Jupiter - Knowledge

3708: 17604: 2163: 2180: 2413: 2847: 1936: 1474:) snow line, which is estimated at 20–30 AU (3.0–4.5 billion km; 1.9–2.8 billion mi) from the Sun, and possibly even outside the argon snow line, which may be as far as 40 AU (6.0 billion km; 3.7 billion mi). Having formed at one of these extreme distances, Jupiter would then have, over a roughly 700,000-year period, migrated inwards to its current location, during an epoch approximately 2–3 million years after the planet began to form. In this model, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune would have formed even further out than Jupiter, and Saturn would also have migrated inwards. 3253: 2137: 3183: 14368: 1257: 101: 15657: 2511: 3987: 1616: 2767: 1865: 174: 15523: 14807: 1850:), the temperature is around 165 K (−108 °C; −163 °F). The region where supercritical hydrogen changes gradually from a molecular fluid to a metallic fluid spans pressure ranges of 50–400 GPa with temperatures of 5,000–8,400 K (4,730–8,130 °C; 8,540–14,660 °F), respectively. The temperature of Jupiter's diluted core is estimated to be 20,000 K (19,700 °C; 35,500 °F) with a pressure of around 4,000 GPa. 2086: 2880: 2592: 1768: 40: 1924: 17744: 4073: 2727: 17580: 14818: 17592: 17756: 2001: 17732: 3434:; for every four orbits that Io makes around Jupiter, Europa makes exactly two orbits and Ganymede makes exactly one. This resonance causes the gravitational effects of the three large moons to distort their orbits into elliptical shapes, because each moon receives an extra tug from its neighbours at the same point in every orbit it makes. The 3340: 2105:. This feature is 24,000 km (15,000 mi) across, 12,000 km (7,500 mi) wide, and 200 °C (360 °F) cooler than surrounding material. While this spot changes form and intensity over the short term, it has maintained its general position in the atmosphere for more than 15 years. It may be a giant 4049:

Surveys of early astronomical records and drawings produced eight examples of potential impact observations between 1664 and 1839. However, a 1997 review determined that these observations had little or no possibility of being the results of impacts. Further investigation by this team revealed a dark

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completed 12 orbits before the end of its budgeted mission plan, ending in July 2018. In June of that year, NASA extended the mission operations plan to July 2021, and in January of that year the mission was extended to September 2025 with four lunar flybys: one of Ganymede, one of Europa, and two of

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of ammonia and methane in the spectra of Jupiter. Three long-lived anticyclonic features called "white ovals" were observed in 1938. For several decades, they remained as separate features in the atmosphere, sometimes approaching each other but never merging. Finally, two of the ovals merged in 1998,

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of Jupiter as viewed from Earth is always less than 11.5°; thus, Jupiter always appears nearly fully illuminated when viewed through Earth-based telescopes. It was only during spacecraft missions to Jupiter that crescent views of the planet were obtained. A small telescope will usually show Jupiter's

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Three systems are used as frames of reference for tracking planetary rotation, particularly when graphing the motion of atmospheric features. System I applies to latitudes from 7° N to 7° S; its period is the planet's shortest, at 9h 50 m 30.0s. System II applies at latitudes

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such as water to condense into solids. The planet began as a solid core, which then accumulated its gaseous atmosphere. As a consequence, the planet must have formed before the solar nebula was fully dispersed. During its formation, Jupiter's mass gradually increased until it had 20 times the mass of

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and discovered Jupiter's rings. They also confirmed that the Great Red Spot was anticyclonic. Comparison of images showed that the Spot had changed hues since the Pioneer missions, turning from orange to dark brown. A torus of ionized atoms was discovered along Io's orbital path, which were found to

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discovered that Jupiter emits bursts of radio waves at a frequency of 22.2 MHz. The period of these bursts matched the rotation of the planet, and they used this information to determine a more precise value for Jupiter's rotation rate. Radio bursts from Jupiter were found to come in two forms:

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and Cassini made careful tables of the motions of Jupiter's moons, which allowed predictions of when the moons would pass before or behind the planet. By the 1670s, Cassini observed that when Jupiter was on the opposite side of the Sun from Earth, these events would occur about 17 minutes later

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In 2000, an atmospheric feature formed in the southern hemisphere that is similar in appearance to the Great Red Spot, but smaller. This was created when smaller, white oval-shaped storms merged to form a single feature—these three smaller white ovals were formed in 1939–1940. The merged feature was

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state. The hydrogen and helium gas extending downward from the cloud layer gradually transitions to a liquid in deeper layers, possibly resembling something akin to an ocean of liquid hydrogen and other supercritical fluids. Physically, the gas gradually becomes hotter and denser as depth increases.

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von Boetticher, Alexander; Triaud, Amaury H. M. J.; Queloz, Didier; Gill, Sam; Lendl, Monika; Delrez, Laetitia; Anderson, David R.; Collier Cameron, Andrew; Faedi, Francesca; Gillon, Michaël; Gómez Maqueo Chew, Yilen; Hebb, Leslie; Hellier, Coel; Jehin, Emmanuël; Maxted, Pierre F. L.; Martin, David

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is approximately 76% hydrogen and 24% helium by mass. By volume, the upper atmosphere comprises approximately 90% hydrogen and 10% helium. The lower proportion is attributed to the higher mass of individual helium atoms compared to the hydrogen molecules formed in this region of the atmosphere. The

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impacts than Earth. In the past, scientists believed that Jupiter partially shielded the inner system from cometary bombardment. However, computer simulations in 2008 suggest that Jupiter does not cause a net decrease in the number of comets that pass through the inner Solar System, as its gravity

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The orange and brown colours in the clouds of Jupiter are caused by upwelling compounds that change colour when they are exposed to ultraviolet light from the Sun. The exact makeup remains uncertain, but the substances are thought to be made up of phosphorus, sulfur or possibly hydrocarbons. These

1447:. Some competing models of Solar System formation predict the formation of Jupiter with orbital properties that are close to those of the present-day planet. Other models predict Jupiter forming at distances much farther out, such as 18 AU (2.7 billion km; 1.7 billion mi). 9012:

Giles, Rohini S.; Greathouse, Thomas K.; Bonfond, Bertrand; Gladstone, G. Randall; Kammer, Joshua A.; Hue, Vincent; Grodent, Denis C.; Gérard, Jean-Claude; Versteeg, Maarten H.; Wong, Michael H.; Bolton, Scott J.; Connerney, John E. P.; Levin, Steven M. (2020). "Possible Transient Luminous Events

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Li, Liming; Jiang, X.; West, R. A.; Gierasch, P. J.; Perez-Hoyos, S.; Sanchez-Lavega, A.; Fletcher, L. N.; Fortney, J. J.; Knowles, B.; Porco, C. C.; Baines, K. H.; Fry, P. M.; Mallama, A.; Achterberg, R. K.; Simon, A. A.; Nixon, C. A.; Orton, G. S.; Dyudina, U. A.; Ewald, S. P.; Schmude, R. W.

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Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; Conrad, Albert R.; Consolmagno, Guy J.; Hestroffer, Daniel; Hilton, James L.; Krasinsky, Georgij A.; Neumann, Gregory A.; Oberst, Jürgen; Stooke, Philip J.; Tedesco, Edward F.; Tholen, David J.; Thomas, Peter C.; Williams, Iwan P.

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missions obtained the first close-up images of Jupiter's atmosphere and several of its moons. They discovered that the radiation fields near the planet were much stronger than expected, but both spacecraft managed to survive in that environment. The trajectories of these spacecraft were used to

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missions show that there are several polar cyclone groups at Jupiter's poles. The northern group contains nine cyclones, with a large one in the centre and eight others around it, while its southern counterpart also consists of a centre vortex but is surrounded by five large storms and a single

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detected in the atmosphere of Jupiter. These electrical discharges can be up to a thousand times as powerful as lightning on Earth. The water clouds are assumed to generate thunderstorms in the same way as terrestrial thunderstorms, driven by the heat rising from the interior. The Juno mission

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There are several unresolved issues with the grand tack hypothesis. The resulting formation timescales of terrestrial planets appear to be inconsistent with the measured elemental composition. Jupiter would likely have settled into an orbit much closer to the Sun if it had migrated through the

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objects over the first 600 million years of Solar System history caused Jupiter and Saturn to migrate from their initial positions into a 1:2 resonance, which caused Saturn to shift into a higher orbit, disrupting the orbits of Uranus and Neptune, depleting the Kuiper belt, and triggering the

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flybys in 1979, the storm had a length of 23,300 km (14,500 mi) and a width of approximately 13,000 km (8,000 mi). Hubble observations in 1995 showed it had decreased in size to 20,950 km (13,020 mi), and observations in 2009 showed the size to be 17,910 km

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showed that Jupiter has a diffuse core that mixes into its mantle, extending for 30–50% of the planet's radius, and comprising heavy elements with a combined mass 7–25 times the Earth. This mixing process could have arisen during formation, while the planet accreted solids and gases from the

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was released from the spacecraft in July 1995, entering Jupiter's atmosphere on December 7. It parachuted through 150 km (93 mi) of the atmosphere at a speed of about 2,575 km/h (1,600 mph) and collected data for 57.6 minutes until the spacecraft was destroyed. The

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produced the earliest known drawing to show details of the Great Red Spot in 1831. The Red Spot was reportedly lost from sight on several occasions between 1665 and 1708 before becoming quite conspicuous in 1878. It was recorded as fading again in 1883 and at the start of the 20th century.

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Rain-like droplets of helium and neon precipitate downward through the lower atmosphere, depleting the abundance of these elements in the upper atmosphere. Calculations suggest that helium drops separate from metallic hydrogen at a radius of 60,000 km (37,000 mi) (11,000 km

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The atmosphere of Jupiter is primarily composed of molecular hydrogen and helium, with a smaller amount of other compounds such as water, methane, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia. Jupiter's atmosphere extends to a depth of approximately 3,000 km (2,000 mi) below the cloud layers.

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in Jupiter's equatorial plane. The plasma in the sheet co-rotates with the planet, causing deformation of the dipole magnetic field into that of a magnetodisk. Electrons within the plasma sheet generate a strong radio signature, with short, superimposed bursts in the range of

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suggest that the storm is stable and will be a permanent feature of the planet. However, it has significantly decreased in size since its discovery. Initial observations in the late 1800s showed it to be approximately 41,000 km (25,500 mi) across. By the time of the

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at approximately 1.5 AU (220 million km; 140 million mi) from the Sun. This changed the direction of migration, causing them to migrate away from the Sun and out of the inner system to their current locations. All of this happened over a period of

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discoveries, which have revealed Jupiter-sized planets with very high eccentricities. Models suggest this may be due to there being only two giant planets in our Solar System, as the presence of a third or more giant planets tends to induce larger eccentricities.

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the Earth, approximately half of which was made up of silicates, ices and other heavy-element constituents. When the proto-Jupiter grew larger than 50 Earth masses it created a gap in the solar nebula. Thereafter, the growing planet reached its final mass in 3–4

4244:("star"). The Turks calculated the period of the orbit of Jupiter as 11 years and 300 days. They believed that some social and natural events connected to Erentüz's movements in the sky. The Chinese, Vietnamese, Koreans, and Japanese called it the "wood star" ( 12972:. Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1993: Proceedings of the 160th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, held in Belgirate, Italy, June 14–18, 1993, International Astronomical Union. Symposium no. 160. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 175. 3707: 3234:

Data from this mission revealed that hydrogen composes up to 90% of Jupiter's atmosphere. The recorded temperature was more than 300 °C (570 °F), and the wind speed measured more than 644 km/h (>400 mph) before the probes vaporized.

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It is now possible to trace the medieval symbols for at least four of the five planets to forms that occur in some of the latest papyrus horoscopes ( 4272, 4274, 4275 ). That for Jupiter is an obvious monogram derived from the initial letter of the Greek

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independently discovered moons around Jupiter, though he did not publish his discovery in a book until 1614. It was Marius's names for the major moons, however, that stuck: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. The discovery was a major point in favour of

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would not change appreciably. As a result, Jupiter is thought to have about as large a diameter as a planet of its composition and evolutionary history can achieve. The process of further shrinkage with increasing mass would continue until appreciable

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of particles known as the halo, a relatively bright main ring, and an outer gossamer ring. These rings appear to be made of dust, whereas Saturn's rings are made of ice. The main ring is most likely made out of material ejected from the satellites

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Jupiter is believed to be the oldest planet in the Solar System, having formed just one million years after the Sun and roughly 50 million years before Earth. Current models of Solar System formation suggest that Jupiter formed at or beyond the

8880:; Alexander, James W.; Atreya, Sushil K.; Bolton, Scott J.; Brennan, Martin J.; Brown, Shannon T.; Guillaume, Alexandre; Guillot, Tristan; Ingersoll, Andrew P.; Levin, Steven M.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Aglyamov, Yury S.; Steffes, Paul G. (2020). 8743:; Guillot, Tristan; Gibbard, Seran G.; Atreya, Sushil; Bolton, Scott J.; Levin, Steven; Brown, Shannon T.; Wong, Michael H. (February 2021). "Lightning Generation in Moist Convective Clouds and Constraints on the Water Abundance in Jupiter". 7580: 1957:

revealed the presence of "shallow lightning" which originates from ammonia-water clouds relatively high in the atmosphere. These discharges carry "mushballs" of water-ammonia slushes covered in ice, which fall deep into the atmosphere.

8688:; Dowling, Timothy E.; Gierasch, Peter J.; Orton, Glenn S.; Read, Peter L.; Sánchez-Lavega, Agustin; Showman, Adam P.; Simon-Miller, Amy A.; Vasavada, Ashwin R. (2004). Bagenal, Fran; Dowling, Timothy E.; McKinnon, William B. (eds.). 12150: 1140:, which forms 25% of its mass and 10% of its volume. The ongoing contraction of Jupiter's interior generates more heat than the planet receives from the Sun. Its internal structure is believed to consist of an outer mantle of fluid 10311: 3765:. This picture has been complicated by the discovery of numerous small outer moons since 1999. Jupiter's moons are currently divided into several different groups, although there are several moons which are not part of any group. 1148:; it has a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator. The outer atmosphere is divided into a series of latitudinal bands, with turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries; the most obvious result of this is the 6570:

Vdovichenko, V. D.; Karimov, A. M.; Kirienko, G. A.; Lysenko, P. G.; Tejfel’, V. G.; Filippov, V. A.; Kharitonova, G. A.; Khozhenets, A. P. (2021). "Zonal Features in the Behavior of Weak Molecular Absorption Bands on Jupiter".

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Archinal, B. A.; Acton, C. H.; A'Hearn, M. F.; Conrad, A.; Consolmagno, G. J.; Duxbury, T.; Hestroffer, D.; Hilton, J. L.; Kirk, R. L.; Klioner, S. A.; McCarthy, D.; Meech, K.; Oberst, J.; Ping, J.; Seidelmann, P. K. (2018).

4625: 3344: 3322:. However, the ESA formally ended the partnership in April 2011, citing budget issues at NASA and the consequences on the mission timetable. Instead, ESA planned to go ahead with a European-only mission to compete in its L1 1438:

million years, with the final migration of Jupiter occurring over several hundred thousand years. Jupiter's migration from the inner solar system eventually allowed the inner planets—including Earth—to form from the rubble.

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around the Sun. During this pass, the spacecraft studied Jupiter's magnetosphere, although it had no cameras to photograph the planet. The spacecraft passed by Jupiter six years later, this time at a much greater distance.

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surrounding nebula. Alternatively, it could have been caused by an impact from a planet of about ten Earth masses a few million years after Jupiter's formation, which would have disrupted an originally compact Jovian core.

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passed close enough to Jupiter to send back revelations about its properties and phenomena. Missions to Jupiter are accomplished at a cost in energy, which is described by the net change in velocity of the spacecraft, or

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used a new telescope to discover spots in Jupiter's atmosphere, observe that the planet appeared oblate, and estimate its rotation period. In 1692, Cassini noticed that the atmosphere undergoes a differential rotation.

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of about six days. The maximum altitude of this storm is about 8 km (5 mi) above the surrounding cloud tops. The Spot's composition and the source of its red colour remain uncertain, although photodissociated

2071:(11,130 mi). As of 2015, the storm was measured at approximately 16,500 by 10,940 km (10,250 by 6,800 mi), and was decreasing in length by about 930 km (580 mi) per year. In October 2021, a 3449:

of their orbits causes regular flexing of the three moons' shapes, with Jupiter's gravity stretching them out as they approach it and allowing them to spring back to more spherical shapes as they swing away. The

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are believed to produce the two distinct components of the dusty gossamer ring. There is evidence of a fourth ring that may consist of collisional debris from Amalthea that is strung along the same moon's orbit.

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Atreya, Sushil K.; Mahaffy, P. R.; Niemann, H. B.; Wong, M. H.; Owen, T. C. (February 2003). "Composition and origin of the atmosphere of Jupiter—an update, and implications for the extrasolar giant planets".

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Connerney, J. E. P.; Kotsiaros, S.; Oliversen, R. J.; Espley, J. R.; Joergensen, J. L.; Joergensen, P. S.; Merayo, J. M. G.; Herceg, M.; Bloxham, J.; Moore, K. M.; Bolton, S. J.; Levin, S. M. (May 26, 2017).

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Stallard, Tom S.; Melin, Henrik; Miller, Steve; Moore, Luke; O'Donoghue, James; Connerney, John E. P.; Satoh, Takehiko; West, Robert A.; Thayer, Jeffrey P.; Hsu, Vicki W.; Johnson, Rosie E. (April 10, 2017).

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within its contracting interior. This process causes Jupiter to shrink by about 1 mm (0.039 in) per year. At the time of its formation, Jupiter was hotter and was about twice its current diameter.

2217:) that is tilted at an angle of 10.31° to the pole of rotation. The surface magnetic field strength varies from 2 gauss (0.20 mT) up to 20 gauss (2.0 mT). This field is thought to be generated by 4162:, and the Babylonian god Marduk. The association between the planet and the Greek deity Zeus was drawn from Near Eastern influences and was fully established by the fourth century BC, as documented in the 1842:

The temperature and pressure inside Jupiter increase steadily inward as the heat of planetary formation can only escape by convection. At a surface depth where the atmospheric pressure level is 1

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V.; Pepe, Francesco; Pollacco, Don; Ségransan, Damien; Smalley, Barry; Udry, Stéphane; West, Richard (August 2017). "The EBLM project. III. A Saturn-size low-mass star at the hydrogen-burning limit".

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Levison, Harold F.; Morbidelli, Alessandro; Van Laerhoven, Christa; Gomes, R. (2008). "Origin of the structure of the Kuiper belt during a dynamical instability in the orbits of Uranus and Neptune".

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in Earth's thermosphere. This feature may be formed by interactions between charged particles generated from Io and the strong magnetic field of Jupiter, resulting in a redistribution of heat flow.

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Simon, J. L.; Bretagnon, P.; Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touzé, M.; Francou, G.; Laskar, J. (February 1994). "Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets".

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Brygoo, S.; Loubeyre, P.; Millot, M.; Rygg, J. R.; Celliers, P. M.; Eggert, J. H.; Jeanloz, R.; Collins, G. W. (2021). "Evidence of hydrogen−helium immiscibility at Jupiter-interior conditions".

1570:. Neon in the upper atmosphere only consists of 20 parts per million by mass, which is about a tenth as abundant as in the Sun. Jupiter's helium abundance is about 80% that of the Sun due to the 8518: 1948:

The cloud layer is about 50 km (31 mi) deep and consists of at least two decks of ammonia clouds: a thin, clearer region on top and a thicker, lower deck. There may be a thin layer of

3273:. The spacecraft was originally intended to orbit Jupiter thirty-seven times over a period of twenty months. During the mission, the spacecraft will be exposed to high levels of radiation from 1429:

orbiting closer to the Sun, causing them to collide destructively. Saturn would later have begun to migrate inwards at a faster rate than Jupiter until the two planets became captured in a 3:2

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Wahl, S. M.; Hubbard, William B.; Militzer, B.; Guillot, Tristan; Miguel, Y.; Movshovitz, N.; Kaspi, Y.; Helled, R.; Reese, D.; Galanti, E.; Levin, S.; Connerney, J. E.; Bolton, S. J. (2017).

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The existence of the planet Jupiter has been known since ancient times. It is visible to the naked eye in the night sky and can occasionally be seen in the daytime when the Sun is low. To the

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Herbst, T. M.; Rix, H.-W. (1999). "Star Formation and Extrasolar Planet Studies with Near-Infrared Interferometry on the LBT". In Guenther, Eike; Stecklum, Bringfried; Klose, Sylvio (eds.).

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Guillot, Tristan; Stevenson, David J.; Hubbard, William B.; Saumon, Didier (2004). "Chapter 3: The Interior of Jupiter". In Bagenal, Fran; Dowling, Timothy E.; McKinnon, William B. (eds.).

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Fieseler, P. D.; Adams, O. W.; Vandermey, N.; Theilig, E. E.; Schimmels, K. A.; Lewis, G. D.; Ardalan, S. M.; Alexander, C. J. (2004). "The Galileo Star Scanner Observations at Amalthea".

6734: 4209:, meaning "Father Sky-God", or "Father Day-God"). As the supreme god of the Roman pantheon, Jupiter was the god of thunder, lightning, and storms, and was called the god of light and sky. 3277:, which may cause the failure of certain instruments. On August 27, 2016, the spacecraft completed its first flyby of Jupiter and sent back the first-ever images of Jupiter's north pole. 2486:. The rotation of Jupiter's polar atmosphere is about 5 minutes longer than that of the equatorial atmosphere. The planet is an oblate spheroid, meaning that the diameter across its 1386:, which are quite common, with Jupiter being the second but failed protostar. But the Solar System never developed into a system of multiple stars and Jupiter today does not qualify as a 1132:

Jupiter was the first of the sun's planets to form, and its inward migration during the primordial phase of the Solar System affected much of the formation history of the other planets.

11972: 5581:"I have heard people call Jupiter a "failed star" that just did not get big enough to shine. Does that make our sun a kind of double star? And why didn't Jupiter become a real star?" 1791:, it was expected to completely lack a core, consisting instead of a denser and denser fluid (predominantly molecular and metallic hydrogen) all the way to the centre. Data from the 3796:

The inner group of four small moons all have diameters of less than 200 km, orbit at radii less than 200,000 km, and have orbital inclinations of less than half a degree.

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Before the early 21st century, most scientists proposed one of two scenarios for the formation of Jupiter. If the planet accreted first as a solid body, it would consist of a dense

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Bjoraker, G. L.; Wong, M. H.; de Pater, I.; Ádámkovics, M. (September 2015). "Jupiter's Deep Cloud Structure Revealed Using Keck Observations of Spectrally Resolved Line Shapes".

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In the autumn of 1639, the Neapolitan optician Francesco Fontana tested a 22-palm telescope of his own making and discovered the characteristic bands of the planet's atmosphere.

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Niemann, H. B.; Atreya, S. K.; Carignan, G. R.; Donahue, T. M.; Haberman, J. A.; et al. (1996). "The Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer: Composition of Jupiter's Atmosphere".

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and extending it outward until it nearly reaches the orbit of Saturn. The four largest moons of Jupiter all orbit within the magnetosphere, which protects them from solar wind.

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Trachenko, K.; Brazhkin, V. V.; Bolmatov, D. (March 2014). "Dynamic transition of supercritical hydrogen: Defining the boundary between interior and atmosphere in gas giants".

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in planetary geology, a term that does not denote the state of matter. It is the largest planet in the Solar System, with a diameter of 142,984 km (88,846 mi) at its

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The moons discovered by Galileo—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto—are among the largest in the Solar System. The orbits of Io, Europa, and Ganymede form a pattern known as a

2221:—swirling movements of conducting materials—within the fluid, metallic hydrogen core. At about 75 Jupiter radii from the planet, the interaction of the magnetosphere with the 7840: 4958:

Mallama, Anthony; Krobusek, Bruce; Pavlov, Hristo (2017). "Comprehensive wide-band magnitudes and albedos for the planets, with applications to exo-planets and Planet Nine".

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Guillot, Tristan; Gautier, Daniel; Hubbard, William B. (December 1997). "NOTE: New Constraints on the Composition of Jupiter from Galileo Measurements and Interior Models".

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D'Angelo, G.; Weidenschilling, S. J.; Lissauer, J. J.; Bodenheimer, P. (2021). "Growth of Jupiter: Formation in disks of gas and solids and evolution to the present epoch".

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There is great interest in missions to study Jupiter's larger icy moons, which may have subsurface liquid oceans. Funding difficulties have delayed progress, causing NASA's

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reaches the end of the mission, it will perform a controlled deorbit and disintegrate into Jupiter's atmosphere. This will avoid the risk of collision with Jupiter's moons.

13068:; Geballe, T. R.; Roush, T. L.; Owen, T. C.; Cash, Michele; de Bergh, C.; Hartmann, W. K. (October 2000). "Trojan Asteroid 624 Hektor: Constraints on Surface Composition". 2837:. It was the last planetary moon to be discovered directly by a visual observer through a telescope. An additional eight satellites were discovered before the flyby of the 13304: 2899:

Decametric radio bursts (with a wavelength of tens of metres) vary with the rotation of Jupiter, and are influenced by the interaction of Io with Jupiter's magnetic field.

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with the Sun lies outside the volume of the Sun, though by only 7% of the Sun's radius. The average distance between Jupiter and the Sun is 778 million km (

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Outside the layer of metallic hydrogen lies a transparent interior atmosphere of hydrogen. At this depth, the pressure and temperature are above molecular hydrogen's

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Burns, J. A.; Showalter, M. R.; Hamilton, D. P.; Nicholson, P. D.; de Pater, I.; Ockert-Bell, M. E.; Thomas, P. C. (1999). "The Formation of Jupiter's Faint Rings".

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formally adopted the name Jupiter for the planet in 1976 and has since named its newly discovered satellites for the god's lovers, favourites, and descendants. The

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constellation each year (with corrections). In some ancient Chinese writings, the years were, in principle, named in correlation with the Jovian zodiac signs.

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or fragments of captured asteroids. The irregular moons within each group may have a common origin, perhaps as a larger moon or captured body that broke up.

12372: 12088: 9964: 1835:(6,800 mi) below the cloud tops) and merge again at 50,000 km (31,000 mi) (22,000 km (14,000 mi) beneath the clouds). Rainfalls of 9465:

Sromovsky, L. A.; Baines, K. H.; Fry, P. M.; Carlson, R. W. (July 2017). "A possibly universal red chromophore for modeling colour variations on Jupiter".

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mission, which reached the planet on December 7, 1995. It remained in orbit for over seven years, conducting multiple flybys of all the Galilean moons and

1915:. The zones have been observed to vary in width, colour and intensity from year to year, but they have remained stable enough for scientists to name them. 12119: 6535:

Kim, S. J.; Caldwell, J.; Rivolo, A. R.; Wagner, R. (1985). "Infrared Polar Brightening on Jupiter III. Spectrometry from the Voyager 1 IRIS Experiment".

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deduced that light does not travel instantaneously (a conclusion that Cassini had earlier rejected), and this timing discrepancy was used to estimate the

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can appear brighter than Jupiter. Depending on Jupiter's position with respect to the Earth, it can vary in visual magnitude from as bright as −2.94 at

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because during their formation these elements are thought to have been incorporated into them as ice; however, they probably contain little ice today.

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Walsh, K. J.; Morbidelli, A.; Raymond, S. N.; O'Brien, D. P.; Mandell, A. M. (2011). "A low mass for Mars from Jupiter's early gas-driven migration".

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Liu, S. F.; Hori, Y.; Müller, S.; Zheng, X.; Helled, R.; Lin, D.; Isella, A. (2019). "The formation of Jupiter's diluted core by a giant impact".

12318: 10333: 6727: 3867:

A tightly clustered group of retrograde-orbiting moons that averages 23,404,000 km from Jupiter with an average inclination of 165 degrees.

11431: 11328: 10089:

Showalter, M. A.; Burns, J. A.; Cuzzi, J. N.; Pollack, J. B. (1987). "Jupiter's ring system: New results on structure and particle properties".

9357: 9322: 4376: 12230: 7332: 3772:, which have nearly circular orbits near the plane of Jupiter's equator, are thought to have formed alongside Jupiter, while the remainder are 11462: 11069: 8797: 6958: 4498: 1651:). Jupiter's mass is 318 times that of Earth; 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined. It is so massive that its 17066: 11527: 9687:

Adriani, Alberto; Mura, A.; Orton, G.; Hansen, C.; Altieri, F.; et al. (March 2018). "Clusters of cyclones encircling Jupiter's poles".

7014:

the barycentre is 743,000 km from the centre of the Sun. The Sun's radius is 696,000 km, so it is 47,000 km above the surface.

13144: 13042: 10025: 6154: 5961:"Constraints on terrestrial planet formation timescales and equilibration processes in the Grand Tack scenario from Hf-W isotopic evolution" 4632:(Perihelion for Jupiter's planet-centre (599) occurs on 2023-Jan-21 at 4.9510113au during a rdot flip from negative to positive). NASA/JPL. 15561: 13274: 12647: 11964: 11549: 8714: 7873: 2519: 1563:

of frozen ammonia. The planet's interior is denser, with a composition of roughly 71% hydrogen, 24% helium, and 5% other elements by mass.

1102: 14230: 9415: 8485: 8329: 6614:

Gautier, D.; Conrath, B.; Flasar, M.; Hanel, R.; Kunde, V.; Chedin, A.; Scott, N. (1981). "The helium abundance of Jupiter from Voyager".

6365: 3888:

As the most massive of the eight planets, the gravitational influence of Jupiter has helped shape the Solar System. With the exception of

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Beginning in 1973, several spacecraft performed planetary flyby manoeuvres that brought them within the observation range of Jupiter. The

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orbiter itself experienced a more rapid version of the same fate when it was deliberately steered into the planet on September 21, 2003.

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come from erupting volcanoes on the moon's surface. As the spacecraft passed behind the planet, it observed flashes of lightning in the

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Michtchenko, T. A.; Ferraz-Mello, S. (February 2001). "Modeling the 5:2 Mean-Motion Resonance in the Jupiter–Saturn Planetary System".

9443: 8234: 2759:

theory of the motions of the planets; Galileo's outspoken support of the Copernican theory led to him being tried and condemned by the

412: 16032: 13555: 11302: 10903: 9287: 9067: 16977: 13674: 12026: 7357:

Burrows, Adam; Hubbard, W. B.; Lunine, J. I.; Liebert, James (July 2001). "The theory of brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets".

6954: 4304: 2747:) using a telescope. This is thought to be the first telescopic observation of moons other than Earth's. Just one day after Galileo, 13901: 12728: 12403: 7564: 12341: 12260: 9598:

Simon, Amy A.; Wong, M. H.; Rogers, J. H.; Orton, G. S.; de Pater, I.; Asay-Davis, X.; Carlson, R. W.; Marcus, P. S. (March 2015).

7830: 3972:

into orbits with a smaller period, which then becomes circularized by regular gravitational interactions with the Sun and Jupiter.

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long bursts (or L-bursts) lasting up to several seconds, and short bursts (or S-bursts) lasting less than a hundredth of a second.

12951: 9739: 9134: 3843:

A sparsely populated group of small moons with highly inclined prograde orbits around 16,000,000–17,000,000 km from Jupiter.

2431:) and it completes an orbit every 11.86 years. This is approximately two-fifths the orbital period of Saturn, forming a near 10063: 2718:

to explain Jupiter's motion relative to Earth, giving its orbital period around Earth as 4332.38 days, or 11.86 years.

1895:

layer of the atmosphere, forming bands at different latitudes, known as tropical regions. These are subdivided into lighter-hued

13462: 17132: 16777: 16762: 16742: 16054: 16001: 15968: 14512: 13335: 13296: 11659:

Chan, K.; Paredes, E. S.; Ryne, M. S. (2004). "Ulysses Attitude and Orbit Operations: 13+ Years of International Cooperation".

9913: 9552:

Sommeria, Jöel; Meyers, Steven D.; Swinney, Harry L. (February 25, 1988). "Laboratory simulation of Jupiter's Great Red Spot".

8202: 3932: 2237:—a region between it and the bow shock. The solar wind interacts with these regions, elongating the magnetosphere on Jupiter's 1783:(with some helium) extending outward to about 80% of the radius of the planet, and an outer atmosphere consisting primarily of 16050: 16035: 13857: 13834: 11713: 11037: 3227:

destroyed the spacecraft to avoid any possibility of the spacecraft crashing into and possibly contaminating the moon Europa,

1726:

Theoretical models indicate that if Jupiter had over 40% more mass, the interior would be so compressed that its volume would

17076: 16809: 16772: 16767: 16044: 15963: 14540: 14170: 14040: 13639: 12660: 12630: 12546: 12521: 12442: 12143:"Jupiter's moons hide giant subsurface oceans – two missions are sending spacecraft to see if these moons could support life" 11880: 11735:

Hansen, C. J.; Bolton, S. J.; Matson, D. L.; Spilker, L. J.; Lebreton, J.-P. (2004). "The Cassini–Huygens flyby of Jupiter".

11601: 11584: 11172: 11145: 10842: 10790: 10753: 10635: 10598: 10526: 10499: 10368: 10256: 10230: 9394: 8629: 7622: 7574: 7535: 7508: 7100: 7075: 7044: 7007: 6441: 6404: 6359: 6332: 5232: 5179: 4754: 4528: 4458: 3928: 3359: 2539: 1207: 13420: 13357: 2578:. A larger telescope with an aperture of 4–6 inches (10–15 cm) will show Jupiter's Great Red Spot when it faces Earth. 17502: 17439: 17093: 16814: 16752: 16747: 16043: 14535: 14224: 11910: 11501: 11236: 8933: 6914: 5321: 5079: 3857:

moons has rather indistinct borders, averaging 21,276,000 km from Jupiter with an average inclination of 149 degrees.

1063: 16041: 16038: 16034: 16030: 12049: 5657: 1494:, giving it a volume 1,321 times that of the Earth. Its average density, 1.326 g/cm, is lower than those of the four 1374:

million years. Since Jupiter is made of the same elements as the Sun (hydrogen and helium) it has been suggested that the

17656: 16757: 11857: 11628: 10781:

Seargent, David A. J. (September 24, 2010). "Facts, Fallacies, Unusual Observations, and Other Miscellaneous Gleanings".

1144:

and a diffuse inner core of denser material. Because of its rapid rate of rotation, one turn in ten hours, Jupiter is an

16048: 16040: 13492: 13431: 4023:

or ejects them. This topic remains controversial among scientists, as some think it draws comets towards Earth from the

16037: 15831: 10565: 5199: 4263: 2954:

requires a delta-v of 6.3 km/s, which is comparable to the 9.7 km/s delta-v needed to reach low Earth orbit.

1594: 16055: 16051: 13398: 13368: 10217:. ASP Conference Series. Vol. 188. San Francisco, Calif.: Astronomical Society of the Pacific. pp. 341–350. 9653: 7210:

Seager, S.; Kuchner, M.; Hier-Majumder, C. A.; Militzer, B. (2007). "Mass-Radius Relationships for Solid Exoplanets".

5412:

Bosman, A. D.; Cridland, A. J.; Miguel, Y. (December 2019). "Jupiter formed as a pebble pile around the N2 ice line".

4010:, such as comets, than on any other planet in the Solar System. For example, Jupiter experiences about 200 times more 16905: 16878: 16046: 14294: 10934: 8823: 8708: 8564: 1663:

from the Sun's centre. Jupiter's radius is about one tenth the radius of the Sun, and its mass is one thousandth the

949: 11209: 9522: 2906:

and Hein Hvatum in 1959. The origin of this signal is a torus-shaped belt around Jupiter's equator, which generates

2031:

storm located 22° south of the equator. It was first observed in 1831, and possibly as early as 1665. Images by the

17293: 16056: 15836: 15554: 12283: 7122: 6949: 2075:

flyby mission measured the depth of the Great Red Spot, putting it at around 300–500 kilometres (190–310 mi).

1247: 13168:"Collisional Probability of Periodic Comets with the Terrestrial Planets: An Invalid Case of Analytic Formulation" 11826: 5291: 2658:

controlling the region of the heavens opposite Jupiter's position in the night sky. These beliefs survive in some

2467:

of Jupiter is relatively small, only 3.13°, so its seasons are insignificant compared to those of Earth and Mars.

15777: 14367: 14122: 12080: 4786: 3814:

in parallel, orbit between 400,000 and 2,000,000 km, and are some of the largest moons in the Solar System.

3380: 3165:. The probe's cameras measured plasma output from volcanoes on Io and studied all four Galilean moons in detail. 1992:

within the interior of the planet transports energy to the poles, balancing out temperatures at the cloud layer.

363: 16821: 12173: 9972: 8398: 4038:

comet collided with Jupiter. The impacts were closely observed by observatories around the world, including the

2562:

for a period of about 121 days, moving backward through an angle of 9.9° before returning to prograde movement.

2098:. It has since increased in intensity and changed from white to red, earning it the nickname "Little Red Spot". 17472: 16888: 16722: 15819: 14848: 13774: 12765: 12111: 6519: 5523:

Bodenheimer, Peter; D'Angelo, Gennaro; Lissauer, Jack J.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Saumon, Didier (June 3, 2013).

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when it collided with Jupiter in 1994. Some of the goals for the mission were thwarted due to a malfunction in

2775: 2191: 1755: 891: 227: 9797: 9770: 9161: 8303: 2482:

easily seen through an amateur telescope. Because Jupiter is not a solid body, its upper atmosphere undergoes

2285:

that carry ionized matter into the polar regions of Jupiter. As a result, radio waves are generated through a

1566:

The atmospheric proportions of hydrogen and helium are close to the theoretical composition of the primordial

16997: 16893: 15508: 10426: 9796:

Wong, Michael H.; de Pater, Imke; Asay-Davis, Xylar; Marcus, Philip S.; Go, Christopher Y. (September 2011).

17410: 13964: 13858:"The Common Attributes Between The Baltic Thunder God Perkunas And His Antique Equivalents Jupiter And Zeus" 11933: 11774: 6670:

Kunde, V. G.; Flasar, F. M.; Jennings, D. E.; Bézard, B.; Strobel, D. F.; et al. (September 10, 2004).

17497: 17052: 17032: 16927: 7896: 7765:

Shang-Fei Liu; et al. (August 15, 2019). "The Formation of Jupiter's Diluted Core by a Giant Impact".

5018:

Mallama, A.; Hilton, J. L. (2018). "Computing Apparent Planetary Magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac".

4663: 4266:. In China, it became known as the "Year-star" (Sui-sing), as Chinese astronomers noted that it jumped one 4192: 3711:

The Galilean satellites in false colour. From left to right, in order of increasing distance from Jupiter:

3403: 17415: 16053: 13742:]. Cicero. Vol. 19. Translated by Rackham, H. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. p. 12564:"Derivation of the collision probability between orbiting objects: the lifetimes of jupiter's outer moons" 5827: 3670: 3632: 3594: 3556: 3462:

of Io (which is subject to the strongest tidal forces), and to a lesser degree in the geological youth of

2502:

and corresponds to the rotation of the planet's magnetosphere; its period is Jupiter's official rotation.

2162: 17572: 17098: 17027: 16992: 16031: 16025: 15547: 14209: 12563: 11800: 11051: 8169: 5525:"Deuterium Burning In Massive Giant Planets And Low-mass Brown Dwarfs Formed By Core-nucleated Accretion" 5158:. The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series. Vol. 177. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 141–159. 3791: 2778: 2035:

have shown two more "red spots" adjacent to the Great Red Spot. The storm is visible through Earth-based

1958: 1571: 1078:

combined and slightly less than one-thousandth the mass of the Sun. Its diameter is eleven times that of

17012: 13616: 11486:"Jupiter's Synchrotron Radiation: Observed Variations Before, During and After the Impacts of Comet SL9" 10860:"Ancient Babylonian astronomers calculated Jupiter's position from the area under a time-velocity graph" 7716:"Comparing Jupiter interior structure models to Juno gravity measurements and the role of a dilute core" 7127: 6982:

MacDougal, Douglas W. (2012). "A Binary System Close to Home: How the Moon and Earth Orbit Each Other".

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by the planet resulted in better measurements of Jupiter's diameter and the amount of polar flattening.

2179: 17722: 17487: 17288: 17171: 17154: 17120: 16052: 15994: 15717: 14713: 14558: 14242: 14162: 12112:"To protect potential alien life, NASA will destroy its $ 1 billion Jupiter spacecraft on purpose" 11687: 7614: 5830:"Capture and migration of Jupiter and Saturn in mean motion resonance in a gaseous protoplanetary disc" 5580: 4402: 4035: 3991: 3204: 2851: 2559: 2494:. On Jupiter, the equatorial diameter is 9,276 km (5,764 mi) longer than the polar diameter. 2412: 1486:, meaning its chemical composition is primarily hydrogen and helium. These materials are classified as 1234:

In both the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations, Jupiter was named after the chief god of the divine

1219: 14141: 12314: 11332: 10337: 6034:

D'Angelo, G.; Marzari, F. (2012). "Outward Migration of Jupiter and Saturn in Evolved Gaseous Disks".

2292:, and the energy is transmitted out along a cone-shaped surface. When Earth intersects this cone, the 17330: 17305: 17115: 15851: 15527: 14841: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14517: 14246: 11435: 9345: 9310: 9193: 7293: 4445: 4051: 3893: 3455: 3327: 3298: 2788: 1836: 1362: 16049: 13810: 12226: 11026:"On an Unpublished Letter of Francesco Fontana to the Grand-Duke of Tuscany Ferdinand II de' Medici" 2309: 1466:

Based on Jupiter's composition, researchers have made the case for an initial formation outside the

17621: 17226: 15914: 15814: 14550: 14342: 11458: 11065: 10950:

Pasachoff, Jay M. (2015). "Simon Marius's Mundus Iovialis: 400th Anniversary in Galileo's Shadow".

10806:

Xi, Z. Z. (1981). "The Discovery of Jupiter's Satellite Made by Gan-De 2000 Years Before Galileo".

8801: 8551:. Cambridge planetary science. Vol. 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 45. 6940: 4490: 4067: 4020: 3981: 3969: 3319: 3274: 2808: 2646:) when referring to years of age. By the 4th century BC, these observations had developed into the 2278: 2126: 1965:

milliseconds. These are known as "elves" or "sprites" and appear blue or pink due to the hydrogen.

1935: 1414: 720: 672: 654: 24: 13743: 13711: 13707:

Cicero's Tusculan Disputations; also, Treatises on The Nature of the Gods, and on The Commonwealth

11523: 11395:

Youssef, A.; Marcus, P. S. (2003). "The dynamics of jovian white ovals from formation to merger".

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mission arrived at Jupiter on July 4, 2016, with the goal of studying the planet in detail from a

2846: 17310: 17137: 16784: 16688: 16601: 16301: 16151: 16042: 16033: 14357: 14352: 13264: 13136: 13034: 10033: 8689: 6815:"Helium in Jupiter's atmosphere: Results from the Galileo probe Helium Interferometer Experiment" 6146: 5524: 3961: 2959: 2955: 2800: 2566: 2150: 2146: 2102: 1904: 1574:

of these elements as helium-rich droplets, a process that happens deep in the planet's interior.

1366: 1265: 1097: 705: 420: 316: 262: 216: 198: 14000:. American lectures on the history of religions. Vol. 10. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 300. 12666: 7863: 3314:, with a provisional launch date around 2020. EJSM/Laplace would have consisted of the NASA-led 2498:

north and south of these; its period is 9h 55 m 40.6s. System III was defined by

1973:, mix with the warmer clouds of the lower deck. The light-coloured zones are formed when rising 17796: 17315: 17253: 17201: 17191: 17176: 17127: 16987: 16917: 16339: 16027: 15904: 15809: 15798: 15570: 14587: 14214: 14063: 13805: 13588:

Rogers, J. H. (1998). "Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions".

11553: 9411: 8475: 8333: 6991: 6349: 5828:

Raúl O Chametla; Gennaro D’Angelo; Mauricio Reyes-Ruiz; F Javier Sánchez-Salcedo (March 2020).

4696:"Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006" 4039: 4007: 3909: 3761:

Jupiter's moons were traditionally classified into four groups of four, based on their similar

3315: 2947: 2926: 2681:

with the unaided eye. If true, this would predate Galileo's discovery by nearly two millennia.

2677:, reported a small star "in alliance" with the planet, which may indicate a sighting of one of 2535: 2206: 2032: 1460: 1301:, is only known to have come into use as a poetic name for the planet around the 14th century. 1126: 17236: 16047: 16039: 16036: 14032: 13995: 12646:

Jewitt, D. C.; Sheppard, S.; Porco, C. (2004). Bagenal, F.; Dowling, T.; McKinnon, W. (eds.).

12199: 11162: 10743: 10516: 7067: 7061: 6394: 4744: 3463: 17776: 17681: 17608: 17482: 17335: 17298: 17186: 17181: 15987: 15909: 15846: 14330: 14287: 12991:

Kerr, Richard A. (2004). "Did Jupiter and Saturn Team Up to Pummel the Inner Solar System?".

10588: 10002: 9386: 9380: 8544: 7525: 6672:"Jupiter's Atmospheric Composition from the Cassini Thermal Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment" 4180: 3439: 3307: 2662: 2635: 2575: 2483: 1961:

has been observed in Jupiter's upper atmosphere, bright flashes of light that last around 1.4

1888: 1868:

Timelapse of Jupiter's cloud system moving over the course of one month (photographed during

1859: 1507: 1430: 1398: 1349: 814: 546: 387: 17350: 14024: 12894: 12487: 11134: 10994: 9437: 9252: 8606: 8283: 8224: 7930:"Mixing of Condensable Constituents with H-He during the Formation and Evolution of Jupiter" 7454: 6983: 6119: 5986: 5435: 5041: 4825: 4601: 4570: 3877:

A dispersed and only vaguely distinct retrograde group that covers all the outermost moons.

17243: 17196: 16853: 16311: 16276: 16271: 16165: 16116: 16089: 16045: 16024: 15882: 15763: 15630: 15398: 14745: 14675: 14638: 13597: 13563: 13559: 13527: 13226: 13179: 13108: 13077: 12973: 12927: 12862: 12797: 12704: 12575: 12471: 11744: 11493: 11404: 11367: 11306: 11267: 11104: 11093:"The Galileo probe Doppler wind experiment: Measurement of the deep zonal winds on Jupiter" 10959: 10871: 10859: 10815: 10662: 10441: 10397: 10281: 10218: 10187: 10136: 10098: 9928: 9867: 9812: 9696: 9603: 9561: 9484: 9283: 9248: 9211: 9106: 9032: 8978: 8893: 8762: 8644: 8602: 8552: 8424: 8374: 8279: 8116: 8061: 8006: 7951: 7784: 7737: 7686: 7647: 7450: 7376: 7308: 7229: 7174: 6870: 6826: 6768: 6683: 6623: 6580: 6544: 6476: 6197: 6115: 6053: 5982: 5894: 5782: 5711: 5615: 5546: 5489: 5431: 5363: 5264: 5159: 5120: 5037: 4977: 4914: 4866: 4855:"Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2015" 4821: 4707: 4597: 4566: 4398: 3446: 3374: 3195: 3177: 3136: 2902:

Decimetric radio emission (with wavelengths measured in centimetres) was first observed by

2606: 2558:

of its orbit, bringing it closer to Earth. Near opposition, Jupiter will appear to go into

2471: 2444: 1811: 924: 238: 16028: 16026: 13925:"Astrolatry in the Brahmaputra Valley: Reflecting upon the Navagraha Sculptural Depiction" 13670: 12689: 12022: 11258:

Bobis, Laurence; Lequeux, James (July 2008). "Cassini, Rømer, and the velocity of light".

10835:

China's Major Mysteries: Paranormal Phenomena and the Unexplained in the People's Republic

8959:(2020). "Storms and the Depletion of Ammonia in Jupiter: I. Microphysics of "Mushballs"". 7593:

the radius of Jupiter is estimated to be currently shrinking by approximately 1 mm/yr

6284:"Erratum: "Jupiter's Composition Suggests Its Core Assembled Exterior to the N2 Snowline"" 3384:, which would both use Jupiter's gravity to help them reach the edges of the heliosphere. 2447:

of its orbit is 0.049, Jupiter is slightly over 75 million km nearer the Sun at

2136: 1839:

have been suggested to occur, as well as on Saturn and the ice giants Uranus and Neptune.

1826:). In this state, there are no distinct liquid and gas phases—hydrogen is said to be in a 8: 17791: 17695: 17584: 17422: 17395: 17345: 17149: 16613: 16306: 16158: 15888: 15841: 15638: 14822: 14792: 14752: 14626: 13897: 13733: 13705: 9239:

Kyrala, A. (1982). "An explanation of the persistence of the Great Red Spot of Jupiter".

8513: 5252: 3908:

are mostly caused by Jupiter, and the planet may have been responsible for the purported

3182: 3072: 2907: 2753: 2703: 2440: 2289: 1864: 1827: 1788: 1320: 1256: 1235: 1215: 327: 16509: 16388: 13601: 13531: 13230: 13183: 13112: 13081: 12977: 12931: 12912: 12866: 12801: 12708: 12579: 12475: 12252: 11748: 11497: 11408: 11371: 11271: 11108: 10963: 10875: 10819: 10666: 10445: 10401: 10285: 10222: 10191: 10140: 10102: 9932: 9871: 9816: 9700: 9607: 9602:. 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. March 16–20, 2015. The Woodlands, Texas. 9565: 9488: 9215: 9110: 9036: 8982: 8897: 8766: 8648: 8556: 8428: 8378: 8120: 8065: 8010: 7955: 7788: 7741: 7690: 7651: 7380: 7312: 7233: 7178: 6883: 6874: 6858: 6830: 6772: 6687: 6627: 6584: 6548: 6480: 6201: 6057: 5898: 5786: 5715: 5619: 5550: 5493: 5367: 5268: 5163: 5124: 4981: 4918: 4870: 4711: 3252: 2630:

based on the approximate number of years it takes Jupiter to rotate around the Sun; the

17760: 17748: 17675: 17545: 17492: 17370: 17340: 17248: 17061: 16198: 16029: 15958: 15876: 14787: 14765: 14314: 14101: 13269: 13242: 13216: 13065: 13016: 12943: 12886: 12821: 12720: 12591: 11283: 10975: 10895: 10724: 10686: 10678: 10457: 10410: 10385: 10160: 9888: 9855: 9720: 9577: 9500: 9474: 9264: 9166: 9138: 9048: 9022: 8994: 8968: 8925: 8847: 8798:"Surprising Jupiter: Busy Galileo spacecraft showed jovian system is full of surprises" 8778: 8752: 8456: 8390: 8295: 8269: 8140: 8106: 8030: 7996: 7969: 7941: 7835: 7808: 7774: 7727: 7466: 7440: 7392: 7366: 7245: 7219: 7192: 7164: 6888: 6792: 6709: 6649: 6596: 6492: 6466: 6305: 6264: 6244: 6213: 6187: 6105: 6069: 6043: 6016: 6003: 5972: 5960: 5910: 5884: 5841: 5805: 5772: 5760: 5756: 5735: 5701: 5639: 5536: 5505: 5479: 5447: 5421: 5386: 5351: 5350:

Kruijer, Thomas S.; Burkhardt, Christoph; Budde, Gerrit; Kleine, Thorsten (June 2017).

5136: 5110: 5053: 5027: 4993: 4967: 4935: 4902: 4280: 4063: 3923:

that precede and follow the planet in its orbit around the Sun. These are known as the

3128: 3112: 2543: 2455:, which means that its orbit is nearly circular. This low eccentricity is at odds with 2268:. They, together with hydrogen ions originating from the atmosphere of Jupiter, form a 2060: 1949: 1784: 1495: 1467: 1211: 1012: 879: 16482: 16445: 11416: 11279: 11232: 10745:

A Guide to Hubble Space Telescope Objects: Their Selection, Location, and Significance

10067: 8614: 8291: 5558: 5352:"Age of Jupiter inferred from the distinct genetics and formation times of meteorites" 5132: 17535: 17105: 17047: 16838: 16727: 16653: 16594: 16323: 15929: 15678: 15477: 15285: 14608: 14258: 14166: 14057: 14036: 14025: 13635: 13454: 13020: 13008: 12878: 12839: 12813: 12656: 12626: 12595: 12587: 12542: 12517: 12438: 11580: 11287: 11168: 11141: 10979: 10930: 10899: 10887: 10838: 10786: 10749: 10690: 10631: 10594: 10522: 10495: 10461: 10364: 10252: 10226: 10152: 10110: 9893: 9798:"Vertical structure of Jupiter's Oval BA before and after it reddened: What changed?" 9712: 9623:"Jupiter's Superstorm Is Shrinking: Is Changing Red Spot Evidence Of Climate Change?" 9504: 9390: 9268: 9052: 8998: 8929: 8917: 8909: 8851: 8782: 8704: 8560: 8460: 8448: 8440: 8355: 8192: 8132: 8079: 8034: 8022: 7973: 7812: 7800: 7659: 7618: 7570: 7531: 7504: 7396: 7324: 7196: 7096: 7071: 7040: 7003: 6984: 6892: 6784: 6701: 6653: 6600: 6556: 6515: 6437: 6400: 6355: 6328: 6309: 6268: 6073: 6065: 6020: 6008: 5810: 5727: 5631: 5562: 5509: 5451: 5391: 5228: 5175: 4997: 4940: 4882: 4854: 4750: 4725: 4454: 4286: 3897: 3854: 3830: 3431: 3409: 3265: 3247: 2913: 2771: 2674: 2432: 2427: 2016: 1912: 1803: 1792: 1780: 1686: 1418: 1402: 1141: 1118: 1083: 495: 399: 204: 188: 16565: 13327: 12947: 10164: 9581: 8394: 8299: 8144: 7470: 6713: 5914: 5140: 5057: 4361: 17781: 17596: 17400: 17390: 17283: 17258: 16668: 16638: 16489: 16363: 16203: 16068: 15953: 15919: 15656: 15503: 15177: 15152: 15127: 14864: 14810: 14376: 14347: 14280: 14093: 13826: 13747: 13715: 13627: 13535: 13246: 13234: 13187: 13116: 13004: 13000: 12935: 12890: 12870: 12825: 12805: 12724: 12712: 12583: 12479: 11752: 11709: 11664: 11412: 11375: 11275: 11112: 11025: 10967: 10879: 10716: 10670: 10449: 10405: 10289: 10195: 10144: 10106: 9936: 9883: 9875: 9820: 9740:"NASA Just Watched a Mass of Cyclones on Jupiter Evolve Into a Mesmerising Hexagon" 9724: 9704: 9569: 9492: 9256: 9219: 9040: 8986: 8901: 8839: 8770: 8685: 8652: 8610: 8543:

Guillot, Tristan; Stevenson, David J.; Hubbard, William B.; Saumon, Didier (2004).

8432: 8382: 8287: 8124: 8069: 8014: 7959: 7792: 7745: 7694: 7655: 7458: 7384: 7316: 7249: 7237: 7182: 6995: 6878: 6834: 6796: 6776: 6691: 6639: 6631: 6588: 6552: 6496: 6484: 6295: 6254: 6217: 6205: 6178: 6123: 6094:"Consequences of planetary migration on the minor bodies of the early solar system" 6061: 5998: 5990: 5902: 5851: 5800: 5790: 5739: 5719: 5692: 5643: 5623: 5554: 5497: 5439: 5381: 5371: 5167: 5128: 5045: 4985: 4930: 4922: 4874: 4829: 4715: 4605: 4440: 4415: 4245: 4225: 3986: 3920: 3889: 3777: 3762: 3485: 3393: 3152:

probe flew by Jupiter on its way to Saturn, and provided higher-resolution images.

3108: 2888: 2863: 2828: 2732: 2685: 2678: 2631: 2627: 2547: 2499: 2479: 2373: 2101:

In April 2017, a "Great Cold Spot" was discovered in Jupiter's thermosphere at its

2044: 1911:. Wind speeds of 100 metres per second (360 km/h; 220 mph) are common in 1736: 1540: 1251: 1199:. Callisto is the second largest; Io and Europa are each about the size of Earth's 1196: 1168: 906: 800: 787: 659: 404: 352: 181: 134: 70: 13710:. Translated by Yonge, Charles Duke. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers. p. 13423: 11884: 11605: 10783:

Weird Astronomy: Tales of Unusual, Bizarre, and Other Hard to Explain Observations

10148: 8843: 7462: 7066:. Series of books in astronomy (12th ed.). University Science Books. p. 6233:"Jupiter's Composition Suggests its Core Assembled Exterior to the N_{2} Snowline" 6128: 6093: 5443: 4834: 4809: 4610: 4585: 4524: 4191:), as they believed it to be sacred to its namesake god. This name comes from the 2895:

Scientists have discovered three forms of radio signals transmitted from Jupiter:

2827:

observed a fifth satellite of Jupiter with the 36-inch (910 mm) refractor at

2766: 1887:

Jupiter is perpetually covered with clouds of ammonia crystals, which may contain

1336: 173: 17467: 17365: 17273: 17164: 17142: 16939: 16883: 16873: 16663: 16643: 16618: 16606: 16560: 16548: 16452: 16435: 16395: 16373: 16368: 15946: 15941: 15671: 15609: 15588: 15539: 15435: 15428: 15403: 15245: 15206: 15132: 15063: 15007: 14959: 14942: 14935: 14897: 14892: 14681: 14653: 14632: 14470: 14460: 14439: 14434: 14401: 14396: 14262: 14156: 14136: 12968:

Ferraz-Mello, S. (1994). Milani, Andrea; Di Martino, Michel; Cellino, A. (eds.).

12843: 11756: 11485: 10199: 9824: 9496: 8956: 8877: 8740: 8656: 6999: 6907: 6780: 6209: 5501: 5222: 4989: 4450: 4184: 4115: 3957: 3924: 3807: 3773: 3747: 3743: 3724: 3720: 3664: 3626: 3369: 3200: 3119: 3103: 2951: 2832: 2740: 2491: 2475: 2400: 2388: 2066: 2005: 1985: 1974: 1740: 1192: 1188: 1176: 1145: 1082:, and a tenth that of the Sun. Jupiter orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.20 758: 691: 569: 51: 13631: 12911:

Nesvorný, David; Beaugé, Cristian; Dones, Luke; Levison, Harold F. (July 2003).

12809: 11906: 8881: 7320: 5313: 5071: 5049: 3949:

in 1906; since then more than two thousand have been discovered. The largest is

3306:) to be cancelled in 2005. A subsequent proposal was developed for a joint NASA/ 2621: 2510: 1754:

Jupiter radiates more heat than it receives through solar radiation, due to the

1615: 1585:

is thought to be similar in composition to Jupiter, but the other giant planets

1365:: a distance from the early Sun where the temperature was sufficiently cold for 1319:, has come to mean 'happy' or 'merry', moods ascribed to Jupiter's influence in 530: 17451: 17231: 17221: 17159: 17022: 16949: 16910: 16831: 16804: 16658: 16528: 16499: 16477: 16467: 16457: 16410: 15861: 15826: 15736: 15472: 15452: 15389: 15320: 15201: 15172: 15117: 15092: 15082: 14995: 14912: 14720: 14527: 14485: 14416: 14335: 14185: 14027:

The Japanese numbers game: the use and understanding of numbers in modern Japan

13260: 12373:"Proposed Interstellar Mission Reaches for the Stars, One Generation at a Time" 11632: 9130: 8436: 8128: 8074: 8049: 7187: 7150: 6300: 6283: 6259: 6232: 6092:

Pirani, S.; Johansen, A.; Bitsch, B.; Mustill, A.J.; Turrini, D. (March 2019).

5994: 4926: 4267: 4129: 3964:

belong to this group. Members of the Jupiter family are thought to form in the

3872: 3801: 3459: 3425: 3413: 3332: 3228: 3123: 2817: 2744: 2647: 2571: 2474:

is the fastest of all the Solar System's planets, completing a rotation on its

2379: 2249: 2202: 2024: 1776: 1739:

was achieved. Although Jupiter would need to be about 75 times more massive to

1223: 1172: 1156: 1149: 1091: 287: 251: 167: 14252: 14236: 13238: 13207:

Horner, J.; Jones, B. W. (2008). "Jupiter – friend or foe? I: the asteroids".

9224: 9197: 8905: 8018: 7897:"'Totally Wrong' on Jupiter: What Scientists Gleaned from NASA's Juno Mission" 7796: 7388: 6906:

Ingersoll, A. P.; Hammel, H. B.; Spilker, T. R.; Young, R. E. (June 1, 2005).

6592: 5469: 5171: 4878: 4720: 4695: 2531: 2282: 1771:

Diagram of Jupiter with its interior, surface features, rings, and inner moons

1730:

despite the increasing amount of matter. For smaller changes in its mass, the

17770: 17550: 17530: 17110: 16843: 16826: 16647: 16570: 16533: 16504: 16494: 16462: 16440: 16420: 16383: 16356: 16351: 16346: 15936: 15770: 15697: 15457: 15423: 15325: 15300: 15275: 15270: 15194: 15182: 15142: 15002: 14969: 14928: 14455: 14429: 13484: 10971: 10704: 8913: 8197: 5635: 5566: 4886: 4729: 4298: 4176: 4142:), meaning "shining one" or "blazing star". The Greek myths of Zeus from the 4104: 4077: 3968:

outside the orbit of Neptune. During close encounters with Jupiter, they are

3905: 3824: 3739: 3716: 3588: 3323: 3049: 2824: 2756: 2436: 2261: 2234: 2110: 1847: 1807: 1597:, including oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. These planets are known as 1284: 1243: 1184: 1160: 1122: 302: 117: 50:

space probe. The small spot on top of Jupiter is the shadow cast by its moon

20: 13997:

Religion in China: universism. a key to the study of Taoism and Confucianism

13687:

In Greek the name of the planet Jupiter is Dias, the Greek name of god Zeus.

10883: 10559: 8955:

Guillot, Tristan; Stevenson, David J.; Atreya, Sushil K.; Bolton, Scott J.;

6696: 6671: 6644: 6635: 5856: 5829: 5795: 5376: 5195: 2416:

3-hour timelapse showing rotation of Jupiter and orbital motion of the moons

1685:) is often used as a unit to describe masses of other objects, particularly 17736: 17628: 17614: 17405: 17360: 17017: 16900: 16794: 16734: 16717: 16543: 16521: 16472: 16430: 16415: 16400: 16266: 16225: 16190: 16010: 15645: 15467: 15359: 15339: 15332: 15315: 15305: 15250: 15157: 15112: 15073: 15045: 15012: 14902: 14887: 14647: 14475: 14465: 14406: 14391: 14189: 14176: 14152: 13968: 13540: 13515: 13390: 13360: 13012: 12882: 12817: 12483: 12342:"China to launch a pair of spacecraft towards the edge of the solar system" 11668: 10891: 10674: 10293: 10156: 9897: 9716: 8921: 8452: 8136: 8083: 8026: 7804: 7328: 6705: 6488: 6390: 6012: 5814: 5731: 5395: 4944: 4749:(2nd updated ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 250. 4003: 3942: 3901: 3848: 3838: 3811: 3769: 3311: 3157: 3087: 2859: 2796: 2748: 2655: 2396: 2392: 2269: 2230: 2218: 2214: 2210: 1709: 1668: 1660: 1642: 1626: 1610: 1578: 1567: 1544: 1532: 1444: 1375: 1075: 1071: 938: 486: 467: 46: 14031:. Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese studies series. Routledge. pp. 11201: 10555: 7638:

Bodenheimer, P. (1974). "Calculations of the early evolution of Jupiter".

7566:

Giant Planets of Our Solar System: Atmospheres, Composition, and Structure

7527:

Giant Planets of Our Solar System: Atmospheres, Composition, and Structure

6788: 4686: 3915:

In addition to its moons, Jupiter's gravitational field controls numerous

3368:

mission which aims to launch an orbiter to the Jovian system and possibly

3140:

solar probe. In February 1992, it performed a flyby manoeuvre to attain a

2813: 2043:

of 12 cm or larger. The oval object rotates counterclockwise, with a

17669: 17663: 17446: 17434: 17429: 17380: 17355: 17325: 17320: 17268: 17263: 17088: 17002: 16961: 16922: 16799: 16630: 16553: 16516: 16405: 15487: 15482: 15462: 15408: 15379: 15344: 15295: 15260: 15221: 15211: 15167: 15122: 15107: 15102: 14983: 14978: 14480: 10453: 9941: 9879: 9068:"Juno Data Indicates 'Sprites' or 'Elves' Frolic in Jupiter's Atmosphere" 9044: 8990: 8774: 8274: 7964: 7929: 7928:

Stevenson, D. J.; Bodenheimer, P.; Lissauer, J. J.; D'Angelo, G. (2022).

7750: 7715: 7371: 6471: 5889: 4292: 4024: 3965: 3862: 3435: 3326:

selection. These plans have been realized as the European Space Agency's

3270: 3141: 2903: 2760: 2028: 1970: 1694: 1690: 1656: 1593:

have relatively less hydrogen and helium and relatively more of the next

1455: 1426: 1391: 1383: 1316: 1164: 1163:, the second-largest contiguous structure in the Solar System (after the 827: 808: 794: 775: 12874: 10249:

Newton's Gravity: An Introductory Guide to the Mechanics of the Universe

9708: 8630:"Coloring Jupiter's clouds: Radiolysis of ammonium hydrosulfide (NH4SH)" 7927: 5723: 129: 17688: 17635: 17375: 16954: 16538: 15601: 15594: 15418: 15413: 15374: 15369: 15354: 15349: 15280: 15255: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15187: 15162: 15147: 15137: 15097: 15087: 15038: 15022: 15017: 14988: 14666: 14659: 13972: 13361:"The Big Comet Crash of 1994 – Intensive Observational Campaign at ESO" 11830: 9914:"A New Model of Jupiter's Magnetic Field From Juno's First Nine Orbits" 9260: 6510:

Bagenal, Fran; Dowling, Timothy E.; McKinnon, William B., eds. (2006).

5283: 4217: 4151: 4028: 3950: 3004: 2989: 2937: 2932: 2707: 2609:

of the 7th or 8th century BC. The ancient Chinese knew Jupiter as the "

2551: 2464: 2448: 2421: 2293: 2257: 2222: 1989: 1981: 1908: 1892: 1843: 1823: 1664: 1652: 1598: 1451: 844: 744: 619: 603: 517: 39: 14105: 12688:

Nesvorný, D.; Alvarellos, J. L. A.; Dones, L.; Levison, H. F. (2003).

11117: 11092: 11091:

Atkinson, David H.; Pollack, James B.; Seiff, Alvin (September 1998).

10728: 10587:

Chaple, Glenn F. (2009). Jones, Lauren V.; Slater, Timothy F. (eds.).

10308:"Simulations explain giant exoplanets with eccentric, close-in orbits" 8547:. In Bagenal, Fran; Dowling, Timothy E.; McKinnon, William B. (eds.). 8444: 6990:. Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics. Springer New York. pp. 6839: 6814: 5522: 2641: 17649: 17642: 17071: 17037: 16868: 16789: 16712: 16707: 16678: 16425: 16378: 16247: 16230: 15924: 15871: 15856: 15744: 15622: 15615: 15447: 14921: 14758: 14738: 14694: 14687: 14424: 12848:"An abundant population of small irregular satellites around Jupiter" 12177: 10682: 9573: 9097:

Strycker, P. D.; Chanover, N.; Sussman, M.; Simon-Miller, A. (2006).

8480: 7901: 7868: 5761:"Jupiter's decisive role in the inner Solar System's early evolution" 5627: 4782: 4147: 4096: 3833:

moons with orbits around 11,000,000–12,000,000 km from Jupiter.

3735: 3712: 3550: 3364: 3034: 3019: 2879: 2839: 2666: 2665:

and in the East Asian zodiac's twelve animals. The Chinese historian

2456: 2286: 2245: 2226: 2114: 2053: 2036: 1953: 1870: 1748: 1536: 1483: 1406: 1387: 1308: 1180: 1106: 1087: 1067: 275: 208: 16673: 14205: 13762: 12753: 11200:

Fimmel, Richard O.; Swindell, William; Burgess, Eric (August 1974).

8257: 6434:

A Concise Handbook of Mathematics, Physics, and Engineering Sciences

5872: 4556: 3458:

in the interior of the moons. This is seen most dramatically in the

17702: 17540: 17007: 16863: 16848: 16589: 16296: 16144: 15310: 15265: 14833: 14097: 13192: 13167: 13121: 13096: 12939: 12716: 11380: 11355: 10720: 9479: 9096: 9027: 8973: 8882:"Small lightning flashes from shallow electrical storms on Jupiter" 8757: 8386: 8001: 7946: 7779: 7732: 7699: 7674: 7445: 7281:. Vol. Jupiter: Destroyer or Savior?. Discovery Channel. 2014. 7241: 7169: 6249: 6175: 6110: 5977: 5906: 5846: 5777: 5484: 5426: 5115: 5032: 4972: 4692: 4213: 4195: 4164: 4133: 4100: 4011: 3946: 3916: 3451: 2715: 2711: 2698: 2693: 2597: 2591: 2554:. Favourable oppositions occur when Jupiter is passing through the 2452: 2238: 2185: 2085: 2040: 1787:. Alternatively, if the planet collapsed directly from the gaseous 1289: 1133: 964: 336: 13221: 11996:"NASA's Juno spacecraft to remain in current orbit around Jupiter" 8111: 7864:"More Jupiter Weirdness: Giant Planet May Have Huge, 'Fuzzy' Core" 7224: 7209: 6192: 6048: 5706: 5541: 4350:

Based on the volume within the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure

4072: 2799:

and in 1665 by Cassini, although this is disputed. The pharmacist

1977:

form crystallising ammonia that hides the chromophores from view.

1767: 16944: 16932: 16858: 16257: 16110: 15866: 15290: 13516:"Discovery of a Possible Impact SPOT on Jupiter Recorded in 1690" 13514:

Tabe, Isshi; Watanabe, Jun-ichi; Jimbo, Michiwo (February 1997).

9910: 6569: 5689: 4088: 3352: 2943: 2868: 2726: 2689: 2651: 2514:

Jupiter and four Galilean moons seen through an amateur telescope

2487: 2095: 2049: 1952:

clouds underlying the ammonia clouds, as suggested by flashes of

1923: 1819: 1590: 1560: 1556: 1548: 1528: 1491: 1000: 988: 632: 442: 346: 13763:"Mythologies in contact: Syro-Phoenician traits in Homeric Zeus" 13453:

Savage, Donald; Elliott, Jim; Villard, Ray (December 30, 2004).

13097:"Planetary perturbations and the origins of short-period comets" 12788:

Showman, A. P.; Malhotra, R. (1999). "The Galilean Satellites".

12460:"Numerical simulations of the orbits of the Galilean satellites" 12253:"European Space Agency: Blast off for Jupiter icy moons mission" 11934:"NASA's Juno spacecraft to risk Jupiter's fireworks for science" 7294:"Interiors of Giant Planets Inside and Outside the Solar System" 7095:. Treatise on geochemistry. Vol. 1. Elsevier. p. 624. 5606:

Drobyshevski, E. M. (1974). "Was Jupiter the protosun's core?".

4289: – Jovian planet that orbits its star in an eccentric orbit 3416:", and are visible from Earth with binoculars on a clear night. 2910:

from electrons that are accelerated in Jupiter's magnetic field.

2601:

of the longitudinal motion of Jupiter (☉) relative to Earth (🜨)

17385: 16582: 16577: 16291: 16286: 16252: 16240: 16185: 16137: 16130: 16105: 16100: 15979: 15442: 15364: 13729: 13063: 12690:"Orbital and Collisional Evolution of the Irregular Satellites" 12537:

McFadden, Lucy-Ann; Weissmann, Paul; Johnson, Torrence (2006).

10651:

Sachs, A. (May 2, 1974). "Babylonian Observational Astronomy".

10126: 9011: 4903:"Less absorbed solar energy and more internal heat for Jupiter" 4626:"HORIZONS Planet-center Batch call for January 2023 Perihelion" 4374:

That particular word has been in use since at least 1966. See:

4253: 4108: 4092: 3750:(in order of increasing distance from Jupiter) in false colour 3161:

probe flew by Jupiter in 2007 for a gravity assist en route to

2743:

discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter (now known as the

2692:

before 50 BC for integrating the velocity of Jupiter along the

2670: 2659: 2168: 2142: 2106: 1815: 1731: 1586: 1582: 1552: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1422: 1195:. Ganymede, the largest of the four, is larger than the planet 1137: 1055: 1024: 976: 852: 554: 14084:

Dubs, Homer H. (1958). "The Beginnings of Chinese Astronomy".

12687: 11965:"NASA's Juno probe snaps first images of Jupiter's north pole" 11797:"Pluto-Bound New Horizons Provides New Look at Jupiter System" 7675:"Metallic interiors and magnetic fields of Jupiter and Saturn" 7429: 6325:

Regents Exams and Answers: Earth Science—Physical Setting 2020

6141: 6139: 5100: 4851: 4187:. The Romans originally called Jupiter the "star of Jupiter" ( 2795:

The Great Red Spot may have been observed as early as 1664 by

1425:

caused it to migrate inward. This upset the orbits of several

91: 16702: 16281: 16213: 16208: 16123: 16078: 16073: 13932:

Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology

12050:"NASA Extends Exploration for Two Planetary Science Missions" 11552:. NASA – Glenn Research Center. March 7, 2003. Archived from 10554:

Fimmel, Richard O.; Swindell, William; Burgess, Eric (1974).

10177: 9658:

spacecraft finds just how deep Jupiter's Great Red Spot goes"

8684: 8542: 7608: 7117: 6432:

Polyanin, Andrei D.; Chernoutsan, Alexei (October 18, 2010).

5573: 4204: 4169: 4159: 4143: 4015: 3937: 3892:, the orbits of the system's planets lie closer to Jupiter's 3466:, which indicates recent resurfacing of the moon's exterior. 3400:

Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons

3162: 2555: 2527: 2383: 2274: 2253: 1114: 1079: 1036: 375: 191: 79: 12458:

Musotto, S.; Varadi, F.; Moore, W. B.; Schubert, G. (2002).

9795: 8954: 7118:"The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia: Interactive Catalogue" 6758: 5650: 4099:

period. They used Jupiter's roughly 12-year orbit along the

4027:, while others believe that Jupiter protects Earth from the 2962:

can be used to reduce the energy required to reach Jupiter.

2730:

Galileo's drawings of Jupiter and its "Medicean Stars" from

2281:. As Io moves through this torus, the interaction generates 1334:, which is used to form some Jupiter-related words, such as 1152:, a giant storm that has been recorded since at least 1831. 16334: 16218: 16083: 14266: 13328:"Shoemaker-Levy 9: Comet's Impact Left Its Mark on Jupiter" 12761: 12404:"Here's why Jupiter's tally of moons keeps going up and up" 12284:"Cost growth prompts changes to Europa Clipper instruments" 9353: 9344:

Simon-Miller, A.; Chanover, N.; Orton, G. (July 17, 2008).

9318: 8876: 8738: 8229: 8164: 7356: 7151:"3D Selection of 167 Substellar Companions to Nearby Stars" 6905: 6136: 6091: 5599: 5349: 5255:(August 1934). "The origin of the symbols of the planets". 4494: 4311:

List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System

4295: – Class of high mass planets orbiting close to a star 4221: 4155: 4120: 3475: 3224: 2565:

Because the orbit of Jupiter is outside that of Earth, the

2523: 2205:

is the strongest of any planet in the Solar System, with a

2000: 1744: 1524: 1410: 1401:", Jupiter began to form at a distance of roughly 3.5 1261: 1239: 1200: 1110: 577: 152: 149: 143: 17731: 14272: 14223:

from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, at the

12910: 12457: 11575:

Fortescue, Peter W.; Stark, John; Swinerd, Graham (2003).

10593:. Greenwood Guides to the Universe. ABC-CLIO. p. 47. 10088: 7713: 4220:, the religious teacher of the gods, and often called it " 4179:

is the Roman counterpart of Zeus, and he is the principal

4128:(Δίας), the planetary name of which is retained in modern 140: 76: 16063: 13455:"Hubble Observations Shed New Light on Jupiter Collision" 12757: 12315:"Jupiter Mission by China Could Include Callisto Landing" 12021:

Agle, D. C.; Wendel, JoAnna; Schmid, Deb (June 6, 2018).

11931: 11771:"Pluto-Bound New Horizons Sees Changes in Jupiter System" 11734: 10654:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

10215:

Optical and Infrared Spectroscopy of Circumstellar Matter

9464: 9343: 8096: 6669: 6613: 4006:

and location near the inner Solar System. There are more

2265: 1417:

mass, interaction with the gas disk orbiting the Sun and

1074:

more than 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the

1059: 342: 85: 19:

This article is about the planet. For the Roman god, see

13923:

Sanathana, Y. S.; Manjil, Hazarika (November 27, 2020).

12913:"Collisional Origin of Families of Irregular Satellites" 12536: 9852: 8591: 8414: 7149:

Feng, Fabo; Butler, R. Paul; et al. (August 2022).

5958: 5614:(5461). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 35–36. 3330:(JUICE), launched on April 14, 2023, followed by NASA's 11360:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

10271: 6941:"The Atmospheres of the Ice Giants, Uranus and Neptune" 6812: 6534: 5959:

Zube, N.; Nimmo, F.; Fischer, R.; Jacobson, S. (2019).

5930:"Observe: Jupiter, Wrecking Ball of Early Solar System" 4810:"Empirical models of Jupiter's interior from Juno data" 4046:

spacecraft. The event was widely covered by the media.

1293:, i.e. Jupiter. It is associated with the etymology of 14874:

Listed in increasing approximate distance from Jupiter

14231:

Interactive 3D gravity simulation of the Jovian system

14151: 12746: 11663:. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 9846: 9686: 8703:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 105–128. 6509: 3291: 17720: 11574: 11199: 11063: 10553: 10240: 10066:. California State University, Fresno. Archived from 10024:

Phillips, Tony; Horack, John M. (February 20, 2004).

9551: 8538: 8536: 8258:"A comparison of the interiors of Jupiter and Saturn" 7530:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 62. 6456: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4957: 2614: 2296:

from Jupiter can exceed the radio output of the Sun.

1667:, as the densities of the two bodies are similar. A " 1394:

since it does not have enough mass to fuse hydrogen.

155: 14155:; Dowling, Timothy E.; McKinnon, William B. (2006). 13452: 11604:. California Institute of Technology. Archived from 11090: 9597: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6027: 5871:

Haisch Jr., K. E.; Lada, E. A.; Lada, C. J. (2001).

5411: 5407: 5405: 4301: – Class of planets with more mass than Jupiter 4019:

perturbs their orbits inward roughly as often as it

3956:

The Jupiter family is defined as comets that have a

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6932: 6813:von Zahn, U.; Hunten, D. M.; Lehmacher, G. (1998). 6431: 6033: 4899: 4364:. International Astronomical Union. October 1, 1975 4137: 2277:that are detectable from Earth with consumer-grade 1984:, thus ensuring that the poles always receive less 1751:may be only slightly larger in radius than Saturn. 137: 73: 15569: 12437:. Springer International Publishing. p. 104. 11579:(3rd ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 150. 11133: 10748:. Springer International Publishing. p. 195. 9614: 8533: 8193:"Oceans of diamond possible on Uranus and Neptune" 7986: 7855: 7412:, ... while the HBMM at zero metallicity is 0.092 5873:"Disc Frequencies and Lifetimes in Young Clusters" 5870: 5685: 5683: 5336: 5227:. American Philosophical Society. pp. 62–63. 5004: 4618: 4577: 3122:missions vastly improved the understanding of the 2721: 2605:Observation of Jupiter dates back to at least the 1619:Size of Jupiter compared to Earth and Earth's Moon 14184:Lohninger, Hans; et al. 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The interactions of these conflicting 1863: 1766: 1614: 1297:('sky father'). The English equivalent, 17711:) may be read as "within" or "part of". 16739:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets 14194:. Virtual Institute of Applied Science. 14055: 13904:from the original on September 16, 2008 13837:from the original on September 28, 2008 13626:. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 46–59. 13614: 13259: 12602:from the original on September 29, 2021 12561: 12514:The Cambridge Guide to the Solar System 12294:from the original on September 29, 2021 12218: 12109: 12047: 11773:. NASA. October 9, 2007. Archived from 10358: 9621:Doctor, Rina Marie (October 21, 2015). 9382:Celestial Objects for Modern Telescopes 9309:Wong, M.; de Pater, I. (May 22, 2008). 9192: 8936:from the original on September 29, 2021 8360:"Jupiter Formed with More Tar than Ice" 8354: 8255: 8047: 7895:Weitering, Hanneke (January 10, 2018). 7291: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7039:. 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J. 8844:10.1126/science.287.5455.946b 8615:10.1016/S0032-0633(02)00144-7 8292:10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00043-4 7934:The Planetary Science Journal 4425: 4057: 3960:smaller than Jupiter's; most 3919:that have settled around the 3829:A tightly clustered group of 2702:, the Hellenistic astronomer 1853: 1384:system of multiple protostars 1206:Since 1973, Jupiter has been 14142:Resources in other libraries 13671:"Greek Names of the Planets" 12588:10.1016/0019-1035(81)90151-2 11907:"Juno, NASA's Jupiter probe" 11757:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.06.018 11301:Tenn, Joe (March 10, 2006). 10434:Geophysical Research Letters 10386:"On the rotation of Jupiter" 10200:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.01.012 10111:10.1016/0019-1035(87)90018-2 9921:Geophysical Research Letters 9860:Geophysical Research Letters 9825:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.06.032 9497:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.12.014 8657:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.10.041 7720:Geophysical Research Letters 7660:10.1016/0019-1035(74)90050-5 7433:Astronomy & Astrophysics 7000:10.1007/978-1-4614-5444-1_10 6955:US National Research Council 6781:10.1126/science.272.5263.846 6557:10.1016/0019-1035(85)90201-5 6210:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.11.035 6098:Astronomy & Astrophysics 5502:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114087 5414:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4990:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.09.023 4814:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4590:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4150:gods, including the Semitic 4124:(Ζεύς), also referred to as 3404:Satellite system (astronomy) 2256:along its orbit. The gas is 1929:View of Jupiter's south pole 1655:with the Sun lies above the 1635:) and smaller than the Sun ( 7: 17573:Outline of the Solar System 17336:Interplanetary medium/space 14302: 14210:Science Mission Directorate 13831:Online Etymology Dictionary 13632:10.1007/978-94-017-2952-9_3 12810:10.1126/science.286.5437.77 11684:"Pioneer Project Home Page" 11066:"Giovanni Domenico Cassini" 10661:(1257): 43–50 (see p. 44). 9414:. University of Tennessee. 8595:Planetary and Space Science 8262:Planetary and Space Science 7862:Wall, Mike (May 26, 2017). 7463:10.1051/0004-6361/201731107 7321:10.1126/science.286.5437.72 6436:. CRC Press. p. 1041. 6129:10.1051/0004-6361/201833713 5559:10.1088/0004-637X/770/2/120 5444:10.1051/0004-6361/201936827 5288:Online Etymology Dictionary 5133:10.1088/0004-637X/810/2/122 5050:10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002 4835:10.1051/0004-6361/201732183 4611:10.1051/0004-6361/201219011 4362:"IAUC 2844: Jupiter; 1975h" 4273: 4240:(of uncertain meaning) and 2950:from Earth to Jupiter from 2887:In 1955, Bernard Burke and 2615: 1959:Upper-atmospheric lightning 1064:largest in the Solar System 388:Argument of perihelion 207:(816.363 million 10: 17813: 17289:Extraterrestrial materials 15718:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer 15509:Jupiter's moons in fiction 14714:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer 14163:Cambridge University Press 13617:"Old-Babylonian Astronomy" 11829:. NASA/JPL. Archived from 9995:"Receivers for Radio JOVE" 9969:The Astrophysics Spectator 8437:10.1038/s41586-021-03516-0 8129:10.1103/PhysRevE.89.032126 8075:10.1038/d41586-019-02401-1 7615:Cambridge University Press 6728:"Solar Nebula Supermarket" 6378:Syrup USP (1.31 g/cm) 6066:10.1088/0004-637X/757/1/50 5995:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.07.001 4927:10.1038/s41467-018-06107-2 4559:Astronomy and Astrophysics 4226:Central Asian Turkic myths 4138: 4061: 3994:'s impact sites on Jupiter 3979: 3975: 3668: 3630: 3592: 3554: 3423: 3397: 3391: 3245: 3175: 2924: 2739:In 1610, Italian polymath 2684:A 2016 paper reports that 2581: 2530:), although at opposition 2371: 2244:The volcanoes on the moon 2124: 1907:patterns cause storms and 1857: 1756:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism 1608: 1353: 1347: 813:88 K (−185 °C) ( 18: 17609:Earth sciences portal 17568: 17523: 17460: 17331:Interplanetary dust cloud 17210: 17046: 16976: 16687: 16629: 16322: 16175: 16017: 15964:Missions to outer planets 15897: 15852:Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter 15788: 15755: 15728: 15709: 15690: 15664: 15653: 15581: 15517: 15496: 15388: 15220: 15072: 15056: 15031: 14968: 14952: 14911: 14880: 14871: 14801: 14780: 14731: 14706: 14618: 14600: 14586: 14574:2016 Jupiter impact event 14569:2010 Jupiter impact event 14564:2009 Jupiter impact event 14549: 14526: 14505: 14498: 14448: 14415: 14384: 14375: 14364: 14323: 14310: 14249:by an amateur astronomer. 14247:2010 Jupiter impact event 14137:Resources in your library 13856:Vytautas Tumėnas (2016). 13740:On The Nature of the Gods 13239:10.1017/S1473550408004187 13035:"List Of Jupiter Trojans" 12778:, and references therein. 12623:Moons of the Solar System 12317:. The Planetary Society. 12229:. European Space Agency. 12202:. European Space Agency. 11909:. The Planetary Society. 11661:Space OPS 2004 Conference 11629:"Galileo FAQ: Navigation" 11627:Wong, Al (May 28, 1998). 10384:Hide, R. (January 1981). 10026:"Radio Storms on Jupiter" 9965:"Jupiter's Magnetosphere" 9442:. NASA. 1979. p. 5. 8906:10.1038/s41586-020-2532-1 8545:"The interior of Jupiter" 8367:The Astrophysical Journal 8328:Lang, Kenneth R. (2003). 8019:10.1038/s41586-019-1470-2 7797:10.1038/s41586-019-1470-2 7679:The Astrophysical Journal 7673:Smoluchowski, R. (1971). 7389:10.1103/RevModPhys.73.719 7359:Reviews of Modern Physics 7292:Guillot, Tristan (1999). 7212:The Astrophysical Journal 6939:Hofstadter, Mark (2011), 6593:10.1134/S003809462101010X 6393:; Cox, Arthur N. (2000). 6348:Swarbrick, James (2013). 6036:The Astrophysical Journal 5877:The Astrophysical Journal 5529:The Astrophysical Journal 5221:Jones, Alexander (1999). 5172:10.1007/978-1-4614-7067-0 5154:Rachel Alexander (2015). 5103:The Astrophysical Journal 4879:10.1007/s10569-017-9805-5 4721:10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y 4446:Oxford English Dictionary 4307: – Astronomical hoax 4249: 3818: 3785: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3484: 3481: 3328:Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer 3304:Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter 3047: 2710:planetary model based on 2640: 2620: 2279:shortwave radio receivers 2056:is a likely explanation. 1378:might have been early in 1326:The original Greek deity 1272:, as an abbreviation for 1045: 948: 936: 921: 916: 904: 889: 877: 821: 807: 785: 772: 754: 742: 730: 718: 703: 688: 670: 644: 629: 576: 553: 528: 516: 493: 440: 418: 411: 397: 385: 373: 361: 326: 314: 299: 285: 252:Orbital period (sidereal) 249: 237: 225: 215: 197: 187: 180: 166: 123: 111: 64: 59: 37: 16:Fifth planet from the Sun 17622:Local Interstellar Cloud 16340:other near-Earth objects 15915:Magnetosphere of Jupiter 15815:Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter 13761:Zolotnikova, O. (2019). 12920:The Astronomical Journal 12697:The Astronomical Journal 11526:. NASA. March 26, 2007. 11303:"Edward Emerson Barnard" 11164:The giant planet Jupiter 11161:Rogers, John H. (1995). 10972:10.1177/0021828615585493 10927:A Survey of the Almagest 10808:Acta Astrophysica Sinica 10492:The giant planet Jupiter 10334:"Interplanetary Seasons" 7405:= 50.25 is 0.07 – 0.074 7279:How the Universe Works 3 7188:10.3847/1538-4365/ac7e57 7116:Schneider, Jean (2009). 6301:10.3847/1538-3881/ab6172 6288:The Astronomical Journal 6260:10.3847/1538-3881/ab46a8 6237:The Astronomical Journal 4783:"Astrodynamic Constants" 4317: 4262:), based on the Chinese 4172:and his contemporaries. 4118:name for this planet is 3982:Impact events on Jupiter 3734:The Galilean satellites 3387: 3372:around 2035, and CNSA's 3320:Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter 3214:A 340-kilogram titanium 2779:Ferdinando II de' Medici 2127:Magnetosphere of Jupiter 1708:, while the brown dwarf 1478:Physical characteristics 1409:; 330 million 1260:, descends from a Greek 1169:system of 95 known moons 892:Absolute magnitude 721:Sidereal rotation period 673:Moment of inertia factor 413:Physical characteristics 288:Orbital period (synodic) 25:Jupiter (disambiguation) 17585:Solar System portal 17311:Giant-impact hypothesis 16918:Trans-Neptunian objects 14823:Solar System portal 13900:. Indian Divinity.com. 13767:The Scientific Heritage 13615:Waerden, B. L. (1974). 13039:IAU Minor Planet Center 12176:. MSNBC. Archived from 10925:Pedersen, Olaf (1974). 10884:10.1126/science.aad8085 9253:1982M&P....26..105K 9225:10.1093/mnras/59.10.574 9103:DPS meeting #38, #11.15 8607:2003P&SS...51..105A 8284:1999P&SS...47.1183G 7524:Irwin, Patrick (2003). 7455:2017A&A...604L...6V 6697:10.1126/science.1100240 6636:10.1029/JA086iA10p08713 6120:2019A&A...623A.169P 5987:2019E&PSL.522..210Z 5796:10.1073/pnas.1423252112 5436:2019A&A...632L..11B 5377:10.1073/pnas.1704461114 5042:2018A&C....25...10M 5020:Astronomy and Computing 4826:2018A&A...613A..32N 4602:2012A&A...543A.133S 4571:1994A&A...282..663S 4002:because of its immense 3927:, and are divided into 3275:Jupiter's magnetosphere 2875:Radiotelescope research 2587:Pre-telescopic research 2542:with the Sun. The mean 2518:Jupiter is usually the 2188:view of southern lights 1405:(520 million 1344:Formation and migration 944:27 km (17 mi) 706:Synodic rotation period 376:Time of perihelion 182:Orbital characteristics 17473:Possible dwarf planets 17316:Gravitational collapse 17254:Circumstellar envelope 16059: 15905:Exploration of Jupiter 15810:Jupiter Europa Orbiter 14559:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 14261:spacecraft's flyby of 14023:Crump, Thomas (1992). 13428:www.spacetelescope.org 13143:. September 10, 2010. 12484:10.1006/icar.2002.6939 12433:Carter, Jamie (2015). 11883:. NASA. Archived from 11669:10.2514/6.2004-650-447 11631:. NASA. Archived from 11524:"The Pioneer Missions" 11434:. NASA. Archived from 10675:10.1098/rsta.1974.0008 10294:10.1006/icar.2000.6539 8800:. NASA. Archived from 8332:. NASA. Archived from 7060:Shu, Frank H. (1982). 7035:Burgess, Eric (1982). 6489:10.1006/icar.1997.5812 4084: 4040:Hubble Space Telescope 4036:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 3995: 3992:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 3941:. The first of these, 3935:"camps" to honour the 3910:Late Heavy Bombardment 3776:and are thought to be 3728: 3355: 3351:Views of Jupiter from 3316:Jupiter Europa Orbiter 3260: 3229:which may harbour life 3205:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 3190: 2948:Hohmann transfer orbit 2927:Exploration of Jupiter 2884: 2855: 2781: 2736: 2607:Babylonian astronomers 2602: 2515: 2417: 2248:emit large amounts of 2194:). False colour image. 2090: 2033:Hubble Space Telescope 2020: 1875: 1772: 1620: 1461:Late Heavy Bombardment 1454:, the infall of proto- 1127:ancient Roman religion 511:10.517 of Earth's 435:10.973 of Earth's 23:. For other uses, see 17682:Laniakea Supercluster 17299:Sample-return mission 16058: 15910:Atmosphere of Jupiter 15847:Jovian Europa Orbiter 13730:Cicero, Marcus Tullus 12625:. SPBRA. p. 14. 11329:"Amalthea Fact Sheet" 11309:on September 17, 2011 11233:"Roemer's Hypothesis" 11231:Brown, Kevin (2004). 11132:Murdin, Paul (2000). 10993:Westfall, Richard S. 10359:Ridpath, Ian (1998). 9286:. Project Gutenberg. 6573:Solar System Research 5857:10.1093/mnras/staa260 4907:Nature Communications 4418:for details and cites 4075: 3989: 3710: 3408:Jupiter has 95 known 3350: 3255: 3211:s high-gain antenna. 3185: 3118:Six years later, the 2882: 2849: 2776:grand duke of Tuscany 2769: 2729: 2634:still uses its name ( 2594: 2538:down to −1.66 during 2513: 2484:differential rotation 2415: 2088: 2003: 1889:ammonium hydrosulfide 1867: 1860:Atmosphere of Jupiter 1770: 1618: 1508:atmosphere of Jupiter 1431:mean motion resonance 1399:grand tack hypothesis 1350:Grand tack hypothesis 1125:, the chief deity of 950:Composition by volume 815:blackbody temperature 274:10,476.8 Jovian 17597:Astronomy portal 17498:Solar System objects 17244:Circumplanetary disk 14358:Jupiter's South Pole 14353:Jupiter's North Pole 14059:The passing of Korea 13965:"Türk Astrolojisi-2" 13624:Science Awakening II 13541:10.1093/pasj/49.1.l1 13172:Astronomical Journal 11803:on December 12, 2010 11777:on November 27, 2020 11335:on November 24, 2001 11103:(E10): 22911–22928. 10454:10.1029/2001GL012917 10036:on February 13, 2007 9942:10.1002/2018GL077312 9880:10.1002/2016GL071956 9412:"The Great Red Spot" 9241:Moon and the Planets 9131:Nicholson, Philip D. 9129:Gierasch, Peter J.; 9045:10.1029/2020JE006659 8991:10.1029/2020JE006404 8967:(8): e2020JE006403. 8775:10.1029/2020JE006504 8686:Ingersoll, Andrew P. 8268:(10–11): 1183–1200. 8256:Guillot, T. (1999). 8048:Guillot, T. (2019). 7751:10.1002/2017GL073160 6948:White Paper for the 6825:(E10): 22815–22829. 6391:Allen, Clabon Walter 4523:Seligman, Courtney. 4491:"Jupiter Fact Sheet" 4228:, Jupiter is called 3945:, was discovered by 3768:The eight innermost 3375:Interstellar Express 3178:Galileo (spacecraft) 2576:Jupiter's atmosphere 2522:(after the Sun, the 2378:Jupiter has a faint 1812:critical temperature 1595:most common elements 714:(9 h 55 m 33 s) 648:surface gravity 44:Jupiter captured by 17696:Observable universe 17493:Solar System models 17423:Protoplanetary disk 17346:Interstellar medium 17306:Frost/Ice/Snow line 15889:Tsiolkovsky mission 15842:Io Volcano Observer 15571:Spacecraft missions 14753:Io Volcano Observer 13602:1998JBAA..108....9R 13532:1997PASJ...49L...1T 13459:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov 13231:2008IJAsB...7..251H 13184:1998AJ....115..848N 13113:1990ApJ...355..667Q 13082:2000DPS....32.1901C 13064:Cruikshank, D. P.; 12978:1994IAUS..160..175F 12932:2004AJ....127.1768N 12900:on August 13, 2006. 12875:10.1038/nature01584 12867:2003Natur.423..261S 12802:1999Sci...296...77S 12764:. August 23, 2013. 12709:2003AJ....126..398N 12580:1981Icar...48...39K 12476:2002Icar..159..500M 12377:Scientific American 12180:on October 29, 2013 12085:Sky & Telescope 11998:. Spaceflight Now. 11887:on February 3, 2007 11833:on November 3, 2004 11749:2004Icar..172....1H 11498:1997pre4.conf..217K 11457:Garcia, Leonard N. 11409:2003Icar..162...74Y 11372:1933PASP...45...42D 11272:2008JAHH...11...97B 11109:1998JGR...10322911A 11001:. Rice University. 10999:The Galileo Project 10964:2015AAS...22521505P 10876:2016Sci...351..482O 10833:Dong, Paul (2002). 10820:1981AcApS...1...85X 10667:1974RSPTA.276...43S 10446:2001GeoRL..28.1911R 10402:1981GeoJ...64..283H 10390:Geophysical Journal 10361:Norton's Star Atlas 10340:on October 16, 2007 10286:2001Icar..149..357M 10223:1999ASPC..188..341H 10192:2004Icar..169..390F 10141:1999Sci...284.1146B 10135:(5417): 1146–1150. 10103:1987Icar...69..458S 10005:on January 26, 2021 9975:on January 25, 2021 9933:2018GeoRL..45.2590C 9872:2017GeoRL..44.3000S 9817:2011Icar..215..211W 9709:10.1038/nature25491 9701:2018Natur.555..216A 9608:2015LPI....46.1010S 9566:1988Natur.331..689S 9489:2017Icar..291..232S 9216:1899MNRAS..59..574D 9194:Denning, William F. 9111:2006DPS....38.1115S 9037:2020JGRE..12506659G 8983:2020JGRE..12506403G 8898:2020Natur.584...55B 8767:2021JGRE..12606504A 8649:2018Icar..302..418L 8557:2004jpsm.book...35G 8514:The Washington Post 8429:2021Natur.593..517B 8379:2004ApJ...611..587L 8172:on December 9, 2021 8121:2014PhRvE..89c2126T 8066:2019Natur.572..315G 8011:2019Natur.572..355L 7956:2022PSJ.....3...74S 7789:2019Natur.572..355L 7742:2017GeoRL..44.4649W 7691:1971ApJ...166..435S 7652:1974Icar...23..319B 7381:2001RvMP...73..719B 7313:1999Sci...286...72G 7234:2007ApJ...669.1279S 7179:2022ApJS..262...21F 6875:2020AREPS..48..465S 6831:1998JGR...10322815V 6773:1996Sci...272..846N 6688:2004Sci...305.1582K 6682:(5690): 1582–1586. 6628:1981JGR....86.8713G 6585:2021SoSyR..55...35V 6549:1985Icar...64..233K 6481:1997Icar..130..534G 6202:2008Icar..196..258L 6058:2012ApJ...757...50D 5934:National Geographic 5899:2001ApJ...553L.153H 5787:2015PNAS..112.4214B 5757:Batygin, Konstantin 5724:10.1038/nature10201 5716:2011Natur.475..206W 5620:1974Natur.250...35D 5585:Scientific American 5551:2013ApJ...770..120B 5494:2021Icar..35514087D 5368:2017PNAS..114.6712K 5269:1934Obs....57..238M 5164:2015msls.book.....A 5125:2015ApJ...810..122B 4982:2017Icar..282...19M 4919:2018NatCo...9.3709L 4871:2018CeMDA.130...22A 4712:2007CeMDA..98..155S 4662:Sheppard, Scott S. 4193:Proto-Indo-European 3962:short-period comets 3855:retrograde-orbiting 3802:Galilean moons 3478: 2971: 2908:cyclotron radiation 2704:Claudius Ptolemaeus 2663:religious practices 2302: 2061:Mathematical models 1828:supercritical fluid 1789:protoplanetary disk 1496:terrestrial planets 1246:to the Romans. The 1224:one awaiting launch 1167:). Jupiter forms a 1159:and has a powerful 932:(opaque cloud deck) 34: 17676:Virgo Supercluster 17657:Milky Way subgroup 17488:Natural satellites 17371:Nebular hypothesis 17351:Interstellar space 17341:Interstellar cloud 17249:Circumstellar disc 16839:Near-Earth objects 16723:names and meanings 16060: 15959:Deep Space Network 15778:Interstellar Probe 15691:Atmospheric probes 14315:Outline of Jupiter 14257:on YouTube of the 13975:on January 4, 2013 13673:. April 25, 2010. 13270:The New York Times 12840:Sheppard, Scott S. 12672:on March 26, 2009. 12490:on August 10, 2011 12259:. April 14, 2023. 11860:on January 2, 2007 11690:on January 1, 2006 11635:on January 5, 1997 10995:"Galilei, Galileo" 10237:– See section 3.4. 9261:10.1007/BF00941374 9167:The New York Times 9141:on January 5, 2005 8804:on October 8, 2011 8404:on April 12, 2020. 8356:Lodders, Katharina 7965:10.3847/PSJ/ac5c44 7836:The New York Times 7501:Jupiter and Saturn 6622:(A10): 8713–8720. 6042:(1): 50 (23 pp.). 5664:. August 7, 2023. 5662:Astronomy Magazine 5587:. October 21, 1999 4746:Planetary Sciences 4664:"Moons of Jupiter" 4397:About the same as 4379:. Smithsonian/NASA 4281:Outline of Jupiter 4085: 4064:Jupiter in fiction 4034:In July 1994, the 4008:impacts on Jupiter 3996: 3778:captured asteroids 3729: 3473: 3410:natural satellites 3381:Interstellar Probe 3356: 3261: 3191: 3113:Radio occultations 3093:February 28, 2007 3078:December 30, 2000 2970: 2958:through planetary 2885: 2856: 2787:During the 1660s, 2782: 2737: 2675:Chinese astronomer 2603: 2544:apparent magnitude 2516: 2418: 2408:Orbit and rotation 2300: 2091: 2021: 1980:Jupiter has a low 1876: 1785:molecular hydrogen 1773: 1763:Internal structure 1687:extrasolar planets 1621: 1468:molecular nitrogen 1419:orbital resonances 1397:According to the " 1330:supplies the root 1242:to the Greeks and 1013:hydrogen deuteride 880:Apparent magnitude 32: 17718: 17717: 17563: 17562: 17559: 17558: 17536:Lagrangian points 17508:by discovery date 17106:Human spaceflight 17077:historical models 16970: 16969: 16595:S/2015 (136472) 1 15977: 15976: 15756:Proposed missions 15537: 15536: 14831: 14830: 14776: 14775: 14582: 14581: 14494: 14493: 14191:A Trip into Space 14172:978-0-52-103545-3 14123:Library resources 14042:978-0-415-05609-0 13641:978-90-481-8247-3 13489:www2.jpl.nasa.gov 13395:www2.jpl.nasa.gov 13263:(July 25, 2009). 12861:(6937): 261–263. 12662:978-0-521-81808-7 12632:978-1-62516-175-8 12548:978-0-08-047498-4 12523:978-1-139-49417-5 12444:978-3-319-22072-7 11586:978-0-470-85102-9 11174:978-0-521-41008-3 11147:978-0-12-226690-4 11118:10.1029/98JE00060 10870:(6272): 482–484. 10844:978-0-8351-2676-2 10792:978-1-4419-6424-3 10755:978-3-319-18872-0 10637:978-1-4481-4130-2 10600:978-0-313-36571-3 10528:978-0-521-78981-3 10501:978-0-521-41008-3 10440:(10): 1911–1912. 10370:978-0-582-35655-9 10258:978-1-4614-5444-1 10232:978-1-58381-014-9 9695:(7695): 216–219. 9560:(6158): 689–693. 9396:978-0-521-52419-3 8838:(5455): 946–947. 8423:(7860): 517–521. 8191:Bwaldwin, Emily. 8099:Physical Review E 8060:(7769): 315–317. 7995:(7769): 355–357. 7773:(7769): 355–357. 7726:(10): 4649–4659. 7624:978-0-521-81808-7 7576:978-3-642-09888-8 7537:978-3-540-00681-7 7510:978-0-8160-7698-7 7102:978-0-08-044720-9 7077:978-0-935702-05-7 7046:978-0-231-05176-7 7009:978-1-4614-5443-4 6840:10.1029/98JE00695 6767:(5263): 846–849. 6443:978-1-4398-0640-1 6406:978-0-387-98746-0 6361:978-1-4398-0823-8 6334:978-1-5062-5399-2 5940:on March 14, 2017 5771:(14): 4214–4217. 5700:(7355): 206–209. 5362:(26): 6712–6716. 5282:Harper, Douglas. 5253:Maunder, A. S. D. 5234:978-0-87169-233-7 5181:978-1-4614-7066-3 4756:978-0-521-85371-2 4460:978-0-19-861220-9 4359:See for example: 4287:Eccentric Jupiter 4082:Liber Astronomiae 3990:Brown spots mark 3921:Lagrangian points 3881: 3880: 3849:Ananke group 3831:prograde-orbiting 3754: 3753: 3701: 3700: 3460:volcanic activity 3432:Laplace resonance 3348: 3248:Juno (spacecraft) 3216:atmospheric probe 3100: 3099: 3063:February 4, 2004 3055:February 8, 1992 3010:December 4, 1974 2995:December 3, 1973 2914:Thermal radiation 2772:Francesco Fontana 2669:has claimed that 2560:retrograde motion 2500:radio astronomers 2433:orbital resonance 2364: 2363: 2301:Jovian radiation 2171:on the north pole 2017:barrel distortion 1913:zonal jet streams 1804:critical pressure 1781:metallic hydrogen 1450:According to the 1270:⟨Ƶ⟩ 1266:horizontal stroke 1220:one more en route 1142:metallic hydrogen 1119:prehistoric times 1049: 1048: 873: 872: 17804: 17759: 17758: 17757: 17747: 17746: 17745: 17735: 17734: 17726: 17712: 17710: 17701: 17694: 17687: 17680: 17674: 17668: 17662: 17655: 17648: 17641: 17634: 17627: 17620: 17607: 17606: 17605: 17595: 17594: 17593: 17583: 17582: 17581: 17284:Exozodiacal dust 16974: 16973: 16940:Detached objects 16182: 16181: 16178: 16177: 16022: 16004: 15997: 15990: 15981: 15980: 15954:Rings of Jupiter 15920:Moons of Jupiter 15729:Planned missions 15659: 15564: 15557: 15550: 15541: 15540: 15525: 15524: 15504:Rings of Jupiter 14865:Moons of Jupiter 14858: 14851: 14844: 14835: 14834: 14821: 14820: 14819: 14809: 14808: 14716:(2023, en route) 14598: 14597: 14503: 14502: 14382: 14381: 14370: 14297: 14290: 14283: 14274: 14273: 14255: 14239: 14206:Jupiter overview 14195: 14180: 14110: 14109: 14081: 14075: 14074: 14072: 14070: 14053: 14047: 14046: 14030: 14020: 14014: 14013: 14011: 14009: 13991: 13985: 13984: 13982: 13980: 13971:. Archived from 13961: 13955: 13954: 13952: 13950: 13944: 13929: 13920: 13914: 13913: 13911: 13909: 13894: 13888: 13887: 13885: 13883: 13877: 13862: 13853: 13847: 13846: 13844: 13842: 13822: 13816: 13815: 13813: 13793: 13787: 13786: 13784: 13782: 13758: 13752: 13751: 13748:Internet Archive 13735:De Natura Deorum 13726: 13720: 13719: 13716:Internet Archive 13701: 13695: 13689: 13684: 13682: 13667: 13661: 13660: 13658: 13656: 13650: 13621: 13612: 13606: 13605: 13585: 13576: 13575: 13573: 13571: 13552: 13546: 13545: 13543: 13511: 13505: 13504: 13502: 13500: 13481: 13475: 13474: 13472: 13470: 13450: 13444: 13443: 13441: 13439: 13417: 13411: 13410: 13408: 13406: 13387: 13381: 13380: 13378: 13376: 13354: 13348: 13347: 13345: 13343: 13323: 13317: 13316: 13314: 13312: 13293: 13287: 13286: 13284: 13282: 13257: 13251: 13250: 13224: 13215:(3–4): 251–261. 13204: 13198: 13197: 13195: 13163: 13157: 13156: 13154: 13152: 13133: 13127: 13126: 13124: 13092: 13086: 13085: 13066:Dalle Ore, C. M. 13061: 13055: 13054: 13052: 13050: 13031: 13025: 13024: 12988: 12982: 12981: 12965: 12959: 12958: 12956: 12926:(3): 1768–1783. 12917: 12908: 12902: 12901: 12899: 12893:. Archived from 12852: 12844:Jewitt, David C. 12836: 12830: 12829: 12785: 12779: 12777: 12775: 12773: 12750: 12744: 12743: 12741: 12739: 12733: 12694: 12685: 12674: 12673: 12671: 12665:. Archived from 12654: 12643: 12637: 12636: 12618: 12612: 12611: 12609: 12607: 12559: 12553: 12552: 12534: 12528: 12527: 12509: 12500: 12499: 12497: 12495: 12486:. Archived from 12455: 12449: 12448: 12430: 12424: 12423: 12421: 12419: 12399: 12393: 12392: 12390: 12388: 12368: 12362: 12361: 12359: 12357: 12337: 12331: 12330: 12328: 12326: 12310: 12304: 12303: 12301: 12299: 12279: 12273: 12272: 12270: 12268: 12249: 12243: 12242: 12240: 12238: 12222: 12216: 12215: 12213: 12211: 12196: 12190: 12189: 12187: 12185: 12169: 12163: 12162: 12160: 12158: 12147:The Conversation 12138: 12132: 12131: 12129: 12127: 12116:Business Insider 12107: 12101: 12100: 12098: 12096: 12076: 12070: 12069: 12067: 12065: 12045: 12039: 12038: 12036: 12034: 12018: 12012: 12011: 12009: 12007: 11991: 11985: 11984: 11982: 11980: 11960: 11954: 11953: 11951: 11949: 11929: 11923: 11922: 11920: 11918: 11903: 11897: 11896: 11894: 11892: 11876: 11870: 11869: 11867: 11865: 11849: 11843: 11842: 11840: 11838: 11822: 11813: 11812: 11810: 11808: 11793: 11787: 11786: 11784: 11782: 11767: 11761: 11760: 11732: 11726: 11725: 11723: 11721: 11706: 11700: 11699: 11697: 11695: 11679: 11673: 11672: 11656: 11645: 11644: 11642: 11640: 11624: 11618: 11617: 11615: 11613: 11608:on July 15, 2006 11597: 11591: 11590: 11572: 11566: 11565: 11563: 11561: 11556:on July 13, 2017 11546: 11540: 11539: 11537: 11535: 11520: 11514: 11513: 11511: 11509: 11481: 11475: 11474: 11472: 11470: 11454: 11448: 11447: 11445: 11443: 11427: 11421: 11420: 11392: 11386: 11385: 11383: 11351: 11345: 11344: 11342: 11340: 11325: 11319: 11318: 11316: 11314: 11298: 11292: 11291: 11255: 11249: 11248: 11246: 11244: 11228: 11222: 11221: 11219: 11217: 11197: 11191: 11190: 11188: 11186: 11158: 11152: 11151: 11139: 11129: 11123: 11122: 11120: 11088: 11082: 11081: 11079: 11077: 11061: 11055: 11054: 11049: 11047: 11045: 11021: 11015: 11014: 11012: 11010: 10990: 10984: 10983: 10947: 10941: 10940: 10922: 10916: 10915: 10913: 10911: 10855: 10849: 10848: 10830: 10824: 10823: 10803: 10797: 10796: 10778: 10772: 10771: 10769: 10767: 10739: 10733: 10732: 10701: 10695: 10694: 10648: 10642: 10641: 10623: 10617: 10616: 10614: 10612: 10584: 10578: 10577: 10575: 10573: 10551: 10545: 10544: 10542: 10540: 10512: 10506: 10505: 10487: 10481: 10480: 10478: 10476: 10470: 10431: 10422: 10416: 10415: 10413: 10381: 10375: 10374: 10356: 10350: 10349: 10347: 10345: 10330: 10324: 10323: 10321: 10319: 10304: 10298: 10297: 10269: 10263: 10262: 10244: 10238: 10236: 10210: 10204: 10203: 10175: 10169: 10168: 10124: 10115: 10114: 10086: 10080: 10079: 10077: 10075: 10070:on July 25, 2008 10059: 10046: 10045: 10043: 10041: 10032:. Archived from 10021: 10015: 10014: 10012: 10010: 9991: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9980: 9971:. Archived from 9960: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9944: 9927:(6): 2590–2596. 9918: 9908: 9902: 9901: 9891: 9866:(7): 3000–3008. 9850: 9844: 9843: 9841: 9839: 9833: 9802: 9793: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9782: 9766: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9735: 9729: 9728: 9684: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9673: 9649: 9643: 9642: 9640: 9638: 9618: 9612: 9611: 9595: 9586: 9585: 9574:10.1038/331689a0 9549: 9543: 9542: 9540: 9538: 9518: 9509: 9508: 9482: 9462: 9456: 9455: 9453: 9451: 9434: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9423: 9407: 9401: 9400: 9376: 9370: 9369: 9367: 9365: 9341: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9330: 9306: 9300: 9299: 9297: 9295: 9279: 9273: 9272: 9236: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9190: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9179: 9157: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9126: 9115: 9114: 9094: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9083: 9063: 9057: 9056: 9030: 9009: 9003: 9002: 8976: 8957:Becker, Heidi N. 8952: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8878:Becker, Heidi N. 8874: 8868: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8824:Kerr, Richard A. 8820: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8793: 8787: 8786: 8760: 8741:Becker, Heidi N. 8736: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8725: 8719: 8694: 8682: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8671: 8665: 8634: 8625: 8619: 8618: 8589: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8578: 8540: 8531: 8530: 8528: 8526: 8504: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8471: 8465: 8464: 8412: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8397:. Archived from 8364: 8352: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8325: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8277: 8275:astro-ph/9907402 8253: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8242: 8221: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8188: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8177: 8168:. Archived from 8158:Coulter, Dauna. 8155: 8149: 8148: 8114: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8077: 8045: 8039: 8038: 8004: 7984: 7978: 7977: 7967: 7949: 7925: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7892: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7826: 7817: 7816: 7782: 7762: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7735: 7711: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7635: 7629: 7628: 7606: 7597: 7595: 7590: 7588: 7560: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7496: 7475: 7474: 7448: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7374: 7372:astro-ph/0103383 7354: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7337: 7298: 7289: 7283: 7282: 7275: 7254: 7253: 7227: 7218:(2): 1279–1297. 7207: 7201: 7200: 7190: 7172: 7146: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7135: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7057: 7051: 7050: 7032: 7017: 7016: 6989: 6986:Newton's Gravity 6979: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6963: 6957:, pp. 1–2, 6945: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6919: 6912: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6886: 6854: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6810: 6801: 6800: 6756: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6739: 6732: 6724: 6718: 6717: 6699: 6667: 6658: 6657: 6647: 6645:2060/19810016480 6611: 6605: 6604: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6474: 6472:astro-ph/9707210 6454: 6448: 6447: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6375: 6373: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6303: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6262: 6252: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6195: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6143: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6113: 6089: 6078: 6077: 6051: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6006: 5980: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5936:. Archived from 5925: 5919: 5918: 5892: 5890:astro-ph/0104347 5868: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5849: 5840:(4): 6007–6018. 5825: 5819: 5818: 5808: 5798: 5780: 5753: 5744: 5743: 5709: 5687: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5628:10.1038/250035a0 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5544: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5487: 5467: 5456: 5455: 5429: 5409: 5400: 5399: 5389: 5379: 5347: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5118: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5035: 5015: 5002: 5001: 4975: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4938: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4849: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4723: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4659: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4630:ssd.jpl.nasa.gov 4622: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4554: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4520: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4486: 4465: 4464: 4436: 4419: 4416:Moons of Jupiter 4412: 4406: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4357: 4351: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4260: 4251: 4141: 4140: 4052:Giovanni Cassini 3925:Trojan asteroids 3898:equatorial plane 3819:Irregular moons 3783: 3782: 3763:orbital elements 3673: 3672: 3635: 3634: 3597: 3596: 3559: 3558: 3479: 3472: 3469: 3464:Europa's surface 3394:Moons of Jupiter 3349: 3318:and the ESA-led 2972: 2969: 2889:Kenneth Franklin 2864:absorption bands 2829:Lick Observatory 2809:Giovanni Borelli 2801:Heinrich Schwabe 2789:Giovanni Cassini 2733:Sidereus Nuncius 2686:trapezoidal rule 2645: 2644: 2632:Chinese language 2628:earthly branches 2625: 2624: 2618: 2548:angular diameter 2480:equatorial bulge 2430: 2374:Rings of Jupiter 2303: 2299: 2252:, forming a gas 2192:Jovian IR Mapper 2182: 2165: 2139: 1975:convection cells 1964: 1938: 1926: 1737:stellar ignition 1715: 1700: 1650: 1640: 1634: 1541:hydrogen sulfide 1437: 1373: 1271: 1259: 1252:planetary symbol 1173:four large moons 1100: 1035: 1033: 1023: 1021: 1011: 1009: 999: 997: 987: 985: 975: 973: 963: 961: 907:Angular diameter 823: 822: 788:Geometric albedo 774:North pole 768: 761: 756:North pole 750:3.13° (to orbit) 738: 713: 699: 684: 682: 640: 617: 601: 588: 586: 572: 565: 563: 549: 542: 540: 524: 512: 508: 506: 484: 476: 465: 455: 453: 436: 432: 430: 381:January 21, 2023 353:invariable plane 310: 295: 278: 270: 265: 245: 176: 162: 161: 158: 157: 154: 151: 148: 145: 142: 139: 107: 106: 105: 104: 97: 94: 93: 90: 87: 84: 81: 78: 75: 42: 35: 31: 17812: 17811: 17807: 17806: 17805: 17803: 17802: 17801: 17767: 17766: 17765: 17755: 17753: 17743: 17741: 17729: 17721: 17719: 17714: 17708: 17706: 17705: 17699: 17692: 17685: 17678: 17672: 17666: 17660: 17653: 17646: 17639: 17632: 17625: 17618: 17603: 17601: 17591: 17589: 17579: 17577: 17564: 17555: 17519: 17456: 17440:vs. Hill sphere 17366:Molecular cloud 17294:Sample curation 17274:Detached object 17213: 17206: 17050: 17042: 16979: 16966: 16911:Neptune trojans 16694: 16692: 16690: 16683: 16625: 16318: 16189: 16171: 16057: 16020: 16013: 16008: 15978: 15973: 15893: 15790: 15784: 15751: 15724: 15705: 15686: 15660: 15651: 15639:Cassini–Huygens 15610:Voyager program 15589:Pioneer program 15577: 15568: 15538: 15533: 15513: 15492: 15384: 15216: 15068: 15052: 15032:Carpo group (2) 15027: 14964: 14948: 14907: 14876: 14867: 14862: 14832: 14827: 14817: 14815: 14797: 14772: 14727: 14702: 14682:Voyager program 14654:Pioneer program 14633:Galileo project 14627:Cassini–Huygens 14614: 14593: 14591: 14578: 14545: 14522: 14490: 14444: 14411: 14371: 14362: 14319: 14306: 14301: 14265:and Jupiter by 14253: 14237: 14202: 14173: 14148: 14147: 14146: 14131: 14130: 14126: 14119: 14117:Further reading 14114: 14113: 14082: 14078: 14068: 14066: 14054: 14050: 14043: 14021: 14017: 14007: 14005: 13992: 13988: 13978: 13976: 13963: 13962: 13958: 13948: 13946: 13942: 13927: 13921: 13917: 13907: 13905: 13896: 13895: 13891: 13881: 13879: 13875: 13860: 13854: 13850: 13840: 13838: 13823: 13819: 13811:10.1.1.456.5030 13794: 13790: 13780: 13778: 13759: 13755: 13727: 13723: 13702: 13698: 13680: 13678: 13669: 13668: 13664: 13654: 13652: 13648: 13642: 13619: 13613: 13609: 13586: 13579: 13569: 13567: 13566:on May 12, 2011 13554: 13553: 13549: 13512: 13508: 13498: 13496: 13483: 13482: 13478: 13468: 13466: 13451: 13447: 13437: 13435: 13418: 13414: 13404: 13402: 13389: 13388: 13384: 13374: 13372: 13355: 13351: 13341: 13339: 13324: 13320: 13310: 13308: 13295: 13294: 13290: 13280: 13278: 13261:Overbye, Dennis 13258: 13254: 13205: 13201: 13164: 13160: 13150: 13148: 13135: 13134: 13130: 13093: 13089: 13062: 13058: 13048: 13046: 13033: 13032: 13028: 12989: 12985: 12966: 12962: 12954: 12915: 12909: 12905: 12897: 12850: 12837: 12833: 12796:(5437): 77–84. 12786: 12782: 12771: 12769: 12752: 12751: 12747: 12737: 12735: 12731: 12692: 12686: 12677: 12669: 12663: 12652: 12644: 12640: 12633: 12619: 12615: 12605: 12603: 12560: 12556: 12549: 12535: 12531: 12524: 12510: 12503: 12493: 12491: 12456: 12452: 12445: 12431: 12427: 12417: 12415: 12400: 12396: 12386: 12384: 12369: 12365: 12355: 12353: 12338: 12334: 12324: 12322: 12311: 12307: 12297: 12295: 12280: 12276: 12266: 12264: 12251: 12250: 12246: 12236: 12234: 12223: 12219: 12209: 12207: 12198: 12197: 12193: 12183: 12181: 12170: 12166: 12156: 12154: 12139: 12135: 12125: 12123: 12108: 12104: 12094: 12092: 12077: 12073: 12063: 12061: 12046: 12042: 12032: 12030: 12019: 12015: 12005: 12003: 11992: 11988: 11978: 11976: 11961: 11957: 11947: 11945: 11930: 11926: 11916: 11914: 11905: 11904: 11900: 11890: 11888: 11877: 11873: 11863: 11861: 11850: 11846: 11836: 11834: 11823: 11816: 11806: 11804: 11795: 11794: 11790: 11780: 11778: 11769: 11768: 11764: 11733: 11729: 11719: 11717: 11708: 11707: 11703: 11693: 11691: 11680: 11676: 11657: 11648: 11638: 11636: 11625: 11621: 11611: 11609: 11600:Hirata, Chris. 11598: 11594: 11587: 11573: 11569: 11559: 11557: 11548: 11547: 11543: 11533: 11531: 11522: 11521: 11517: 11507: 11505: 11482: 11478: 11468: 11466: 11455: 11451: 11441: 11439: 11438:on July 3, 2011 11428: 11424: 11393: 11389: 11352: 11348: 11338: 11336: 11327: 11326: 11322: 11312: 11310: 11299: 11295: 11256: 11252: 11242: 11240: 11229: 11225: 11215: 11213: 11206:Pioneer Odyssey 11198: 11194: 11184: 11182: 11175: 11159: 11155: 11148: 11130: 11126: 11089: 11085: 11075: 11073: 11062: 11058: 11050: 11043: 11041: 11022: 11018: 11008: 11006: 10991: 10987: 10948: 10944: 10937: 10923: 10919: 10909: 10907: 10856: 10852: 10845: 10837:. China Books. 10831: 10827: 10804: 10800: 10793: 10779: 10775: 10765: 10763: 10756: 10740: 10736: 10702: 10698: 10649: 10645: 10638: 10624: 10620: 10610: 10608: 10601: 10585: 10581: 10571: 10569: 10561:Pioneer Odyssey 10552: 10548: 10538: 10536: 10529: 10513: 10509: 10502: 10488: 10484: 10474: 10472: 10468: 10429: 10423: 10419: 10382: 10378: 10371: 10357: 10353: 10343: 10341: 10332: 10331: 10327: 10317: 10315: 10306: 10305: 10301: 10270: 10266: 10259: 10245: 10241: 10233: 10211: 10207: 10176: 10172: 10125: 10118: 10087: 10083: 10073: 10071: 10060: 10049: 10039: 10037: 10022: 10018: 10008: 10006: 9993: 9992: 9988: 9978: 9976: 9961: 9957: 9949: 9916: 9909: 9905: 9851: 9847: 9837: 9835: 9831: 9800: 9794: 9790: 9780: 9778: 9767: 9763: 9753: 9751: 9736: 9732: 9685: 9681: 9671: 9669: 9650: 9646: 9636: 9634: 9619: 9615: 9596: 9589: 9550: 9546: 9536: 9534: 9519: 9512: 9463: 9459: 9449: 9447: 9436: 9435: 9431: 9421: 9419: 9408: 9404: 9397: 9377: 9373: 9363: 9361: 9342: 9338: 9328: 9326: 9307: 9303: 9293: 9291: 9280: 9276: 9237: 9233: 9210:(10): 574–584. 9191: 9187: 9177: 9175: 9158: 9154: 9144: 9142: 9127: 9118: 9095: 9091: 9081: 9079: 9064: 9060: 9010: 9006: 8953: 8949: 8939: 8937: 8892:(7819): 55–58. 8875: 8871: 8861: 8859: 8821: 8817: 8807: 8805: 8794: 8790: 8737: 8733: 8723: 8721: 8717: 8711: 8692: 8683: 8679: 8669: 8667: 8663: 8632: 8626: 8622: 8590: 8586: 8576: 8574: 8567: 8541: 8534: 8524: 8522: 8505: 8501: 8491: 8489: 8472: 8468: 8413: 8409: 8401: 8362: 8353: 8349: 8339: 8337: 8336:on May 14, 2011 8326: 8319: 8309: 8307: 8254: 8250: 8240: 8238: 8223: 8222: 8218: 8208: 8206: 8189: 8185: 8175: 8173: 8156: 8152: 8095: 8091: 8046: 8042: 7985: 7981: 7926: 7922: 7912: 7910: 7893: 7889: 7879: 7877: 7860: 7856: 7846: 7844: 7827: 7820: 7763: 7759: 7712: 7708: 7671: 7667: 7636: 7632: 7625: 7607: 7600: 7586: 7584: 7577: 7561: 7557: 7547: 7545: 7538: 7522: 7518: 7511: 7497: 7478: 7428: 7424: 7418: 7415: 7411: 7408: 7404: 7355: 7351: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7307:(5437): 72–77. 7296: 7290: 7286: 7277: 7276: 7257: 7208: 7204: 7147: 7143: 7133: 7131: 7114: 7110: 7103: 7089: 7085: 7078: 7058: 7054: 7047: 7033: 7020: 7010: 6980: 6976: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6943: 6937: 6933: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6910: 6904: 6900: 6855: 6848: 6811: 6804: 6757: 6753: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6730: 6726: 6725: 6721: 6668: 6661: 6612: 6608: 6568: 6564: 6533: 6529: 6522: 6508: 6504: 6455: 6451: 6444: 6430: 6426: 6416: 6414: 6407: 6388: 6384: 6371: 6369: 6362: 6346: 6342: 6335: 6321: 6317: 6280: 6276: 6229: 6225: 6174: 6170: 6160: 6158: 6145: 6144: 6137: 6090: 6081: 6032: 6028: 5957: 5953: 5943: 5941: 5926: 5922: 5869: 5865: 5826: 5822: 5754: 5747: 5688: 5681: 5671: 5669: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5604: 5600: 5590: 5588: 5579: 5578: 5574: 5521: 5517: 5468: 5459: 5410: 5403: 5348: 5337: 5327: 5325: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5297: 5295: 5280: 5276: 5257:The Observatory 5250: 5246: 5235: 5219: 5215: 5205: 5203: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5182: 5152: 5148: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5016: 5005: 4956: 4952: 4898: 4894: 4850: 4843: 4808:Ni, D. (2018). 4806: 4802: 4792: 4790: 4781: 4780: 4776: 4766: 4764: 4757: 4741: 4737: 4691: 4687: 4677: 4675: 4660: 4649: 4639: 4637: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4582: 4578: 4555: 4544: 4534: 4532: 4521: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4487: 4468: 4461: 4451:Clarendon Press 4437: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4422: 4413: 4409: 4396: 4392: 4382: 4380: 4375: 4367: 4365: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4276: 4214:Vedic astrology 4189:Iuppiter Stella 4185:Roman mythology 4158:, the Sumerian 4070: 4060: 3984: 3978: 3958:semi-major axis 3896:than the Sun's 3886: 3808:Galileo Galilei 3774:irregular moons 3759: 3669: 3631: 3593: 3555: 3545: 3534: 3523: 3512: 3499:Orbital period 3496:Orbital radius 3428: 3422: 3406: 3396: 3390: 3339: 3310:mission called 3294: 3250: 3244: 3180: 3174: 2979: 2968: 2956:Gravity assists 2952:low Earth orbit 2929: 2923: 2877: 2854:, July 14, 2022 2843:probe in 1979. 2812:than expected. 2741:Galileo Galilei 2724: 2679:Jupiter's moons 2589: 2584: 2508: 2425: 2410: 2376: 2370: 2368:Planetary rings 2365: 2294:radio emissions 2290:maser mechanism 2199: 2198: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2166: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2140: 2129: 2123: 2027:, a persistent 1998: 1986:solar radiation 1962: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1885: 1862: 1856: 1765: 1722: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1704: 1698: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1665:mass of the Sun 1648: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1624: 1613: 1607: 1504: 1480: 1473: 1435: 1371: 1358: 1352: 1346: 1269: 1232: 1230:Name and symbol 1177:Galileo Galilei 1157:planetary rings 1146:oblate spheroid 1105:in the Earth's 1095: 1041: 1031: 1029: 1019: 1017: 1007: 1005: 995: 993: 983: 981: 971: 969: 959: 957: 941: 931: 927: 909: 897: 882: 798: 790: 778: 766: 762: 759:right ascension 757: 747: 736: 733: 723: 711: 708: 697: 694: 692:escape velocity 680: 678: 675: 665: 657: 650: 639:1.326 g/cm 638: 635: 625: 616: 609: 600: 593: 589: 584: 582: 567: 566: 561: 559: 544: 543: 538: 536: 533: 522: 510: 509: 504: 502: 499: 483: 474: 472: 471: 464: 457: 456: 451: 449: 446: 434: 433: 428: 426: 423: 390: 378: 366: 357: 319: 309:13.06 km/s 308: 305: 293: 290: 281: 273: 269:4,332.59 d 268: 260: 254: 243: 230: 228:Semi-major axis 136: 132: 114: 100: 99: 72: 68: 55: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17810: 17800: 17799: 17794: 17789: 17784: 17779: 17764: 17763: 17751: 17739: 17716: 17715: 17612: 17611: 17599: 17587: 17575: 17569: 17566: 17565: 17561: 17560: 17557: 17556: 17554: 17553: 17548: 17543: 17538: 17533: 17527: 17525: 17521: 17520: 17518: 17517: 17512: 17511: 17510: 17505: 17495: 17490: 17485: 17480: 17475: 17470: 17464: 17462: 17458: 17457: 17455: 17454: 17452:Scattered disc 17449: 17444: 17443: 17442: 17432: 17427: 17426: 17425: 17420: 17419: 17418: 17408: 17403: 17398: 17393: 17383: 17378: 17373: 17368: 17363: 17358: 17353: 17348: 17343: 17338: 17333: 17328: 17323: 17318: 17313: 17308: 17303: 17302: 17301: 17296: 17286: 17281: 17276: 17271: 17266: 17261: 17256: 17251: 17246: 17241: 17240: 17239: 17237:Excretion disk 17232:Accretion disk 17229: 17224: 17222:Star formation 17218: 17216: 17208: 17207: 17205: 17204: 17199: 17194: 17189: 17184: 17179: 17174: 17169: 17168: 17167: 17157: 17152: 17147: 17146: 17145: 17135: 17130: 17125: 17124: 17123: 17118: 17113: 17111:space stations 17103: 17102: 17101: 17096: 17086: 17085: 17084: 17079: 17074: 17064: 17058: 17056: 17044: 17043: 17041: 17040: 17035: 17030: 17025: 17020: 17015: 17010: 17005: 17000: 16995: 16990: 16984: 16982: 16971: 16968: 16967: 16965: 16964: 16959: 16958: 16957: 16952: 16950:Scattered disc 16947: 16942: 16937: 16936: 16935: 16930: 16915: 16914: 16913: 16908: 16898: 16897: 16896: 16891: 16886: 16881: 16876: 16871: 16866: 16861: 16856: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16835: 16834: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16818: 16817: 16812: 16802: 16797: 16792: 16782: 16781: 16780: 16775: 16770: 16765: 16760: 16755: 16750: 16745: 16737: 16732: 16731: 16730: 16725: 16715: 16710: 16705: 16699: 16697: 16685: 16684: 16682: 16681: 16676: 16671: 16666: 16661: 16656: 16651: 16641: 16635: 16633: 16627: 16626: 16624: 16623: 16622: 16621: 16611: 16610: 16609: 16599: 16598: 16597: 16587: 16586: 16585: 16575: 16574: 16573: 16568: 16558: 16557: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16541: 16536: 16526: 16525: 16524: 16514: 16513: 16512: 16507: 16502: 16497: 16487: 16486: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16450: 16449: 16448: 16443: 16438: 16433: 16428: 16423: 16418: 16413: 16408: 16403: 16393: 16392: 16391: 16386: 16381: 16376: 16371: 16361: 16360: 16359: 16354: 16344: 16343: 16342: 16337: 16328: 16326: 16320: 16319: 16317: 16316: 16315: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16264: 16263: 16262: 16261: 16260: 16255: 16245: 16244: 16243: 16238: 16223: 16222: 16221: 16216: 16211: 16206: 16195: 16193: 16176: 16173: 16172: 16170: 16169: 16162: 16155: 16148: 16141: 16134: 16127: 16120: 16113: 16108: 16103: 16098: 16093: 16086: 16081: 16076: 16071: 16066: 16018: 16015: 16014: 16007: 16006: 15999: 15992: 15984: 15975: 15974: 15972: 15971: 15966: 15961: 15956: 15951: 15950: 15949: 15944: 15939: 15934: 15933: 15932: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15901: 15899: 15898:Related topics 15895: 15894: 15892: 15891: 15886: 15879: 15874: 15869: 15864: 15862:New Horizons 2 15859: 15854: 15849: 15844: 15839: 15834: 15829: 15827:Europa Orbiter 15824: 15823: 15822: 15817: 15812: 15802: 15794: 15792: 15786: 15785: 15783: 15782: 15774: 15768: 15759: 15757: 15753: 15752: 15750: 15749: 15741: 15737:Europa Clipper 15732: 15730: 15726: 15725: 15723: 15722: 15721:(JUICE) (2023) 15713: 15711: 15707: 15706: 15704: 15703: 15694: 15692: 15688: 15687: 15685: 15684: 15676: 15668: 15666: 15662: 15661: 15654: 15652: 15650: 15649: 15642: 15635: 15628: 15627: 15626: 15619: 15607: 15606: 15605: 15598: 15585: 15583: 15579: 15578: 15567: 15566: 15559: 15552: 15544: 15535: 15534: 15532: 15531: 15518: 15515: 15514: 15512: 15511: 15506: 15500: 15498: 15494: 15493: 15491: 15490: 15485: 15480: 15475: 15470: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15450: 15445: 15440: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15395: 15393: 15390:Pasiphae group 15386: 15385: 15383: 15382: 15377: 15372: 15367: 15362: 15357: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15337: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15298: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15263: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15233: 15227: 15225: 15218: 15217: 15215: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15190: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15173:Jupiter LXVIII 15170: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15079: 15077: 15070: 15069: 15067: 15066: 15060: 15058: 15054: 15053: 15051: 15050: 15041: 15035: 15033: 15029: 15028: 15026: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14975: 14973: 14966: 14965: 14963: 14962: 14956: 14954: 14950: 14949: 14947: 14946: 14939: 14932: 14925: 14917: 14915: 14913:Galilean moons 14909: 14908: 14906: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14884: 14882: 14878: 14877: 14872: 14869: 14868: 14861: 14860: 14853: 14846: 14838: 14829: 14828: 14826: 14825: 14813: 14802: 14799: 14798: 14796: 14795: 14790: 14784: 14782: 14778: 14777: 14774: 14773: 14771: 14770: 14762: 14756: 14750: 14742: 14735: 14733: 14729: 14728: 14726: 14725: 14721:Europa Clipper 14717: 14710: 14708: 14704: 14703: 14701: 14700: 14699: 14698: 14691: 14679: 14672: 14671: 14670: 14663: 14651: 14644: 14643: 14642: 14630: 14622: 14620: 14616: 14615: 14613: 14612: 14604: 14602: 14595: 14584: 14583: 14580: 14579: 14577: 14576: 14571: 14566: 14561: 14555: 14553: 14547: 14546: 14544: 14543: 14538: 14532: 14530: 14524: 14523: 14521: 14520: 14518:Solar eclipses 14515: 14509: 14507: 14500: 14496: 14495: 14492: 14491: 14489: 14488: 14486:Pasiphae group 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14452: 14450: 14446: 14445: 14443: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14421: 14419: 14413: 14412: 14410: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14394: 14388: 14386: 14379: 14373: 14372: 14365: 14363: 14361: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14339: 14338: 14336:Great Red Spot 14327: 14325: 14321: 14320: 14318: 14317: 14311: 14308: 14307: 14300: 14299: 14292: 14285: 14277: 14271: 14270: 14250: 14234: 14228: 14218: 14212: 14201: 14200:External links 14198: 14197: 14196: 14181: 14171: 14145: 14144: 14139: 14133: 14132: 14121: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14112: 14111: 14098:10.2307/595793 14092:(4): 295–300. 14076: 14048: 14041: 14015: 13986: 13967:(in Turkish). 13956: 13938:(2): 157–174. 13915: 13889: 13871:(4): 359–367. 13848: 13817: 13788: 13753: 13721: 13696: 13662: 13640: 13607: 13577: 13547: 13506: 13476: 13445: 13412: 13382: 13349: 13318: 13288: 13252: 13199: 13193:10.1086/300206 13178:(2): 848–854. 13158: 13128: 13122:10.1086/168800 13087: 13056: 13026: 12999:(5702): 1676. 12983: 12960: 12940:10.1086/382099 12903: 12831: 12780: 12745: 12717:10.1086/375461 12703:(1): 398–429. 12675: 12661: 12638: 12631: 12613: 12554: 12547: 12529: 12522: 12501: 12470:(2): 500–504. 12450: 12443: 12425: 12394: 12363: 12332: 12305: 12274: 12244: 12217: 12191: 12164: 12133: 12102: 12071: 12040: 12013: 11986: 11955: 11924: 11898: 11871: 11844: 11814: 11788: 11762: 11727: 11701: 11674: 11646: 11619: 11592: 11585: 11567: 11541: 11515: 11476: 11449: 11422: 11387: 11381:10.1086/124297 11366:(263): 42–44. 11346: 11320: 11293: 11250: 11223: 11192: 11173: 11153: 11146: 11124: 11083: 11056: 11016: 10985: 10958:(2): 218–234. 10942: 10935: 10917: 10850: 10843: 10825: 10798: 10791: 10773: 10754: 10734: 10721:10.2307/595793 10715:(4): 295–300. 10705:Dubs, Homer H. 10696: 10643: 10636: 10618: 10599: 10579: 10546: 10527: 10507: 10500: 10482: 10417: 10376: 10369: 10351: 10325: 10299: 10264: 10257: 10239: 10231: 10205: 10186:(2): 390–401. 10170: 10116: 10097:(3): 458–498. 10081: 10047: 10016: 9986: 9955: 9903: 9845: 9811:(1): 211–225. 9788: 9761: 9730: 9679: 9644: 9613: 9587: 9544: 9510: 9457: 9429: 9402: 9395: 9371: 9336: 9301: 9274: 9247:(1): 105–107. 9231: 9185: 9152: 9116: 9089: 9058: 9021:(11): e06659. 9004: 8947: 8869: 8815: 8788: 8731: 8709: 8677: 8620: 8601:(2): 105–112. 8584: 8565: 8532: 8499: 8466: 8407: 8387:10.1086/421970 8373:(1): 587–597. 8347: 8317: 8248: 8216: 8183: 8150: 8089: 8040: 7979: 7920: 7887: 7854: 7818: 7757: 7706: 7700:10.1086/150971 7665: 7646:(3): 319–325. 7630: 7623: 7598: 7575: 7555: 7536: 7516: 7509: 7476: 7422: 7416: 7413: 7409: 7406: 7402: 7365:(3): 719–765. 7349: 7284: 7255: 7242:10.1086/521346 7202: 7141: 7108: 7101: 7083: 7076: 7052: 7045: 7018: 7008: 6974: 6931: 6898: 6846: 6802: 6751: 6719: 6659: 6606: 6562: 6543:(2): 233–248. 6527: 6520: 6502: 6465:(2): 534–539. 6449: 6442: 6424: 6405: 6382: 6360: 6340: 6333: 6315: 6274: 6223: 6186:(1): 258–273. 6168: 6135: 6079: 6026: 5971:(1): 210–218. 5951: 5920: 5907:10.1086/320685 5883:(2): 153–156. 5863: 5820: 5745: 5679: 5649: 5598: 5572: 5515: 5457: 5401: 5335: 5318:Dictionary.com 5305: 5274: 5244: 5233: 5213: 5187: 5180: 5146: 5093: 5063: 5003: 4950: 4892: 4841: 4800: 4774: 4755: 4735: 4706:(3): 155–180. 4685: 4647: 4617: 4576: 4565:(2): 663–683. 4542: 4512: 4466: 4459: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4407: 4390: 4352: 4343: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4202:(nominative: * 4116:mythical Greek 4105:constellations 4103:to define the 4059: 4056: 4000:vacuum cleaner 3980:Main article: 3977: 3974: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3873:Pasiphae group 3869: 3868: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3853:This group of 3851: 3845: 3844: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3815: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3786:Regular moons 3758: 3757:Classification 3755: 3752: 3751: 3731: 3730: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3483: 3456:generates heat 3442:their orbits. 3426:Galilean moons 3424:Main article: 3421: 3420:Galilean moons 3418: 3414:Galilean moons 3392:Main article: 3389: 3386: 3333:Europa Clipper 3293: 3290: 3246:Main article: 3243: 3237: 3176:Main article: 3173: 3167: 3124:Galilean moons 3098: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3083: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3068: 3067: 3064: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3030: 3029: 3026: 3025:March 5, 1979 3023: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2985: 2984: 2983:Distance (km) 2981: 2976: 2967: 2966:Flyby missions 2964: 2925:Main article: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2917: 2911: 2900: 2876: 2873: 2818:speed of light 2745:Galilean moons 2723: 2720: 2706:constructed a 2648:Chinese zodiac 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2572:Galilean moons 2507: 2504: 2439:of Jupiter is 2409: 2406: 2380:planetary ring 2372:Main article: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2313: 2307: 2298: 2250:sulfur dioxide 2203:magnetic field 2184: 2177: 2176: 2167: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2141: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2125:Main article: 2122: 2119: 2052:reacting with 2025:Great Red Spot 1997: 1994: 1940: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1884: 1881: 1874:flyby in 1979) 1858:Main article: 1855: 1852: 1822:; −400.3 1764: 1761: 1720: 1717: 1712:has a mass of 1705: 1702: 1697:has a mass of 1682: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1659:at 1.068 1646: 1630: 1609:Main article: 1606: 1603: 1503: 1500: 1479: 1476: 1471: 1348:Main article: 1345: 1342: 1231: 1228: 1212:robotic probes 1175:discovered by 1150:Great Red Spot 1092:orbital period 1047: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1040: 1039: 1027: 1015: 1003: 991: 979: 967: 954: 952: 946: 945: 942: 937: 934: 933: 928: 922: 919: 918: 914: 913: 912:29.8" to 50.1" 910: 905: 902: 901: 898: 890: 887: 886: 885:−2.94 to −1.66 883: 878: 875: 874: 871: 870: 868: 865: 862: 858: 857: 855: 849: 847: 840: 839: 836: 833: 830: 819: 818: 811: 805: 804: 791: 786: 783: 782: 779: 773: 770: 769: 763: 755: 752: 751: 748: 743: 740: 739: 737:12.6 km/s 734: 731: 728: 727: 724: 719: 716: 715: 709: 704: 701: 700: 698:59.5 km/s 695: 689: 686: 685: 676: 671: 668: 667: 663: 651: 645: 642: 641: 636: 630: 627: 626: 624: 623: 614: 607: 598: 590: 580: 574: 573: 568:1,321 of 557: 551: 550: 545:120.4 of 534: 529: 526: 525: 520: 514: 513: 500: 494: 491: 490: 481: 462: 447: 441: 438: 437: 424: 419: 416: 415: 409: 408: 402: 395: 394: 391: 386: 383: 382: 379: 374: 371: 370: 367: 362: 359: 358: 356: 355: 349: 339: 332: 330: 324: 323: 320: 315: 312: 311: 306: 300: 297: 296: 291: 286: 283: 282: 280: 279: 271: 266: 257: 255: 250: 247: 246: 241: 235: 234: 231: 226: 223: 222: 219: 213: 212: 201: 195: 194: 185: 184: 178: 177: 170: 164: 163: 127: 121: 120: 115: 112: 109: 108: 66: 62: 61: 57: 56: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17809: 17798: 17797:Outer planets 17795: 17793: 17790: 17788: 17785: 17783: 17780: 17778: 17775: 17774: 17772: 17762: 17752: 17750: 17740: 17738: 17733: 17728: 17727: 17724: 17713: 17704: 17697: 17690: 17683: 17677: 17671: 17665: 17658: 17651: 17644: 17637: 17630: 17623: 17616: 17610: 17600: 17598: 17588: 17586: 17576: 17574: 17571: 17570: 17567: 17552: 17551:Tidal locking 17549: 17547: 17544: 17542: 17539: 17537: 17534: 17532: 17531:Double planet 17529: 17528: 17526: 17522: 17516: 17513: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17500: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17491: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17483:Minor planets 17481: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17465: 17463: 17459: 17453: 17450: 17448: 17445: 17441: 17438: 17437: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17424: 17421: 17417: 17416:Merging stars 17414: 17413: 17412: 17409: 17407: 17404: 17402: 17399: 17397: 17394: 17392: 17389: 17388: 17387: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17369: 17367: 17364: 17362: 17359: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17347: 17344: 17342: 17339: 17337: 17334: 17332: 17329: 17327: 17324: 17322: 17319: 17317: 17314: 17312: 17309: 17307: 17304: 17300: 17297: 17295: 17292: 17291: 17290: 17287: 17285: 17282: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17252: 17250: 17247: 17245: 17242: 17238: 17235: 17234: 17233: 17230: 17228: 17225: 17223: 17220: 17219: 17217: 17215: 17209: 17203: 17200: 17198: 17195: 17193: 17190: 17188: 17185: 17183: 17180: 17178: 17175: 17173: 17170: 17166: 17163: 17162: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17144: 17141: 17140: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17129: 17126: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17108: 17107: 17104: 17100: 17097: 17095: 17092: 17091: 17090: 17087: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17075: 17073: 17070: 17069: 17068: 17065: 17063: 17060: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17049: 17045: 17039: 17036: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17026: 17024: 17021: 17019: 17018:Subsatellites 17016: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17004: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16989: 16986: 16985: 16983: 16981: 16978:Hypothetical 16975: 16972: 16963: 16960: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16948: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16925: 16924: 16921: 16920: 16919: 16916: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16903: 16902: 16899: 16895: 16892: 16890: 16887: 16885: 16882: 16880: 16877: 16875: 16872: 16870: 16867: 16865: 16862: 16860: 16857: 16855: 16852: 16851: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16844:Asteroid belt 16842: 16840: 16837: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16820: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16808: 16807: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16787: 16786: 16783: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16771: 16769: 16766: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16740: 16738: 16736: 16733: 16729: 16726: 16724: 16721: 16720: 16719: 16718:Minor planets 16716: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16700: 16698: 16696: 16686: 16680: 16677: 16675: 16672: 16670: 16667: 16665: 16662: 16660: 16657: 16655: 16652: 16649: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16637: 16636: 16634: 16632: 16628: 16620: 16617: 16616: 16615: 16612: 16608: 16605: 16604: 16603: 16600: 16596: 16593: 16592: 16591: 16588: 16584: 16581: 16580: 16579: 16576: 16572: 16569: 16567: 16564: 16563: 16562: 16559: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16542: 16540: 16537: 16535: 16532: 16531: 16530: 16527: 16523: 16520: 16519: 16518: 16515: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16493: 16492: 16491: 16488: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16455: 16454: 16451: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16402: 16399: 16398: 16397: 16394: 16390: 16387: 16385: 16382: 16380: 16377: 16375: 16372: 16370: 16367: 16366: 16365: 16362: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16349: 16348: 16345: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16332: 16330: 16329: 16327: 16325: 16321: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16269: 16268: 16265: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16250: 16249: 16246: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16233: 16232: 16229: 16228: 16227: 16224: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16205: 16202: 16201: 16200: 16197: 16196: 16194: 16192: 16187: 16183: 16180: 16179: 16174: 16168: 16167: 16163: 16161: 16160: 16156: 16154: 16153: 16149: 16147: 16146: 16142: 16140: 16139: 16135: 16133: 16132: 16128: 16126: 16125: 16121: 16119: 16118: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16091: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16061: 16016: 16012: 16005: 16000: 15998: 15993: 15991: 15986: 15985: 15982: 15970: 15967: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15957: 15955: 15952: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15931: 15928: 15927: 15926: 15923: 15922: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15902: 15900: 15896: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15884: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15868: 15865: 15863: 15860: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15807: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15800: 15796: 15795: 15793: 15787: 15780: 15779: 15775: 15772: 15771:Europa Lander 15769: 15766: 15765: 15761: 15760: 15758: 15754: 15747: 15746: 15742: 15739: 15738: 15734: 15733: 15731: 15727: 15720: 15719: 15715: 15714: 15712: 15708: 15702: 15700: 15696: 15695: 15693: 15689: 15682: 15681: 15677: 15675: 15674: 15670: 15669: 15667: 15663: 15658: 15648: 15647: 15643: 15641: 15640: 15636: 15634: 15633: 15629: 15625: 15624: 15620: 15618: 15617: 15613: 15612: 15611: 15608: 15604: 15603: 15599: 15597: 15596: 15592: 15591: 15590: 15587: 15586: 15584: 15580: 15576: 15572: 15565: 15560: 15558: 15553: 15551: 15546: 15545: 15542: 15530: 15529: 15520: 15519: 15516: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15501: 15499: 15495: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15438: 15437: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15424:Jupiter LXVII 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15399:Philophrosyne 15397: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15387: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15335: 15334: 15329: 15327: 15326:Jupiter LXXII 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15294: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15272: 15271:Jupiter LXIII 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15219: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15197: 15196: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15071: 15065: 15062: 15061: 15059: 15055: 15049: 15048: 15047: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15036: 15034: 15030: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14998: 14997: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14970:Himalia group 14967: 14961: 14958: 14957: 14955: 14951: 14945: 14944: 14940: 14938: 14937: 14933: 14931: 14930: 14926: 14924: 14923: 14919: 14918: 14916: 14914: 14910: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14885: 14883: 14879: 14875: 14870: 14866: 14859: 14854: 14852: 14847: 14845: 14840: 14839: 14836: 14824: 14814: 14812: 14804: 14803: 14800: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14785: 14783: 14779: 14768: 14767: 14763: 14760: 14757: 14754: 14751: 14748: 14747: 14743: 14740: 14737: 14736: 14734: 14730: 14723: 14722: 14718: 14715: 14712: 14711: 14709: 14705: 14697: 14696: 14692: 14690: 14689: 14685: 14684: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14677: 14673: 14669: 14668: 14664: 14662: 14661: 14657: 14656: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14649: 14645: 14641: 14640: 14636: 14635: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14628: 14624: 14623: 14621: 14617: 14611: 14610: 14606: 14605: 14603: 14599: 14596: 14589: 14585: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14556: 14554: 14552: 14548: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14533: 14531: 14529: 14525: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14510: 14508: 14504: 14501: 14497: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14456:Himalia group 14454: 14453: 14451: 14447: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14422: 14420: 14418: 14414: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14389: 14387: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14374: 14369: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14343:Magnetosphere 14341: 14337: 14334: 14333: 14332: 14329: 14328: 14326: 14322: 14316: 14313: 14312: 14309: 14305: 14298: 14293: 14291: 14286: 14284: 14279: 14278: 14275: 14268: 14264: 14260: 14256: 14251: 14248: 14244: 14240: 14235: 14232: 14229: 14226: 14222: 14219: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14207: 14204: 14203: 14193: 14192: 14187: 14182: 14178: 14174: 14168: 14164: 14160: 14159: 14154: 14153:Bagenal, Fran 14150: 14149: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14134: 14129: 14124: 14107: 14103: 14099: 14095: 14091: 14087: 14080: 14065: 14061: 14060: 14052: 14044: 14038: 14034: 14029: 14028: 14019: 14003: 13999: 13998: 13990: 13974: 13970: 13966: 13960: 13941: 13937: 13933: 13926: 13919: 13903: 13899: 13893: 13874: 13870: 13866: 13859: 13852: 13836: 13832: 13828: 13821: 13812: 13807: 13803: 13799: 13792: 13776: 13772: 13768: 13764: 13757: 13749: 13745: 13741: 13737: 13736: 13731: 13725: 13717: 13713: 13709: 13708: 13700: 13693: 13688: 13676: 13672: 13666: 13647: 13643: 13637: 13633: 13629: 13625: 13618: 13611: 13603: 13599: 13595: 13591: 13584: 13582: 13565: 13561: 13557: 13551: 13542: 13537: 13533: 13529: 13525: 13521: 13517: 13510: 13494: 13490: 13486: 13480: 13464: 13460: 13456: 13449: 13433: 13429: 13425: 13421: 13416: 13400: 13396: 13392: 13386: 13370: 13366: 13362: 13358: 13353: 13337: 13333: 13329: 13322: 13306: 13302: 13298: 13292: 13276: 13272: 13271: 13266: 13262: 13256: 13248: 13244: 13240: 13236: 13232: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13214: 13210: 13203: 13194: 13189: 13185: 13181: 13177: 13173: 13169: 13162: 13146: 13142: 13138: 13132: 13123: 13118: 13114: 13110: 13106: 13102: 13098: 13091: 13083: 13079: 13075: 13071: 13067: 13060: 13044: 13040: 13036: 13030: 13022: 13018: 13014: 13010: 13006: 13002: 12998: 12994: 12987: 12979: 12975: 12971: 12964: 12953: 12949: 12945: 12941: 12937: 12933: 12929: 12925: 12921: 12914: 12907: 12896: 12892: 12888: 12884: 12880: 12876: 12872: 12868: 12864: 12860: 12856: 12849: 12845: 12841: 12835: 12827: 12823: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12807: 12803: 12799: 12795: 12791: 12784: 12767: 12763: 12759: 12755: 12749: 12730: 12726: 12722: 12718: 12714: 12710: 12706: 12702: 12698: 12691: 12684: 12682: 12680: 12668: 12664: 12658: 12651: 12650: 12642: 12634: 12628: 12624: 12617: 12601: 12597: 12593: 12589: 12585: 12581: 12577: 12573: 12569: 12565: 12558: 12550: 12544: 12540: 12533: 12525: 12519: 12515: 12508: 12506: 12489: 12485: 12481: 12477: 12473: 12469: 12465: 12461: 12454: 12446: 12440: 12436: 12429: 12413: 12409: 12405: 12398: 12382: 12378: 12374: 12367: 12351: 12347: 12343: 12336: 12320: 12316: 12309: 12293: 12289: 12285: 12278: 12262: 12258: 12254: 12248: 12232: 12228: 12221: 12205: 12201: 12195: 12179: 12175: 12168: 12152: 12148: 12144: 12137: 12121: 12117: 12113: 12106: 12090: 12086: 12082: 12075: 12059: 12055: 12051: 12044: 12028: 12024: 12017: 12001: 11997: 11990: 11974: 11970: 11969:New Scientist 11966: 11959: 11943: 11939: 11935: 11928: 11912: 11908: 11902: 11886: 11882: 11875: 11859: 11855: 11848: 11832: 11828: 11821: 11819: 11802: 11798: 11792: 11776: 11772: 11766: 11758: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11742: 11738: 11731: 11715: 11711: 11705: 11689: 11685: 11678: 11670: 11666: 11662: 11655: 11653: 11651: 11634: 11630: 11623: 11607: 11603: 11596: 11588: 11582: 11578: 11571: 11555: 11551: 11545: 11529: 11525: 11519: 11503: 11499: 11495: 11492:. NASA: 217. 11491: 11487: 11480: 11464: 11460: 11453: 11437: 11433: 11426: 11418: 11414: 11410: 11406: 11402: 11398: 11391: 11382: 11377: 11373: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11357: 11350: 11334: 11330: 11324: 11308: 11304: 11297: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11273: 11269: 11266:(2): 97–105. 11265: 11261: 11254: 11238: 11235:. MathPages. 11234: 11227: 11211: 11207: 11203: 11196: 11180: 11176: 11170: 11166: 11165: 11157: 11149: 11143: 11138: 11137: 11128: 11119: 11114: 11110: 11106: 11102: 11098: 11094: 11087: 11071: 11067: 11060: 11053: 11052:Alternate URL 11039: 11036:: 1000–1017. 11035: 11031: 11027: 11020: 11004: 11000: 10996: 10989: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10946: 10938: 10936:9788774920878 10932: 10928: 10921: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10854: 10846: 10840: 10836: 10829: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10802: 10794: 10788: 10784: 10777: 10761: 10757: 10751: 10747: 10746: 10738: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10706: 10700: 10692: 10688: 10684: 10680: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10660: 10656: 10655: 10647: 10639: 10633: 10629: 10622: 10606: 10602: 10596: 10592: 10591: 10590:Outer Planets 10583: 10567: 10563: 10562: 10557: 10550: 10534: 10530: 10524: 10520: 10519: 10511: 10503: 10497: 10493: 10486: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10428: 10421: 10412: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10380: 10372: 10366: 10362: 10355: 10339: 10335: 10329: 10313: 10309: 10303: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10283: 10280:(2): 77–115. 10279: 10275: 10268: 10260: 10254: 10250: 10243: 10234: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10209: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10174: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10123: 10121: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10092: 10085: 10069: 10065: 10058: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10020: 10004: 10000: 9996: 9990: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9959: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9915: 9907: 9899: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9881: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9849: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9799: 9792: 9776: 9772: 9765: 9749: 9745: 9744:Science Alert 9741: 9734: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9683: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9657: 9648: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9617: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9594: 9592: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9548: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9517: 9515: 9506: 9502: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9472: 9468: 9461: 9445: 9441: 9440: 9433: 9417: 9413: 9406: 9398: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9383: 9375: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9340: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9305: 9289: 9285: 9278: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9235: 9226: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9204: 9199: 9195: 9189: 9173: 9169: 9168: 9163: 9156: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9125: 9123: 9121: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9093: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9062: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9008: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8951: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8873: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8819: 8803: 8799: 8792: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8735: 8716: 8712: 8710:0-521-81808-7 8706: 8702: 8698: 8691: 8687: 8681: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8631: 8624: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8588: 8572: 8568: 8566:0-521-81808-7 8562: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8539: 8537: 8520: 8516: 8515: 8510: 8503: 8487: 8483: 8482: 8477: 8470: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8411: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8361: 8357: 8351: 8335: 8331: 8324: 8322: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8252: 8236: 8232: 8231: 8226: 8220: 8204: 8200: 8199: 8198:Astronomy Now 8194: 8187: 8171: 8167: 8166: 8161: 8154: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8105:(3): 032126. 8104: 8100: 8093: 8085: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8044: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7983: 7975: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7924: 7908: 7904: 7903: 7898: 7891: 7875: 7871: 7870: 7865: 7858: 7842: 7838: 7837: 7832: 7825: 7823: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7761: 7752: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7710: 7701: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7634: 7626: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7605: 7603: 7594: 7582: 7578: 7572: 7568: 7567: 7559: 7543: 7539: 7533: 7529: 7528: 7520: 7512: 7506: 7502: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7426: 7419: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7353: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7280: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7206: 7198: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7157: 7152: 7145: 7129: 7125: 7124: 7119: 7112: 7104: 7098: 7094: 7087: 7079: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7064: 7056: 7048: 7042: 7038: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7015: 7011: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6988: 6987: 6978: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6942: 6935: 6916: 6909: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6853: 6851: 6841: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6809: 6807: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6755: 6736: 6729: 6723: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6666: 6664: 6655: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6610: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6531: 6523: 6517: 6513: 6506: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6453: 6445: 6439: 6435: 6428: 6412: 6408: 6402: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6386: 6379: 6367: 6363: 6357: 6353: 6352: 6344: 6336: 6330: 6326: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6278: 6270: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6227: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6180: 6172: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6142: 6140: 6130: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6030: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5924: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5867: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5750: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5686: 5684: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5602: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5408: 5406: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5278: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5241: 5236: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5217: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5183: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4896: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4848: 4846: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4762: 4758: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4517: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4462: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4435: 4431: 4417: 4411: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4378: 4363: 4356: 4347: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4323: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4299:Super-Jupiter 4297: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4264:Five Elements 4261: 4255: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4171: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4083: 4079: 4078:Guido Bonatti 4074: 4069: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3906:asteroid belt 3903: 3902:Kirkwood gaps 3899: 3895: 3894:orbital plane 3891: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3826: 3825:Himalia group 3823: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3770:regular moons 3766: 3764: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3487: 3480: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3354: 3337: 3335: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3324:Cosmic Vision 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3300: 3289: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3153: 3151: 3148:In 2000, the 3146: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3132: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3109:Jovian system 3105: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3040:July 9, 1979 3039: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2946:. Entering a 2945: 2940: 2939: 2934: 2928: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2881: 2872: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2825:E. E. Barnard 2821: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2734: 2728: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2673:, an ancient 2672: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2600: 2599: 2595:Model in the 2593: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2512: 2503: 2501: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2437:orbital plane 2434: 2429: 2423: 2414: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2262:magnetosphere 2260:in Jupiter's 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2235:magnetosheath 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2219:eddy currents 2216: 2213:(0.4170 2212: 2208: 2207:dipole moment 2204: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2170: 2164: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2138: 2128: 2121:Magnetosphere 2118: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2074: 2069: 2068: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2002: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1937: 1925: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1880: 1873: 1872: 1866: 1861: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1818:(−240.2 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1769: 1760: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1743:and become a 1742: 1741:fuse hydrogen 1738: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1711: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657:Sun's surface 1654: 1649: 1645: 1633: 1629: 1617: 1612: 1605:Size and mass 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1572:precipitation 1569: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1527:, as well as 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1482:Jupiter is a 1475: 1469: 1464: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1440: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1380:its formation 1377: 1368: 1364: 1357: 1351: 1341: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1285:genitive case 1282: 1277: 1275: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1254:for Jupiter, 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1161:magnetosphere 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1054:is the fifth 1053: 1044: 1038: 1028: 1026: 1016: 1014: 1004: 1002: 992: 990: 980: 978: 968: 966: 956: 955: 953: 951: 947: 943: 940: 935: 929: 926: 920: 915: 911: 908: 903: 899: 896: 895: 888: 884: 881: 876: 869: 866: 863: 860: 859: 856: 854: 850: 848: 846: 842: 841: 837: 834: 831: 829: 825: 824: 820: 816: 812: 810: 806: 802: 796: 792: 789: 784: 780: 777: 771: 764: 760: 753: 749: 746: 741: 735: 729: 725: 722: 717: 712:9.9258 h 710: 707: 702: 696: 693: 687: 677: 674: 669: 666: 662: 656: 652: 649: 643: 637: 634: 628: 621: 613: 608: 605: 597: 592: 591: 581: 579: 575: 571: 558: 556: 552: 548: 535: 532: 527: 521: 519: 515: 501: 497: 492: 488: 480: 469: 461: 448: 444: 439: 425: 422: 417: 414: 410: 406: 403: 401: 396: 392: 389: 384: 380: 377: 372: 368: 365: 360: 354: 350: 348: 344: 340: 338: 334: 333: 331: 329: 325: 321: 318: 313: 307: 304: 303:orbital speed 298: 294:398.88 d 292: 289: 284: 277: 272: 267: 264: 259: 258: 256: 253: 248: 242: 240: 236: 232: 229: 224: 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 200: 196: 193: 190: 186: 183: 179: 175: 171: 169: 165: 160: 131: 128: 126: 122: 119: 116: 110: 103: 96: 67: 65:Pronunciation 63: 58: 53: 49: 48: 41: 36: 30: 26: 22: 21:Jupiter (god) 17777:Solar System 17707:Each arrow ( 17629:Local Bubble 17615:Solar System 17613: 17406:Planetesimal 17361:Kuiper cliff 17089:Space probes 17062:Colonization 16901:Kirkwood gap 16822:Saturn Moons 16735:Planetesimal 16235: 16199:Terrestrials 16164: 16157: 16150: 16143: 16136: 16129: 16122: 16115: 16095: 16088: 16011:Solar System 15881: 15797: 15776: 15762: 15743: 15735: 15716: 15698: 15679: 15672: 15646:New Horizons 15644: 15637: 15631: 15621: 15614: 15600: 15593: 15574: 15526: 15434: 15433: 15360:Jupiter LXVI 15331: 15330: 15251:Jupiter LXIX 15193: 15192: 15158:Jupiter LXIV 15074:Ananke group 15044: 15043: 14994: 14993: 14941: 14934: 14927: 14920: 14873: 14764: 14744: 14719: 14693: 14686: 14674: 14665: 14658: 14648:New Horizons 14646: 14637: 14625: 14607: 14476:Ananke group 14303: 14190: 14177:Google Books 14175:– via 14157: 14127: 14089: 14085: 14079: 14067:. 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It is the 1086:(778.5 1076:Solar System 1051: 1050: 939:Scale height 893: 660: 611: 595: 531:Surface area 478: 459: 458:11.209 407:(as of 2023) 317:Mean anomaly 261:11.862 239:Eccentricity 203:5.4570 60:Designations 47:New Horizons 45: 29: 17761:Outer space 17749:Spaceflight 17670:Local Sheet 17664:Local Group 17447:Rubble pile 17435:Roche limit 17430:Ring system 17381:Outer space 17356:Kuiper belt 17326:Hill sphere 17321:Hills cloud 17269:Debris disk 17264:Cosmic dust 17048:Exploration 17003:Planet Nine 16988:Fifth giant 16962:Hills cloud 16923:Kuiper belt 16894:exceptional 16810:Trojan camp 15930:Exploration 15483:S/2003 J 23 15463:Jupiter LIX 15409:Jupiter LVI 15380:S/2003 J 10 15345:Jupiter LXI 15261:S/2003 J 24 15222:Carme group 15212:Jupiter LXX 15168:S/2003 J 12 15123:S/2003 J 16 15108:Jupiter LIV 15103:Jupiter LII 14881:Inner moons 14588:Exploration 14541:Trojan camp 14481:Carme group 13499:December 3, 13469:December 3, 13438:December 3, 13405:December 3, 13375:December 3, 13365:www.eso.org 13342:December 3, 13311:December 3, 13107:: 667–679. 13049:October 24, 12772:February 1, 12210:January 23, 12064:January 11, 11864:February 2, 11313:January 10, 11243:January 12, 11009:January 10, 10396:: 283–289. 10040:February 1, 9781:February 2, 9672:October 28, 9473:: 232–244. 9422:February 2, 8643:: 418–425. 8340:January 10, 8241:December 8, 8209:December 8, 8176:December 8, 6968:January 18, 6924:February 1, 6869:: 465–489. 5672:December 5, 5591:December 5, 5263:: 238–247. 4913:(1): 3709. 4505:October 13, 4399:sugar syrup 4368:October 24, 4293:Hot Jupiter 4089:Babylonians 4025:Kuiper belt 3966:Kuiper belt 3863:Carme group 3839:Carpo group 3792:Inner group 3671:/kəˈlɪstoʊ/ 3633:/ˈɡænimiːd/ 3440:circularize 3436:tidal force 3378:and NASA's 3271:polar orbit 3142:polar orbit 3081:10,000,000 2975:Spacecraft 2921:Exploration 2904:Frank Drake 2862:identified 2761:Inquisition 2754:Copernicus' 2690:Babylonians 2567:phase angle 2552:arc seconds 2540:conjunction 2506:Observation 2357:Earth (Avg) 2349:Earth (Max) 2154:(animation) 2151:south poles 1905:circulation 1899:and darker 1846:(0.10 1814:of 33 1695:HD 209458 b 1661:solar radii 1502:Composition 1456:Kuiper belt 1392:brown dwarf 1337:zenographic 1317:Middle Ages 1165:heliosphere 1096:11.86 1090:), with an 809:Temperature 776:declination 690:Equatorial 658:2.528 653:24.79 646:Equatorial 610:0.001 594:317.8 421:Mean radius 328:Inclination 113:Named after 17792:Gas giants 17771:Categories 17689:Local Hole 17636:Gould Belt 17376:Oort cloud 17212:Formation, 17202:Deep space 17038:Vulcanoids 16955:Oort cloud 16879:first 1000 16815:Greek camp 16713:Meteoroids 16708:Damocloids 16654:Charikloan 15789:Cancelled, 15595:Pioneer 10 15478:Callirrhoe 15419:S/2016 J 4 15414:S/2003 J 4 15375:S/2021 J 5 15370:S/2018 J 3 15355:S/2003 J 9 15350:Jupiter LI 15286:Kallichore 15281:S/2021 J 4 15256:S/2021 J 6 15241:S/2016 J 3 15236:S/2022 J 2 15231:S/2022 J 1 15188:S/2003 J 2 15163:S/2021 J 1 15148:S/2021 J 2 15138:S/2022 J 3 15098:S/2021 J 3 15088:Jupiter LV 15039:S/2018 J 4 15018:S/2011 J 3 14989:S/2018 J 2 14667:Pioneer 11 14660:Pioneer 10 14536:Greek camp 14331:Atmosphere 14208:by NASA's 14069:January 8, 14008:January 8, 12738:August 25, 12346:Space News 12288:Space News 12184:January 2, 12126:January 7, 12095:January 7, 12033:January 5, 11891:January 2, 11743:(1): 1–8. 11216:August 10, 10074:January 5, 9979:August 10, 9627:Tech Times 9527:Space.news 9480:1706.02779 9350:HubbleSite 9315:HubbleSite 9145:August 10, 9028:2010.13740 8974:2012.14316 8758:2101.12361 8525:August 27, 8492:August 27, 8002:2007.08338 7947:2202.09476 7780:2007.08338 7733:1707.01997 7446:1706.08781 7170:2208.12720 7163:(21): 21. 6521:0521035457 6250:1909.11246 6111:1902.04591 5978:1910.00645 5847:2001.09235 5778:1503.06945 5535:(2): 120. 5485:2009.05575 5478:: 114087. 5427:1911.11154 5116:1508.04795 5033:1808.01973 4973:1609.05048 4767:August 17, 4535:August 13, 4426:References 4218:Brihaspati 4200:Dyēu-pəter 4198:compound * 4062:See also: 4058:In culture 4029:Oort cloud 3951:624 Hektor 3688:1,882,709 3650:1,070,412 3595:/jʊˈroʊpə/ 3398:See also: 3129:night side 3096:2,304,535 3005:Pioneer 11 2990:Pioneer 10 2938:Pioneer 10 2933:spacecraft 2770:Letter of 2708:geocentric 2636:simplified 2556:perihelion 2536:opposition 2470:Jupiter's 2465:axial tilt 2449:perihelion 2422:barycentre 2223:solar wind 2201:Jupiter's 2103:north pole 2037:telescopes 2009:spacecraft 1990:Convection 1982:axial tilt 1909:turbulence 1893:tropopause 1854:Atmosphere 1653:barycentre 1599:ice giants 1452:Nice model 1354:See also: 1309:adjectival 1279:In Latin, 1208:visited by 1066:. It is a 917:Atmosphere 765:268.057°; 745:Axial tilt 587:10 kg 564:10 km 541:10 km 518:Flattening 443:Equatorial 400:satellites 335:1.303° to 276:solar days 217:Perihelion 125:Adjectives 17650:Milky Way 17643:Orion Arm 17411:Formation 17396:Migration 17391:Disrupted 17259:Coatlicue 17227:Accretion 17214:evolution 17160:Asteroids 17072:astronomy 17067:Discovery 16928:Cubewanos 16849:Asteroids 16679:Quaoarian 16669:Neptunian 16659:Chironean 16644:Saturnian 16426:Enceladus 15872:Pioneer H 15857:Laplace-P 15745:Tianwen-4 15616:Voyager 1 15448:Megaclite 15178:Thelxinoe 15153:Praxidike 15128:Harpalyke 14793:Mythology 14759:Tianwen-4 14739:Laplace-P 14695:Voyager 2 14688:Voyager 1 14499:Astronomy 14449:Irregular 14324:Geography 14254:Animation 13979:April 23, 13827:"Jupiter" 13806:CiteSeerX 13781:April 26, 13690:See also 13655:March 21, 13526:: L1–L5. 13332:Space.com 13222:0806.2795 13151:April 26, 13021:129180312 12596:122395249 12418:March 29, 12387:April 27, 12356:April 27, 12325:April 27, 12267:April 14, 12006:April 26, 11948:April 10, 11917:April 27, 11710:"Jupiter" 11288:115455540 11185:March 19, 10980:120470649 10900:206644971 10814:(2): 87. 10766:March 19, 10691:121539390 10611:March 19, 10539:March 19, 10475:April 28, 10462:119706637 9838:April 27, 9662:The Verge 9637:April 13, 9537:April 13, 9505:119036239 9450:March 19, 9364:April 26, 9269:121637752 9135:"Jupiter" 9055:. e06659. 9053:225075904 8999:226194362 8930:220980694 8914:0028-0836 8862:April 26, 8852:129284864 8785:. e06504. 8783:231728590 8670:April 25, 8577:March 19, 8481:Space.com 8461:235217898 8147:. 032126. 8112:1309.6500 8035:199576704 7974:247011195 7902:space.com 7880:April 20, 7869:space.com 7813:199576704 7548:April 23, 7397:204927572 7342:April 24, 7225:0707.2895 7197:251864022 7134:August 9, 6893:212832169 6654:122314894 6601:255069821 6417:March 18, 6372:March 19, 6310:214576608 6294:(2): 78. 6269:202749962 6193:0712.0553 6161:March 25, 6074:118587166 6049:1207.2737 6021:199100280 5944:April 18, 5707:1201.5177 5636:0028-0836 5567:0004-637X 5542:1305.0980 5510:221654962 5452:208291392 5298:March 22, 5206:March 23, 5109:(2): 10. 5026:: 10–24. 4998:119307693 4966:: 19–33. 4887:0923-2958 4793:August 8, 4730:0923-2958 4441:"Jupiter" 4107:of their 4097:Hammurabi 3970:perturbed 3917:asteroids 3490:Diameter 3365:Tianwen-4 3284:Io. When 3035:Voyager 2 3020:Voyager 1 2980:approach 2858:In 1932, 2840:Voyager 1 2823:In 1892, 2814:Ole Rømer 2716:epicycles 2712:deferents 2667:Xi Zezong 2654:star and 2457:exoplanet 2426:5.2 2287:cyclotron 2227:bow shock 2209:of 4.170 2113:like the 2054:acetylene 1954:lightning 1871:Voyager 1 1749:red dwarf 1577:Based on 1537:phosphine 1484:gas giant 1388:protostar 1367:volatiles 1363:snow line 1321:astrology 1179:in 1610: 1107:night sky 1068:gas giant 1058:from the 801:geometric 351:0.32° to 341:6.09° to 17703:Universe 17541:Moonlets 17121:programs 17094:timeline 17082:timeline 17013:Planet X 17008:Planet V 16945:Sednoids 16933:Plutinos 16906:Centaurs 16884:families 16619:Dysnomia 16607:Xiangliu 16602:Gonggong 16590:Makemake 16549:Kerberos 16436:Hyperion 16374:Callisto 16369:Ganymede 16302:Gonggong 16297:Makemake 16152:Gonggong 16145:Makemake 15947:Callisto 15942:Ganymede 15791:concepts 15710:En route 15683:(active) 15665:Orbiters 15528:Category 15497:See also 15436:Pasiphae 15429:Hegemone 15404:Eurydome 15311:Eukelade 15266:Chaldene 15246:Pasithee 15207:Hermippe 15133:Orthosie 15064:Valetudo 15057:Valetudo 15008:Lysithea 14960:Themisto 14953:Themisto 14943:Callisto 14936:Ganymede 14898:Amalthea 14893:Adrastea 14811:Category 14732:Proposed 14594:missions 14471:Valetudo 14461:Themisto 14440:Callisto 14435:Ganymede 14417:Galilean 14402:Amalthea 14397:Adrastea 14263:Ganymede 14002:Archived 13940:Archived 13902:Archived 13882:July 19, 13873:Archived 13835:Archived 13775:Archived 13681:July 14, 13675:Archived 13646:Archived 13596:: 9–28. 13560:ABC News 13493:Archived 13463:Archived 13432:Archived 13399:Archived 13369:Archived 13336:Archived 13305:Archived 13281:July 27, 13275:Archived 13145:Archived 13076:: 1027. 13043:Archived 13013:15576586 12952:Archived 12948:27293848 12883:12748634 12818:10506564 12766:Archived 12729:Archived 12600:Archived 12412:Archived 12381:Archived 12350:Archived 12319:Archived 12298:July 10, 12292:Archived 12261:Archived 12257:BBC News 12231:Archived 12204:Archived 12151:Archived 12120:Archived 12089:Archived 12058:Archived 12027:Archived 12000:Archived 11973:Archived 11942:Archived 11938:phys.org 11911:Archived 11807:July 27, 11714:Archived 11528:Archived 11502:Archived 11463:Archived 11461:. NASA. 11237:Archived 11210:Archived 11179:Archived 11070:Archived 11038:Archived 11003:Archived 10910:June 30, 10904:Archived 10892:26823423 10760:Archived 10605:Archived 10566:Archived 10533:Archived 10466:Archived 10318:July 17, 10312:Archived 10165:21272762 10157:10325220 9947:Archived 9898:28603321 9829:Archived 9775:Archived 9773:. NASA. 9748:Archived 9717:29516997 9666:Archived 9654:"NASA's 9631:Archived 9582:39201626 9531:Archived 9444:Archived 9416:Archived 9358:Archived 9323:Archived 9288:Archived 9196:(1899). 9172:Archived 9133:(2004). 9076:Archived 8940:March 6, 8934:Archived 8922:32760043 8856:Archived 8826:(2000). 8724:March 8, 8715:Archived 8661:Archived 8571:Archived 8519:Archived 8486:Archived 8453:34040210 8395:59361587 8358:(2004). 8310:June 21, 8304:Archived 8300:19024073 8235:Archived 8203:Archived 8145:42559818 8137:24730809 8084:31413374 8027:31413376 7907:Archived 7874:Archived 7841:Archived 7805:31413376 7587:March 6, 7581:Archived 7542:Archived 7471:54610182 7417:☉ 7410:☉ 7333:Archived 7329:10506563 7128:Archived 6959:archived 6915:Archived 6744:July 10, 6735:Archived 6714:45296656 6706:15319491 6411:Archived 6366:Archived 6155:Archived 6104:: A169. 6013:32636530 5915:16480998 5815:25831540 5759:(2015). 5732:21642961 5666:Archived 5396:28607079 5328:July 29, 5322:Archived 5314:"Jovial" 5292:Archived 5200:Archived 5141:55592285 5080:Archived 5058:69912809 4945:30213944 4901:(2018). 4787:Archived 4761:Archived 4694:(2007). 4672:Archived 4634:Archived 4529:Archived 4499:Archived 4383:July 29, 4274:See also 4196:vocative 4175:The god 4165:Epinomis 4134:Phaethon 4101:ecliptic 4021:accretes 4012:asteroid 3947:Max Wolf 3748:Callisto 3744:Ganymede 3725:Callisto 3721:Ganymede 3682:10.8×10 3665:Callisto 3644:14.8×10 3627:Ganymede 3612:671,034 3574:421,700 3557:/ˈaɪ.oʊ/ 3452:friction 3370:Callisto 3209:Galileo' 3201:Amalthea 3058:408,894 3043:570,000 3028:349,000 2998:130,000 2978:Closest 2834:Amalthea 2699:Almagest 2694:ecliptic 2598:Almagest 2472:rotation 2453:aphelion 2441:inclined 2401:Amalthea 2389:Adrastea 2341:Callisto 2333:Ganymede 2239:lee side 2186:Infrared 2115:vortices 2041:aperture 2039:with an 1837:diamonds 1728:decrease 1647:☉ 1561:crystals 1415:accreted 1290:Iuppiter 1236:pantheon 1214:: seven 1193:Callisto 1189:Ganymede 1134:Hydrogen 1062:and the 965:hydrogen 925:pressure 923:Surface 826:Surface 767:17 52 14 615:☉ 507: km 482:☉ 454: km 431: km 393:273.867° 369:100.464° 337:ecliptic 301:Average 199:Aphelion 52:Ganymede 17782:Jupiter 17723:Portals 17524:Related 17503:by size 17192:Neptune 17177:Jupiter 17128:Mercury 17053:outline 16998:Phaeton 16993:Nemesis 16980:objects 16832:Neptune 16805:Jupiter 16785:Trojans 16778:Neptune 16763:Jupiter 16743:Mercury 16674:Haumean 16664:Uranian 16646: ( 16566:Hiʻiaka 16500:Proteus 16490:Neptune 16478:Miranda 16468:Umbriel 16458:Titania 16446:all 146 16411:Iapetus 16364:Jupiter 16258:Neptune 16236:Jupiter 16204:Mercury 16186:Planets 16111:Neptune 16096:Jupiter 16069:Mercury 15883:Trident 15867:OKEANOS 15767:(2020s) 15764:Shensuo 15699:Galileo 15673:Galileo 15632:Ulysses 15575:Jupiter 15473:Autonoe 15453:Cyllene 15321:Taygete 15291:Erinome 15202:Iocaste 15118:Euanthe 15093:Eupheme 15083:Euporie 14996:Himalia 14788:Fiction 14781:Related 14746:Shensuo 14676:Ulysses 14639:Galileo 14601:Current 14592:orbital 14551:Impacts 14528:Trojans 14506:General 14304:Jupiter 14245:of the 14243:YouTube 14128:Jupiter 13949:July 4, 13598:Bibcode 13528:Bibcode 13247:8870726 13227:Bibcode 13180:Bibcode 13109:Bibcode 13078:Bibcode 12993:Science 12974:Bibcode 12928:Bibcode 12891:4424447 12863:Bibcode 12826:9492520 12798:Bibcode 12790:Science 12725:8502734 12705:Bibcode 12576:Bibcode 12472:Bibcode 12157:May 12, 11745:Bibcode 11494:Bibcode 11405:Bibcode 11368:Bibcode 11268:Bibcode 11105:Bibcode 10960:Bibcode 10872:Bibcode 10864:Science 10816:Bibcode 10663:Bibcode 10442:Bibcode 10398:Bibcode 10282:Bibcode 10219:Bibcode 10188:Bibcode 10137:Bibcode 10129:Science 10099:Bibcode 9929:Bibcode 9889:5439487 9868:Bibcode 9813:Bibcode 9754:May 26, 9725:4438233 9697:Bibcode 9604:Bibcode 9562:Bibcode 9485:Bibcode 9249:Bibcode 9212:Bibcode 9107:Bibcode 9033:Bibcode 8979:Bibcode 8894:Bibcode 8832:Science 8763:Bibcode 8645:Bibcode 8603:Bibcode 8553:Bibcode 8445:1820549 8425:Bibcode 8375:Bibcode 8280:Bibcode 8117:Bibcode 8062:Bibcode 8007:Bibcode 7952:Bibcode 7847:July 5, 7785:Bibcode 7738:Bibcode 7687:Bibcode 7685:: 435. 7648:Bibcode 7451:Bibcode 7377:Bibcode 7309:Bibcode 7301:Science 7250:8369390 7230:Bibcode 7175:Bibcode 6871:Bibcode 6827:Bibcode 6797:3242002 6789:8629016 6769:Bibcode 6761:Science 6684:Bibcode 6676:Science 6624:Bibcode 6581:Bibcode 6545:Bibcode 6497:5466469 6477:Bibcode 6218:7035885 6198:Bibcode 6116:Bibcode 6054:Bibcode 6004:7339907 5983:Bibcode 5895:Bibcode 5806:4394287 5783:Bibcode 5740:4431823 5712:Bibcode 5644:4290185 5616:Bibcode 5547:Bibcode 5490:Bibcode 5432:Bibcode 5387:5495263 5364:Bibcode 5265:Bibcode 5160:Bibcode 5121:Bibcode 5086:May 29, 5038:Bibcode 4978:Bibcode 4936:6137063 4915:Bibcode 4867:Bibcode 4822:Bibcode 4820:: A32. 4708:Bibcode 4614:. A133. 4598:Bibcode 4567:Bibcode 4401:(syrup 4246:Chinese 4236:, from 4234:Erentüz 4230:Erendiz 4177:Jupiter 4144:Homeric 4044:Galileo 3976:Impacts 3904:in the 3890:Mercury 3810:and by 3606:4.8×10 3568:8.9×10 3353:JunoCam 3263:NASA's 3242:mission 3221:Galileo 3196:Galileo 3187:Galileo 3172:mission 3170:Galileo 3150:Cassini 3137:Ulysses 3120:Voyager 3104:Pioneer 3073:Cassini 3050:Ulysses 3013:34,000 2944:delta-v 2869:Oval BA 2774:to the 2652:Tai Sui 2616:Suìxīng 2613:Star" ( 2582:History 2488:equator 2360:0.0007 2258:ionized 2169:Aurorae 2145:on the 2143:Aurorae 2096:Oval BA 2067:Voyager 2050:ammonia 1806:of 1.3 1796:mission 1591:Neptune 1557:benzene 1549:methane 1529:ammonia 1492:equator 1307:is the 1283:is the 1264:with a 1244:Jupiter 1197:Mercury 1123:Jupiter 1070:with a 1052:Jupiter 1034:0.0004% 1030:0.0004% 1022:0.0002% 1018:0.0006% 1006:0.0028% 1001:ammonia 989:methane 861:0.1 bar 799:0.538 ( 793:0.503 ( 781:64.495° 633:density 604:Earth's 570:Earth's 547:Earth's 523:0.06487 468:Earth's 347:equator 322:20.020° 118:Jupiter 33:Jupiter 17698: 17691: 17684: 17659: 17652: 17645: 17638: 17631: 17624: 17617: 17546:Syzygy 17468:Comets 17401:System 17386:Planet 17279:EXCEDE 17187:Uranus 17182:Saturn 17172:Comets 17165:mining 17143:mining 17033:Vulcan 16874:active 16869:Hygiea 16864:Pallas 16827:Uranus 16773:Uranus 16768:Saturn 16703:Comets 16695:bodies 16693:System 16639:Jovian 16583:Weywot 16578:Quaoar 16571:Namaka 16561:Haumea 16534:Charon 16510:all 16 16505:Nereid 16495:Triton 16483:all 28 16463:Oberon 16453:Uranus 16441:Phoebe 16421:Tethys 16396:Saturn 16389:all 95 16384:Europa 16357:Deimos 16352:Phobos 16331:Earth 16292:Quaoar 16287:Haumea 16267:Dwarfs 16253:Uranus 16241:Saturn 16226:Giants 16191:dwarfs 16138:Quaoar 16131:Haumea 16106:Uranus 16101:Saturn 15937:Europa 15781:(2036) 15773:(2025) 15748:(2029) 15740:(2024) 15582:Flybys 15458:Sinope 15443:Sponde 15365:Kalyke 15301:Eirene 15276:Isonoe 15195:Ananke 15183:Thyone 15143:Helike 15003:Pandia 14929:Europa 14769:(2030) 14761:(2029) 14755:(2026) 14749:(2024) 14741:(2023) 14724:(2024) 14707:Future 14430:Europa 14169: 14125:about 14106:595793 14104: 14039: 13898:"Guru" 13808: 13638: 13245: 13019: 13011: 12946: 12889: 12881: 12855:Nature 12824: 12816: 12723: 12659: 12629: 12594: 12568:Icarus 12545: 12520: 12464:Icarus 12441: 12237:May 2, 11737:Icarus 11583: 11397:Icarus 11286: 11171: 11144: 10978: 10933: 10898: 10890: 10841: 10789: 10752: 10729:595793 10727: 10689: 10681: 10634: 10597: 10525: 10498: 10460: 10367: 10274:Icarus 10255: 10229: 10180:Icarus 10163: 10155: 10091:Icarus 9896: 9886: 9805:Icarus 9723: 9715: 9689:Nature 9580: 9554:Nature 9503: 9467:Icarus 9393: 9267: 9051: 8997: 8928: 8920: 8912: 8886:Nature 8850: 8781: 8707: 8637:Icarus 8563: 8459: 8451: 8443: 8417:Nature 8393: 8298: 8143: 8135: 8082: 8054:Nature 8033: 8025: 7989:Nature 7972: 7811: 7803: 7767:Nature 7642:. 23. 7640:Icarus 7621: 7573: 7534: 7507: 7469: 7395: 7327: 7248: 7195: 7099: 7074: 7043: 7006: 6994:–211. 6891: 6795: 6787: 6712: 6704: 6652: 6599: 6537:Icarus 6518: 6495: 6459:Icarus 6440: 6403: 6358: 6331: 6308: 6267: 6216: 6179:Icarus 6072: 6019: 6011: 6001: 5913: 5813: 5803: 5738: 5730: 5693:Nature 5642: 5634: 5608:Nature 5565: 5508: 5472:Icarus 5454:. L11. 5450: 5394: 5384: 5284:"Jove" 5231: 5178: 5143:. 122. 5139: 5056: 4996: 4960:Icarus 4943: 4933: 4885: 4753: 4728: 4596:: 11. 4457: 4268:zodiac 4259:mùxīng 4256:: 4254:pinyin 4248:: 4242:yultuz 4207:-pətēr 4139:Φαέθων 4109:zodiac 4093:Marduk 3933:Trojan 3900:. The 3746:, and 3740:Europa 3717:Europa 3694:16.69 3676:4,821 3638:5,262 3600:3,122 3589:Europa 3562:3,643 2960:flybys 2671:Gan De 2660:Taoist 2526:, and 2435:. The 2325:Europa 2107:vortex 2094:named 2045:period 1963: 1732:radius 1716: 1701: 1641: 1587:Uranus 1583:Saturn 1553:ethane 1543:, and 1523:, and 1521:sulfur 1517:oxygen 1513:carbon 1488:gasses 1436: 1423:Saturn 1372: 1313:jovial 1305:Jovian 1216:flybys 1191:, and 1185:Europa 1138:helium 1056:planet 1025:ethane 1010:0.001% 998:0.004% 994:0.026% 977:helium 683:0.0006 679:0.2756 583:1.8982 560:1.4313 555:Volume 537:6.1469 498:radius 477: 445:radius 398:Known 244:0.0489 168:Symbol 130:Jovian 17737:Stars 17461:Lists 17197:Pluto 17155:Ceres 17133:Venus 17028:Tyche 17023:Theia 16859:Vesta 16854:Ceres 16795:Earth 16790:Venus 16753:Earth 16748:Venus 16728:moons 16691:Solar 16689:Small 16648:Rhean 16631:Rings 16544:Hydra 16529:Pluto 16522:Vanth 16517:Orcus 16473:Ariel 16431:Mimas 16416:Dione 16401:Titan 16324:Moons 16312:Sedna 16282:Pluto 16277:Orcus 16272:Ceres 16214:Earth 16209:Venus 16166:Sedna 16124:Pluto 16117:Orcus 16090:Ceres 16079:Earth 16074:Venus 15877:SMARA 15701:Probe 15468:Aoede 15340:Herse 15333:Carme 15316:Arche 15306:Aitne 15113:Mneme 15046:Carpo 15013:Elara 14903:Thebe 14888:Metis 14766:SMARA 14466:Carpo 14407:Thebe 14392:Metis 14385:Inner 14377:Moons 14348:Rings 14238:Video 14102:JSTOR 14035:–40. 13943:(PDF) 13928:(PDF) 13876:(PDF) 13861:(PDF) 13738:[ 13649:(PDF) 13620:(PDF) 13243:S2CID 13217:arXiv 13017:S2CID 12955:(PDF) 12944:S2CID 12916:(PDF) 12898:(PDF) 12887:S2CID 12851:(PDF) 12822:S2CID 12732:(PDF) 12721:S2CID 12693:(PDF) 12670:(PDF) 12653:(PDF) 12592:S2CID 11284:S2CID 10976:S2CID 10896:S2CID 10725:JSTOR 10687:S2CID 10683:74273 10679:JSTOR 10469:(PDF) 10458:S2CID 10430:(PDF) 10161:S2CID 9950:(PDF) 9917:(PDF) 9832:(PDF) 9801:(PDF) 9721:S2CID 9578:S2CID 9501:S2CID 9475:arXiv 9265:S2CID 9049:S2CID 9023:arXiv 8995:S2CID 8969:arXiv 8926:S2CID 8848:S2CID 8779:S2CID 8753:arXiv 8751:(2). 8718:(PDF) 8693:(PDF) 8664:(PDF) 8633:(PDF) 8457:S2CID 8402:(PDF) 8391:S2CID 8363:(PDF) 8296:S2CID 8270:arXiv 8141:S2CID 8107:arXiv 8031:S2CID 7997:arXiv 7970:S2CID 7942:arXiv 7809:S2CID 7775:arXiv 7728:arXiv 7473:. L6. 7467:S2CID 7441:arXiv 7439:: 6. 7393:S2CID 7367:arXiv 7336:(PDF) 7297:(PDF) 7246:S2CID 7220:arXiv 7193:S2CID 7165:arXiv 6962:(PDF) 6944:(PDF) 6918:(PDF) 6911:(PDF) 6889:S2CID 6793:S2CID 6738:(PDF) 6731:(PDF) 6710:S2CID 6650:S2CID 6597:S2CID 6493:S2CID 6467:arXiv 6306:S2CID 6265:S2CID 6245:arXiv 6243:(5). 6214:S2CID 6188:arXiv 6106:arXiv 6070:S2CID 6044:arXiv 6017:S2CID 5973:arXiv 5911:S2CID 5885:arXiv 5842:arXiv 5773:arXiv 5736:S2CID 5702:arXiv 5640:S2CID 5537:arXiv 5506:S2CID 5480:arXiv 5448:S2CID 5422:arXiv 5420:: 5. 5240:name. 5137:S2CID 5111:arXiv 5076:IMCCE 5054:S2CID 5028:arXiv 4994:S2CID 4968:arXiv 4865:(3). 4318:Notes 4205:Dyēus 4170:Plato 4160:Enlil 4130:Greek 4016:comet 3938:Iliad 3929:Greek 3697:0.61 3691:4.90 3685:1.50 3679:1.40 3659:0.26 3656:7.15 3653:2.80 3647:2.00 3641:1.50 3621:0.13 3618:3.55 3615:1.75 3609:0.65 3603:0.90 3583:0.07 3580:1.77 3577:1.10 3571:1.20 3565:1.05 3537:days 3493:Mass 3482:Name 3388:Moons 3163:Pluto 2807:Both 2570:four 2528:Venus 2492:poles 2451:than 2397:Thebe 2393:Metis 2384:torus 2352:0.07 2344:0.01 2320:3600 2312:/day 2254:torus 2211:gauss 2147:north 1950:water 1901:belts 1897:zones 1637:0.102 1547:like 1421:with 1332:zeno- 1281:Iovis 1210:nine 1115:Venus 1098:years 1080:Earth 1037:water 867:128 K 828:temp. 631:Mean 620:Sun's 496:Polar 487:Sun's 473:0.102 192:J2000 189:Epoch 98: 17150:Mars 17138:Moon 17116:list 17099:list 16800:Mars 16758:Mars 16614:Eris 16554:Styx 16406:Rhea 16347:Mars 16335:Moon 16307:Eris 16219:Mars 16159:Eris 16084:Mars 15832:FIRE 15799:Argo 15680:Juno 15488:Kore 15392:(18) 15296:Kale 15224:(30) 15076:(26) 14984:Ersa 14979:Leda 14619:Past 14609:Juno 14267:NASA 14259:Juno 14167:ISBN 14071:2010 14037:ISBN 14010:2010 13981:2010 13951:2022 13910:2007 13884:2023 13843:2007 13783:2022 13683:2012 13657:2022 13636:ISBN 13572:2008 13501:2021 13471:2021 13440:2021 13407:2021 13377:2021 13344:2021 13313:2021 13283:2009 13153:2022 13051:2010 13009:PMID 12879:PMID 12814:PMID 12774:2016 12762:NASA 12740:2019 12657:ISBN 12627:ISBN 12608:2020 12543:ISBN 12518:ISBN 12496:2007 12439:ISBN 12420:2023 12389:2020 12358:2020 12327:2020 12300:2020 12269:2023 12239:2012 12212:2009 12186:2007 12159:2023 12128:2018 12097:2018 12066:2021 12054:NASA 12035:2019 12008:2017 11981:2016 11950:2022 11919:2022 11893:2007 11866:2007 11839:2006 11809:2007 11783:2021 11722:2006 11696:2006 11641:2006 11614:2006 11581:ISBN 11562:2011 11536:2021 11510:2007 11471:2007 11444:2007 11341:2007 11315:2007 11245:2007 11218:2006 11187:2023 11169:ISBN 11142:ISBN 11078:2007 11046:2023 11011:2007 10931:ISBN 10912:2022 10888:PMID 10839:ISBN 10787:ISBN 10768:2023 10750:ISBN 10632:ISBN 10613:2023 10595:ISBN 10574:2007 10541:2023 10523:ISBN 10496:ISBN 10477:2022 10365:ISBN 10346:2007 10320:2023 10253:ISBN 10227:ISBN 10153:PMID 10076:2014 10042:2007 10030:NASA 10011:2020 9999:NASA 9981:2008 9894:PMID 9840:2022 9783:2007 9756:2021 9713:PMID 9674:2021 9656:Juno 9639:2017 9539:2017 9452:2023 9424:2007 9391:ISBN 9366:2015 9354:NASA 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