3463:
3552:
3384:
3000:
3520:
44:
3567:
2759:
2839:
3508:
3493:
3368:
3414:
3099:
3399:
113:
3448:
3433:
3114:. The palaces were symbolically defended by walls, towers and gates. In some cases the outside walls carried decorative friezes. The palaces would have a bath house, a mosque, and a main castle. The entrance to the castle would usually be elaborate. Towers along the walls would often hold apartments with three or five rooms. These rooms were simple, indicating they were little more than places to sleep. The palaces often had a second floor holding formal meeting rooms and official apartments.
2790:. Almost all monuments from the Umayyad period that have survived are in Syria and Palestine. They also often re-used existing buildings. There was some innovation in decoration and in types of building. A significant amount of experimentation occurred as Umayyad patrons recruited craftsmen from across the empire and architects were allowed, or even encouraged, to mix elements from different artistic traditions and to disregard traditional conventions and restraints.
55:
3008:
reflected a wide variety of artistic styles used by mosaicists and painters since the 1st century CE, but the combined use of all these different styles in the same place was innovative at the time. Similar to the Dome of the Rock, built earlier by Abd al-Malik, vegetation and plants were the most common motif, but those of the
Damascus mosque are more naturalistic. In addition to the large landscape depictions, a mosaic frieze with an intricate
3024:. The only notable omission is the absence of human and animal figures, which was likely a new restriction imposed by the Muslim patron. Scholars have long debated the meaning of the mosaic imagery. Some historical Muslim writers and some modern scholars have interpreted them as a representation of all the cities in the known world (or within the Umayyad Caliphate at the time), while other scholars interpret them as a depiction of
3478:
5311:
2664:
6223:
6236:
3536:
5067:
33:
2854:(Temple Mount) in Jerusalem, is the oldest surviving major Islamic building. It is also an exceptional monument within the context of Umayyad and wider Islamic architecture, in terms of both its form and function. It was not a mosque but rather a shrine or commemorative monument, likely built to honour ancient religious associations with the site such as the
2972:(al-Walid's father) and now replaced by later constructions, had a layout very similar to the current Umayyad Mosque in Damascus and that it probably served as a model for the latter. The layout remains largely unchanged and some of the decoration has been preserved. The Great Mosque was built within the area of a Roman
3152:, or city, contained a mosque, an olive oil press and six large houses. Nearby there was a bath and some simpler houses. According to an inscription dated 728, the caliph provided significant funding for its development. The settlement has a Late Antiquity Mediterranean design, but was soon modified. The
2992:. A rich composition of marble paneling covered the lower walls, though only minor examples of the original marbles have survived today near the east gate. The marble window grilles in the great mosque, which diffuse the light, are worked in patterns of interlocking circles and squares, precursors to the
2922:
architecture, although all the aisles were the same width. In Syria, churches were converted to mosques by blocking up the west door and making entrances in the north wall. The direction of prayer was south towards Mecca, so the long axis of the building was at right angles to the direction of prayer.
3007:
Vast portions of the mosque's walls were decorated with mosaics, of which some original fragments have survived, including some that depict the houses, palaces and river valley of
Damascus. Byzantine artisans were reportedly employed to create them, and their imagery reflects a late Roman style. They
3130:
frescoes or paintings on the walls, with designs that show both eastern and western influences. One fresco in the bath of Qusayr 'Amra depicts six kings. Inscriptions below in Arabic and Greek identify the first four as the rulers of
Byzantium, Spain (at that time Visigothic), Persia and Abyssinia.
3129:
built in Syria, and construction mostly followed earlier Syrian methods with some
Byzantine and Mesopotamian elements. The baths derive from Roman models, but had smaller heated rooms and larger ornate rooms that would presumably have been used for entertainment. The palaces had floor mosaics and
2809:
Umayyad architecture is distinguished by the extent and variety of decoration, including mosaics, wall painting, sculpture and carved reliefs with
Islamic motifs. The Umayyads used local workers and architects. Some of their buildings cannot be distinguished from those of the previous regime.
2921:
In Syria, the
Umayyads preserved the overall concept of a court surrounded by porticos, with a deeper sanctuary, that had been developed in Medina. Rather than make the sanctuary a hypostyle hall, as was done in Iraq, they divided it into three aisles. This may have been derived from church
2793:
Most buildings in Syria were of high quality ashlar masonry, using large tightly-joined blocks, sometimes with carving on the facade. Stone barrel vaults were only used to roof small spans. Wooden roofs were used for larger spans, with the wood in Syria brought from the forests of
3084:, though it has been significantly modified in later periods. Its hypostyle layout resembles the early mosques of Medina, with seven naves running parallel to the qibla wall. This type of transverse configuration of the naves is reminiscent of Umayyad or early Medina mosques.
2987:
wall, a common arrangement in
Umayyad mosques in Syria. The court holds a small octagonal building on columns. This was the treasury of the Muslims, perhaps only symbolic, which was traditionally kept in a town's main mosque. The mosque was richly decorated with mosaics and
2982:
The
Damascus mosque is rectangular, 157.5 by 100 metres (517 by 328 ft), with a covered area 136 by 37 metres (446 by 121 ft) and a courtyard 122.5 by 50 metres (402 by 164 ft) surrounded by a portico. The prayer hall has three aisles parallel to the
3156:
originally had four gates, one in each wall, but three were soon walled up. The basic layout was formal, but the buildings often failed to comply with the plan. Most of the desert palaces were abandoned after the
Umayyads fell from power, and remain as ruins.
2978:
from the first century. The exterior walls of the earlier building, once a temple of
Jupiter and later a church, were retained, although the southern entrances were walled up and new entrances made in the north wall. The interior was completely rebuilt.
2877:. It consists of an octagonal structure, inside of which is another octagon formed by piers and columns, and finally an inner circular ring of piers and columns at the center. Although the exterior of the building is now covered in 16th-century
2945:
had the first mihrab, a niche on the qibla wall, which seems to have represented the place where the Prophet stood when leading prayer. This almost immediately became a standard feature of all mosques. The
3056:
differs in shape, and the prayer hall is divided into only two aisles. This may be explained by construction of underground cisterns in the Abbasid period, causing the original structure to be narrowed.
3367:
2806:. Baked brick and mud brick were used in Mesopotamia, due to lack of stone. Where brick was used in Syria, the work was in the finer Mesopotamian style rather than the more crude Byzantine style.
2631:
in decoration, and a greater sense of scale and monumentality compared to previous Islamic buildings. The most important examples of Umayyad architecture are concentrated in the capital of
1323:
3413:
2623:, but introduced innovations in decoration and form. Under Umayyad patronage, Islamic architecture began to mature and acquire traditions of its own, such as the introduction of
2866:" of Muhammad. It was also built as a visual symbol of Islamic dominance and its high dome was likely designed to compete for prominence with the dome of the nearby Christian
3240:
2881:, both the exterior and interior were originally decorated with lavish mosaics, with the interior mosaics still mostly preserved today. The mosaics are entirely
5391:
196:
2910:
The earliest mosques were often makeshift. In Iraq, they evolved from square prayer enclosures. The ruins of two large Umayyad mosques have been found in
2889:. The imagery consists of vegetal motifs and other objects such as vases and chalices. The building was also decorated with long inscriptions containing
4726:
3462:
4051:
6280:
5101:
4061:
3551:
3595:
Other than the traces of its floor plan, almost nothing of the White Mosque's original Umayyad construction has survived to the present day.
2952:
also began appearing in mosques in cities or administrative centers, a throne-like structure with regal rather than religious connotations.
4856:
3519:
6193:
4947:
3036:
The Great Mosque of Damascus served as a model for later mosques. Similar layouts, scaled down, have been found in a mosque excavated in
1999:
3383:
5621:
2810:
However, in many cases eastern and western elements were combined to give a distinctive new Islamic style. For example, the walls at
311:
3003:
Section of the courtyard's western wall with significant remains of original Umayyad-era mosaics, depicting landscapes and buildings
3148:
to Iraq. A large walled enclosure 7 by 4 kilometres (4.3 by 2.5 mi) was presumably used to contain domestic animals. A walled
2587:
6137:
4719:
4462:
Flood, Finbarr Barry (1997). "Umayyad Survivals and Mamluk Revivals: Qalawunid Architecture and the Great Mosque of Damascus".
1974:
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4841:
4683:
4635:
4566:
4535:
4406:
4358:
4328:
4178:
3662:
Tabbaa, Yasser (2007). "Architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
2786:
and Byzantine art was particularly evident because political power and patronage was centered in Syria, formerly part of the
1363:
6132:
3492:
1979:
1741:
905:
2715:
in the west. The Umayyads built new cities, often unfortified military camps that provided bases for further conquests.
1338:
5094:
5070:
2734:
The empire was tolerant of existing customs in the conquered lands, creating resentment among those looking for a more
1984:
3507:
6270:
6265:
4712:
4662:
4614:
4593:
4452:
4431:
4422:
Enderlein, Volkmar (2011). "Syria and Palestine: The Umayyad Caliphate". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).
4383:
4099:
3925:
3875:
3737:
3633:
2818:
and Byzantine elements appear in the decorative carving. While figural scenes were notably present in monuments like
2014:
1328:
4195:
2822:, non-figural decoration and more abstract scenes became highly favoured, especially in religious architecture. The
5186:
5012:
3566:
2964:
was built by the caliph al-Walid I around 706–715. Some scholars have argued that the first Umayyad version of the
6285:
6106:
2859:
1840:
525:
2914:, Iraq. One is 240 by 156 feet (73 by 48 m) and the other 213 by 135 metres (699 by 443 ft). Both had
2615:. It drew extensively on the architecture of older Middle Eastern and Mediterranean civilizations including the
6275:
6203:
5884:
4866:
4851:
4067:
3447:
1421:
535:
3110:
The Umayyads are known for their desert palaces, some new and some adapted from earlier forts. The largest is
6260:
6183:
6178:
6173:
5129:
5087:
4219:
3398:
3377:(Qubbet as-Silsilla) on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, much renovated version of structure first built in 691
1716:
4491:
Grafman, Rafi; Rosen-Ayalon, Myriam (1999). "The Two Great Syrian Umayyad Mosques: Jerusalem and Damascus".
6188:
6168:
6163:
6142:
6015:
5403:
5247:
5139:
4921:
4861:
2878:
2867:
2580:
2261:
122:
2798:. These roofs usually had shallow pitches and rested on wooden trusses. Wooden domes were constructed for
5164:
3535:
2149:
1907:
1902:
1845:
1416:
3477:
3432:
5566:
4871:
4558:
2855:
2783:
2031:
1912:
979:
236:
4886:
5159:
5149:
5052:
5000:
4780:
1964:
1959:
1426:
1333:
572:
466:
5371:
5190:
3691:
6116:
5399:
5325:
4881:
3351:
2961:
1830:
910:
697:
2226:
5474:
5174:
4795:
4770:
3423:
3389:
3226:
2969:
2826:
appears for the first time in Umayyad architecture, later to evolve to its most advanced form in
2573:
2466:
641:
567:
520:
2862:. It acquired further layers of meaning over time and became most commonly associated with the "
5663:
5215:
5030:
4972:
4901:
4077:
3468:
3419:
3251:
3246:
3137:
3111:
2999:
2775:
2695:
their capital. Under the Umayyads the Arab empire continued to expand, eventually extending to
2079:
1994:
1897:
1835:
1706:
1656:
1305:
1293:
875:
143:
5134:
4552:
4318:
1241:
5869:
5272:
5230:
5210:
4891:
4673:
4521:
4394:
4348:
2779:
2724:
2044:
1969:
1646:
138:
96:
4625:
6215:
5969:
5262:
5252:
5237:
5220:
5205:
5195:
5144:
5124:
5110:
4896:
4810:
3526:
3301:
3235:
3192:
3049:
1431:
555:
550:
438:
163:
158:
153:
133:
8:
6227:
5985:
5827:
5757:
5729:
5668:
5561:
5242:
5225:
5200:
5179:
4982:
3339:
3020:
historical sources) once ran around the walls of the prayer hall, above the level of the
2934:
2894:
2815:
2814:
are built from cut stone in the Syrian manner, the vaults are Mesopotamian in design and
2700:
2189:
2179:
2104:
1793:
1736:
1726:
1696:
1661:
1641:
455:
261:
231:
168:
947:
5154:
4916:
4508:
4479:
3679:
3103:
2886:
2863:
2119:
2054:
2039:
2009:
1808:
1803:
1788:
1681:
1676:
1370:
1343:
942:
530:
500:
486:
43:
5924:
5336:
4735:
4679:
4658:
4631:
4610:
4589:
4562:
4531:
4448:
4427:
4402:
4379:
4354:
4324:
4174:
4095:
3921:
3871:
3866:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture (III. 661–c. 750)".
3733:
3667:
3629:
3624:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture (III. 661–c. 750)".
3374:
3291:
3285:
3198:
3187:
2712:
2604:
2295:
2276:
1822:
1783:
1731:
1721:
1711:
1686:
1671:
1634:
1265:
649:
393:
2758:
1520:
6081:
5889:
5767:
5611:
5601:
5524:
5331:
5040:
4500:
4471:
3558:
3542:
3405:
3314:
3296:
3279:
3177:
3061:
3045:
2847:
2838:
2787:
2739:
2640:
2620:
2266:
2251:
2236:
2184:
2089:
1989:
1892:
1855:
1798:
1778:
1773:
1746:
1666:
1525:
1288:
1196:
1086:
1081:
865:
770:
708:
673:
665:
515:
505:
408:
241:
74:
66:
3098:
2306:
6056:
5874:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5586:
5346:
4942:
4652:
4604:
4583:
4442:
4350:
The Arab Contribution to Islamic Art: From the Seventh to the Fifteenth Centuries
4296:
4294:
4292:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4017:
4015:
2819:
2767:
2652:
2648:
2616:
2543:
2416:
2271:
2199:
2164:
2064:
1954:
1860:
1701:
1505:
1231:
1096:
962:
952:
915:
681:
348:
291:
281:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
2311:
1226:
1191:
6030:
6025:
5914:
5816:
5704:
5673:
5351:
5341:
5035:
5025:
4760:
3499:
3326:
3256:
3093:
3041:
2823:
2644:
2636:
2456:
2241:
2216:
1887:
1768:
1760:
1560:
1490:
1206:
1181:
1034:
984:
932:
870:
815:
718:
582:
540:
403:
388:
296:
271:
216:
206:
112:
70:
4289:
4253:
4236:
4108:
4012:
4000:
1186:
6254:
5709:
5694:
4906:
4750:
3698:
3671:
3077:
2893:
inscriptions chosen to emphasize the superiority of Islam over the preceding
2612:
2498:
2336:
2281:
2059:
1585:
1567:
1076:
738:
657:
612:
545:
471:
3125:, but these were purely decorative. The fortress-like plan was derived from
6240:
5995:
5257:
4846:
4704:
3454:
3438:
3269:
3209:
3204:
3118:
3081:
2965:
2811:
2799:
2763:
2696:
2528:
2451:
2341:
2246:
2129:
1922:
1310:
1283:
1201:
1131:
1111:
900:
860:
849:
634:
597:
363:
104:
5361:
2750:. A branch of the Umayyad dynasty continued to rule in Iberia until 1051.
1580:
1572:
1451:
5842:
5576:
5556:
5047:
4911:
4836:
4800:
4606:
The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700
3274:
3182:
2929:
that divided the prayer room along its shorter axis. They also added the
2747:
2538:
2493:
2391:
2231:
1595:
1216:
1171:
1106:
1014:
937:
790:
785:
592:
510:
481:
476:
331:
54:
6040:
6000:
5811:
5546:
5459:
5395:
5079:
4990:
4775:
4675:
The Stylistic Origins of Umayyad Sculpture and Architectural Decoration
4512:
4483:
4344:
2942:
2827:
2684:
2503:
2431:
2411:
2406:
2004:
1870:
1691:
1500:
1278:
1211:
1158:
1024:
927:
810:
577:
433:
368:
256:
201:
6147:
6061:
5899:
4551:
Holt, Peter Malcolm; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1977-04-21).
3072:) belongs to a large complex built around the tomb of the governor of
353:
5832:
5790:
5772:
5541:
5464:
5409:
5356:
4815:
4805:
4527:
4441:
Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2001).
3483:
3214:
3172:
3122:
2993:
2915:
2882:
2874:
2803:
2735:
2728:
2688:
2628:
2513:
2483:
2346:
2174:
2139:
2114:
1917:
1875:
1865:
1515:
1039:
800:
748:
713:
423:
226:
191:
4504:
4475:
266:
5801:
5762:
5699:
5642:
5616:
5581:
5479:
5300:
4967:
4790:
4765:
4265:
3073:
3037:
2926:
2743:
2692:
2676:
2632:
2548:
2461:
2441:
2426:
2221:
2194:
1550:
1510:
1456:
1044:
825:
780:
733:
723:
607:
326:
321:
316:
306:
276:
5964:
5310:
4139:
3990:
3988:
3958:
2663:
2381:
2376:
2321:
1590:
6111:
5934:
5919:
5909:
5894:
5747:
5591:
5489:
5419:
5366:
4785:
4755:
3975:
3973:
3141:
3069:
2974:
2911:
2851:
2795:
2708:
2553:
2523:
2478:
2446:
2401:
2396:
2386:
2331:
2326:
2256:
2211:
2169:
2049:
1651:
1478:
1353:
1348:
1029:
989:
957:
775:
743:
383:
4440:
4300:
4259:
4247:
4121:
4021:
4006:
3916:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Jerusalem".
3771:
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3767:
3765:
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3761:
3715:
3134:
sculptures were sometimes incorporated in the palace buildings.
1392:
6071:
6020:
6010:
6005:
5990:
5958:
5929:
5904:
5879:
5806:
5752:
5678:
5626:
5606:
5494:
5484:
5469:
5454:
5066:
4995:
4962:
4937:
4831:
4090:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Damascus".
3985:
3145:
3131:
3126:
3065:
3025:
3017:
2989:
2948:
2938:
2930:
2918:
designs, with roofs supported by elaborately designed columns.
2624:
2533:
2518:
2508:
2361:
2316:
2159:
2154:
2144:
2124:
2074:
1545:
1540:
1530:
1495:
1461:
1409:
1402:
1387:
1382:
1318:
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1246:
1236:
1136:
1121:
1116:
1101:
1091:
1066:
1054:
1049:
1019:
1009:
1004:
895:
880:
820:
805:
753:
728:
617:
602:
587:
428:
398:
378:
373:
358:
336:
6222:
3970:
2996:
style that would become characteristic of Islamic decoration.
2742:, in the east. By 750 the Umayyads had been overthrown by the
1251:
1071:
967:
6086:
6066:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5657:
5647:
5596:
5551:
5536:
5530:
5504:
5499:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5414:
5295:
4977:
4957:
4952:
3758:
3728:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Mihrab".
3230:
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2984:
2890:
2716:
2704:
2608:
2558:
2488:
2421:
2371:
2366:
2351:
2134:
2099:
2094:
2084:
2069:
1937:
1927:
1850:
1600:
1535:
1377:
1358:
1221:
1176:
1166:
1141:
1126:
999:
890:
835:
830:
795:
765:
418:
413:
286:
251:
211:
186:
181:
32:
4523:
The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750
6076:
6035:
5821:
5795:
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5571:
5387:
4171:
Une architecture de lumière: Les arts de l'Islam en Algérie
3946:
3847:
3009:
2720:
2680:
2436:
2356:
2109:
1942:
1932:
1446:
1397:
994:
885:
301:
246:
221:
3837:
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3833:
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3827:
3825:
3800:
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3784:
2672:
4220:"Qantara - Mausoleum and Mosque of Sayyidī (Sidi) 'Uqba"
4277:
4151:
3934:
2723:
was the most important of these, and included a square
16:
Islamic architecture of the Umayyad period (661–750 AD)
4092:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
3918:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
3868:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
3822:
3781:
3730:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
3626:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
3810:
4039:
3746:
2774:
The Umayyads adopted the construction techniques of
2607:
between 661 and 750, primarily in its heartlands of
4602:
4490:
4145:
3964:
2671:The Umayyad Caliphate was established in 661 after
3140:is about 100 kilometres (62 mi) northeast of
3117:The fortress-like appearance was misleading. Thus
4127:
4027:
3884:
3102:Mosaic in the audience room of the bath house of
6252:
4550:
4392:
4271:
4089:
3994:
3979:
3915:
3865:
3775:
3727:
3623:
3080:' (d. 683). This mosque is one of the oldest in
2885:, a characteristic that would continue in later
2873:The building followed the design of a Byzantine
2707:in the south, the Atlantic coast of what is now
4320:Middle East, western Asia, and northern Africa
4301:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
4260:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
4248:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
4200:Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers
4173:. Museum With No Frontiers. 2017. p. 58.
4122:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
4022:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
4007:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
3716:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
2687:, governor of Syria, became the first Umayyad
5095:
4720:
2581:
4734:
2955:
2842:Interior of the Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem
5102:
5088:
4727:
4713:
2588:
2574:
2000:On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy
4678:. Vol. 1. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
4650:
4609:(5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
4421:
4057:
2667:The Umayyad empire at its greatest extent
5109:
4623:
4316:
4283:
4157:
3952:
3940:
3853:
3841:
3804:
3097:
2998:
2837:
2757:
2662:
2658:
4581:
4519:
4447:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press.
4196:"Sidi 'Uqba (mosque, minaret and tomb)"
4073:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3752:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3263:
6281:Architecture in the State of Palestine
6253:
4671:
4585:Gardner's Art through the Ages, Vol. I
4444:Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250
4393:Cytryn-Silverman, Katia (2009-10-31).
4353:. American University in Cairo Press.
3816:
3661:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
2905:
1975:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
5083:
4708:
4461:
4373:
4133:
4045:
3859:
2738:state. In 747, a revolution began in
3896:
3642:
2647:, and secular buildings such as the
4343:
4083:
4033:
3890:
3721:
3608:
3160:
3044:, and in a mosque in the palace of
2833:
1980:The Incoherence of the Philosophers
1635:National literatures of Arab States
13:
6138:Influences on Western architecture
4654:A Short History of the Middle Ages
4627:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
3426:in 727, following Byzantine style.
2802:and the Dome of the Rock, both in
2753:
1985:The Incoherence of the Incoherence
14:
6297:
4700:
4426:. H. F. Ullmann. pp. 58–87.
4193:
3087:
6234:
6221:
5309:
5065:
4603:Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome (2008).
4395:"The Umayyad Mosque of Tiberias"
3565:
3550:
3534:
3518:
3506:
3491:
3476:
3461:
3446:
3431:
3412:
3397:
3382:
3366:
3031:
2788:Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire
111:
53:
42:
31:
6107:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
4657:. University of Toronto Press.
4376:The Monuments of Syria: A Guide
4212:
4187:
4163:
3965:Grafman & Rosen-Ayalon 1999
3589:
3333:
4892:Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab
4877:Second siege of Constantinople
4867:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
4852:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
4651:Rosenwein, Barbara H. (2014).
4554:The Cambridge History of Islam
4272:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977
3995:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977
1:
4842:First siege of Constantinople
3664:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
3577:
2782:. The reuse of elements from
6199:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
4922:Umayyad rule in North Africa
4862:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
4520:Hawting, G. R (2002-01-04).
3602:
3513:Detail of the Mshatta facade
2868:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
2627:to mosques, a trend towards
7:
4424:Islam: Art and Architecture
4094:. Oxford University Press.
3920:. Oxford University Press.
3870:. Oxford University Press.
3732:. Oxford University Press.
3628:. Oxford University Press.
3572:Umayyad Qasr, Amman, Jordan
3422:, a castle built by caliph
2766:in Jordan, now held in the
2746:, who moved the capital to
2150:One Thousand and One Nights
10:
6302:
5567:Islamic geometric patterns
4897:Revolt of Harith b. Surayj
4872:Umayyad campaigns in India
4559:Cambridge University Press
4309:
3359:
3345:
3320:
3308:
3091:
3012:motif (referred to as the
2925:The Umayyads introduced a
2900:
2762:Part of the facade of the
1913:Arcs of Descent and Ascent
980:Andalusian classical music
906:Arabic musical instruments
237:Islamic geometric patterns
6212:
6156:
6125:
6099:
6049:
6001:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)
5978:
5862:
5855:
5781:
5738:
5687:
5635:
5513:
5429:
5380:
5318:
5307:
5288:
5281:
5117:
5063:
5053:Painting of the Six Kings
5011:
4930:
4824:
4743:
4624:Petersen, Andrew (1996).
3486:in Jordan, from the south
3166:
1960:The Theology of Aristotle
1427:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry
1324:Love in Arabic literature
573:Arabic geometric patterns
536:Islamic hardstone carving
467:Ancient South Arabian art
82:
24:
6271:8th-century architecture
6266:7th-century architecture
6117:Museum with No Frontiers
5036:Great Mosque of Damascus
4882:Umayyad invasion of Gaul
4857:Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath
4470:. Boston: Brill: 57–79.
3582:
3352:Great Mosque of Kairouan
3220:
2962:Great Mosque of Damascus
2956:Great Mosque of Damascus
2645:Great Mosque of Damascus
1329:Arabic erotic literature
526:Palestinian wood carving
71:Great Mosque of Damascus
6228:Architecture portal
4499:. Boston: Brill: 1–15.
3424:Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
2968:in Jerusalem, begun by
1836:Islamic Aristotelianism
1831:Early Arabic Philosophy
6286:Architecture in Jordan
6133:Indo-Saracenic Revival
5533:(multicoloured ashlar)
5031:Great Mosque of Aleppo
4887:Second Arab–Khazar War
4582:Kleiner, Fred (2013).
4323:. Marshall Cavendish.
4317:Aldosari, Ali (2006).
3469:Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi
3420:Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi
3252:Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi
3247:Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi
3241:Mabrak an-Naqah Mosque
3144:on the main road from
3138:Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi
3112:Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi
3107:
3004:
2933:to mosque design. The
2843:
2776:Byzantine architecture
2771:
2668:
2639:region, including the
2473:South Arabian deities
1995:Theologus Autodidactus
876:Rhythm in Arabic music
6276:Architecture in Syria
5870:Congregational mosque
5328:(four-arch structure)
5001:Arab–Sasanian coinage
4902:Revolt of Zayd b. Ali
4672:Talgam, Rina (2004).
4401:. BRILL. p. 49.
4374:Burns, Ross (2009) .
3980:Cytryn-Silverman 2009
3776:Cytryn-Silverman 2009
3525:Central vault of the
3498:Ruins of the city of
3101:
3092:Further information:
3002:
2846:The sanctuary of the
2841:
2780:Sasanian architecture
2761:
2666:
2659:Historical background
2302:North Arabian deities
2206:Fictional Arab people
2045:Atlantis of the Sands
1970:The Book of the Apple
551:Islamic ivory carving
6261:Umayyad architecture
6194:Ottoman architecture
6184:Moorish architecture
6179:Islamic architecture
6174:Iranian architecture
5597:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
5451:(or müezzin mahfili)
5111:Islamic architecture
5021:Umayyad architecture
4588:. Cengage Learning.
4146:Murphy-O'Connor 2008
3527:Qasr Hammam As Sarah
3471:in the Syrian desert
3264:Palestine and Israel
3236:Great Mosque of Hama
3193:Qasr Hammam As Sarah
2691:. The Umayyads made
2675:, the son-in-law of
2601:Umayyad architecture
1432:Modern Arabic poetry
1107:Gnawa (North Africa)
948:Classical Arab music
20:Umayyad architecture
6231: •
6218: •
6204:Yemeni architecture
6189:Mughal architecture
6169:Berber architecture
6164:Arabic architecture
5828:Salsabil (fountain)
5562:Islamic calligraphy
4983:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
4224:www.qantara-med.org
3856:, pp. 295–296.
3340:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi
3062:Mosque of Sidi Okba
2906:General development
2895:Abrahamic religions
2860:Abraham's sacrifice
2699:and the borders of
2105:Iram of the Pillars
1364:Mirrors for princes
911:Great Book of Music
644:(Arabian Peninsula)
232:Islamic calligraphy
73:(705–715); Bottom:
69:(688–692); Middle:
21:
5905:Kuttab (or maktab)
4973:Qays–Yaman rivalry
4917:Abbasid Revolution
4274:, p. 706-707.
3955:, p. 295-296.
3108:
3048:. The plan of the
3005:
2887:Islamic decoration
2850:, standing on the
2844:
2772:
2679:, was murdered in
2669:
2227:Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad
2055:Beast of the Earth
2010:Sicilian Questions
1841:Islamic Platonism
1794:Arabic mathematics
1344:Arabic short story
1339:Literary_criticism
531:Islamic embroidery
501:Arabic calligraphy
19:
6248:
6247:
6095:
6094:
5851:
5850:
5838:Shading Umbrellas
5622:Stucco decoration
5522:For overview, see
5337:Four-centred arch
5077:
5076:
4736:Umayyad Caliphate
4685:978-3-447-04738-8
4637:978-0-203-20387-3
4568:978-0-521-29138-5
4537:978-0-203-13700-0
4408:978-90-04-17589-1
4360:978-977-424-476-6
4330:978-0-7614-7571-2
4180:978-3-902782-22-9
3453:Courtyard of the
3392:after renovations
3375:Dome of the Chain
3354:or Mosque of Uqba
3292:Khirbat al-Mafjar
3286:Dome of the Chain
2713:Iberian Peninsula
2605:Umayyad Caliphate
2603:developed in the
2598:
2597:
1898:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
1809:Arabic technology
1804:Arabic psychology
1789:Arabic Golden Age
556:Islamic Metalwork
312:Stucco decoration
90:
89:
77:(7th-8th century)
6293:
6241:Islam portal
6239:
6238:
6237:
6226:
6225:
5860:
5859:
5525:Islamic ornament
5404:South Asian dome
5332:Discharging arch
5313:
5286:
5285:
5130:Anatolian Seljuk
5104:
5097:
5090:
5081:
5080:
5069:
5041:Dome of the Rock
4987:Umayyad coinage
4729:
4722:
4715:
4706:
4705:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4668:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4620:
4599:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4516:
4487:
4458:
4437:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4389:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4304:
4298:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4106:
4105:
4087:
4081:
4071:
4065:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3983:
3977:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3913:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3820:
3819:, pp. 48ff.
3814:
3808:
3802:
3779:
3773:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3696:
3695:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3675:
3659:
3640:
3639:
3621:
3596:
3593:
3569:
3559:Khirbat al-Minya
3557:Decoration from
3554:
3543:Khirbat al-Minya
3538:
3522:
3510:
3495:
3480:
3465:
3450:
3435:
3416:
3406:Qasr al Hallabat
3401:
3386:
3370:
3315:Sidi Okba Mosque
3297:Khirbat al-Minya
3280:Dome of the Rock
3183:Qasr al-Muwaqqar
3178:Qasr al Hallabat
3161:Notable examples
3121:appears to have
3046:Khirbat al-Minya
2935:Prophet's Mosque
2856:creation of Adam
2848:Dome of the Rock
2834:Dome of the Rock
2641:Dome of the Rock
2621:Byzantine Empire
2617:Sassanian Empire
2590:
2583:
2576:
2267:Princess Jasmine
2252:Layla and Majnun
2237:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
2185:She-Camel of God
2180:Shams al-Ma'arif
1990:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
1856:Sufi metaphysics
1784:Arabic geography
1779:Arabic astronomy
1774:Arabic astrology
1769:Arabic chemistry
1334:Arabic grimoires
1314:
1087:Chaabi (Morocco)
1082:Chaabi (Algeria)
866:Arab tone system
685:
677:
669:
661:
653:
645:
516:Arabic miniature
242:Islamic ornament
115:
92:
91:
75:Qasr Al-Kharanah
67:Dome of the Rock
57:
46:
35:
22:
18:
6301:
6300:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6244:
6235:
6233:
6220:
6208:
6152:
6143:Moorish Revival
6121:
6091:
6057:Albarrana tower
6045:
5974:
5961:in modern Iran)
5875:Dar al-Muwaqqit
5847:
5798:(fountain type)
5783:
5777:
5740:
5734:
5725:Reflecting pool
5720:Persian gardens
5715:Paradise garden
5683:
5660:(entrance hall)
5631:
5587:Nagash painting
5509:
5431:
5425:
5376:
5347:Lambrequin arch
5314:
5305:
5277:
5248:Sudano-Sahelian
5113:
5108:
5078:
5073:
5059:
5007:
4943:Umayyad dynasty
4926:
4820:
4739:
4733:
4703:
4698:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4665:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4617:
4596:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4557:. Vol. 2.
4542:
4540:
4538:
4505:10.2307/1523262
4476:10.2307/1523236
4455:
4434:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4386:
4378:. I.B. Tauris.
4365:
4363:
4361:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4312:
4307:
4299:
4290:
4282:
4278:
4270:
4266:
4258:
4254:
4246:
4237:
4228:
4226:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4204:
4202:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4156:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4132:
4128:
4120:
4109:
4102:
4088:
4084:
4072:
4068:
4056:
4052:
4048:, pp. 102.
4044:
4040:
4032:
4028:
4020:
4013:
4005:
4001:
3993:
3986:
3978:
3971:
3967:, pp. 8–9.
3963:
3959:
3951:
3947:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3914:
3897:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3864:
3860:
3852:
3848:
3840:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3803:
3782:
3774:
3759:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3726:
3722:
3714:
3699:
3687:
3686:
3677:
3676:
3660:
3643:
3636:
3622:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3573:
3570:
3561:
3555:
3546:
3539:
3530:
3523:
3514:
3511:
3502:
3496:
3487:
3481:
3472:
3466:
3457:
3451:
3442:
3436:
3427:
3417:
3408:
3402:
3393:
3390:Al-Omari Mosque
3387:
3378:
3371:
3362:
3357:
3348:
3336:
3323:
3311:
3266:
3227:Al-Omari Mosque
3223:
3169:
3163:
3104:Hisham's Palace
3096:
3090:
3042:Sea of Galillee
3034:
2958:
2908:
2903:
2852:Haram al-Sharif
2836:
2784:classical Roman
2768:Pergamon Museum
2756:
2754:Characteristics
2719:in present-day
2661:
2594:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2467:Isāf and Nā'ila
2298:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2200:Zarqa al Yamama
2065:Book of Wonders
2034:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2020:
1955:Liber de Causis
1861:Sufi philosophy
1825:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1799:Arabic medicine
1763:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1312:
1306:Epic literature
1268:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1161:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1097:Fann at-Tanbura
916:Kitab al-Aghani
852:
842:
841:
840:
700:
690:
689:
683:
675:
667:
659:
651:
643:
637:
627:
626:
625:
623:
506:Arabic graffiti
458:
448:
447:
446:
444:
349:Albarrana tower
292:Reflecting pool
282:Nagash painting
174:
125:
78:
63:
62:
61:
60:
59:
58:
49:
48:
47:
38:
37:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6299:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6246:
6245:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6160:
6158:
6157:Category pages
6154:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6031:Medina quarter
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5866:
5864:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5819:
5817:Riwaq (arcade)
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5793:
5787:
5785:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5744:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5705:Islamic garden
5702:
5697:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5528:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5446:
5441:
5435:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5352:Multifoil arch
5349:
5344:
5342:Horseshoe arch
5339:
5334:
5329:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5292:
5290:
5283:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5114:
5107:
5106:
5099:
5092:
5084:
5075:
5074:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5026:Desert castles
5017:
5015:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4709:
4702:
4701:External links
4699:
4697:
4696:
4684:
4669:
4663:
4648:
4636:
4621:
4615:
4600:
4594:
4579:
4567:
4548:
4536:
4530:. p. 30.
4517:
4488:
4459:
4453:
4438:
4432:
4419:
4407:
4390:
4384:
4371:
4359:
4341:
4329:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4288:
4286:, p. 297.
4276:
4264:
4252:
4235:
4211:
4186:
4179:
4162:
4160:, p. 245.
4150:
4148:, p. 447.
4138:
4126:
4107:
4100:
4082:
4066:
4058:Rosenwein 2014
4050:
4038:
4026:
4011:
3999:
3997:, p. 705.
3984:
3969:
3957:
3945:
3943:, p. 217.
3933:
3926:
3895:
3883:
3876:
3858:
3846:
3844:, p. 296.
3821:
3809:
3807:, p. 295.
3780:
3757:
3745:
3738:
3720:
3697:
3688:|journal=
3641:
3634:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3564:
3562:
3556:
3549:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3505:
3503:
3500:Anjar, Lebanon
3497:
3490:
3488:
3482:
3475:
3473:
3467:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3445:
3443:
3437:
3430:
3428:
3418:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3396:
3394:
3388:
3381:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3272:
3270:Al-Aqsa Mosque
3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3257:Umayyad Mosque
3254:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3233:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3199:Jabal al-Qal'a
3195:
3190:
3188:Qasr al-Qastal
3185:
3180:
3175:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3094:Desert castles
3089:
3088:Desert palaces
3086:
3033:
3030:
2966:al-Aqsa Mosque
2957:
2954:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2835:
2832:
2824:horseshoe arch
2800:Al-Aqsa Mosque
2755:
2752:
2660:
2657:
2649:Mshatta Palace
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2242:Kara Ben Nemsi
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2217:Abdul Alhazred
2214:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2017:
2015:Fusus al-Hikam
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1888:Al-aql al-faal
1879:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1561:Arabic prosody
1557:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1313:(ryhmed prose)
1308:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1035:Qudud Halabiya
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
985:Andalusi nubah
982:
971:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
933:Arabic hip hop
930:
919:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
871:Algerian scale
868:
863:
854:
853:
848:
847:
844:
843:
839:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
816:Robe of honour
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
757:
756:
751:
749:Tarboush (fez)
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
702:
701:
696:
695:
692:
691:
688:
687:
684:(North Africa)
679:
671:
663:
655:
647:
638:
633:
632:
629:
628:
621:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
583:Damascus steel
580:
575:
570:
559:
558:
553:
548:
543:
541:Islamic garden
538:
533:
528:
523:
521:Arabic pottery
518:
513:
508:
503:
492:
491:
490:
489:
484:
474:
469:
460:
459:
454:
453:
450:
449:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
404:Medina quarter
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
340:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
272:Multifoil arch
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
217:Horseshoe arch
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
172:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
127:
126:
121:
120:
117:
116:
108:
107:
105:Arabic culture
101:
100:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
64:
52:
51:
50:
41:
40:
39:
30:
29:
28:
27:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6298:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6243:
6242:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6217:
6211:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6048:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6016:Hasht-Bihisht
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5890:Jama'at Khana
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5861:
5858:
5854:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5780:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5737:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5710:Mughal garden
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5428:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5312:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5105:
5100:
5098:
5093:
5091:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4907:Berber Revolt
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4737:
4730:
4725:
4723:
4718:
4716:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4687:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4670:
4666:
4664:9781442606142
4660:
4656:
4655:
4649:
4639:
4633:
4630:. Routledge.
4629:
4628:
4622:
4618:
4616:9780199236664
4612:
4608:
4607:
4601:
4597:
4595:9781111786441
4591:
4587:
4586:
4580:
4570:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4549:
4539:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4460:
4456:
4454:9780300088670
4450:
4446:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4433:9783848003808
4429:
4425:
4420:
4410:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4387:
4385:9781845119478
4381:
4377:
4372:
4362:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4332:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4303:, p. 37.
4302:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4285:
4284:Petersen 1996
4280:
4273:
4268:
4262:, p. 39.
4261:
4256:
4250:, p. 41.
4249:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4182:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4159:
4158:Petersen 1996
4154:
4147:
4142:
4135:
4130:
4124:, p. 26.
4123:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4103:
4101:9780195309911
4097:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4047:
4042:
4036:, p. 36.
4035:
4030:
4024:, p. 25.
4023:
4018:
4016:
4009:, p. 23.
4008:
4003:
3996:
3991:
3989:
3982:, p. 51.
3981:
3976:
3974:
3966:
3961:
3954:
3953:Petersen 1996
3949:
3942:
3941:Aldosari 2006
3937:
3929:
3927:9780195309911
3923:
3919:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3893:, p. 35.
3892:
3887:
3879:
3877:9780195309911
3873:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3854:Petersen 1996
3850:
3843:
3842:Petersen 1996
3838:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3818:
3813:
3806:
3805:Petersen 1996
3801:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3778:, p. 49.
3777:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3755:, p. 30.
3754:
3749:
3741:
3739:9780195309911
3735:
3731:
3724:
3718:, p. 24.
3717:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3693:
3681:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3637:
3635:9780195309911
3631:
3627:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3607:
3592:
3588:
3568:
3563:
3560:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3541:Ruins of the
3537:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3516:
3509:
3504:
3501:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3459:
3456:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3410:
3407:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3328:
3327:City of Anjar
3325:
3324:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3113:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3078:Uqba ibn Nafi
3075:
3071:
3068:(present-day
3067:
3063:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3032:Other mosques
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2879:Ottoman tiles
2876:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2864:Night Journey
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2725:Friday mosque
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2703:in the east,
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2637:Greater Syria
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
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2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2283:
2282:Talia al Ghul
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:Book of Idols
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:Aql bi-l-fi'l
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1846:Islamic Logic
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
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1735:
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1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
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1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
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1640:
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1636:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
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1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:Egyptian folk
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
976:
975:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
924:
923:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
857:
851:
846:
845:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
762:
761:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
705:
699:
694:
693:
686:
682:Arab Maghreb
680:
678:
672:
670:
664:
662:
660:(Mesopotamia)
656:
654:
650:Arab Mashriq
648:
646:
640:
639:
636:
631:
630:
624:
619:
616:
614:
613:Pseudo-Arabic
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
564:
563:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
546:Islamic glass
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
497:
496:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
478:
475:
473:
472:Nabataean art
470:
468:
465:
464:
463:
457:
452:
451:
445:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
345:
344:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
178:
177:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
131:
130:
124:
119:
118:
114:
110:
109:
106:
103:
102:
98:
94:
93:
85:
81:
76:
72:
68:
56:
45:
34:
23:
6232:
6219:
6216:Islamic arts
5996:Caravanserai
5521:
5475:Loudspeakers
5400:Persian dome
5362:Pointed arch
5267:
5160:Indo-Islamic
5150:Great Seljuk
5020:
4847:Second Fitna
4771:Abd al-Malik
4689:. Retrieved
4674:
4653:
4641:. Retrieved
4626:
4605:
4584:
4572:. Retrieved
4553:
4541:. Retrieved
4522:
4496:
4492:
4467:
4463:
4443:
4423:
4412:. Retrieved
4398:
4375:
4364:. Retrieved
4349:
4334:. Retrieved
4319:
4279:
4267:
4255:
4227:. Retrieved
4223:
4214:
4203:. Retrieved
4199:
4194:Lafer, Ali.
4189:
4170:
4165:
4153:
4141:
4129:
4091:
4085:
4074:Kleiner 2013
4069:
4053:
4041:
4029:
4002:
3960:
3948:
3936:
3917:
3886:
3867:
3861:
3849:
3812:
3753:Hawting 2002
3748:
3729:
3723:
3663:
3625:
3591:
3455:Qasr Kharana
3439:Qasr Kharana
3334:Saudi Arabia
3302:White Mosque
3210:Qasr Mshatta
3205:Qasr Kharana
3153:
3149:
3136:
3119:Qasr Kharana
3116:
3109:
3082:North Africa
3059:
3050:White Mosque
3035:
3021:
3013:
3006:
2981:
2973:
2970:Abd al-Malik
2959:
2947:
2924:
2920:
2909:
2872:
2845:
2820:Qusayr 'Amra
2812:Qasr Mshatta
2808:
2792:
2773:
2764:Qasr Mshatta
2733:
2697:Central Asia
2670:
2653:Qusayr 'Amra
2600:
2599:
2529:Dhul Khalasa
2472:
2471:
2301:
2296:Spirituality
2272:Ra's al Ghul
2247:King Marsile
2205:
2204:
2130:Magic carpet
2019:
1948:
1947:
1881:
1880:
1717:Saudi Arabia
1633:
1632:
1559:
1558:
1484:
1483:
1437:
1436:
1408:
1407:
1369:
1368:
1299:
1298:
1271:
1146:
1072:Algerian Raï
1060:
1059:
973:
972:
921:
920:
901:Quarter tone
861:Arabic maqam
855:
759:
758:
703:
622:
598:Hedwig glass
561:
560:
494:
493:
461:
443:
364:Caravanserai
342:
341:
175:
173:
148:
128:
123:Architecture
83:Years active
5843:Windcatcher
5824:(courtyard)
5577:Mosque lamp
5557:Girih tiles
5514:Decorations
5392:Arabic dome
5048:Umayyad art
4912:Third Fitna
4837:First Fitna
4801:Al-Walid II
4761:Mu'awiya II
4345:Ali, Wijdan
3817:Talgam 2004
3288:, Jerusalem
3282:, Jerusalem
3275:Al-Sinnabra
3127:Roman forts
3106:, Palestine
2748:Mesopotamia
2232:Battal Gazi
1417:Anthologies
1217:Raqs Sharqi
1172:Belly dance
1015:Iraqi maqam
943:Arabic jazz
938:Arabic rock
791:Fouta towel
593:Girih tiles
511:Arab carpet
482:Fatimid art
477:Islamic art
332:Windcatcher
197:Arabic dome
6255:Categories
6126:Influences
6041:Well house
5812:Mashrabiya
5460:Hussainiya
5396:Onion dome
5187:Indonesian
5175:Qutb Shahi
4991:Gold dinar
4931:Government
4776:Al-Walid I
4751:Mu'awiya I
4691:2014-07-13
4643:2013-03-16
4574:2013-03-17
4543:2013-03-17
4414:2013-03-17
4366:2013-03-17
4336:2013-03-17
4229:2022-03-19
4205:2022-03-19
4134:Flood 1997
4076:, p.
4060:, p.
4046:Burns 2009
3578:References
3545:in Galilee
3404:Mosque at
3259:, Damascus
3123:arrowslits
2943:al-Walid I
2828:al-Andalus
2736:theocratic
2685:Muawiyah I
2504:Dhat-Badan
2432:Theandrios
2412:Baalshamin
2407:Atarsamain
2262:Palamedes
2005:Muqaddimah
1965:Al-isharat
1871:Avicennism
1823:Philosophy
1692:Mauritania
1501:Muwashshah
1466:Khamriyyah
1266:Literature
1212:Ouled Nail
1025:Muwashshah
928:Arabic pop
487:Mamluk art
434:Well house
369:Bimaristan
257:Mashrabiya
86:661–750 CE
6100:Resources
5863:Religious
5833:Shabestan
5791:Hypostyle
5773:Shadirvan
5542:Arabesque
5465:Imamzadeh
5430:Religious
5410:Semi-dome
5357:Ogee arch
5326:Chahartaq
5289:Materials
5216:Almoravid
5191:Malaysian
4948:Governors
4816:Marwan II
4806:Yazid III
4528:Routledge
3690:ignored (
3680:cite book
3672:1873-9830
3666:. Brill.
3603:Citations
3529:bathhouse
3484:Qasr Amra
3441:in Jordan
3329:, Lebanon
3215:Qasr Tuba
3173:Qasr Amra
3040:, on the
2994:arabesque
2941:built by
2916:hypostyle
2875:martyrium
2804:Jerusalem
2729:hypostyle
2629:aniconism
2613:Palestine
2347:Al-Kutbay
2175:Shadhavar
2140:Mount Qaf
2115:Karkadann
2032:Mythology
1918:Asabiyyah
1876:Averroism
1707:Palestine
1629:Mutadārik
1626:Mutaqārib
1617:Mujtathth
1469:Tardiyyah
1289:Classical
1232:Schikhatt
1197:Khaleegy
974:Art music
801:Jellabiya
714:Battoulah
568:Arabesque
562:Features
424:Shadirvan
227:Hypostyle
192:Arabesque
176:Features
144:Nabataean
6214:Part of
6050:Military
5986:Baradari
5979:Civilian
5802:Jharokha
5763:Mechouar
5700:Charbagh
5643:Andaruni
5617:Socarrat
5582:Muqarnas
5480:Maqsurah
5372:Vaulting
5301:Tadelakt
5282:Elements
5231:Zayyanid
5211:Aghlabid
4968:al-Haras
4791:Yazid II
4781:Sulayman
4766:Marwan I
4493:Muqarnas
4464:Muqarnas
4399:Muqarnas
4347:(1999).
4034:Ali 1999
3891:Ali 1999
3197:Qasr of
3074:Ifriqiya
3038:Tiberias
3026:Paradise
2927:transept
2891:Qur'anic
2883:aniconic
2770:, Berlin
2744:Abbasids
2740:Khorasan
2711:and the
2693:Damascus
2677:Muhammad
2635:and the
2633:Damascus
2462:Yarhibol
2442:Malakbel
2312:Al-‘Uzzá
2222:Ali Baba
2195:Zulfiqar
1882:Concepts
1866:Farabism
1657:Djibouti
1614:Muqtaḍab
1608:Munsariħ
1551:Ghinnawa
1526:Riddles
1511:Mathnawi
1273:Language
1227:Shamadan
1192:Hagallah
1045:Tahmilah
826:Takchita
786:Durra'ah
781:Djellaba
760:Clothing
734:Madhalla
724:Keffiyeh
704:Headwear
658:Mashriq
652:(Levant)
608:Muqarnas
327:Voussoir
322:Vaulting
317:Tadelakt
307:Socarrat
277:Muqarnas
97:a series
95:Part of
6148:Mudéjar
6112:ArchNet
6062:Alcázar
5935:Musalla
5920:Maqbara
5910:Madrasa
5900:Külliye
5895:Khanqah
5885:Gongbei
5784:cooling
5782:Passive
5748:Chhatri
5741:objects
5739:Outdoor
5688:Gardens
5664:Mirador
5602:Shabaka
5592:Qashani
5547:Banna'i
5490:Minaret
5432:objects
5422:(eaves)
5420:Chhajja
5367:Squinch
5268:Umayyad
5263:Timurid
5253:Swahili
5238:Ottoman
5221:Almohad
5206:Moorish
5196:Iranian
5165:Bengali
5145:Fatimid
5140:Chinese
5135:Ayyubid
5125:Abbasid
5013:Culture
4825:History
4811:Ibrahim
4786:Umar II
4756:Yazid I
4744:Caliphs
4513:1523262
4484:1523236
4310:Sources
3360:Gallery
3346:Tunisia
3321:Lebanon
3309:Algeria
3304:, Ramla
3243:, Bosra
3201:, Amman
3142:Palmyra
3070:Algeria
2975:temenos
2912:Samarra
2901:Mosques
2796:Lebanon
2727:with a
2709:Morocco
2625:mihrabs
2554:Yaghūth
2524:Basamum
2479:Almaqah
2447:Orotalt
2402:Al-Qaum
2397:Aglibol
2332:Chaabou
2327:Dushara
2277:Sindbad
2257:Othello
2212:Aladdin
2170:Shaddad
2050:Bahamut
1761:Science
1737:Tunisia
1722:Somalia
1697:Morocco
1682:Lebanon
1652:Comoros
1647:Bahrain
1642:Algeria
1620:Muḍāriʿ
1555:Humayni
1479:Hamasah
1371:Islamic
1354:Tezkire
1349:Tabaqat
1242:Tanoura
1182:Deheyeh
1077:Bedouin
1030:Qasidah
990:Bashraf
963:Khaliji
958:Al Jeel
811:Macawis
776:Burnous
744:Tantour
739:Taqiyah
676:(Sudan)
674:Mawset
668:(Egypt)
666:Mawset
642:Khalij
635:Cuisine
578:Banna'i
384:Madrasa
354:Alcázar
207:Gardens
202:Banna'i
164:Moorish
159:Fatimid
154:Abbasid
149:Umayyad
134:Islamic
6072:Kasbah
6021:Kasbah
6011:Hammam
6006:Ghorfa
5991:Bazaar
5970:Zawiya
5959:takyeh
5930:Mosque
5880:Dargah
5807:Kucheh
5753:Eidgah
5679:Zenana
5627:Zellij
5612:Sitara
5607:Shamsa
5495:Minbar
5485:Mihrab
5470:Kiswah
5455:Gonbad
5319:Arches
5273:Yemeni
5243:Somali
5226:Hafsid
5201:Mamluk
5180:Mughal
5170:Deccan
5118:Styles
4996:Dirham
4978:Mawali
4963:Shurta
4938:Caliph
4832:Uthman
4796:Hisham
4738:topics
4682:
4661:
4634:
4613:
4592:
4565:
4534:
4511:
4482:
4451:
4430:
4405:
4382:
4357:
4327:
4177:
4098:
3924:
3874:
3736:
3670:
3632:
3167:Jordan
3154:madina
3150:madina
3146:Aleppo
3132:Stucco
3066:Biskra
3022:mihrab
3018:Arabic
2990:marble
2949:minbar
2939:Medina
2931:mihrab
2816:Coptic
2731:roof.
2689:caliph
2643:, the
2534:Haukim
2519:Qaynan
2514:Ta'lab
2509:Haubas
2499:Salman
2494:Athtar
2362:Azizos
2317:Al-Lat
2190:Wāḳwāḳ
2160:Qutrub
2155:Qareen
2145:Nasnas
2125:Luqman
2120:Kujata
2075:Dandan
2040:Ababil
1742:U.A.E.
1677:Kuwait
1672:Jordan
1611:Khafīf
1601:Rajaz
1546:Nabati
1541:Mawwal
1531:Kharja
1521:Nasīb
1516:Ruba'i
1506:Urjūza
1496:Qasida
1491:Diwan
1472:Khawal
1462:Ghazal
1452:Rithā'
1438:Genres
1410:Poetry
1403:Aqidah
1388:Hadith
1383:Tafsir
1319:Maqama
1294:Modern
1247:Yowlah
1237:Tahtib
1207:Mizmar
1187:Guedra
1137:Shaabi
1122:Mezwed
1117:Mawwal
1102:Fijiri
1067:Ataaba
1055:Waslah
1050:Taqsim
1040:Sama'i
1020:Mawwal
1010:Malhun
1005:Layali
922:Genres
896:Teslim
881:Taqsim
856:Theory
821:Sirwal
806:Kaftan
754:Turban
729:Litham
618:Zellij
603:Kiswah
588:Damask
462:Styles
439:Zawiya
429:Tekyeh
399:Mosque
379:Kasbah
374:Hammam
359:Bazaar
337:Zellij
267:Mosaic
169:Mamluk
139:Yemeni
129:Styles
6087:Ribat
6082:Qalat
6067:Amsar
6026:Mahal
5965:Türbe
5955:Takya
5950:Surau
5945:Rauza
5940:Qubba
5925:Mazar
5915:Maqam
5856:Types
5768:Sebil
5658:Liwan
5648:Harem
5636:Rooms
5552:Girih
5537:Alfiz
5531:Ablaq
5505:Zarih
5500:Qibla
5449:Dikka
5444:Bedug
5439:Anaza
5415:Tajug
5381:Roofs
5296:Qadad
5258:Tatar
5155:Hausa
5071:Media
4958:Barid
4953:Diwan
4509:JSTOR
4480:JSTOR
3583:Notes
3231:Bosra
3221:Syria
3064:near
3054:Ramla
3014:karma
2985:qibla
2717:Wasit
2705:Yemen
2701:India
2609:Syria
2559:Yatha
2549:Ya'uq
2489:Anbay
2427:Suwa'
2422:Hubal
2392:Abgal
2382:Manāt
2377:Manāt
2372:Quzah
2367:Bajir
2352:Asira
2337:Manaf
2322:Manāt
2307:Allah
2135:Marid
2100:Ifrit
2095:Houri
2085:Ghoul
2080:Falak
2070:Buraq
1949:Texts
1938:Qadar
1928:Irfan
1908:Peace
1903:Dhati
1851:Kalam
1747:Yemen
1732:Syria
1727:Sudan
1712:Qatar
1687:Libya
1662:Egypt
1623:Sarīʿ
1605:Ramal
1596:Hazaj
1591:Wāfir
1586:Kamil
1581:Basīṭ
1577:Madīd
1573:Ṭawīl
1536:Zajal
1485:Forms
1475:Fakhr
1443:Madih
1422:Poets
1378:Quran
1359:Rihla
1300:Prose
1284:Paleo
1222:Samri
1177:Dabke
1167:Ardah
1159:Dance
1142:Zajal
1127:Samri
1000:Dulab
953:Opera
891:Lazma
850:Music
836:Tiraz
831:Thawb
796:Izaar
771:Bisht
766:Abaya
698:Dress
495:Types
419:Sabil
414:Ribat
409:Qalat
394:Mazar
389:Maqam
343:Types
297:Riwaq
287:Qadad
252:Liwan
212:Girih
187:Alfiz
182:Ablaq
65:Top:
6077:Ksar
6036:Souq
5957:(or
5822:Sahn
5796:Howz
5758:Fina
5730:Riad
5695:Bagh
5674:Qa’a
5669:Hosh
5653:Iwan
5572:Jali
5388:Dome
4680:ISBN
4659:ISBN
4632:ISBN
4611:ISBN
4590:ISBN
4563:ISBN
4532:ISBN
4449:ISBN
4428:ISBN
4403:ISBN
4380:ISBN
4355:ISBN
4325:ISBN
4175:ISBN
4096:ISBN
3922:ISBN
3872:ISBN
3734:ISBN
3692:help
3668:ISSN
3630:ISBN
3373:The
3060:The
3010:vine
2960:The
2858:and
2778:and
2721:Iraq
2681:Kufa
2651:and
2619:and
2611:and
2539:Nasr
2457:Sa'd
2452:Ruda
2437:Wadd
2387:A'ra
2357:Awal
2342:Nuha
2165:Roc
2110:Jinn
2090:Hinn
1943:Qalb
1933:Nafs
1702:Oman
1667:Iraq
1568:Bayt
1457:Waṣf
1447:Hija
1398:Fiqh
1393:Sīra
1311:Saj
1279:Old
1202:Liwa
1132:Sawt
1112:Liwa
1061:Folk
995:Dawr
886:Jins
719:Haik
709:Agal
302:Sahn
262:Riad
247:Iwan
222:Howz
4501:doi
4472:doi
4078:264
3076:, '
3052:at
3016:in
2937:in
2897:.
2673:Ali
2655:.
2544:Sīn
2484:Amm
2417:Bēl
1923:Hal
1252:Zār
968:Raï
456:Art
6257::
5402:/
5398:/
5394:/
5189:/
4561:.
4526:.
4507:.
4497:16
4495:.
4478:.
4468:14
4466:.
4397:.
4291:^
4238:^
4222:.
4198:.
4110:^
4062:56
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3987:^
3972:^
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3678:{{
3644:^
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