghreb into Arab culture, and spread nomadism in areas where agriculture was previously dominant. 2675:

through trade and intermarriages between members of the non-Arab local population and the peninsular Arabs. The Arabic language began to serve as a

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http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/algerie_loi-diverses.htm#Loi_n°_08-09_du_25_février_2008_portant_code_de_procédure_civile_et_administrative_

5583: 4199: 3972:, felt that their ancestral culture and language were threatened and the Arab identity was given more focus at the expense of their own. After the 8263: 7974: 7307: 6636:"Mauritania: Marginalised Black populations fight against Arabisation - Afrik-news.com: Africa news, Maghreb news - The African daily newspaper" 4435:

In the modern era, de-Arabization can refer to government policies which aim to reverse Arabization, such as the reversal of the Arabization of

7530:"China: Situation of Hui Muslims and their treatment by society and authorities; state protection (2020–September 2022) [CHN201172.E]" 7406: 4069:

modern education solely in Arabic. The Bathari language is nearly extinct. Estimates are that the number of remaining speakers are under 100.

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al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. (2001). "Factors Behind the Rise of Islamic Science". In al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.; Ahmed, Maqbul; Iskandar, Albert Z. (eds.).

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Benrabah, Mohamed. 2007. 'Language Maintenance and Spread: French in Algeria'. International Journal of Francophone Studies 10 (1–2): 193–215

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features. The sedentary people of ancient Bahrain were Aramaic speakers and to some degree Persian speakers, while Syriac functioned as a

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culture, the neighbouring Hebrew culture of the Hasmonean kingdom, as well as the Hellenistic cultures in the region (especially with the

2702:. This process reached its zenith between the 10th and 14th centuries, widely considered to be the high point of Arab culture, during the 4087:

and a bilingual policy was placed for the remaining primary education decreasing the hours of French being taught in a staggered manner.

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ordonnance n° 68-92 du 26 avril rendant obligatoire, pour les fonctionnaires et assimilés, la connaissance de la langue nationale (1968)

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Elfasi, M.; Hrbek, Ivan; Africa, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of (1 January 1988).

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and north-east Sudan, after tribal warfare had broken out in their homeland. The Rashaida of Sudan live in close proximity with the

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is an ethnically-mixed country that is economically and politically dominated by those who identify as Arabs and/or Arabic-speaking

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in the Arabian Peninsula has been classified as highly endangered by the UNESCO and at risk of dying out in 50 years. Before the

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In modern times, there have been various political developments to reverse the process of Arabization. Notable among these are:

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To the Madbar and Back Again: Studies in the languages, archaeology, and cultures of Arabia dedicated to Michael C.A. Macdonald

2699: 1927: 7603:, by Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, JSTOR (Organization), a publication from 1888, now in the 7584:, by Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, JSTOR (Organization), a publication from 1888, now in the 6726:"Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria, Report for the 12th session of the UN Human Rights Council" 2851:(modern Lebanon, Israel, Palestine and Jordan), briefly securing governorship of parts of Syria and Transjordan away from the 7899: 7876: 7846: 7804: 7785: 7766: 7730: 7721:

Brock, Sebastian (2010). "The Syrian Orthodox Church in the modern Middle East". In O'Mahony, Anthony; Loosley, Emma (eds.).

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The influence of Arabic has been profound in many other countries whose cultures have been influenced by Islam. Arabic was a

8935: 6211: 5403:"Al-Jallad. 2020. The Damascus Psalm Fragment: Middle Arabic and the Legacy of Old Ḥigāzī, w. a contribution by R. Vollandt" 3176:, extended into these regions. Inscriptions and other archeological remains, such as bowls bearing inscriptions identifying 3104:

conquest of the Levant, 634 AD, Syria's population mainly spoke Aramaic; Greek was the official language of administration.

8975: 8080: 6924: 4771: 3902:: both Algerian and French nationals used to live in the same towns, resulting in the cohabitation of the two populations. 1316: 6951: 9347: 9292: 7967: 7032: 6460: 6233: 5374:

Nehmé, Laïla; Al-Jallad, Ahmad; Nehmé, Laïla; Al-Jallad, Ahmad; Nehmé, Laïla; Al-Jallad, Ahmad, eds. (20 November 2017).

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Arnold, Werner (2007). "Arabic Grammatical Borrowing in Western Neo-Aramaic". In Matras, Yaron; Sakel, Jeanette (eds.).

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dominated parts of the North African and Iberian shores for more than eight centuries until they were suppressed by the

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still survive today as spoken languages in southern of present-day Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Dhofar in present-day Oman.

1291: 9287: 6769: 1937: 5763: 4783: 9429: 9352: 7481:"Is "Arabisation" A Threat To The Malay Identity As Claimed By The Johor Sultan? Here's What Some Malays Have To Say" 7365: 7183: 7139: 7042: 7015: 6988: 6961: 6934: 5842: 5806: 4823: 4473: 4152:, the official languages of Sudan were declared Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and English. Before the independence of 2767: 1967: 1281: 7005: 6978: 6736: 5832: 3328:(972–1148). In response to the Zirids later declaring independence from the Fatimids, the Fatimids dispatched large 2749: 9217: 9209: 8873: 8615: 8561: 7443: 6190: 6370: 5689: 4052:

has also come under threat in recent years, prior to the Arabization of Oman, Shehri was once spoken from Yemen's

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in the area which has provided job opportunities for Harsusi men, this has led to them using primarily Arabic or

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who, according to Arab tradition, are pure Arabs; however, most of the sedentary Yemeni population did not speak

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Abu-Haidar, Farida. 2000. 'Arabisation in Algeria'. International Journal of Francophone Studies 3 (3): 151–163.

4506:, the last remaining emirate on the peninsula, was conquered in January 1492. The re-conquered territories were 2889:

The Byzantines and Sasanians used the Ghassanids and Lakhmids to fight proxy wars in Arabia against each other.

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Sirles, Craig A. (1 January 1999). "Politics and Arabization: the evolution of postindependence North Africa".

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continually wandered into the region in search of fresh pasturage, and Arab seafarers and merchants traded at

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in the West and Central Asia to the East, covering 11,100,000 km (4,300,000 sq mi), one of the

8224: 8009: 7946: 5277: 5246: 4149: 3340:, to defeat the Zirids and settle in the Maghreb. The invasion of Ifriqiya by the Banu Hilal, a warlike Arab 3266: 3146:. By the thirteenth century, Arabic language achieved dominance in the region and its speakers became Arabs. 3095: 3091: 2931:. These Arab empires were the first to grow well beyond the Arabian Peninsula, eventually reaching as far as 2692: 1669: 8945: 8925: 8905: 7277: 9322: 9282: 9272: 8821: 8472: 7108:"Part I: The Normans and the monarchy – Southern Italy and the Normans before the creation of the monarchy" 4925:: Sayhadic Languages (Epigraphic South Arabian) // Semitic Languages. London: Routledge, 1997, p[. 157-183. 4899:: Sayhadic Languages (Epigraphic South Arabian) // Semitic Languages. London: Routledge, 1997, pp. 157-183. 3984:, Arabization is still a goal for the state, for example with laws on civil and administrative procedures. 3610: 3394: 2741: 2533: 2214: 75: 8838: 8633: 5691: 4005: 2800:

in the 3rd and 4th centuries). The pre-modern Arabic language was created by Nabateans, who developed the

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has been a multilingual country, with Sudanese Arabic as the major first or second language. In the 2005

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and therefore particularly religious – due to its lack of literary Arabic-speakers. In 1968, during the

9418: 9411: 9342: 9021: 8783: 8620: 7123: 4514:, although the culture, languages and religious traditions imposed differed from those of the previous 4469: 3212:

populace alongside a shift in the majority religion going from Christianity to Islam, had taken place.

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Redouane, Rabia (May 1998). "Arabisation in the Moroccan Educational System: Problems and Prospects".

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who had come to the Iberian Peninsula and picked up Arabic, thereby entering the Mozarabic community.

9607: 9571: 9372: 9262: 9159: 8848: 8826: 8726: 7070: 6574: 5530: 5422:"On Arabisation and Islamisation in Early Islamic Egypt. I. Prosopographic Notes on Muslim Officials" 4563: 4461: 3550: 1917: 1912: 1379: 1286: 525: 419: 7225: 5182: 5135: 5088: 5041: 4991: 4215:

had aggressive Arabization policies involving driving out many pre-Arab and non-Arab races – mainly

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In 1973, the Syrian authorities confiscated 750 square kilometers of fertile agricultural land in

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introduction of religious education, the state relying on Egyptian teachers – belonging to the

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from Arab forebears. The two most important Arabic-speaking groups to emerge in Nubia were the

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Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa

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to rural areas such as the countryside and steppes, and as far as the southern areas near the

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from 999 to 1139. The Arab identity of Sicily came to an end latest by the mid-13th century.

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and eliminate the languages of former colonizers, such as the reversing of street signs from

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in Sudan. These sultanates and their societies existed until the Sudan was conquered by the

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Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, JSTOR (Organization) (1888).

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Arabic inscriptions, affirm the Arab presence in the region. Egypt was conquered from the

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and Bernard Hamilton, proposed that the Arabization of Christians was completed before the

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Lessons of the Iraqi De-Ba'athification Program for Iraq's Future and the Arab Revolutions

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The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged

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tribe, sent the region's urban and economic life into further decline. The Arab historian

8: 9543: 8900: 8833: 8692: 8665: 8075: 8068: 6578: 3895: 3711: 3634: 3553:, retains very little Siculo-Arabic, with its influence being limited to some 300 words. 3169: 3113:

accommodated many new tribes in isolated areas to avoid conflict with the locals; caliph

3068: 3020: 2781: 2680: 2142: 2132: 2057: 1746: 1689: 1679: 1649: 1614: 1594: 408: 214: 184: 121: 7942: 7888:"Symbolism on the Syrian Standing Caliph Copper Coins: A Contribution to the Discussion" 4399:

In 2007, in another such scheme in Al-Hasakah governate, 6,000 square kilometers around

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al-Bagdadi, Nadia (2008). "Syria". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W.; Barrett, David B. (eds.).

6871: 6098: 5954: 5764:"Between Kurdistan and Damascus: Kurdish Nationalism and Arab State Formation in Syria" 5170: 5123: 5076: 5029: 4979: 4865: 4784:"Between Kurdistan and Damascus: Kurdish Nationalism and Arab State Formation in Syria" 4515: 4503: 4277: 4117: 3973: 3965: 3954: 3448: 3189: 3101: 3033: 2871: 2801: 2703: 2072: 2007: 1992: 1962: 1761: 1756: 1741: 1634: 1629: 1323: 1296: 895: 483: 453: 439: 9164: 7601:

Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 17

7582:

Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 17

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Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 17

3358: 3121:, to settle the new tribes away from the original population. Syrians who belonged to 3074:

Even within Northern Arabia, Arabization occurred to non-Arab populations such as the

9508: 9199: 9134: 9049: 9029: 8682: 8301: 7914: 7895: 7872: 7865: 7842: 7823: 7800: 7781: 7762: 7745: 7726: 7709: 7682: 7665: 7655: 7636: 7617: 7287: 7257: 7179: 7155: 7135: 7088: 7078: 7038: 7011: 6984: 6957: 6930: 6810: 6778: 6582: 6541: 6507: 6102: 6046: 6019: 5979: 5958: 5946: 5865: 5838: 5802: 5643: 5616: 5563: 5538: 5523: 5498: 5466: 5441: 5381: 5335: 5156: 5109: 5062: 5015: 4965: 4943: 4819: 4745: 4491: 4465: 4298: 4203: 3958: 3777: 3766: 3546: 3521:), during this period some segments of the populations of these islands converted to 3502: 3490: 3413: 3321: 3306: 3129: 3056: 3000: 2957: 2785: 2672: 2597: 2248: 2229: 1775: 1736: 1684: 1674: 1664: 1639: 1624: 1587: 1218: 602: 346: 38: 1473: 9442: 9149: 9114: 9084: 9079: 9054: 8863: 8749: 8660: 8593: 8525: 8321: 7127: 6499: 6090: 5938: 5898: 5562:. Vol. 4: A Continuing Series. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. pp. 105–112. 5433: 4922: 4896: 4857: 4667: 4539: 4526: 4511: 4356: 4324: 4065: 4028: 3997: 3981: 3977: 3926: 3842: 3809: 3542: 3510: 3313:

compelled the Arabs to migrate to the Maghreb in search of security and stability.

3302: 3205: 3185: 3060: 2961: 2832: 2809: 2793: 2684: 2625: 2219: 2204: 2189: 2137: 2042: 1942: 1845: 1808: 1751: 1731: 1726: 1699: 1619: 1478: 1241: 1149: 1039: 1034: 818: 723: 661: 626: 618: 468: 458: 361: 194: 34: 6320: 3753:

and they number over six million people. Like other Arabic speaking tribes in the

2259: 9493: 9462: 9457: 9302: 9242: 9189: 9119: 9099: 9074: 9064: 8965: 8843: 8707: 8627: 8605: 8588: 8395: 8360: 8201: 8191: 8147: 8142: 8041: 8004: 7836: 7281: 7131: 6901: 6563: 6327: 5610: 4739: 4692: 4645: 4582: 4559: 4551: 4507: 4380: 4308: 4220: 4212: 4134: 4130: 4101: 4049: 4020: 3942: 3910: 3882: 3653: 3460: 3432: 3298: 3287: 3193: 3161: 3064: 3040: 2948: 2883: 2882:, opposed to the Ghassanids Greek Orthodox Christianity, and were clients of the 2859: 2813: 2660: 2561: 2496: 2369: 2224: 2152: 2117: 2017: 1907: 1813: 1654: 1458: 1184: 1049: 915: 905: 868: 634: 301: 244: 234: 7529: 6255: 3581: 2897: 2264: 1179: 1144: 9597: 9498: 9337: 9232: 9227: 9194: 9184: 9174: 9144: 9069: 9059: 8940: 8868: 8763: 8697: 8600: 8583: 8499: 8479: 8447: 8400: 8390: 8343: 8331: 8290: 8285: 8251: 8241: 8219: 8181: 8152: 8137: 8087: 8063: 7994: 5782:"Arabs, Kurds, and Amazigh: The Quest for Nationalist Fulfillment, Old and New" 4843: 4839: 4799:"Arabs, Kurds, and Amazigh: The Quest for Nationalist Fulfillment, Old and New" 4270: 4263: 4208: 4083: 4037: 3918: 3630: 3622: 3471: 3436: 3378: 3231: 3201: 3165: 3016: 3012: 2879: 2617: 2409: 2194: 2169: 1840: 1721: 1713: 1513: 1443: 1159: 1134: 987: 937: 885: 823: 768: 671: 535: 493: 356: 341: 249: 224: 169: 159: 65: 7654:. Empirical Approaches to Language Typology. Vol. 38. Walter de Gruyter. 6635: 6545: 6503: 6094: 5942: 3629:. In the 16th and 17th centuries, new Islamic kingdoms were established – the 3537:. The Arabization process also resulted in the development of the now extinct 3055:-speaking agriculturalists. Some sedentary dialects of Eastern Arabia exhibit 1139: 9586: 9503: 9129: 9109: 9044: 8996: 8910: 8677: 8610: 8551: 8484: 8467: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8405: 8378: 8311: 8295: 8280: 8275: 8229: 8207: 8196: 8186: 8176: 8159: 8102: 8092: 8026: 7939:

Arabization in Algeria : language ideology in elite discourse, 1962-1991

7918: 7827: 7749: 7713: 7669: 7604: 7585: 7554: 7503:"China's new campaign to make Muslims devoted to the state rather than Islam" 7253:

The Arab Jews: A Postcolonial Reading of Nationalism, Religion, and Ethnicity

7171: 7119: 6696: 6599: 6511: 5950: 5584:"Populations Crises and Population Cycles, Claire Russell and W.M.S. Russell" 5445: 4599: 4535: 4495: 4316: 4236: 4187: 4168: 3969: 3906: 3703: 3657: 3538: 3325: 3255: 3239: 3197: 3143: 3122: 2965: 2863: 2824: 2805: 2676: 2609: 2451: 2289: 2234: 2012: 1538: 1520: 1029: 691: 610: 565: 498: 424: 6788: 6369:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), "

6356:

Swiggers, P. 1981. "A Phonological Analysis of the Ḥarsūsi Consonants." In:

5329: 4861: 3788:, and South Sudan. In addition, Arabic dialects are spoken of minorities in 3133:

cultural and linguistic assimilation of Syrian converts. Those who remained

9538: 9179: 9039: 9034: 8890: 8816: 8768: 8556: 8535: 8504: 8489: 8462: 8457: 8410: 8355: 8306: 8258: 8246: 8164: 8132: 8122: 8117: 7999: 7797:

Middle East Patterns, Student Economy Edition: Places, People, and Politics

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Mehri, Abdelhamid (January 1972). "Arabic language takes back its place".

4844:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 4618:. The Berberist movement is in opposition to cultural Arabization and the 2588:, meaning it either directly adopts or becomes strongly influenced by the 1533: 1525: 1404: 9154: 8858: 8853: 8799: 8778: 8702: 8530: 8326: 4672: 4653: 4629: 4619: 4603: 4578: 4486: 4244: 4161: 4153: 4137:

colloquial, several other languages are spoken by diverse ethnic groups.

4126: 4057: 3750: 3699: 3669: 3345: 3337: 3235: 3044: 2601: 2491: 2446: 2344: 2184: 1548: 1169: 1124: 1059: 967: 890: 743: 738: 545: 463: 434: 429: 284: 7952: 7913:. Vol. VI. Fascicules 103-104 (Malḥūn-Mānd) (New ed.). Brill. 7744:. Vol. VI. Fascicules 103-104 (Malḥūn-Mānd) (New ed.). Brill. 7569:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 103. 6830: 6081:

Benrabah, Mohamed (10 August 2010). "Language and Politics in Algeria".

4008:, Arabic was only ever spoken by the inhabitants outside the village of 3905:

While trying to build an independent and unified nation-state after the

3814: 9089: 9006: 9001: 8930: 7816:"The Impact of Muslim Rule on the Pattern of Rural Settlement in Syria" 6295: 5903: 5886: 4869: 4623: 4411:

in early 2018, they began to implement a resettlement policy by moving

4392: 4376: 4179: 4156:

in 2011, people in the southern parts of the country, who mainly speak

4053: 4045:

has categorised Harsusi as a language that is "definitely endangered".

3938: 3846: 3571: 3420: 3416: 3401: 3362: 3333: 3181: 3118: 3036: 2992: 2932: 2928: 2867: 2852: 2820: 2629: 2456: 2384: 2364: 2359: 1957: 1823: 1644: 1453: 1231: 1164: 1111: 977: 880: 763: 530: 386: 321: 209: 154: 4419:, were often prevented from returning to Afrin. Refugees from Eastern 3996:

had been home to several native languages other than Arabic, of which

2972:

which was used to write it also fell out of use. A separate branch of

2683:

were formed. This process was accelerated by the migration of various

306: 8773: 8051: 8046: 7175: 7115: 5834:

On Pain of Speech: Fantasies of the First Order and the Literary Rant

5375: 4768:

Iraq, Claims in Conflict: Reversing Ethnic Cleansing in Northern Iraq

4595: 4567: 4312: 4294: 4232: 4041:

Omani Arabic standard dialect" though this has not yet materialized.

3899: 3715: 3673: 3606: 3534: 3530: 3444: 3294: 3209: 3177: 3173: 2988: 2960:

was driven to extinction by the Islamic expansion, being replaced by

2581: 2466: 2436: 2299: 2127: 2092: 2067: 1870: 1828: 1818: 1468: 992: 753: 701: 666: 376: 179: 144: 7815: 6384:"النقوش والكتابات الصخرية بسلطنة عمان.. إرث قديم وشواهد على التاريخ" 5421: 5402: 5152:

Non-Arabic Semitic elements in the Arabic dialects of Eastern Arabia

4908:

Nebes, Norbert, "Epigraphic South Arabian," in Uhlig, Siegbert, ed.

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population. This initial wave contributed to the Berber adoption of

2719: 219: 9513: 9222: 8718: 7887: 7697: 6002:. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. 25. 5356: 4687: 4424: 4320: 4248: 3922: 3793: 3762: 3742: 3719: 3618: 3602: 3575: 3475: 3467: 3440: 3368: 3251: 2921: 2916:

The most significant wave of "Arabization" in history followed the

2823:

were the last major non-Islamic Semitic migration northward out of

2797: 2501: 2414: 2394: 2379: 2174: 2147: 1503: 1463: 1409: 997: 778: 733: 686: 676: 560: 279: 274: 269: 259: 229: 7558: 7092: 6956:. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. p. 16. 6330:" Lecture conducted from Anglo-Omani and British-Yemeni Societies. 5494:

The Historical Formation of the Arab Nation (RLE: the Arab Nation)

4936:"Social and political change in Bahrain since the First World War" 3501:

A similar process of Arabization and Islamization occurred in the

2612:

as well as other socio-cultural factors. It is a specific form of

2334: 2329: 2274: 1543: 7166:. Routledge Library Editions: The Medieval World (1st ed.). 6598:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

4611: 4607: 4416: 4387:, and to force Kurds in the area to move away to the cities. Any 4240: 4228: 4224: 4183: 3866: 3850: 3789: 3785: 3738: 3685: 3665: 3626: 3566: 3482:) Muslims who became collectively termed in Christian Europe as " 3452: 3409: 3341: 3329: 3310: 3271: 3230:

Neither North Africa nor the Iberian Peninsula were strangers to

3079: 3052: 2925: 2875: 2840: 2789: 2649: 2633: 2506: 2476: 2431: 2399: 2354: 2349: 2339: 2284: 2279: 2209: 2164: 2122: 2002: 1604: 1431: 1306: 1301: 982: 942: 910: 728: 696: 336: 6633: 6276:

Al Jahdhami, Said (October 2016). "Minority Languages in Oman".

4882:

Nebes, Norbert, "Epigraphic South Arabian," in Uhlig, Siegbert,

4341:

Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria

4303:

Since the independence of Syria in 1946, the ethnically diverse

3474:. It was the Muladi, together with the Berber, Arab, and other ( 1345: 7698:"Garshuni Manuscripts and Garshuni Notes in Syriac Manuscripts" 7308:"After 52-year ban, Syrian Kurds now taught Kurdish in schools" 7276: 7167: 6733:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

4602:

political-cultural movement of ethnic, geographic, or cultural

4455: 4444: 4420: 4361: 4304: 4255: 4042: 4009: 3870: 3754: 3690: 3382: 3279: 3247: 3114: 3075: 2848: 2844: 2589: 2584:

process of cultural change in which a non-Arab society becomes

2486: 2471: 2461: 2314: 2269: 2112: 2107: 2097: 2077: 2027: 1498: 1493: 1483: 1448: 1414: 1362: 1355: 1340: 1335: 1271: 1225: 1199: 1189: 1089: 1074: 1069: 1054: 1044: 1019: 1007: 1002: 972: 962: 957: 848: 833: 773: 758: 706: 681: 570: 555: 540: 381: 351: 331: 326: 311: 289: 6383: 5058:

E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 5

3776:

Arabic is an official language of Chad and Sudan as well as a

3621:. They are of Arab origin, but now of mixed blood mostly with 3160:

Prior to the Islamic conquests, Arabs had been inhabiting the

1204: 1024: 920: 9317: 4633: 4436: 4388: 4332: 4216: 4141: 4122: 3874: 3862: 3858: 3758: 3734: 3726: 3661: 3614: 3594: 3590: 3562: 3522: 3483: 3424: 3354: 3317: 3283: 2996: 2984: 2664: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2585: 2511: 2441: 2374: 2324: 2319: 2304: 2087: 2052: 2047: 2037: 2022: 1890: 1880: 1803: 1553: 1488: 1330: 1311: 1174: 1129: 1119: 1094: 1079: 952: 843: 788: 783: 748: 718: 371: 366: 239: 204: 164: 139: 134: 30: 7528:

Canada, Immigration and Refugee Board of (14 October 2022).

7407:"Sultan Johor Ajak Malaysia Jaga Tradisi Melayu, Bukan Arab" 6234:"Last stand of a hybrid language from Oman's seafaring past" 5373: 3408:) incorporated elements of Arabic language and culture. The 2870:, hence the name given it. They adopted the religion of the 5718:, revised edition. (1972). New York: Harper and Row, p. 215 5357:"Arabians, Arabias, and the Greeks_Contact and Perceptions" 4615: 3993: 3781: 3730: 3598: 3585:

Map showing the late medieval migration of Arabs into Sudan

3479: 3398: 3125:

denominations welcomed the peninsular Arabs as liberators.

2389: 2309: 2062: 1895: 1885: 1399: 1350: 947: 838: 254: 199: 174: 7838:

Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East

4404:

ethnic Kurdish inhabitants and settle ethnic Arabs there.

3589:

In the 12th century, the Arab Ja'alin tribe migrated into

6321:

The pre-literate, non-Arabic languages of Oman and Yemen.

6012:

Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (1 January 2007).

5105:

Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary

5011:

Tradition and Modernity in Arabic Language And Literature

4961:

Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary

2905: 16:

Process of growing Arab influence on non-Arab populations

7348:"Stop trying to be like Arabs, Johor ruler tells Malays" 7283:

Toward the De-Arabization of Palestine/Israel, 1945-1977

6212:"Kumzari, the Omani language on the verge of extinction" 5975:

Nationalism and Minority Identities in Islamic Societies

5743: 5267: 5265: 5208: 5206: 5204: 4577:

The 1992 establishment of a Kurdish-dominated polity in

3597:

and gradually occupied the regions on both banks of the

3427:, but did however adopt elements of Arabic language and 3324:

left rule over Tunisia and eastern Algeria to the local

2709: 5671: 7462:"Arab culture integral to Islam, Johor sultan advised" 5234: 4712: 4395:, but no Kurd was permitted to move and settle there." 3725:

Currently, they live in a belt which stretches across

7818:. In Canivet, Pierre; Rey-Coquais, Jean-paul (eds.). 7652:

Grammatical Borrowing in Cross-Linguistic Perspective

7034:

Israeli Theatre: Mizrahi Jews and Self-Representation

6278:

Journal of the Association for Anglo-American Studies

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in 1820, and in the case of Darfur, even until 1916.

7426:"Stop trying to be like Arabs, Ruler advises Malays" 6777:(1. publ. ed.). London: Routledge. pp. X. 6655: 6653: 5401:

Vollandt, Ronny; Al-Jallad, Ahmad (1 January 2020).

3372:

Banu Hilal, Emir of Mascara in western Algeria, 1856

2862:

was founded by the Lakhum tribe that emigrated from

2575: 6807:

Out of Nowhere: The Kurds of Syria in Peace and War

5521:Stearns, Peter N.; Leonard Langer, William (2001). 3841:In the modern era, Arabization occurred due to the 3293:Arab political entities in the Maghreb such as the 2812:, under heavy Arab influence, amalgamated into the 2622:

Muslim conquest of the Middle East and North Africa

9328:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 7864: 7385:"Berhenti Cuba Jadi 'Seperti Arab' – Sultan Johor" 7249: 6144:"Algérie: Ordonnance no 96-30 du 21 décembre 1996" 5935:International Journal of the Sociology of Language 5794: 5609:Hareir, Idris El; Mbaye, Ravane (1 January 2011). 5327: 4811: 4763: 4761: 4331:, the most archaic of it was directed against the 7795:Held, Colbert C.; Cummings, John Thomas (2018) . 7270: 7030: 6949: 6650: 6634:Alicia Koch, Patrick K. Johnsson (8 April 2010). 6000:History and the Culture of Nationalism in Algeria 5662: 5551: 5458: 5400: 4345:United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 3992:Despite being a nation of the Arabian Peninsula, 3714:in Africa), migrated into Africa, mainly between 9584: 7822:. Damascus, Institut Français du Proche Orient. 7286:. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. p. 159. 7164:A History of Early Medieval Europe: From 476–911 7067:The Norman Conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily 6894: 6767: 6167:article 3bis in the 2002 constitutional revision 5560:International encyclopaedia of islamic dynasties 5331:The History of the Peoples of the Eastern Desert 5328:Barnard, H.; Duistermaat, Kim (1 October 2012). 4622:political ideology, and is also associated with 4566:) and the de-Arabization of the Arabic-speaking 3039:, the population of Eastern Arabia consisted of 2987:is traditionally held to be the homeland of the 2700:major source of vocabulary for various languages 6922: 5837:. University of California Press. p. 185. 5779: 5462:Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century 4796: 4758: 4640:Arabization of Malays was criticized by Sultan 4335:. In his report for the 12th session of the UN 3761:, Baggara tribes have origin ancestry from the 2671:, Arab culture and language spread outside the 7820:La Syrie de Byzance à l'Islam VII-VIII Siècles 7723:Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East 7148: 6841: 6535: 6405:"Shehri: A Native Omani Language Under Threat" 5992: 5830: 5155:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 270–279. 4912:(Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005), p. 335 4886:(Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005), p. 335 4838: 4741:The Cambridge Companion to Modern Arab Culture 3845:policies toward non-Arab minorities in modern 3803: 3447:Christians and were primarily speakers of the 3082:in the Syrian Desert and the region of Mosul. 3006: 2628:policies toward non-Arab minorities in modern 9358:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 8805:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 8734: 7968: 7444:"Stop aping Arabs, Johor Sultan tells Malays" 7330:"Stop aping Arabs, Johor Sultan tells Malays" 7056: 7054: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6697:"SYRIA: The Silenced Kurds; Vol. 8, No. 4(E)" 6011: 4521: 4200:Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq 4186:. About 30% of the population is considered " 3706:, a grouping of Arab ethnic groups who speak 3664:in present-day Saudi Arabia into what is now 2534: 7794: 7243: 7099: 7003: 4456:Norman conquest of southern Italy (999-1139) 4174: 3451:under Islamic rule. Many were also what the 3423:. Their descendants remained unconverted to 7756: 6771:Syria's kurds history, politics and society 6691: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6275: 6045:. Cambridge University Press. p. 224. 5971: 5775: 5773: 5749: 5608: 5189: 4832: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4472:. Sicily in turn was then subjected to the 3945:, was distinct from the official language, 3765:Arab tribes who migrated directly from the 3496: 3439:. Most of the Mozarabs were descendants of 2847:region, eventually spreading to the entire 2748:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 8741: 8727: 7975: 7961: 7611: 7383:Zainuddin, Abdul Mursyid (24 March 2016). 7256:. Stanford University Press. p. 140. 7051: 6883: 6707: 6540:. eScholarship, University of California. 5516: 5514: 4574:who arrived in Israel from the Arab world. 4479: 3493:was spoken in Iberia during Islamic rule. 3282:spread during this period and drove local 2843:population. They initially settled in the 2541: 2527: 1953:On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy 7982: 7775: 7630: 7382: 6929:. Cornell University Press. p. 362. 6926:Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency in Iraq 5902: 5334:. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press. 5311: 5212: 4588:The 2012 establishment of a multi-ethnic 4129:consists mostly of Christian and Animist 4094: 4072: 3888: 3836: One of official languages, minority 3830: One of official languages, majority 3642: 2892: 2768:Learn how and when to remove this message 9438:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic 9368:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 9333:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine) 7908: 7834: 7633:The Different Aspects of Islamic Culture 7553: 7413:. TEMPO.CO , Kuala Lumpu. 24 March 2016. 7154: 6823: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6678: 6561: 6489: 6371:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 6333: 6080: 6038: 5887:"Arabization in Tunisia: The Tug of War" 5864:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 85. 5770: 5677: 5667:. Editori Laterza, Bari. pp. 18–20. 5635: 5612:The Spread of Islam Throughout the World 5586:. Galtoninstitute.org.uk. Archived from 5195: 4790: 4737: 4724: 4713:Marium Abboud Houraney (December 2021). 4525: 3932:The unification and pursuit of a single 3813: 3689: 3580: 3367: 3024: 2896: 20: 9313:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) 9298:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 7885: 7813: 7739: 7105: 6976: 6809:. Oxford University Press. p. 21. 6605: 6188: 6039:Platteau, Jean-Philippe (6 June 2017). 5798:Saudi Arabia and Iran: Friends Or Foes? 5511: 5240: 5228: 5148: 5054: 4815:Saudi Arabia and Iran: Friends Or Foes? 4590:Democratic Federation of Northern Syria 4556:Hebraization of Palestinian place names 4284: 4111: 9585: 9308:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) 7867:Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians 7862: 7695: 7676: 7649: 7527: 7478: 6804: 6538:Arabization in Tunisia: The Tug of War 6341:Oman's Diverse Society: Southern Oman. 6313: 6015:Language Planning and Policy in Africa 5932: 5857: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5419: 5299: 5283: 5271: 5252: 4260:Shia Iraqis of Iranian ancestry (Ajam) 4193: 3987: 3545:derives. By contrast, the present-day 2906:Arabization during the early Caliphate 1928:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 8722: 7956: 7778:Crusader Castles and Modern Histories 7759:Darfur: a short history of a long war 7720: 7616:. Vol. 5: Si-Z. Eerdmans.Brill. 7366:"Johor Sultan Says Be Malay Not Arab" 7060: 6754: 6557: 6555: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6065: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5884: 5557: 5354: 5101: 5007: 5003: 5001: 4957: 4468:was established. It was marked by an 4251:– replacing them with Arab families. 4146:constitution of the Republic of Sudan 4019:have also come under threat in Oman. 3419:who lived under Arab Islamic rule in 2710:Early Arab expansion in the Near East 37:as the sole official language of the 8748: 7708:. Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. 7679:Justinian and the Later Roman Empire 7599:This article incorporates text from 7580:This article incorporates text from 7423: 7198: 6442: 6018:. Multilingual Matters. p. 64. 5490: 4928: 4738:Reynolds, Dwight F. (2 April 2015). 3637:, starting a long period of gradual 2937:largest imperial expanses in history 2866:in the 2nd century and ruled by the 2746:adding citations to reliable sources 2713: 2624:, as well as during the more recent 9348:National Liberation Front (Algeria) 7757:deWaal, Alex; Flint, Julie (2006). 5972:Shatzmiller, Maya (29 April 2005). 5636:el-Hasan, Hasan Afif (1 May 2019). 5629: 5602: 5479: 5095: 4614:and broader North Africa including 4542:as opposed to Arabization policies. 4464:lasted from 827 until 902 when the 3365:refugees in the 15th-17th century. 3265:in the 7th century, Arabs began to 3078:in the northwestern Arabia and the 2565: 1933:The Incoherence of the Philosophers 1588:National literatures of Arab States 13: 9288:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria) 8810:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 7201:"The Reconquista - Medieval Spain" 6980:Israeli Sociology: Text in Context 6895:Patrick Cockburn (18 April 2018). 6768:Tejel, Jordi; Welle, Jane (2009). 6661:"Hamshahri Newspaper (In Persian)" 6573:(5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: 6552: 6518: 6478: 5911: 4998: 4451:Historic reversions of Arabization 2942: 1938:The Incoherence of the Incoherence 14: 9619: 9353:Palestine Liberation Organization 7926: 7681:. University of Wisconsin Press. 6613:"Mauritania Fights to End Racism" 5858:Naylor, Phillip C. (7 May 2015). 5642:. Algora Publishing. p. 82. 5014:. Psychology Press. p. 305. 4474:Norman conquest of southern Italy 4430: 4407:After the Turkish-led forces had 3824: Exclusive official language 2804:which became the basis of modern 9567: 9566: 9293:Arabian Peninsula People's Union 8976:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 7614:The Encyclodedia of Christianity 7592: 7573: 7521: 7495: 7472: 7454: 7436: 7424:wong, chun wai (24 March 2016). 7417: 7399: 7376: 7358: 7340: 7322: 7300: 7218: 7192: 7114:. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. 6875:. 1 October 1996. Archived from 6593: 6492:Language, Culture and Curriculum 6425: 5861:Historical Dictionary of Algeria 3909:, the Algerian government under 3551:Italo-Dalmatian Romance language 3541:language, from which the modern 3361:in the 13th-15th century and by 3029:Sassanian weaponry, 7th century. 2718: 64: 8936:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 7863:Peters, Francis Edward (2003). 7024: 6997: 6970: 6943: 6916: 6859: 6849:"A murder stirs Kurds in Syria" 6798: 6627: 6536:Daoud, Mohamed (30 June 1991). 6419: 6397: 6376: 6363: 6350: 6288: 6269: 6248: 6226: 6204: 6182: 6170: 6161: 6136: 6127: 6118: 6109: 6083:Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 6074: 6059: 6032: 6005: 5978:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. 5965: 5885:Daoud, Mohamed (30 June 1991). 5878: 5851: 5824: 5815: 5788: 5755: 5721: 5708: 5683: 5656: 5576: 5452: 5413: 5394: 5367: 5348: 5321: 5142: 5048: 4951: 4915: 4902: 4849:International Studies Quarterly 4413:Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army 4364:holiday was often constrained. 3968:. Some Berber groups, like the 3525:and began to adopt elements of 3105: 2920:of Muhammad and the subsequent 2901:Arab conquests 622 AD to 750 AD 2827:in late classic era. They were 2687:outside of Arabia, such as the 9378:Union of Arab Republics (1972) 9140:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz 7894:. Archetype Publications Ltd. 7871:. Princeton University Press. 7780:. Cambridge University Press. 7479:Irsyad, Arief (7 April 2016). 7450:. KUALA LUMPUR. 24 March 2016. 7336:. KUALA LUMPUR. 24 March 2016. 6296:"Hobyót in the Language Cloud" 5762:Alexander K. McKeever (2021). 5729:"Eritrea: The Rashaida People" 4889: 4876: 4805: 4782:Alexander K. McKeever (2021). 4775: 4744:. Cambridge University Press. 4706: 4562:as an official language (with 4550:The 1948 establishment of the 4269:During the Iran-Iraq War, the 4017:Modern South Arabian languages 3710:(which is one of the regional 3609:. They trace their lineage to 3263:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb 3226:Arab migrations to the Maghreb 3222:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb 3215: 3196:, which was written using the 2978:Modern South Arabian languages 2689:Arab migrations to the Maghreb 1: 7947:University of Texas at Austin 7547: 7391:. JOHOR BAHRU. Archived from 7310:. Al-Monitor. 6 November 2015 7199:Carr, Karen (3 August 2017). 6853:The Christian Science Monitor 5891:Issues in Applied Linguistics 5780:Hassan Mneimneh (June 2017). 5497:. Routledge. pp. 70–74. 4964:. BRILL. pp. XXIV–XXVI. 4797:Hassan Mneimneh (June 2017). 4538:agenda of the faction in the 4254:In the 1970s, Saddam Hussein 4150:Comprehensive Peace Agreement 3818:Status of Arabic language map 3388: 3096:Arab migrations to the Levant 3092:Muslim conquest of the Levant 3085: 9323:Federation of Arab Republics 9283:Arab Socialist Union (Libya) 9273:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) 8874:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 8822:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 8557:Romanization of the writings 7354:. JOHOR BARU. 24 March 2016. 7132:10.1017/CBO9781139167741.004 7112:The Norman Kingdom of Sicily 6430:. Vol. 12, no. 220 5108:. BRILL. pp. XXIX–XXX. 4564:Arabic remaining co-official 4140:Since independence in 1956, 4006:takeover of Qaboos as sultan 3885:to Arabic names in Algeria. 3679: 3437:Visigothic or Mozarabic Rite 3431:and dress. They were mostly 3395:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 3208:era, the Arabization of the 7: 9448:Flag of the Arab Federation 9278:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq) 9268:Arab Socialist Action Party 8671:Forced religious conversion 7937:Bossut, Camille Alexandra. 7250:Yehouda A. Shenhav (2006). 6867:"Syria: The Silenced Kurds" 6805:Gunter, Michael M. (2014). 6569:. In Berry, LaVerle (ed.). 6562:Bechtold, Peter K. (2015). 6189:Cellier, Catherine (2015). 5795:Banafsheh Keynoush (2016). 5558:Singh, Nagendra Kr (2000). 4812:Banafsheh Keynoush (2016). 4660: 4632:'s secession from Arab-led 4379:. The idea was to separate 4258:between 350,000 to 650,000 3804:Arabization in modern times 3676:dialects in eastern Sudan. 3192:in the 7th century CE. The 3007:Eastern and Northern Arabia 3001:Old South Arabian languages 2576: 2103:One Thousand and One Nights 10: 9624: 9419:On the Way of Resurrection 9412:The Battle for One Destiny 9343:Lebanese National Movement 8784:Third International Theory 7911:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 7886:Schulze, Wolfgang (2010). 7776:Ellenblum, Ronnie (2006). 7742:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 7280:; Bishara Muammar (1984). 7124:Cambridge University Press 7061:Brown, Gordon S. (2015) . 7031:Naphtaly Shem-Tov (2021). 6950:W. Andrew Terrill (2010). 6450:"MSAL Project Information" 5663:Ruffino, Giovanni (2001). 4522:Reversions in modern times 4288: 4197: 4115: 3900:French settlers in Algeria 3807: 3683: 3219: 3153: 3089: 3010: 2964:which is written with the 2946: 2909: 1866:Arcs of Descent and Ascent 933:Andalusian classical music 859:Arabic musical instruments 190:Islamic geometric patterns 9562: 9471: 9428: 9396: 9373:Unified Political Command 9263:Arab Nationalist Movement 9208: 9160:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 9020: 8989: 8956:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 8827:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 8792: 8756: 8643: 8634:Vergangenheitsbewältigung 8576: 8544: 8519:Assimilation by religions 8518: 7990: 7890:. In Oddy, Andrew (ed.). 7696:Braida, Emanuela (2012). 7226:"The Conquest of Granada" 7106:Matthew, Donald (2012) . 7071:Jefferson, North Carolina 7010:. Springer. p. 110. 6983:. Springer. p. 130. 6575:Federal Research Division 6504:10.1080/07908319808666550 6095:10.1080/13537110490450773 5943:10.1515/ijsl.1999.137.115 5531:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 5355:Macdonald, Michael C. A. 4530:The multilingual flag of 4462:Muslim conquest of Sicily 4323:have faced pressure from 4175:Arabization in Mauritania 4000:which is the only native 3647:Ottoman Egyptian invasion 1913:The Theology of Aristotle 1380:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry 1277:Love in Arabic literature 526:Arabic geometric patterns 489:Islamic hardstone carving 420:Ancient South Arabian art 8881:1952 Egyptian revolution 8545:Assimilation by writings 7835:Levinson, David (1995). 7677:Barker, John W. (1966). 7160:"The Later Merovingians" 6923:Ahmed S. Hashim (2011). 6428:"The National Newspaper" 5801:. Springer. p. 96. 4910:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica 4884:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica 4818:. Springer. p. 96. 4699: 4532:Syrian Democratic Forces 4327:policies to identify as 3798:Central African Republic 3747:Central African Republic 3556: 3497:Sicily, Malta, and Crete 3332:Arab tribes, mainly the 3156:Muslim conquest of Egypt 3149: 2999:, and spoke the extinct 2829:Greek Orthodox Christian 1282:Arabic erotic literature 479:Palestinian wood carving 9534:Palestinian nationalism 9453:Flag of the Arab Revolt 8946:1966 Syrian coup d'état 8926:1963 Syrian coup d'état 8906:1961 Syrian coup d'état 7566:Encyclopædia Britannica 6831:"HRW World Report 2010" 6191:"The languages of Oman" 6176:loi du 25 fevrier 2008 6148:www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca 5831:Dina Al-Kassim (2010). 5750:deWaal & Flint 2006 5639:Killing the Arab Spring 5615:. UNESCO. p. 409. 5465:. UNESCO. p. 243. 5055:Houtsma, M. Th (1993). 4947:. 1973. pp. 46–47. 4862:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 4642:Ibrahim Ismail of Johor 4480:Reconquista (1212-1492) 4409:captured Afrin District 3917:was heavily influenced 3769:or from other parts of 2995:prior to the spread of 1789:Islamic Aristotelianism 1784:Early Arabic Philosophy 8961:1969 Libyan revolution 8839:1941 Iraqi coup d'état 8651:Cultural globalization 7814:Kennedy, Hugh (1992). 6735:. 2009. Archived from 6571:Sudan: a country study 6042:Islam Instrumentalized 5438:10.1484/J.CDE.5.117663 5420:Berkes, Lajos (2018). 5149:Jastrow, Otto (2002). 4543: 4470:Arab–Byzantine culture 4397: 4369:Al-Hasakah Governorate 4353: 4291:Human rights in Rojava 4095:Arabization in Tunisia 4073:Arabization in Morocco 4002:Indo-European language 3947:Modern Standard Arabic 3889:Arabization in Algeria 3879:Modern Standard Arabic 3838: 3695: 3586: 3455:Mikel de Epalza calls 3373: 3267:migrate to the Maghreb 3117:ordered his governor, 3034:Before the 7th century 3030: 2970:South Arabian alphabet 2918:early Muslim conquests 2912:Early Muslim conquests 2902: 2893:History of Arabization 2616:that often includes a 2426:South Arabian deities 1948:Theologus Autodidactus 829:Rhythm in Arabic music 42: 9519:Jordanian nationalism 9253:Arab Islamic Republic 9248:Arab Higher Committee 9125:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 9105:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 8916:North Yemen civil war 8849:Arab–Israeli conflict 7984:Cultural assimilation 7761:. London: Zed Books. 7607:in the United States. 7588:in the United States. 7395:on 26 September 2017. 7205:Quatr.us Study Guides 7004:Anna Bernard (2013). 6457:University of Salford 6068:Le Monde Diplomatique 5102:Holes, Clive (2001). 5061:. BRILL. p. 98. 5008:Smart, J. R. (2013). 4958:Holes, Clive (2001). 4678:Cultural assimilation 4529: 4439:in northern Iraq and 4373: 4349: 3817: 3808:Further information: 3693: 3584: 3371: 3246:and by the following 3028: 3011:Further information: 2947:Further information: 2900: 2831:, and clients of the 2614:cultural assimilation 2255:North Arabian deities 2159:Fictional Arab people 1998:Atlantis of the Sands 1923:The Book of the Apple 504:Islamic ivory carving 33:685–705) established 24: 9554:Tunisian nationalism 9524:Lebanese nationalism 9484:Egyptian nationalism 9479:Algerian nationalism 9383:United Arab Republic 9258:Arab Liberation Army 9238:Arab Ba'ath Movement 9095:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 8688:Internal colonialism 8656:Cultural imperialism 8337:Northern Afghanistan 7178:. pp. 244–245. 7077:. pp. 103–113. 7007:Debating Orientalism 5491:Duri, A. A. (2012). 4683:History of the Arabs 4554:as a Jewish polity, 4337:Human Rights Council 4285:Arabization in Syria 4112:Arabization in Sudan 3915:Algerian nationalism 3660:, migrated from the 2839:which had a largely 2742:improve this section 1385:Modern Arabic poetry 1060:Gnawa (North Africa) 901:Classical Arab music 9544:Sahrawi nationalism 8901:1959 Mosul uprising 8834:Great Syrian Revolt 8693:Jewish assimilation 8666:Forced assimilation 8204:or Castilianization 7230:www.spanishwars.net 6579:Library of Congress 6407:. 16 September 2017 6345:Middle East Journal 4194:Arabization in Iraq 3988:Arabization in Oman 3712:varieties of Arabic 3635:Sultanate of Darfur 3316:After establishing 3278:. Furthermore, the 3254:invasions, and the 3069:liturgical language 3021:Dilmun civilization 2782:Alexander the Great 2679:in these areas and 2058:Iram of the Pillars 1317:Mirrors for princes 864:Great Book of Music 597:(Arabian Peninsula) 185:Islamic calligraphy 9549:Syrian nationalism 9529:Libyan nationalism 9489:Greater Mauritania 9405:The Arab Awakening 9388:United Arab States 9363:Rejectionist Front 9170:Gamal Abdel Nasser 8981:Yemeni unification 8971:Lebanese Civil War 8951:17 July Revolution 8921:Ramadan Revolution 8896:14 July Revolution 8317:Montenegrinization 7702:Parole de l'Orient 7509:. 20 November 2020 7156:Deanesly, Margaret 6879:on 5 October 2015. 6872:Human Rights Watch 6835:Human Rights Watch 6742:on 25 October 2016 6701:Human Rights Watch 6581:. pp. 77–79. 6326:2015-03-08 at the 6319:Morris, M. 2007. " 5904:10.5070/L421005130 5426:Chronique d'Égypte 5407:Oriental Institute 4842:(September 1997). 4544: 4516:Visigothic kingdom 4148:and following the 4118:Languages of Sudan 4064:Another language, 3974:Algerian Civil War 3966:1988 October Riots 3955:Muslim Brotherhood 3839: 3696: 3587: 3461:Northern Europeans 3449:Mozarabic language 3374: 3190:Rashidun Caliphate 3102:Rashidun Caliphate 3100:On the eve of the 3031: 2903: 2872:Church of the East 2835:. They arrived in 2810:Nabataean language 2802:Nabataean alphabet 2704:Islamic Golden Age 2180:Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad 2008:Beast of the Earth 1963:Sicilian Questions 1794:Islamic Platonism 1747:Arabic mathematics 1297:Arabic short story 1292:Literary_criticism 484:Islamic embroidery 454:Arabic calligraphy 43: 9580: 9579: 9509:Iraqi nationalism 9200:Constantin Zureiq 9050:Abdul Rahman Arif 9030:Butrus al-Bustani 8716: 8715: 8683:Identity politics 8572: 8571: 8302:Macedonianization 7901:978-1-904-98262-3 7878:978-1-400-82548-6 7848:978-0-8161-1815-1 7806:978-0-429-96199-1 7787:978-0-521-86083-3 7768:978-1-84277-697-1 7732:978-1-135-19371-3 7688:978-0-299-03944-8 7661:978-3-110-19628-3 7642:978-9-231-03830-3 7623:978-0-802-82417-2 7507:Los Angeles Times 7491:on 16 April 2016. 7352:The Straits Times 7334:Malay Mail Online 7293:978-0-8403-3299-8 7263:978-0-8047-5296-1 7126:. pp. 9–19. 7084:978-0-7864-5127-2 6816:978-1-84904-435-6 6784:978-0-203-89211-4 6588:978-0-8444-0750-0 6052:978-1-107-15544-2 6025:978-1-84769-011-1 5998:James McDougall. 5985:978-0-7735-7254-6 5871:978-0-8108-7919-5 5649:978-1-62894-349-8 5622:978-92-3-104153-2 5569:978-81-261-0403-1 5544:978-0-395-65237-4 5504:978-0-415-62286-8 5472:978-92-3-101709-4 5387:978-90-04-35761-7 5341:978-1-931745-96-3 5162:978-3-447-04491-2 5115:978-90-04-10763-2 5068:978-90-04-09791-9 5021:978-0-7007-0411-8 4971:978-90-04-10763-2 4944:Durham University 4921:Leonid Kogan and 4895:Leonid Kogan and 4751:978-0-521-89807-2 4492:Iberian Peninsula 4466:Emirate of Sicily 4299:Qamishli massacre 4295:Arab Belt Project 4204:Al-Anfal Campaign 3959:Houari Boumediene 3934:Algerian identity 3896:metropolitan core 3778:national language 3767:Arabian peninsula 3623:Northern Sudanese 3547:Sicilian language 3503:Emirate of Sicily 3491:Andalusian Arabic 2958:Old South Arabian 2786:Nabataean Kingdom 2778: 2777: 2770: 2673:Arabian Peninsula 2669:Muslims conquests 2574: 2551: 2550: 1851:Al-Insān al-Kāmil 1762:Arabic technology 1757:Arabic psychology 1742:Arabic Golden Age 509:Islamic Metalwork 265:Stucco decoration 39:Umayyad Caliphate 9615: 9608:Arabic languages 9570: 9569: 9443:Eagle of Saladin 9150:Amin al-Husseini 9115:Faisal I of Iraq 9085:Sultan al-Atrash 9080:Mansur al-Atrash 9055:Abdul Salam Arif 8864:War of Attrition 8750:Arab nationalism 8743: 8736: 8729: 8720: 8719: 8661:Dominant culture 8644:Related concepts 8606:De-russification 8594:De-stalinization 8589:De-communization 8526:Christianization 8516: 8515: 8368:or Latinization 8322:Norwegianization 8298:or Hungarization 8272: 8113:Colombianization 8015:Native Americans 7977: 7970: 7963: 7954: 7953: 7945:) - PhD thesis, 7922: 7905: 7882: 7870: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7831: 7810: 7791: 7772: 7753: 7736: 7717: 7692: 7673: 7646: 7627: 7596: 7595: 7577: 7576: 7570: 7562: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7536: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7487:. Archived from 7485:Malaysian Digest 7476: 7470: 7469: 7468:. 24 March 2016. 7458: 7452: 7451: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7403: 7397: 7396: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7372:. 28 March 2016. 7362: 7356: 7355: 7344: 7338: 7337: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7278:Basheer K. Nijim 7274: 7268: 7267: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7196: 7190: 7189: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7103: 7097: 7096: 7058: 7049: 7048: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6977:Uri Ram (2017). 6974: 6968: 6967: 6947: 6941: 6940: 6920: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6892: 6881: 6880: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6845: 6839: 6838: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6802: 6796: 6795: 6794:on 4 March 2016. 6793: 6787:. Archived from 6776: 6765: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6741: 6730: 6722: 6705: 6704: 6693: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6657: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6638:. Afrik-news.com 6631: 6625: 6624: 6619:. Archived from 6609: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6592: 6568: 6559: 6550: 6549: 6533: 6516: 6515: 6487: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6466:on 15 March 2016 6465: 6459:. Archived from 6454: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6380: 6374: 6367: 6361: 6360:28.2/3, 358-361. 6354: 6348: 6339:Peterson, J.E. " 6337: 6331: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6186: 6180: 6174: 6168: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6140: 6134: 6131: 6125: 6122: 6116: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6009: 6003: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5930: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5828: 5822: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5777: 5768: 5767: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5725: 5719: 5714:Alan Moorehead, 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5528: 5518: 5509: 5508: 5488: 5477: 5476: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5432:(186): 415–420. 5417: 5411: 5410: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5325: 5319: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5260: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5210: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5180: 5176: 5174: 5166: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5133: 5129: 5127: 5119: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5086: 5082: 5080: 5072: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5039: 5035: 5033: 5025: 5005: 4996: 4995: 4989: 4985: 4983: 4975: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4940: 4932: 4926: 4923:Andrey Korotayev 4919: 4913: 4906: 4900: 4897:Andrey Korotayev 4893: 4887: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4779: 4773: 4765: 4756: 4755: 4735: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4710: 4668:Arab nationalism 4540:Syrian Civil War 4391:could settle in 4357:Kurdish language 4325:Arab Nationalist 4029:Harsusi language 3982:Berber languages 3927:Arab nationalism 3843:Arab nationalist 3835: 3829: 3823: 3810:Arab nationalism 3543:Maltese language 3511:Emirate of Crete 3198:Coptic variation 3174:Qedarite Kingdom 2962:Classical Arabic 2833:Byzantine Empire 2794:Christianization 2773: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2753: 2722: 2714: 2681:various dialects 2626:Arab nationalist 2579: 2569: 2567: 2543: 2536: 2529: 2220:Princess Jasmine 2205:Layla and Majnun 2190:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 2138:She-Camel of God 2133:Shams al-Ma'arif 1943:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 1809:Sufi metaphysics 1737:Arabic geography 1732:Arabic astronomy 1727:Arabic astrology 1722:Arabic chemistry 1287:Arabic grimoires 1267: 1040:Chaabi (Morocco) 1035:Chaabi (Algeria) 819:Arab tone system 638: 630: 622: 614: 606: 598: 469:Arabic miniature 195:Islamic ornament 68: 45: 44: 9623: 9622: 9618: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9613: 9612: 9583: 9582: 9581: 9576: 9558: 9494:Greater Morocco 9467: 9463:Pan-Arab colors 9458:Hawk of Quraish 9424: 9392: 9243:Arab Federation 9204: 9190:Abdullah Rimawi 9165:Mostéfa Merarda 9120:Muammar Gaddafi 9100:Ahmed Ben Bella 9075:Jamal al-Atassi 9065:Bashar al-Assad 9016: 8985: 8966:Black September 8844:Anglo-Iraqi War 8788: 8752: 8747: 8717: 8712: 8708:Monoculturalism 8639: 8628:De-sinicization 8601:De-nazification 8577:Opposite trends 8568: 8540: 8514: 8396:Sanskritization 8361:Romanianization 8327:Pakistanization 8266: 8202:Hispanicization 8192:Hawaiianization 8148:Europeanization 8143:Estonianization 8098:Canadianization 8005:Americanization 7986: 7981: 7929: 7902: 7879: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7807: 7788: 7769: 7733: 7689: 7662: 7643: 7624: 7593: 7574: 7560:"Jā'alin" 7550: 7545: 7544: 7534: 7532: 7526: 7522: 7512: 7510: 7501: 7500: 7496: 7477: 7473: 7460: 7459: 7455: 7442: 7441: 7437: 7430:The Star Online 7422: 7418: 7405: 7404: 7400: 7381: 7377: 7364: 7363: 7359: 7346: 7345: 7341: 7328: 7327: 7323: 7313: 7311: 7306: 7305: 7301: 7294: 7275: 7271: 7264: 7248: 7244: 7234: 7232: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7209: 7207: 7197: 7193: 7186: 7153: 7149: 7142: 7104: 7100: 7085: 7059: 7052: 7045: 7029: 7025: 7018: 7002: 6998: 6991: 6975: 6971: 6964: 6948: 6944: 6937: 6921: 6917: 6907: 6905: 6902:The Independent 6893: 6884: 6865: 6864: 6860: 6855:. 16 June 2005. 6847: 6846: 6842: 6829: 6828: 6824: 6817: 6803: 6799: 6791: 6785: 6774: 6766: 6755: 6745: 6743: 6739: 6728: 6724: 6723: 6708: 6695: 6694: 6679: 6669: 6667: 6659: 6658: 6651: 6641: 6639: 6632: 6628: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6594: 6589: 6566: 6560: 6553: 6534: 6519: 6488: 6479: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6452: 6448: 6447: 6443: 6433: 6431: 6424: 6420: 6410: 6408: 6403: 6402: 6398: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6381: 6377: 6368: 6364: 6355: 6351: 6338: 6334: 6328:Wayback Machine 6318: 6314: 6304: 6302: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6274: 6270: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6239: 6237: 6232: 6231: 6227: 6217: 6215: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6195: 6193: 6187: 6183: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6162: 6152: 6150: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6128: 6123: 6119: 6114: 6110: 6079: 6075: 6064: 6060: 6053: 6037: 6033: 6026: 6010: 6006: 5997: 5993: 5986: 5970: 5966: 5931: 5912: 5883: 5879: 5872: 5856: 5852: 5845: 5829: 5825: 5820: 5816: 5809: 5793: 5789: 5778: 5771: 5760: 5756: 5748: 5744: 5734: 5732: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5713: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5688: 5684: 5676: 5672: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5634: 5630: 5623: 5607: 5603: 5593: 5591: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5556: 5552: 5545: 5519: 5512: 5505: 5489: 5480: 5473: 5457: 5453: 5418: 5414: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5372: 5368: 5353: 5349: 5342: 5326: 5322: 5310: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5282: 5278: 5270: 5263: 5251: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5227: 5223: 5211: 5202: 5194: 5190: 5178: 5177: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5147: 5143: 5131: 5130: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5100: 5096: 5084: 5083: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5053: 5049: 5037: 5036: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5006: 4999: 4987: 4986: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4956: 4952: 4938: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4920: 4916: 4907: 4903: 4894: 4890: 4881: 4877: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4810: 4806: 4795: 4791: 4780: 4776: 4766: 4759: 4752: 4736: 4725: 4717: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4693:Spread of Islam 4663: 4646:Abdul Aziz Bari 4583:Iraqi Kurdistan 4552:State of Israel 4524: 4482: 4458: 4453: 4433: 4301: 4287: 4206: 4198:Main articles: 4196: 4177: 4135:Sudanese Arabic 4120: 4114: 4102:Tunisian Arabic 4097: 4075: 4050:Shehri language 3990: 3943:Algerian Arabic 3911:Ahmed Ben Bella 3891: 3837: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3819: 3812: 3806: 3688: 3682: 3613:, uncle of the 3559: 3499: 3433:Roman Catholics 3391: 3288:African Romance 3280:Arabic language 3232:Semitic culture 3228: 3218: 3194:Coptic language 3162:Sinai Peninsula 3158: 3152: 3098: 3088: 3041:Christian Arabs 3023: 3009: 2989:Qahtanite Arabs 2951: 2949:Southern Arabia 2945: 2943:Southern Arabia 2914: 2908: 2895: 2884:Sasanian Empire 2860:Lakhmid Kingdom 2837:Byzantine Syria 2814:Arabic language 2774: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2739: 2723: 2712: 2667:and subsequent 2610:ethnic identity 2590:Arabic language 2547: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2420:Isāf and Nā'ila 2251: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2153:Zarqa al Yamama 2018:Book of Wonders 1987: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1908:Liber de Causis 1814:Sufi philosophy 1778: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1752:Arabic medicine 1716: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1265: 1259:Epic literature 1221: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1114: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1100: 1050:Fann at-Tanbura 869:Kitab al-Aghani 805: 795: 794: 793: 653: 643: 642: 636: 628: 620: 612: 604: 596: 590: 580: 579: 578: 576: 459:Arabic graffiti 411: 401: 400: 399: 397: 302:Albarrana tower 245:Reflecting pool 235:Nagash painting 127: 78: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9621: 9611: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9574: 9563: 9560: 9559: 9557: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9475: 9473: 9472:Related topics 9469: 9468: 9466: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9434: 9432: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9422: 9415: 9408: 9400: 9398: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9338:Islamic Legion 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9228:Al-Mourabitoun 9225: 9220: 9214: 9212: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9202: 9197: 9195:Hamdeen Sabahi 9192: 9187: 9185:Fuad al-Rikabi 9182: 9177: 9175:Adnan Pachachi 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9145:Saddam Hussein 9142: 9137: 9135:Sati' al-Husri 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9070:Hafez al-Assad 9067: 9062: 9060:Zaki al-Arsuzi 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9026: 9024: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8993: 8991: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8941:Aden Emergency 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8886:Iraqi Intifada 8883: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8871: 8869:Yom Kippur War 8866: 8861: 8856: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8830: 8829: 8819: 8814: 8813: 8812: 8802: 8796: 8794: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8764:Arab socialism 8760: 8758: 8754: 8753: 8746: 8745: 8738: 8731: 8723: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8698:Language shift 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8674: 8673: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8647: 8645: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8637: 8630: 8625: 8624: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8603: 8598: 8597: 8596: 8586: 8584:De-arabization 8580: 8578: 8574: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8567: 8566: 8565: 8564: 8554: 8548: 8546: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8522: 8520: 8513: 8512: 8510:Zairianization 8507: 8502: 8500:Westernization 8497: 8495:Vietnamization 8492: 8487: 8482: 8480:Turkmenization 8477: 8476: 8475: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8448:Talibanization 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8408: 8403: 8401:Serbianization 8398: 8393: 8391:Saffronization 8388: 8387: 8386: 8376: 8375: 8374: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8352: 8351: 8344:Persianization 8341: 8340: 8339: 8332:Pashtunization 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8293: 8291:Lithuanization 8288: 8286:Latvianization 8283: 8278: 8273: 8261: 8256: 8255: 8254: 8252:Japanification 8244: 8242:Italianization 8239: 8238: 8237: 8227: 8222: 8220:Indigenization 8217: 8216: 8215: 8205: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8182:Georgification 8179: 8174: 8173: 8172: 8162: 8157: 8156: 8155: 8153:Westernization 8145: 8140: 8138:Dutchification 8135: 8130: 8128:Cypriotization 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8088:Bosniakization 8085: 8084: 8083: 8073: 8072: 8071: 8064:Belarusization 8061: 8059:Araucanization 8056: 8055: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8029: 8024: 8023: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8002: 7997: 7995:Africanization 7991: 7988: 7987: 7980: 7979: 7972: 7965: 7957: 7951: 7950: 7935: 7928: 7927:External links 7925: 7924: 7923: 7906: 7900: 7883: 7877: 7860: 7847: 7832: 7811: 7805: 7792: 7786: 7773: 7767: 7754: 7737: 7731: 7718: 7693: 7687: 7674: 7660: 7647: 7641: 7628: 7622: 7609: 7590: 7571: 7557:, ed. (1911). 7555:Chisholm, Hugh 7549: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7520: 7494: 7471: 7453: 7435: 7416: 7398: 7375: 7357: 7339: 7321: 7299: 7292: 7269: 7262: 7242: 7217: 7191: 7184: 7147: 7140: 7098: 7083: 7050: 7043: 7023: 7016: 6996: 6989: 6969: 6962: 6942: 6935: 6915: 6882: 6858: 6840: 6822: 6815: 6797: 6783: 6753: 6706: 6677: 6649: 6626: 6623:on 2 May 2010. 6604: 6587: 6551: 6517: 6498:(2): 195–203. 6477: 6441: 6418: 6396: 6375: 6362: 6349: 6347:58.2, 254-269. 6332: 6312: 6287: 6268: 6247: 6225: 6203: 6181: 6169: 6160: 6135: 6126: 6117: 6108: 6073: 6058: 6051: 6031: 6024: 6004: 5991: 5984: 5964: 5910: 5877: 5870: 5850: 5843: 5823: 5814: 5807: 5787: 5769: 5754: 5742: 5720: 5707: 5682: 5680:, p. 103. 5670: 5655: 5648: 5628: 5621: 5601: 5590:on 27 May 2013 5575: 5568: 5550: 5543: 5529:(6 ed.). 5510: 5503: 5478: 5471: 5451: 5412: 5393: 5386: 5366: 5347: 5340: 5320: 5312:Ellenblum 2006 5304: 5302:, p. 182. 5292: 5276: 5274:, p. 183. 5261: 5245: 5243:, p. 292. 5233: 5221: 5213:al-Hassan 2001 5200: 5188: 5161: 5141: 5114: 5094: 5067: 5047: 5020: 4997: 4970: 4950: 4927: 4914: 4901: 4888: 4875: 4840:Rein Taagepera 4831: 4824: 4804: 4789: 4774: 4757: 4750: 4723: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4650: 4638: 4627: 4593: 4586: 4575: 4534:expresses the 4523: 4520: 4481: 4478: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4432: 4431:De-Arabization 4429: 4286: 4283: 4271:Anfal campaign 4209:Saddam Hussein 4195: 4192: 4176: 4173: 4169:lingua francas 4131:Nilotic people 4116:Main article: 4113: 4110: 4096: 4093: 4074: 4071: 3989: 3986: 3919:Arab socialism 3890: 3887: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3805: 3802: 3700:medieval times 3684:Main article: 3681: 3678: 3652:In 1846, Arab 3631:Funj Sultanate 3558: 3555: 3549:, which is an 3527:Arabic culture 3517:), and Malta ( 3507:as-Siqilliyyah 3498: 3495: 3472:Sephardic Jews 3457:"Neo-Mozarabs" 3390: 3387: 3379:Bedouin Arabic 3238:and later the 3217: 3214: 3202:Greek alphabet 3166:Eastern desert 3151: 3148: 3087: 3084: 3017:Bahrani people 3013:Eastern Arabia 3008: 3005: 2944: 2941: 2910:Main article: 2907: 2904: 2894: 2891: 2776: 2775: 2726: 2724: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2618:language shift 2549: 2548: 2546: 2545: 2538: 2531: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2423: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2195:Kara Ben Nemsi 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2170:Abdul Alhazred 2167: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1971: 1970: 1968:Fusus al-Hikam 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1841:Al-aql al-faal 1832: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1528: 1523: 1514:Arabic prosody 1510: 1509: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1266:(ryhmed prose) 1261: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 988:Qudud Halabiya 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 938:Andalusi nubah 935: 924: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 886:Arabic hip hop 883: 872: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 824:Algerian scale 821: 816: 807: 806: 801: 800: 797: 796: 792: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 769:Robe of honour 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 710: 709: 704: 702:Tarboush (fez) 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 655: 654: 649: 648: 645: 644: 641: 640: 637:(North Africa) 632: 624: 616: 608: 600: 591: 586: 585: 582: 581: 574: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 536:Damascus steel 533: 528: 523: 512: 511: 506: 501: 496: 494:Islamic garden 491: 486: 481: 476: 474:Arabic pottery 471: 466: 461: 456: 445: 444: 443: 442: 437: 427: 422: 413: 412: 407: 406: 403: 402: 395: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 357:Medina quarter 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 293: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 225:Multifoil arch 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 170:Horseshoe arch 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 125: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 80: 79: 74: 73: 70: 69: 61: 60: 58:Arabic culture 54: 53: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9620: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9573: 9565: 9564: 9561: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9504:Greater Yemen 9502: 9500: 9499:Greater Syria 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9476: 9474: 9470: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9431: 9427: 9421: 9420: 9416: 9414: 9413: 9409: 9407: 9406: 9402: 9401: 9399: 9395: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9210:Organizations 9207: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9130:George Habash 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9110:Izzat Darwaza 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9045:Yasser Arafat 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9023: 9022:Personalities 9019: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8997:Arab identity 8995: 8994: 8992: 8988: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8911:Arab Cold War 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8811: 8808: 8807: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8791: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8744: 8739: 8737: 8732: 8730: 8725: 8724: 8721: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8678:Globalization 8676: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8648: 8646: 8642: 8636: 8635: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8611:Korenizatsiia 8609: 8608: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8595: 8592: 8591: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8575: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8552:Cyrillization 8550: 8549: 8547: 8543: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8521: 8517: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8485:Ukrainization 8483: 8481: 8478: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8469: 8468:Turkification 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8453:Taiwanization 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8443:Swedification 8441: 8439: 8438:Swahilization 8436: 8434: 8433:Sovietization 8431: 8429: 8428:Slovakization 8426: 8424: 8423:Slavicization 8421: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8406:Sinhalization 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8380: 8379:Russification 8377: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8345: 8342: 8338: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8312:Mongolization 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8297: 8296:Magyarization 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8281:Kurdification 8279: 8277: 8276:Koreanization 8274: 8270: 8265: 8264:Kazakhization 8262: 8260: 8257: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8236: 8233: 8232: 8231: 8230:Israelization 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8208:Indianization 8206: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8197:Hellenization 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8187:Germanization 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8177:Gaelicization 8175: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8160:Finnicization 8158: 8154: 8151: 8150: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8108:Chilenization 8106: 8104: 8103:Celticization 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8093:Bulgarization 8091: 8089: 8086: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8077: 8076:Bengalization 8074: 8070: 8067: 8066: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8027:Anglicization 8025: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7989: 7985: 7978: 7973: 7971: 7966: 7964: 7959: 7958: 7955: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7907: 7903: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7884: 7880: 7874: 7869: 7868: 7861: 7850: 7844: 7841:. G.K. Hall. 7840: 7839: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7812: 7808: 7802: 7799:. Routledge. 7798: 7793: 7789: 7783: 7779: 7774: 7770: 7764: 7760: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7738: 7734: 7728: 7725:. Routledge. 7724: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7694: 7690: 7684: 7680: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7653: 7648: 7644: 7638: 7634: 7629: 7625: 7619: 7615: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7605:public domain 7600: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7586:public domain 7581: 7572: 7568: 7567: 7561: 7556: 7552: 7551: 7531: 7524: 7508: 7504: 7498: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7475: 7467: 7463: 7457: 7449: 7445: 7439: 7432:. JOHOR BARU. 7431: 7427: 7420: 7412: 7408: 7402: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7379: 7371: 7370:Asia Sentinel 7367: 7361: 7353: 7349: 7343: 7335: 7331: 7325: 7309: 7303: 7295: 7289: 7285: 7284: 7279: 7273: 7265: 7259: 7255: 7254: 7246: 7231: 7227: 7221: 7206: 7202: 7195: 7187: 7185:9780367184582 7181: 7177: 7173: 7172:New York City 7169: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7151: 7143: 7141:9781139167741 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7120:New York City 7117: 7113: 7109: 7102: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7057: 7055: 7046: 7044:9781351009065 7040: 7037:. Routledge. 7036: 7035: 7027: 7019: 7017:9781137341112 7013: 7009: 7008: 7000: 6992: 6990:9783319593272 6986: 6982: 6981: 6973: 6965: 6963:9781584875277 6959: 6955: 6954: 6946: 6938: 6936:9780801459986 6932: 6928: 6927: 6919: 6904: 6903: 6898: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6878: 6874: 6873: 6868: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6844: 6836: 6832: 6826: 6818: 6812: 6808: 6801: 6790: 6786: 6780: 6773: 6772: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6738: 6734: 6727: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6702: 6698: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6666: 6665:hamshahri.org 6662: 6656: 6654: 6637: 6630: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6608: 6601: 6600:public domain 6590: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6556: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6462: 6458: 6451: 6445: 6429: 6422: 6406: 6400: 6385: 6379: 6372: 6366: 6359: 6353: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6329: 6325: 6322: 6316: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6257: 6251: 6235: 6229: 6213: 6207: 6192: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6164: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6130: 6121: 6112: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6077: 6069: 6062: 6054: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6035: 6027: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6008: 6001: 5995: 5987: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5905: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5881: 5873: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5854: 5846: 5844:9780520945791 5840: 5836: 5835: 5827: 5818: 5810: 5808:9781137589392 5804: 5800: 5799: 5791: 5783: 5776: 5774: 5765: 5758: 5752:, pp. 9. 5751: 5746: 5730: 5724: 5717: 5716:The Blue Nile 5711: 5695: 5694: 5686: 5679: 5678:Chisholm 1911 5674: 5666: 5659: 5651: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5632: 5624: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5605: 5589: 5585: 5579: 5571: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5527: 5526: 5517: 5515: 5506: 5500: 5496: 5495: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5474: 5468: 5464: 5463: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5416: 5408: 5404: 5397: 5389: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5351: 5343: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5324: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5301: 5296: 5289: 5285: 5280: 5273: 5268: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5249: 5242: 5237: 5231:, p. 19. 5230: 5225: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5198:, p. 314 5197: 5196:Levinson 1995 5192: 5184: 5172: 5164: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5145: 5137: 5125: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5098: 5090: 5078: 5070: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5051: 5043: 5031: 5023: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5004: 5002: 4993: 4981: 4973: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4954: 4946: 4945: 4937: 4931: 4924: 4918: 4911: 4905: 4898: 4892: 4885: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4835: 4827: 4825:9781137589392 4821: 4817: 4816: 4808: 4800: 4793: 4785: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4764: 4762: 4753: 4747: 4743: 4742: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4716: 4709: 4705: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4547: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4512:Christianized 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4488: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4402: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4370: 4365: 4363: 4358: 4352: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4282: 4279: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4188:Black African 4185: 4181: 4172: 4170: 4165: 4163: 4160:languages or 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4109: 4105: 4103: 4092: 4088: 4085: 4084:Istiqal Party 4079: 4070: 4067: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3907:Evian Accords 3903: 3901: 3897: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3816: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3721: 3718:and southern 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3704:Baggara Arabs 3701: 3692: 3687: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3658:Hejazi Arabic 3655: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3583: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3539:Siculo-Arabic 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3494: 3492: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3370: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3326:Zirid dynasty 3323: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3240:Carthaginians 3237: 3233: 3227: 3223: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3170:eastern Delta 3167: 3163: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3144:First Crusade 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2974:South Semitic 2971: 2967: 2966:Arabic script 2963: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2899: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2874:, founded in 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2806:Arabic script 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2772: 2769: 2761: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2727:This section 2725: 2721: 2716: 2715: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2677:lingua franca 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2661:rise of Islam 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2572: 2563: 2559: 2558:Arabicization 2555: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2521: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2250: 2245: 2244: 2236: 2235:Talia al Ghul 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2013:Book of Idols 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1980: 1974: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1846:Aql bi-l-fi'l 1844: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1799:Islamic Logic 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1771: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1709: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1328: 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Brill. 5181:ignored ( 5171:cite book 5134:ignored ( 5124:cite book 5087:ignored ( 5077:cite book 5040:ignored ( 5030:cite book 4990:ignored ( 4980:cite book 4596:Berberism 4568:Sephardim 4558:, use of 4502:in 1236. 4317:Turcomans 4313:Armenians 4309:Assyrians 4237:Turcomans 4233:Armenians 4221:Assyrians 3716:Lake Chad 3680:The Sahel 3607:Abu Hamad 3350:Al-Mu'izz 3295:Aghlabids 3261:From the 3135:Christian 3003:instead. 2983:Although 2880:Asōristān 2858:The Arab 2819:The Arab 2798:Nabateans 2729:does not 2571:romanized 2300:Al-Kutbay 2128:Shadhavar 2093:Mount Qaf 2068:Karkadann 1985:Mythology 1871:Asabiyyah 1829:Averroism 1660:Palestine 1582:Mutadārik 1579:Mutaqārib 1570:Mujtathth 1422:Tardiyyah 1242:Classical 1185:Schikhatt 1150:Khaleegy 927:Art music 754:Jellabiya 667:Battoulah 521:Arabesque 515:Features 377:Shadirvan 180:Hypostyle 145:Arabesque 129:Features 97:Nabataean 41:in 686 CE 9572:Category 9514:Islamism 9223:Al-Fatat 8990:Concepts 8757:Ideology 8170:Brussels 7943:Abstract 7411:TEMPO.CO 7389:Suara TV 7158:(2019). 7063:"Sicily" 6470:30 April 6373:", 2010. 6324:Archived 6305:30 April 6153:23 April 5361:Academia 4688:Islamism 4661:See also 4649:remarks. 4425:Damascus 4321:Mhallami 4249:Mandeans 3923:Islamism 3794:Cameroon 3763:Juhaynah 3757:and the 3743:Cameroon 3720:Kordofan 3674:Bedawiye 3654:Rashaida 3633:and the 3619:Muhammad 3617:prophet 3603:Khartoum 3576:Juhaynah 3574:and the 3519:al-Malta 3476:Saqaliba 3410:Mozarabs 3404:Iberia ( 3363:Andalusi 3322:Fatimids 3307:Fatimids 3303:Salihids 3299:Idrisids 3210:Egyptian 3206:Mameluke 3182:Nabatean 3178:Qedarite 3130:Abbasids 3057:Akkadian 2922:Rashidun 2415:Yarhibol 2395:Malakbel 2265:Al-‘Uzzá 2175:Ali Baba 2148:Zulfiqar 1835:Concepts 1819:Farabism 1610:Djibouti 1567:Muqtaḍab 1561:Munsariħ 1504:Ghinnawa 1479:Riddles 1464:Mathnawi 1226:Language 1180:Shamadan 1145:Hagallah 998:Tahmilah 779:Takchita 739:Durra'ah 734:Djellaba 713:Clothing 687:Madhalla 677:Keffiyeh 657:Headwear 611:Mashriq 605:(Levant) 561:Muqarnas 280:Voussoir 275:Vaulting 270:Tadelakt 260:Socarrat 230:Muqarnas 50:a series 48:Part of 9218:Al-Awda 8793:History 8621:Ukraine 8384:Finland 8042:Berbers 7535:14 June 7513:14 June 6837:. 2010. 6746:25 June 6703:. 1996. 6358:Arabica 5937:(137). 5665:Sicilia 4870:2600793 4612:Morocco 4608:Algeria 4504:Granada 4500:Cordoba 4490:in the 4417:Yazidis 4393:Hasakeh 4381:Turkish 4339:titled 4241:Kawliya 4229:Shabaks 4225:Yezidis 4184:Berbers 4066:Bathari 3998:Kumzari 3970:Kabyles 3867:Bahrain 3851:Algeria 3790:Nigeria 3786:Senegal 3739:Nigeria 3686:Baggara 3666:Eritrea 3627:Nubians 3615:Islamic 3572:Ja'alin 3567:Red Sea 3535:customs 3453:Arabist 3441:Hispano 3435:of the 3429:culture 3414:Iberian 3342:Bedouin 3330:Bedouin 3311:Mashriq 3200:of the 3188:by the 3080:Solluba 3061:Aramaic 3053:Aramaic 3047:Arabs, 2926:Umayyad 2876:Assyria 2841:Aramean 2790:Aramaic 2750:removed 2735:sources 2663:in the 2650:Bahrain 2634:Algeria 2594:culture 2580:) is a 2573:: 2507:Yaghūth 2477:Basamum 2432:Almaqah 2400:Orotalt 2355:Al-Qaum 2350:Aglibol 2285:Chaabou 2280:Dushara 2230:Sindbad 2210:Othello 2165:Aladdin 2123:Shaddad 2003:Bahamut 1714:Science 1690:Tunisia 1675:Somalia 1650:Morocco 1635:Lebanon 1605:Comoros 1600:Bahrain 1595:Algeria 1573:Muḍāriʿ 1508:Humayni 1432:Hamasah 1324:Islamic 1307:Tezkire 1302:Tabaqat 1195:Tanoura 1135:Deheyeh 1030:Bedouin 983:Qasidah 943:Bashraf 916:Khaliji 911:Al Jeel 764:Macawis 729:Burnous 697:Tantour 692:Taqiyah 629:(Sudan) 627:Mawset 621:(Egypt) 619:Mawset 595:Khalij 588:Cuisine 531:Banna'i 337:Madrasa 307:Alcázar 160:Gardens 155:Banna'i 117:Moorish 112:Fatimid 107:Abbasid 102:Umayyad 87:Islamic 25:Caliph 8047:Blacks 7917: 7898: 7875: 7845: 7826: 7803: 7784: 7765: 7748: 7729: 7712: 7685: 7668: 7658: 7639: 7620: 7597: 7578: 7290: 7260: 7182: 7168:London 7138: 7091: 7081: 7041: 7014: 6987: 6960: 6933: 6813: 6781: 6585: 6544: 6510: 6343:" In: 6236:. 2016 6214:. 2019 6101: 6049: 6022: 5982: 5957: 5949: 5868: 5841: 5805: 5646: 5619: 5566: 5541: 5537:–131. 5501: 5469: 5444: 5384: 5338: 5159: 5112: 5065: 5018: 4968: 4868: 4822: 4748: 4637:Sudan. 4600:Berber 4560:Hebrew 4496:Toledo 4445:Israel 4421:Ghouta 4362:Nowruz 4347:held: 4343:, the 4319:, and 4305:Rojava 4297:, and 4264:Saddam 4256:exiled 4247:, and 4043:UNESCO 4021:Hobyot 4010:Kumzar 3978:Berber 3883:French 3873:, and 3871:Kuwait 3834: 3828: 3822: 3796:, and 3755:Sahara 3702:, the 3563:nomads 3533:, and 3445:Gothic 3383:Sahara 3272:Berber 3256:Berber 3248:Vandal 3244:Romans 3234:: the 3186:Romans 3164:, the 3115:Uthman 3076:Hutaym 3065:Syriac 3051:, and 3019:, and 2976:, the 2968:. 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