949:
881:
805:
1014:
4144:
292:
914:). Berber in Morocco is spread into three areas: Riff in the north, Central Atlas in the center, and Shilha in the south/southwest. Central Atlas is mutually intelligible with the dialects Riff and Shilha; but Shilha- and Riff-speakers cannot understand each other, although transitional varieties exist between these dialects, creating a smooth transition.
678:) may also be differentiated syntactically: while other dialects predicate with the auxiliary /d/ (e.g. /d argaz/ "it's a man"), Southern dialects use the typically (High Atlas, Souss-Basin rural country, Jbel Atlas Saghro) auxiliary verb /g/ (e.g. /iga argaz/ "it's a man"). The differences between each of the three groups are primarily phonological.
3518:. Many nouns begin with /l-/, from the Arabic definite prefix, and some Arabic feminines may acquire the native Berber feminine ending /-t/, e.g. /lʕafit/ for /lʕafia/ 'fire'. Many Arabic loans have been integrated into the Tamazight verb lexicon. They adhere fully to inflectional patterns of native stems, and may even undergo ablaut. Even
244:
940:
regression. However, Tamazight speakers are reported to immigrate less than many other Berber groups. Moreover, Tamazight has a large enough body of native speakers not to be considered under risk of endangerment, although
Tamazight speakers reportedly have a lower birth rate than the country of Morocco as a whole.
1031:, was basically unwritten (although sporadic cases, using Arabic script, are attested.) It was preserved through oral use in rural areas, isolated from urban hubs. Scholars from the Middle Atlas, as elsewhere in North Africa, usually wrote in the more prestigious Arabic language, rather than their vernacular.
930:
Of the
Central Atlas Tamazight speakers, 40–45% are monolingual, while the others use Arabic as a second language. Monolingual speakers consist mostly of older generations and children. Women are more likely to be monolingual than men, since they typically stay in the village while the men go to work
3911:
According to the
Ethnologue (by deduction from its Moroccan Arabic figures), the Berber-speaking population should be estimated at 35% or around 10.5 million speakers. However, the figures provided for individual languages only add up to 7.5 million, divided into the three dialects as follows: Riff
917:
Figures for the number of speakers of Berber languages are generally a matter of estimates rather than linguistic censuses. At least a third of
Moroccans seem to speak Berber languages,. Tamazight is estimated to be spoken by about 40~49% of Morocco's Berber-speakers, while Shilha commands 32~40%
851:
made most of
Morocco a French-Spanish protectorate (under French and Spanish military occupation), leaving the Alaouite monarchy but establishing a French military presence in the Atlas region and installing a French commissioner-general. However, the Berber tribes of the Middle Atlas, as in other
3553:
forms. All higher cardinals are borrowed from Arabic, consistent with the linguistic universals that the numbers 1–3 are much more likely to be retained, and that a borrowed number generally implies that numbers greater than it are also borrowed. The retention of one is also motivated by the fact
555:
In older studies, Central Atlas
Tamazight is sometimes referred to as "Braber" / "Beraber", a dialectical Arabic term, or its Tamazight equivalent "Taberbrit". This is related to the Standard Arabic and English term "Berber", used to refer to all Berber dialects/languages, though eschewed by many
939:
Rural
Morocco, including the Central Atlas area, suffers from poverty. Tamazight along with its relative Shilha are undergoing "contraction" as rural families, motivated by economic necessity, move to cities and stop speaking Tamazight, leading many intellectuals to fear Berber language shift or
867:
educational system was instituted, in which Berber languages, including Middle Atlas
Tamazight, had no place. However, in 1994 the government responded to Berber demands for recognition by decreeing that Berber should be taught and establishing television broadcasts in three Berber languages,
926:
Tamazight, along with other Berber languages of
Morocco, has a low sociolinguistic status, used mainly in the home, and rarely in official or formal contexts. Media broadcasts and music are available in it, and there is a policy of teaching it in schools, although it is not always applied.
977:
declared that a national Berber dialect would acquire a formal status; television broadcasts are summarized in
Tamazight, as well as Shilha and Rif, three times a day; and educational materials for schools are being developed. On October 17, 2001 King Mohammed VI sealed the decree
908:. It is also spoken in the central and eastern High Atlas mountains in Morocco. It is thus spoken across areas with widely varying ecological conditions — from the mountainous and forested regions of the Middle Atlas mountains to the oases of the northwestern Sahara (
994:
script in Morocco. There are multiple political parties and cultural associations in Morocco that advocate for the advancement of Berber, calling for it to be recognized as an official language, used more extensively in the mass media, and taught more in schools.
998:
A legal issue affecting Tamazight speakers is restrictions on naming - Moroccan law stipulates that first names must have a "Moroccan character", and uncommon names, including some Berber ones used in the Central Atlas, are often rejected by the civil registry.
3384:
occur after the noun they modify and are inflected for number and gender. Adjectives may also occur alone in which case they become an NP. Practically all adjectives also have a verbal form used for predicative purposes, which behaves just like a normal verb.
634:
between Riff to its north-east and Shilha to its south-west. The basic lexicon of Tamazight differs markedly from Shilha, and its verbal system is more similar to Riff or Kabyle. Moreover, Tamazight has a greater amount of internal diversity than Shilha.
4592:
Maarten Kossmann, "Grammatical notes on the Berber dialect of Igli (Sud oranais, Algeria)", in ed. D. Ibriszimow, M. Kossmann, H. Stroomer, R. Vossen, Études berbères V – Essais sur des variations dialectales et autres articles. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe,
1046:. To some extent, the choice of writing system is a political one, with various subgroups expressing preference based on ideology and politics. The orthography used for government services including schooling is Neo-Tifinagh, rendered official by a
3477:, and multiple wh-questions do not occur. Consequently, Tamazight's clefting, relativisation, and wh-interrogation contribute to anti-agreement effects, similar to Shilha, and causes deletion of the verbal person marker in certain situations.
3830:". Additionally, Berber activists like to consider all Berber dialects to be a language to emphasize unity, though this is not entirely linguistically sound (e.g. geographically non-proximate "dialects" may be mutually unintelligible), see
7269:
931:
in the cities. Since Tamazight is the language of the home, girls grow up speaking Berber languages and pass them on to their children — this gender stratification helps to preserve the language. Bilingual Berber speakers have learned
2481:. It is voiced before voiced consonants and voiceless before voiceless consonants, or alternatively it can be realized as a voiced or unvoiced consonant release. It also may be realized as the syllabicity of a nasal, lateral, or /r/.
670:> , or is apparent in Berber languages in central and northern Morocco and Algeria, as in many Middle Atlas dialects, it is more rare in High Atlas Tamazight speakers, and is absent in Tamazight speakers from the foothills of
935:
via schooling, migration, media, or through the government. Most rural Berber children are monolingual. They struggle to succeed in schools where the teachers do not speak Berber, and require them to learn both Arabic and French.
696:
and Ait Ouarain tribes are commonly classed as Central Atlas Tamazight, and Ait Seghrouchen is reported to be mutually intelligible with the neighbouring Tamazight dialect of Ait Ayache. Genetically, however, they belong to the
1050:
of King Mohammed VI based on the recommendation of IRCAM. However, various Latin transcriptions have been used in a number of linguistic works describing Central Atlas Tamazight, notably the dictionary of Taïfi (1991).
3821:
Central Atlas Tamazight may be referred to as either a Berber language or a Berber dialect. As Berber languages have some degree of mutual intelligibility, there is little consensus on what is considered a
800:
in the 11th century, more and more of North Africa became Arabic-speaking over the centuries. However, along with other high mountainous regions of North Africa, the Middle Atlas continued to speak Berber.
509:
in Morocco. Differentiating these dialects is complicated by the fact that speakers of other languages may also refer to their language as 'Tamazight'. The differences between all three groups are largely
3557:
Central Atlas Tamazight uses a bipartite negative construction (e.g. /uriffiɣ ʃa/ 'he did not go out'), which was apparently modelled after proximate |Arabic varieties, in a common development known as
3912:
at 1.5 million speakers in 1991; Shilha at 3 million speakers in 1998; and Central Atlas Tamazight at 3 million in 1998, which would give Central Atlas 40%, Shilha 40%, and Riff 20% of the total. See
1138:. In addition, in Arabic loans singleton non-spirantized occur (though and to an extent often alternate with their spirantized versions in loans), giving this alternation marginal phonemic status.
1114:. In Ayt Ndhir, which is a dialect of Tamazight with spirantization, the consonants that can be spirantized appear in their stop forms when geminated, and additionally the geminate correspondents of
383:. All five languages may be referred to as "Tamazight", but Central Atlas speakers are the only ones who use the term exclusively. As is typical of Afroasiatic languages, Tamazight has a series of "
3362:. The prefixes indicate voice, tense, aspect, and polarity, while the suffixes indicate mood (normal, horatory, or imperative). Subject markers are circumfixed to the verb, and object marking and
3058:(contrasting with free state) to indicate possession or when the subject of a verb follows the verb. This is also used for nouns after numerals and some prepositions, as well as the conjunction
701:
subgroup of Northern Berber, rather than to the Atlas subgroup to which the rest of Central Atlas Tamazight belongs, and are therefore excluded by some sources from Central Atlas Tamazight. The
731:
The Berbers have lived in North Africa between western Egypt and the Atlantic Ocean since before recorded history began in the region about 33 centuries ago. By the 5th century BC, the city of
1099:), but modern Berber languages have borrowed others from Arabic and developed new ones through sound shifts. In addition, Tamazight has uvular and pharyngeal consonants, as well as a lack of
3149:
Demonstrative pronouns distinguish between proximate and remote. When they occur independently, they inflect for number. They may also be suffixed to nouns: /tabardaja/ 'this pack-saddle'.
6137:
751:
replaced it as regional hegemon. The Central Atlas region itself remained independent throughout the classical period, but occasional loanwords into Central Atlas Tamazight, such as
6913:
6893:
7042:
7037:
2862:. Plurals may either involve a regular change ("sound plurals"), internal vowel change ("broken plurals"), or a combination of the two. Masculine plurals usually take the prefix
7176:
5514:
552:, refers to the language. Both words are also used self-referentially by other Berber groups, although Central Atlas Tamazight speakers use them regularly and exclusively.
884:
Percent of Tmazight speakers in Morocco by census 2004 Based on data found Central Atlas Tamazight is among the four most-spoken Berber languages (the other three being
7183:
7190:
7052:
7047:
828:, the current Moroccan royal family. However, effective control of the region was limited; until the 20th century much of the Central Atlas was in a condition of
6794:
6789:
6069:
6784:
6450:
6779:
2832:
4655:
Vermondo Brugnatelli, "I prestiti latini in berbero: un bilancio", 9° Incontro di Linguistica Afroasiatica (Camito-Semitica), Trieste, 23-24 aprile 1998,
4003:
in prehistoric times), or whether Arabic was itself affected by a more ancient areal pattern. It is found in other areas as well; for example, in Europe,
6839:
6965:
6763:
6605:
5716:
6102:
3999:). It is not known how old this areal feature is, and whether it might be a recent phenomenon due to Arabic as a prestige language (Arabic lost its
6210:
3562:. It is present in multiple Berber varieties and is argued to have originated in neighbouring Arabic varietes and to have been adopted by contact.
6517:
3431:('with, and'). They may take pronominal suffixes. Some prepositions require the following noun to be in the construct state, but others do not.
986:(IRCAM). IRCAM's board is composed of Amazigh experts, artists, and activists, all of whom are appointed by the king. The institute, located in
713:), as a dialect of Central Atlas Tamazight, but these are even less similar, and are treated by Berber specialists as a separate dialect group.
7749:
7350:
5620:
4022:
4106:
In Ayt Ayache the Arabic numerals are used only for counting in order and for production of higher numbers when combined with the tens, see
6152:
6011:
3377:
Pronominal complement markers cliticize to the verb, with the indirect object preceding the direct object:/iznz-as-t/ "he sold it to him".
2727:
before consonants. In word-medial or -final position , , and are realized as , , and respectively, and may become and in rapid speech.
3847:
for when embedding Berber words in English text follows the tradition set by French-language publications, even those written by Berbers
812:
Between the 12th and 15th centuries, the Central Atlas, along with the rest of Morocco, successively fell within the domain of the Berber
6687:
5527:
868:
including Central Atlas Tamazight. For the promotion of Tamazight and other Berber languages and cultures, the government created the
19:
This article is about the Berber dialect of Central Morocco called Tamazight exclusively. For other uses of the word "Tamazight", see
481:
extends to all major word classes, including verbs; borrowed verbs, however, are conjugated according to native patterns, including
6312:
970:
2753:. French publications tended to include in their transcriptions of Berber forms despite their predictability, perhaps due to the
7300:
6355:
5020:
7264:
6534:
3138:
distinguish three persons and two genders. Pronouns appear in three forms: an independent form used in the subject position, a
2855:
are inflected for gender, number, and state. Singular masculine nouns usually have the prefix /a-/, and singular feminines the
198:
591:. Along with most other Berber languages, Tamazight has retained a number of widespread Afroasiatic features, including a two-
6594:
6425:
6000:
953:
6036:
7254:
305:
5896:
4688:
7259:
3489:, Central Atlas Tamazight has a large stratum of Arabic loans. Many borrowed words in Berber also have native synonyms (/
1562:
1539:
309:
271:
6496:
5121:
7343:
2460:
983:
869:
6960:
6485:
6406:
6384:
6268:
6253:
6199:
6180:
6082:
5853:
5834:
5815:
4676:
3470:'to be, to do' may function as a copula in Ayt Ayache, especially in structures preceded by /aj/ 'who, which, what'.
681:
Groups speaking Tamazight include: Ait Ayache, Ait Morghi, Ait Alaham, Ait Youb, Marmoucha, Ait Youssi, Beni Mguild,
6457:
6211:"Berber language ideologies, maintenance, and contraction: Gendered variation in the indigenous margins of Morocco"
1404:
832:, recognising the spiritual legitimacy of royal authority but rejecting its political claims. The expansion of the
2814:
1383:
261:
6558:
5523:
5079:
3358:. Tamazight verbs have at their core a stem, modified by prefixes, suffixes, moveable affixes, circumfixes, and
6680:
3366:
are accomplished via either prefixing or suffixing depending on environment Some verb forms are accompanied by
1443:
7274:
7744:
7336:
1482:
6078:
7544:
7408:
6861:
6614:
5720:
4717:
1390:
900:
Central Atlas Tamazight is mostly spoken in the entire Middle Atlas and its outcroppings, reaching east to
638:
Tamazight's dialects are divided into three distinct subgroups and geographic regions: those spoken in the
6569:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4000:
3876:
3860:
3852:
3772:
3760:
3751:
3742:
3733:
3715:
3705:
3691:
3681:
3667:
3657:
3647:
3637:
3620:
3609:
3595:
3584:
3467:
3452:
3448:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3321:
3316:
3304:
3289:
3284:
3272:
3267:
3252:
3239:
3234:
3222:
3217:
3202:
3197:
3187:
3182:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3027:
3005:
2983:
2961:
2943:
2921:
2903:
2885:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2762:
2758:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2683:
2659:
2654:
2622:
2610:
2592:
2574:
2558:
2553:
2535:
2496:
2492:
2478:
2466:
2437:
2418:
2399:
2389:
2375:
2356:
2337:
2327:
2313:
2294:
2275:
2256:
2246:
2217:
2213:
2193:
2179:
2172:
2119:
2114:
2106:
2101:
2093:
2088:
2078:
2073:
2065:
2060:
2052:
2047:
2037:
2032:
2024:
2019:
2011:
2006:
1996:
1991:
1983:
1978:
1970:
1965:
1955:
1950:
1942:
1937:
1929:
1924:
1914:
1909:
1901:
1896:
1888:
1883:
1873:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1847:
1842:
1832:
1827:
1819:
1814:
1806:
1801:
1791:
1786:
1778:
1773:
1765:
1760:
1750:
1745:
1737:
1732:
1724:
1719:
1709:
1704:
1696:
1691:
1683:
1678:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1100:
1096:
1084:
1073:
880:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
7739:
7585:
7549:
7375:
6828:
6117:
4857:
3992:
3444:
3440:
2836:
1521:
1450:
964:
596:
430:
426:
410:) had no known significant writing tradition until the 20th century. It is now officially written in the
353:
193:
158:
6233:
6079:
Language and (Im)migration in France, Latin America, and the United States: Sociolinguistic Perspectives
4671:. Ed. Dymitr Ibriszimow & Maarten Kossmann. Berber Studies, vol. 10. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
4607:
4401:
7637:
5184:
Miloud Taïfi, Dictionnaire tamazight-français (parlers du Maroc central), Paris, L'Harmattan-Awal, 1991
1553:
1427:
400:
6538:
4760:
Mezzine, Larbi (1987). "Le Tafilalt, Contribution à l'histoire du Maroc aux XVIIè et XVIIIè siècles".
414:
script for instruction in Moroccan schools, while descriptive linguistic literature commonly uses the
7734:
7577:
7511:
7072:
7020:
6846:
6811:
6673:
4776:
4748:
Qabila: tribal profiles and tribe-state relations in Morocco and on the Afghanistan-Pakistan frontier
2734:, and those consisting entirely of voiceless consonants will not phonetically contain voiced vowels.
2470:
2458:
1468:
1412:
1027:
Until the 20th century Tamazight, like many other Berber languages but in contrast with neighbouring
624:
612:
124:
83:
4143:
7124:
7077:
6722:
4833:
4457:
3495:/ or /tiflut/ 'door'), with the latter being used more in rural areas. The contact was unequal, as
3371:
1304:
5959:
5628:
5559:. Munich: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology & Max Planck Digital Library. n.d
4548:
4026:
3549:
The first few (1–3 in Ayt Ayache and Ayt Ndhir) cardinal numerals have native Berber and borrowed
692:
There is some ambiguity as to the eastern boundary of Central Atlas Tamazight. The dialect of the
4007:
is reconstructed as having but no . Nonetheless, the sound is very common cross-linguistically.
3892:
André Basset estimated in 1952 that a "small majority" of Morocco's population spoke Berber, see
1505:
1338:
1331:
1295:
6019:
7684:
7554:
7444:
7439:
7295:
7226:
7211:
7169:
6898:
6834:
2820:
1490:
693:
852:
areas, put up stiff military resistance to French rule, lasting until 1933 in the case of the
7506:
7421:
7231:
7221:
7015:
6925:
6711:
6394:
6286:
4004:
3916:
2750:
1586:
1531:
1237:
1230:
1092:
564:
114:
4656:
1064:
Central Atlas Tamazight has a contrastive set of "flat" consonants, manifested in two ways:
7359:
7114:
7109:
6970:
6659:
6607:
Explaining trends, developments and activities of Moroccan organisations in the Netherlands
6416:
Richards, Norvin (2004). "The Syntax of the Conjunct and Independent Orders in Wampanoag".
6044:. Problèmes en suspens de la notation usuelle à base latine du berbère (in French). Paris:
3988:
3793:
3559:
3355:
2776:
is non-contrastive and predictable abdfalls on the last vowel in a word (including schwa).
2773:
2731:
1354:
1174:
604:
470:
403:/. Tamazight has a phonemic three-vowel system but also has numerous words without vowels.
6757:
6649:
2488:
is governed morphophonemically. These are some of the rules governing the occurrence of :
522:. Tamazight itself has a relatively large degree of internal diversity, including whether
8:
7657:
7399:
6335:
1372:
1279:
600:
2457:
There is a predictable non-phonemic vowel inserted into consonant clusters, realized as
1091:
Note that pharyngealization may spread to a syllable or even a whole word. Historically
1013:
493:
Central Atlas Tamazight is one of the four most-spoken Berber languages, in addition to
7203:
7132:
6908:
6437:
5961:
Amazigh Language Terminology in Morocco or Management of a 'Multidimensional' Variation
5931:
4567:
3964:
3948:
3932:
3351:
3143:
2840:
2828:
1154:
1107:
1008:
840:
region and put other regional tribes on the defensive, leading to the formation of the
726:
592:
588:
462:
384:
6643:
6359:
5024:
4932:
4613:
234:
7568:
7431:
7367:
7162:
7104:
7064:
6866:
6856:
6590:
6481:
6441:
6402:
6380:
6331:
6264:
6195:
6176:
5996:
5935:
5923:
5849:
5830:
5811:
4672:
4571:
4267:
4263:
4093:
when the verb does not agree with, or agrees in a relative manner with wh-words, see
3996:
3363:
3335:
3139:
3135:
2472:
1593:
1546:
1475:
1458:
1397:
1345:
1323:
1286:
1244:
1191:
1179:
1159:
1069:
817:
813:
706:
631:
580:
576:
466:
446:
2203:
These phonemes have numerous allophones, conditioned by the following environments:
267:
87:
7691:
7647:
7642:
7629:
7595:
7539:
7531:
7516:
7479:
7449:
7154:
7099:
7091:
7010:
6948:
6920:
6888:
6820:
6696:
6429:
6327:
6225:
5915:
5876:
4725:
4692:
3500:
3486:
3343:
3339:
2754:
1169:
1149:
825:
698:
584:
560:
502:
482:
474:
454:
450:
376:
372:
368:
119:
20:
6229:
1034:
At present three writing systems exist for Berber languages, including Tamazight:
859:
After Morocco's independence in 1956, a strong emphasis was laid on the country's
7698:
7670:
7611:
7521:
7501:
7488:
7465:
7137:
7032:
7025:
7004:
6993:
6975:
6881:
6876:
6851:
6774:
6750:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6049:
5864:
4609:
Legal and constitutional status of Amazigh language in Morocco & North Africa
4530:
4017:
3798:
3550:
3508:
3504:
3496:
3347:
3055:
1578:
1224:
1164:
932:
889:
885:
864:
821:
788:
around the 7th century, prompting waves of Arab migration and Berber adoption of
620:
506:
498:
494:
458:
419:
380:
364:
360:
349:
341:
336:
129:
106:
79:
58:
836:
starting from the 16th century brought Tamazight back into the already Arabised
7319:
7290:
6942:
6936:
6903:
6871:
6745:
6654:
6038:
Tira n Tmaziɣt – propositions pour la notation usuelle a base latine du berbere
5939:
5552:
4157:
3519:
3474:
1266:
1047:
1039:
979:
974:
771:
572:
523:
415:
388:
359:
Central Atlas Tamazight is one of the most-spoken Berber languages, along with
243:
170:
6138:"Ethnic identity, language shift and The Amazigh voice in Morocco and Algeria"
5919:
5880:
824:
dynasties. Since the 17th century the region has acknowledged the rule of the
7728:
6953:
6801:
6500:
5927:
3515:
2155:
1513:
1498:
1435:
1420:
1311:
1215:
1203:
1103:
in its plosive inventory, unusual globally but characteristic of the region.
1080:
1043:
893:
848:
722:
181:
5304:
7416:
6931:
6769:
5682:
5187:
4815:
Joël Donnet, APRÈS DEUX MILLE ANS DE MÉPRIS: Renaissance berbère au Maroc,
4546:
Augustin Bernard and Paul Moussard, Arabophones et berbérophones au Maroc,
3408:
2742:
1035:
841:
740:
686:
639:
615:). Within Berber, Central Atlas Tamazight belongs, along with neighbouring
568:
544:
whose etymology is uncertain, but may translate as "free people". The term
4634:
4131:
3851::xii). The name "Tamazirt" results from French transcription of Tamazight
3062:('and'). The construct state is formed as follows: in masculines, initial
2765:'he did not slaughter' would then have to be morphologically conditioned.
973:, the Berber languages are official in Morocco alongside Arabic. In 1994,
218:
5023:. Michigan: African Studies Center. n.d. 3 Dialect Survey. Archived from
4349:
3463:
2167:
2150:
671:
647:
396:
6399:Études berbères et chamito-sémitiques: mélanges offerts à Karl-G. Prasse
6356:"Dossier no. 14 – The Amazigh language within Morocco's language policy"
4023:"Selected samples of 24 vowel-less, voiceless words in Tashlhiyt Berber"
611:
morpheme /s/ (the latter also found in other macrofamilies, such as the
7390:
7328:
6451:"The Mother Tongue in Morocco: The politics of an indigenous education"
4136:
3381:
2485:
2186:
2160:
1028:
793:
744:
702:
643:
616:
434:
4870:
6526:
6295:
5968:
5911:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3523:
2856:
2136:
752:
736:
608:
511:
438:
407:
227:
211:
5969:
International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC)
5171:
Ahmed Touderti, Une prophétie berbère en tamazight (Maroc central),
3554:
that Berber languages nearly universally use unity as a determiner.
7216:
6665:
6589:. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
6433:
5047:
4614:
International Expert Group Meeting on Indigenous Languages (UNPFII)
3995:
of the "circum-Saharan zone" (Africa north of the equator plus the
3823:
3456:
2824:
1021:
991:
910:
896:), and rivals Shilha as the most-spoken Berber language in Morocco.
853:
837:
833:
732:
675:
603:, emphatic consonants (realized in Tamazight as pharyngealized), a
541:
411:
313:
299:
279:
177:
6613:. Sociaal Wetenschappelijke Studiedagen. Amsterdam. Archived from
6110:
AILA Review (Association Internationale de Linguistique Appliquée)
5875:(3). Los Angeles: James S. Coleman African Studies Center: 42–55.
3503:, but Berber has contributed to the very reduced vowel systems of
777:, bear witness to their ancestors' contact with these conquerors.
7706:
7590:
4460:. University of Ottawa. III.9 Dialectic variation. Archived from
3827:
948:
804:
797:
785:
781:
682:
650:
and its foothills. Although the characteristic spirantization of
538:
515:
392:
275:
69:
5865:"Amazigh textiles and dress in Morocco: metaphors of motherhood"
5313:
5311:
5309:
5307:
7665:
7380:
6530:
6288:
Contact-induced grammatical change: towards an explicit account
6045:
6015:
5687:
5685:
5624:
5192:
5190:
5090:(2). New Jersey: Amazigh Cultural Association in America (ACAA)
3367:
3359:
567:
language family; Afroasiatic subsumes a number of languages in
519:
505:, and it comes second as the most-spoken Berber language after
478:
6559:"The typology of multiple wh-questions and language variation"
3401:/i-mmuʕdr urgaz/ 'the man is foolish' (lit. '3ps–foolish man')
808:
The Almoravid dynasty (green) at its greatest extent, c. 1120.
5976:
5972:
5516:
Vowel apophony and underlying segments in Siwa Berber (Egypt)
4533:, "Essai de classification des dialectes berbères du Maroc",
4356:
4354:
4352:
3331:
2878:} in the feminine, but many other plural patterns are found.
2852:
2819:
Central Atlas Tamazight grammar has many features typical of
2676:
2669:
2647:
2641:
2634:
987:
957:
905:
789:
758:
6173:
Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco
990:, has played an important role in the establishment of the
901:
860:
748:
442:
437:
for gender, number and state, using prefixes, suffixes and
3987:
is missing from about 10% of languages that have a . (See
3859:, which in French represents the similar-sounding phoneme
278:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4657:
http://www.brugnatelli.net/vermondo/articoli/Trieste.html
2839:
typology, the causative morpheme /s/, and the use of the
1623:/χʷ/ and /ʁʷ/ rare—native speakers can freely substitute
6192:
Berber culture on the world stage: from village to video
4935:. Michigan: African Studies Center. 2 Number of Speakers
4461:
685:, Zemmour, Ait Rbaa, Ait Seri, Guerouane, Ait Segougou,
529:
Central Atlas Tamazight speakers refer to themselves as
5080:"Which Script for Tamazight, Whose Choice is it ?"
3443:(with the subject in construct state) but is sometimes
3146:), and an object form affixed to the controlling verb.
2757:. This can cause problems because alternations such as
379:. In Morocco, it comes second as the most-spoken after
5524:
Workshop on the Phonology of African Languages (WOPAL)
5122:"Morocco: Lift Restrictions on Amazigh (Berber) Names"
2827:
in both the derivational and inflectional morphology,
6587:
Unique focus: languages without multiple wh-questions
4783:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington
4627:
4016:
Audio recordings of selected words without vowels in
3389:/argaz amʕdur/ 'the foolish man' (lit. 'man foolish')
1122:
respectively. However some native Berber words have
4669:
Berberstudien & A Sketch of Siwi Berber (Egypt)
4310:, 1.3 The distribution of speakers in the territory
6103:"Berber in Morocco and Algeria: Revival or Decay?"
4047:prefixed or suffixed depending on multiple factors
252: Location of Central Atlas Tamazight speakers
5124:. New York: Human Rights Watch. September 3, 2009
7726:
6252:Kossmann, Maarten G; Stroomer, Harry J. (1997).
6251:
5512:
5208:
4862:
4375:
3455:'the Berber went out'). Tamazight also exhibits
6081:. University of Texas at Austin. Archived from
1620:/k ɡ/ are fricatives in the Ayt Ayache dialect
5897:"Secularism in the Moroccan Amazigh Discourse"
5660:
5658:
4853:
4851:
4762:Publications de la FLSH, Mohammed V University
7344:
6681:
6418:International Journal of American Linguistics
6071:Berber, a "long-forgotten" language of France
5843:
5824:
5649:
5612:
5594:
5557:The World Atlas of Language Structures Online
5500:
5488:
5464:
5452:
5440:
5425:
5413:
5401:
5389:
5377:
5353:
5329:
5298:
5283:
5271:
5259:
5232:
5142:
5003:
5001:
4518:
4494:
4230:
4211:
4209:
4200:
4107:
3880:
3490:
556:Berbers because its etymology is pejorative.
406:Central Atlas Tamazight (unlike neighbouring
5805:
5436:
5434:
5341:
5244:
4371:
4369:
4181:
4179:
4063:assimilate to some initial consonants: e.g.
792:. Particularly following the arrival of the
45:
6603:
6497:"Writing Berber Languages: a quick summary"
6456:. University of East Anglia. Archived from
6296:UK Language Variation and Change Conference
5894:
5655:
5159:
5007:
4848:
4831:
4827:
4825:
4800:
4798:
4681:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4303:
4301:
3894:Basset, André (1952), "La langue berbère",
956:(Institut Royal de la Culture Amazighe) in
761:
739:, had extended its hegemony across much of
7351:
7337:
6688:
6674:
6519:The Typology of Number Borrowing in Berber
6135:
6100:
5990:
5783:
5513:Louali, Naïma; Philippson, Gerard (2003).
5108:
4998:
4992:
4953:
4919:
4777:"Jewish Population of French North Africa"
4387:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4247:
4206:
4185:
3907:
3905:
3831:
875:
242:
6584:
6556:
6012:"Le TAMAZIGHT (Maroc central) – Tamaziɣt"
5664:
5606:
5431:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5065:
4399:
4366:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4176:
4081:
4080:such as the English "who saw what?", see
3334:are heavily inflected and are marked for
2870:, and sound plurals also take the suffix
7358:
6644:INALCO report on Central Atlas Tamazight
6572:. University of Leiden. pp. 171–184
6415:
6374:
6320:Transactions of the Philological Society
6313:"Jespersen's Cycle in Arabic and Berber"
5753:
5676:
5476:
5365:
5317:
5220:
5196:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5045:
4965:
4834:"Amazigh from oblivion to the classroom"
4822:
4795:
4605:
4601:
4599:
4552:1924, Volume 33 Numéro 183, pp. 267-282.
4506:
4482:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4422:
4298:
4258:
4256:
4158:"Tifinagh alphabet and Berber languages"
4094:
3447:(with the subject in free state), e.g. (
1012:
971:Moroccan constitutional referendum, 2011
947:
879:
803:
705:lists another group of Zenati dialects,
445:are heavily inflected, being marked for
7301:Amazigh Cultural Association in America
6208:
6189:
5957:
5709:
5294:
5292:
5039:
4977:
4774:
4759:
4313:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4226:
4224:
4196:
4194:
4150:
3902:
3848:
2719:However note that word-initial initial
780:Arabs conquered the area of modern-day
689:, Ait Sikhmane, Ayt Ndhir (Beni Mtir).
310:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
272:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
7727:
6535:School of Oriental and African Studies
6475:
6393:
6310:
6284:
6170:
6067:
6034:
5862:
5789:
5777:
5741:
5703:
5691:
5618:
5582:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5526:. University of Vienna. Archived from
5255:
5253:
5136:
5062:
4988:
4986:
4907:
4895:
4804:
4712:
4710:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4443:
4360:
4281:
4215:
3893:
2206:(# denotes word boundary, C̊ denotes C
1130:) where other dialects have singleton
1095:only had two pharyngealized phonemes (
982:1–01–299) creating and organizing the
335:
57:
7332:
6669:
6646:: maps, extension, dialectology, name
6515:
6494:
6480:. Würzbug: Königshausen und Neumann.
6426:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
6353:
5848:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
5829:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
5765:
5202:
5148:
5114:
5077:
4596:
4455:
4428:
4402:"The Etymology of the Word "Amazigh""
4307:
4253:
4127:
4125:
3896:Handbook of African Languages, Part I
3879:literally means "children of ~", see
3864:
3404:/argaz i-mmuʕdr-n/ 'the foolish man'
3398:/tajtʃin timʕdar/ 'the foolish women'
3392:/tamtˤut tamʕdur/ 'the foolish woman'
1146:
6695:
6448:
6379:. Los Angeles: Undena Publications.
5904:The Journal of North African Studies
5289:
5050:. Georgetown: Gourad Media Group LLC
4836:. Rabat: Agence Maghreb Arabe Presse
4292:
4236:
4221:
4191:
2491:(# denotes word boundary, R denotes
6358:. Barcelona: Ciemen. Archived from
6194:. Bloomington: Indiana University.
5810:. Bloomington: Indiana University.
5571:
5250:
4983:
4868:
4707:
4691:. B. Whitaker. 2009. Archived from
4667:Abdel-Massih 1971; Werner Vycichl,
4555:
345:
46:
13:
6537:. pp. 237–244. Archived from
6009:
4344:
4122:
3991:for another such gap.) This is an
3514:Arabic loans span a wide range of
3485:As a result of relatively intense
2499:, ℞ denotes R or H, and B denotes
1142:Tamazight consonants (Ayt Ayache)
984:Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture
943:
870:Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture
16:Berber language of central Morocco
14:
7761:
6634:
6401:(in French). Peeters Publishers.
6263:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 461–475.
5844:Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. (1971b).
5825:Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. (1971a).
5621:"La Syntaxe de la Langue Berbere"
5084:Amazigh Voice (Taghect Tamazight)
3898:, London: Oxford University Press
3395:/irgzen imʕdar/ 'the foolish men'
2135:Tamazight has a typical phonemic
1592:
1585:
1561:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1449:
1442:
1434:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1353:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1310:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1278:
1243:
1236:
1229:
488:
6332:10.1111/j.1467-968X.2007.00189.x
6136:El Aissati, Abderrahman (2001).
6101:El Aissati, Abderrahman (1993).
5846:A Reference Grammar of Tamazight
5806:Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. (1968).
5771:
5759:
5747:
5735:
5697:
5670:
5175:, 15-16, 1998 : pp. 101-113
5048:"The Amazigh Revival in Morocco"
4458:"The Tamazight Language Profile"
4142:
4100:
4087:
4074:
1629:For a small number of speakers,
630:Tamazight is in the middle of a
356:spoken by 3.1 million speakers.
290:
5798:
5643:
5600:
5588:
5545:
5506:
5494:
5482:
5470:
5458:
5446:
5419:
5407:
5395:
5383:
5371:
5359:
5347:
5335:
5323:
5277:
5265:
5238:
5226:
5214:
5178:
5165:
5102:
5013:
4971:
4959:
4947:
4925:
4913:
4901:
4889:
4809:
4768:
4753:
4740:
4661:
4649:
4637:. Arabic German Consulting. n.d
4586:
4540:
4524:
4512:
4500:
4488:
4476:
4449:
4416:
4393:
4381:
4264:"Ethnologue report for Morocco"
4050:
4041:
4010:
3981:
3886:
3869:
3837:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
2815:Central Atlas Tamazight grammar
2730:Tamazight in fact has numerous
646:mountains; and those spoken in
642:mountains; those spoken in the
7709:, extinct as native in Morocco
6261:Phonologies of Asia and Africa
6209:Hoffman, Katherine E. (2006).
6175:. University of Fés, Morocco.
5717:"Interview met Karl-G. Prasse"
3815:
3499:has not borrowed as much from
2465:before front consonants (e.g.
1002:
1:
7750:Verb–subject–object languages
6230:10.1016/j.langcom.2006.02.003
5995:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
5993:Language Diversity Endangered
5991:Brenzinger, Matthias (2007).
5209:Kossmann & Stroomer (1997
4722:World Directory of Minorities
4376:Kossmann & Stroomer (1997
4116:
3480:
2846:
2732:words without phonemic vowels
2477:before back consonants (e.g.
1059:
337:[tæmæˈzɪxt,θæmæˈzɪxθ]
59:[tæmæˈzɪxt,θæmæˈzɪxθ]
6375:Penchoen, Thomas G. (1973).
6311:Lucas, Christopher (2007b).
6285:Lucas, Christopher (2007a).
6218:Language & Communication
5827:A Course in Spoken Tamazight
5173:Etudes et Documents Berbères
4858:Wikisource:Dahir n° 1-01-299
2804:> ('you (fp) explained')
1054:
904:and west to the region near
753:
7:
5895:Ben-Layashi, Samir (2007).
4832:El Jechtimi, Ahmed (2009).
4535:Études et Documents Berbère
3787:
3565:
3423:('to'), and the proclitics
3142:(and a derived independent
2507:Tamazight schwa epenthesis
1110:except for the pharyngeals
965:Standard Moroccan Tamazight
477:. Pervasive borrowing from
425:The standard word order is
354:Afroasiatic language family
159:Standard Moroccan Tamazight
10:
7766:
6928:(transitional to Eastern)
6650:UCLA Archive for Tamazight
6604:van Heelsum, Anja (2002).
6585:Stoyanova, Marina (2008).
6566:Proceedings of ConSOLE XII
6557:Stoyanova, Marina (2004).
6499:. L. Souag. Archived from
6377:Tamazight of the Ayt Ndhir
4568:"Tamazight, Central Atlas"
3965:"Tamazight, Central Atlas"
3491:
3134:Central Atlas Tamazight's
3130:) 'the horse of the bride'
3109:Examples (in Ayt Ayache):
3054:Nouns may be put into the
2812:
2808:
2224:Tamazight vowel allophony
1006:
962:
720:
716:
674:. Southern dialects (e.g.
18:
7679:
7658:Main liturgical languages
7656:
7628:
7604:
7576:
7567:
7530:
7487:
7478:
7458:
7430:
7407:
7398:
7389:
7366:
7313:
7283:
7247:
7240:
7202:
7146:
7123:
7090:
7063:
6986:
6819:
6810:
6721:
6703:
6259:. In Kaye, Alan S (ed.).
6190:Goodman, Jane E. (2005).
5920:10.1080/13629380701201741
5881:10.1162/afar.2006.39.3.42
4537:, 19-20, 2001–2002 (1915)
4071:'the donkey and the cow'.
3653:
3580:
3473:wh- questions are always
3434:
3303:
3295:
3258:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3208:
3193:
3178:
3175:
3160:
3155:Tamazight subject affixes
2768:
2703:> ('you (fp) turned')
2606:
2603:
2388:
2326:
2245:
2143:Tamazight vowel phonemes
2130:
1633:is sometimes lenited to .
1577:
1530:
1371:
1265:
1223:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1120:/qː,tˤː,t͡ʃː,d͡ʒː,ɣʷː,ɣː/
921:
863:identity, and a national
559:Tamazight belongs to the
258:
241:
225:
209:
204:
192:
187:
167:
149:
103:
93:
75:
65:
53:
40:
33:
28:
6831:(transitional to Atlas)
6478:Studies in Berber Syntax
6145:Race, Gender & Class
6116:: 88–109. Archived from
5863:Becker, Cynthia (2006).
5808:Tamazight Verb Structure
5046:Benmhend, Driss (1997).
4606:Balkassm, Hasan (2008).
3804:
3330:Central Atlas Tamazight
3086:. In feminines, initial
2709:> ('she is present')
2484:The occurrence of schwa
6476:Sadiqi, Fatima (1986).
6449:Ross, Samantha (2004).
5958:Bouhjar, Aicha (2008).
5553:"Berber (Middle Atlas)"
4775:Sussman, Sarah (n.d.).
4635:"The Berbers – History"
4132:Central Atlas Tamazight
4020:can be downloaded from
3576:Tamazight (Ayt Ayache)
2792:> ('he is present')
2677:
2670:
2648:
2642:
2635:
876:Geographic distribution
548:, the feminine form of
473:, sometimes undergoing
399:and lacks the phoneme /
322:Central Atlas Tamazight
135:Central Atlas Tamazight
99:3.1 million (2020)
29:Central Atlas Tamazight
7685:Modern Standard Arabic
7630:Main foreign languages
7296:World Amazigh Congress
7227:Berber Arabic alphabet
7212:Libyco-Berber alphabet
6516:Souag, Lameen (2007).
6495:Souag, Lameen (2004).
6298:. Lancaster University
6068:Chaker, Salem (2003).
6035:Chaker, Salem (1996).
5619:Chaker, Salem (n.d.).
5021:"Berber Language Page"
4933:"Berber Language Page"
4781:Holocaust Encyclopedia
4400:Messaoudi, D. (2009).
3917:"Languages of Morocco"
3439:Word order is usually
2823:, including extensive
2821:Afro-Asiatic languages
1024:
960:
897:
809:
762:
298:This article contains
260:This article contains
7232:Judeo-Berber alphabet
7222:Berber Latin alphabet
6862:South Oran and Figuig
6655:Berber (Middle Atlas)
6171:Ennaji, Moha (2005).
5945:on September 23, 2010
4817:Le Monde diplomatique
4549:Annales de Géographie
4456:Achab, Karim (2001).
3120:) 'head of the house'
2874:in the masculine and
2751:Berber Latin alphabet
2563:'to spend the night'
1016:
951:
883:
807:
766:, "team of oxen" and
743:; in the wake of the
613:Niger–Congo languages
7745:Languages of Morocco
7550:Eastern Middle Atlas
7360:Languages of Morocco
7177:Fezzan-Tripolitanian
6829:Eastern Middle Atlas
6660:Tamazight Dictionary
6620:on February 25, 2007
6544:on February 22, 2012
6341:on November 29, 2009
6158:on December 17, 2020
6055:on November 29, 2008
6022:on December 28, 2009
6014:(in French). Paris:
5631:on November 30, 2008
5623:(in French). Paris:
5078:Larbi, Hsen (2003).
4875:LookLex Encyclopedia
3989:voiced velar plosive
3794:Languages of Morocco
3462:Tamazight may use a
2798:> ('to explain')
2396:#_C̊(ː) or C̊(ː)_C̊
2029:'to adore, worship'
1134:, and similarly for
1106:All segments may be
1068:For front segments,
757:, "plough ox", from
605:templatic morphology
422:has also been used.
346:أمازيغية أطلس الأوسط
84:Béni Mellal-Khénifra
47:أمازيغية أطلس الأوسط
7705:Formerly native to
6151:(3). Archived from
6123:on October 12, 2006
6088:on October 18, 2012
5650:Abdel-Massih (1971a
5595:Abdel-Massih (1971b
5501:Abdel-Massih (1971b
5489:Abdel-Massih (1971b
5465:Abdel-Massih (1971b
5453:Abdel-Massih (1971b
5441:Abdel-Massih (1971b
5426:Abdel-Massih (1971b
5414:Abdel-Massih (1971b
5402:Abdel-Massih (1971b
5390:Abdel-Massih (1971b
5378:Abdel-Massih (1971b
5354:Abdel-Massih (1971b
5330:Abdel-Massih (1971b
5299:Abdel-Massih (1971b
5284:Abdel-Massih (1971b
5272:Abdel-Massih (1971b
5260:Abdel-Massih (1971b
5233:Abdel-Massih (1971b
5143:Abdel-Massih (1971a
4764:(in French). Rabat.
4519:Abdel-Massih (1971b
4495:Abdel-Massih (1971a
4464:on February 7, 2009
4231:Abdel-Massih (1971b
4201:Abdel-Massih (1971b
4108:Abdel-Massih (1971b
3967:. SIL International
3951:. SIL International
3935:. SIL International
3919:. SIL International
3881:Abdel-Massih (1971b
3589:(to a man by a man)
3157:
3106:remains unchanged.
3050:'property(ies)' (f)
2833:possessive suffixes
2761:'he slaughtered' –
2755:French vowel system
2508:
2322:'he made me happy'
2225:
2144:
1645:
1143:
1079:For back segments,
597:verb–subject–object
431:subject–verb–object
427:verb–subject–object
385:emphatic consonants
7740:Berbers in Morocco
7391:Native vernaculars
7368:Official languages
6662:(southern variety)
6362:on August 27, 2003
6254:"Berber Phonology"
5503::161–166, 218–219)
5491::154–159, 216–217)
5342:Abdel-Massih (1968
5245:Abdel-Massih (1968
4695:on August 19, 2013
3845:⟨gh⟩
3614:(to or by a woman)
3153:
3144:possessive pronoun
2841:status constructus
2506:
2223:
2142:
2137:three-vowel system
1960:'to be different'
1643:
1141:
1025:
1009:Berber orthography
961:
898:
810:
727:History of Morocco
711:ksours sud-oranais
589:Cushitic languages
7722:
7721:
7624:
7623:
7620:
7619:
7563:
7562:
7474:
7473:
7326:
7325:
7320:extinct languages
7309:
7308:
7086:
7085:
6596:978-90-272-5506-8
6463:on March 19, 2012
6354:Moustaoui, Adil.
6002:978-3-11-017049-8
5160:Ben-Layashi (2007
5008:van Heelsum (2002
4572:SIL International
4268:SIL International
4140:(27th ed., 2024)
3997:Arabian Peninsula
3857:⟨r⟩
3811:
3785:
3784:
3778:
3766:
3757:
3748:
3739:
3721:
3711:
3697:
3687:
3673:
3663:
3662:(to m.s. or f.s.)
3626:
3615:
3601:
3590:
3560:Jespersen's Cycle
3364:satellite framing
3327:
3326:
3313:
3301:
3281:
3264:
3231:
3214:
3171:
3166:
3156:
3140:possessive suffix
3136:personal pronouns
2900:'big tent(s)' (m)
2747:⟨e⟩
2739:⟨ⴻ⟩
2715:> ('to meet')
2694:
2693:
2450:
2449:
2334:#_C̊ or C̊(ː)_C̊
2201:
2200:
2128:
2127:
1614:
1613:
1461:
1379:
1326:
1273:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1070:pharyngealization
918:and Riff 20~25%.
872:(IRCAM) in 2001.
707:South Oran Berber
632:dialect continuum
581:Egyptian language
577:Semitic languages
306:rendering support
286:
285:
268:rendering support
264:phonetic symbols.
194:Regulated by
7757:
7735:Berber languages
7692:Classical Arabic
7574:
7573:
7512:Sanhaja de Srair
7485:
7484:
7405:
7404:
7396:
7395:
7353:
7346:
7339:
7330:
7329:
7245:
7244:
7073:Moroccan Amazigh
7021:Sanhaja de Srayr
6961:Western Algerian
6899:Eastern Moroccan
6847:Northern Saharan
6817:
6816:
6697:Berber languages
6690:
6683:
6676:
6667:
6666:
6642:
6629:
6627:
6625:
6619:
6612:
6600:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6563:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6543:
6524:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6503:on July 30, 2005
6491:
6472:
6470:
6468:
6462:
6455:
6445:
6412:
6390:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6340:
6334:. Archived from
6317:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6293:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6258:
6248:
6246:
6244:
6238:
6232:. Archived from
6215:
6205:
6186:
6167:
6165:
6163:
6157:
6142:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6122:
6107:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6087:
6076:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6054:
6048:. Archived from
6043:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6018:. Archived from
6006:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5966:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5944:
5938:. Archived from
5901:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5859:
5840:
5821:
5793:
5787:
5781:
5775:
5769:
5763:
5757:
5751:
5745:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5719:. Archived from
5713:
5707:
5701:
5695:
5689:
5680:
5674:
5668:
5662:
5653:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5627:. Archived from
5616:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5580:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5532:
5521:
5510:
5504:
5498:
5492:
5486:
5480:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5450:
5444:
5438:
5429:
5423:
5417:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5393:
5387:
5381:
5375:
5369:
5363:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5333:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5302:
5296:
5287:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5257:
5248:
5242:
5236:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5194:
5185:
5182:
5176:
5169:
5163:
5157:
5146:
5140:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5118:
5112:
5109:El Aissati (1993
5106:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5075:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5017:
5011:
5005:
4996:
4993:El Aissati (1993
4990:
4981:
4975:
4969:
4963:
4957:
4954:El Aissati (1993
4951:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4929:
4923:
4920:Brenzinger (2007
4917:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4866:
4860:
4855:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4829:
4820:
4813:
4807:
4802:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4757:
4751:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4714:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4685:
4679:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4603:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4564:
4553:
4544:
4538:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4426:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4397:
4391:
4388:Brenzinger (2007
4385:
4379:
4373:
4364:
4358:
4347:
4342:
4311:
4305:
4296:
4290:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4260:
4251:
4248:El Aissati (1993
4245:
4234:
4228:
4219:
4213:
4204:
4198:
4189:
4186:Brenzinger (2007
4183:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4129:
4111:
4104:
4098:
4091:
4085:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4048:
4045:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4025:. Archived from
4014:
4008:
4002:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3909:
3900:
3899:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3855:with the letter
3854:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3832:Brenzinger (2007
3819:
3809:
3776:
3774:
3764:
3762:
3755:
3753:
3746:
3744:
3737:
3735:
3719:
3717:
3709:
3707:
3695:
3693:
3685:
3683:
3671:
3669:
3661:
3659:
3649:
3639:
3624:
3622:
3613:
3611:
3599:
3597:
3588:
3586:
3585:/sːalamuʕlikːum/
3570:
3569:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3501:Berber languages
3494:
3493:
3487:language contact
3469:
3454:
3450:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3370:, and sometimes
3323:
3318:
3311:
3306:
3299:
3291:
3286:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3212:
3204:
3199:
3189:
3184:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3115:
3105:
3101:
3098:usually becomes
3097:
3093:
3090:usually becomes
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3049:
3023:
3001:
2979:
2957:
2939:
2917:
2899:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2786:> ('to ask')
2785:
2764:
2760:
2748:
2740:
2726:
2723:are realized as
2722:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2685:
2680:
2673:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2638:
2624:
2612:
2594:
2576:
2560:
2555:
2537:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2494:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2446:'to be present'
2443:
2424:
2405:
2391:
2381:
2362:
2343:
2329:
2319:
2300:
2281:
2262:
2248:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:, G denotes {Ç,
2195:
2181:
2174:
2145:
2141:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2103:
2095:
2090:
2080:
2075:
2067:
2062:
2054:
2049:
2039:
2034:
2026:
2021:
2013:
2008:
1998:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1972:
1967:
1957:
1952:
1944:
1939:
1931:
1926:
1916:
1911:
1906:'to be patient'
1903:
1898:
1890:
1885:
1875:
1870:
1862:
1857:
1849:
1844:
1834:
1829:
1821:
1816:
1808:
1803:
1793:
1788:
1783:'to tend sheep'
1780:
1775:
1767:
1762:
1752:
1747:
1739:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1711:
1706:
1698:
1693:
1685:
1680:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1616:Phonetic notes:
1596:
1589:
1565:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1524:
1516:
1508:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1459:
1453:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1377:
1357:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1324:
1314:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1282:
1271:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1102:
1098:
1086:
1075:
1074:/tˤdˤsˤzˤlˤnˤrˤ/
826:Alaouite Dynasty
765:
756:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
347:
339:
331:
314:Tifinagh letters
312: instead of
294:
293:
251:
246:
237:
221:
214:
173:
109:
61:
49:
48:
43:
26:
25:
21:Berber languages
7765:
7764:
7760:
7759:
7758:
7756:
7755:
7754:
7725:
7724:
7723:
7718:
7699:Medieval Hebrew
7675:
7652:
7616:
7600:
7559:
7555:Eastern Morocco
7526:
7470:
7454:
7426:
7385:
7362:
7357:
7327:
7322:
7305:
7279:
7265:IRCAM (Morocco)
7236:
7198:
7142:
7119:
7082:
7078:Algerian Berber
7059:
7043:Central-Western
7038:Central-Eastern
6994:Atlas languages
6982:
6926:Tunisian-Zuwara
6914:Western Riffian
6894:Central Riffian
6806:
6717:
6699:
6694:
6640:
6637:
6632:
6623:
6621:
6617:
6610:
6597:
6575:
6573:
6561:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6522:
6506:
6504:
6488:
6466:
6464:
6460:
6453:
6409:
6395:Prasse, Karl G.
6387:
6365:
6363:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6315:
6301:
6299:
6291:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6256:
6242:
6240:
6239:on June 9, 2010
6236:
6213:
6202:
6183:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6140:
6126:
6124:
6120:
6105:
6091:
6089:
6085:
6074:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6041:
6025:
6023:
6010:Chaker, Salem.
6003:
5981:
5979:
5964:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5899:
5885:
5883:
5856:
5837:
5818:
5801:
5796:
5788:
5784:
5776:
5772:
5764:
5760:
5752:
5748:
5740:
5736:
5726:
5724:
5715:
5714:
5710:
5702:
5698:
5690:
5683:
5675:
5671:
5665:Stoyanova (2008
5663:
5656:
5648:
5644:
5634:
5632:
5617:
5613:
5607:Stoyanova (2004
5605:
5601:
5593:
5589:
5581:
5572:
5562:
5560:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5536:
5534:
5533:on May 31, 2011
5530:
5519:
5511:
5507:
5499:
5495:
5487:
5483:
5475:
5471:
5463:
5459:
5451:
5447:
5439:
5432:
5424:
5420:
5412:
5408:
5400:
5396:
5388:
5384:
5376:
5372:
5364:
5360:
5352:
5348:
5340:
5336:
5328:
5324:
5316:
5305:
5297:
5290:
5282:
5278:
5270:
5266:
5258:
5251:
5243:
5239:
5231:
5227:
5219:
5215:
5207:
5203:
5195:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5170:
5166:
5158:
5149:
5141:
5137:
5127:
5125:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5107:
5103:
5093:
5091:
5076:
5063:
5053:
5051:
5044:
5040:
5030:
5028:
5027:on May 15, 2008
5019:
5018:
5014:
5006:
4999:
4991:
4984:
4976:
4972:
4964:
4960:
4952:
4948:
4938:
4936:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4918:
4914:
4906:
4902:
4894:
4890:
4880:
4878:
4869:Kjeilen, Tore.
4867:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4839:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4814:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4786:
4784:
4773:
4769:
4758:
4754:
4745:
4741:
4731:
4729:
4716:
4715:
4708:
4698:
4696:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4666:
4662:
4654:
4650:
4640:
4638:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4618:
4616:
4604:
4597:
4591:
4587:
4577:
4575:
4566:
4565:
4556:
4545:
4541:
4531:Edmond Destaing
4529:
4525:
4517:
4513:
4505:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4481:
4477:
4467:
4465:
4454:
4450:
4442:
4429:
4421:
4417:
4407:
4405:
4398:
4394:
4386:
4382:
4374:
4367:
4359:
4350:
4343:
4314:
4306:
4299:
4291:
4282:
4272:
4270:
4262:
4261:
4254:
4246:
4237:
4229:
4222:
4214:
4207:
4199:
4192:
4184:
4177:
4167:
4165:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4141:
4130:
4123:
4119:
4114:
4105:
4101:
4092:
4088:
4082:Stoyanova (2004
4079:
4075:
4069:/aɣjultːfunast/
4055:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4032:
4030:
4021:
4015:
4011:
3986:
3982:
3970:
3968:
3963:
3954:
3952:
3947:
3938:
3936:
3931:
3922:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3903:
3891:
3887:
3874:
3870:
3856:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3820:
3816:
3807:
3799:Shilha language
3790:
3768:
3761:/lˤːajhnːikːnt/
3759:
3750:
3741:
3617:
3596:/ʕlikːumsːalam/
3592:
3568:
3546:/ 'just', etc.
3540:/ 'although', /
3522:are borrowed: /
3516:lexical clasees
3509:Algerian Arabic
3497:Moroccan Arabic
3483:
3466:, but the word
3437:
3328:
3056:construct state
2940:'sandal(s)' (m)
2918:'Berber(s)' (m)
2849:
2817:
2811:
2771:
2746:
2738:
2690:'to guarantee'
2542:'to be, to do'
2303:'to burst out'
2211:
2208:
2133:
2042:'here is, are'
1988:'sharecropper'
1947:'to be strong'
1934:'to buy grain'
1878:'to shake off'
1837:'he confessed'
1770:'to guarantee'
1729:'he asked him'
1062:
1057:
1011:
1005:
967:
946:
944:Official status
933:Moroccan Arabic
924:
878:
865:Arabic language
729:
719:
694:Ait Seghrouchen
666:> or ; and
625:Northern Berber
491:
420:Arabic alphabet
387:" (realized as
350:Berber language
329:
319:
318:
317:
304:Without proper
295:
291:
266:Without proper
254:
253:
249:
233:
217:
210:
188:Official status
174:
169:
163:
152:
145:
125:Northern Berber
110:
107:Language family
105:
96:
95:Native speakers
44:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7763:
7753:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7711:
7702:
7695:
7688:
7680:
7677:
7676:
7674:
7673:
7668:
7662:
7660:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7634:
7632:
7626:
7625:
7622:
7621:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7614:
7608:
7606:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7582:
7580:
7571:
7565:
7564:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7536:
7534:
7528:
7527:
7525:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7493:
7491:
7482:
7476:
7475:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7468:
7462:
7460:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7436:
7434:
7428:
7427:
7425:
7424:
7422:Judeo-Moroccan
7419:
7413:
7411:
7402:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7383:
7378:
7372:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7356:
7355:
7348:
7341:
7333:
7324:
7323:
7314:
7311:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7291:Berber Academy
7287:
7285:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7255:AAAL (Algeria)
7251:
7249:
7242:
7238:
7237:
7235:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7208:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7196:
7195:
7194:
7187:
7180:
7173:
7159:
7150:
7148:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7140:
7135:
7129:
7127:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7096:
7094:
7088:
7087:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7080:
7075:
7069:
7067:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7056:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7001:
6990:
6988:
6984:
6983:
6981:
6980:
6979:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6958:
6957:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6939:
6934:
6923:
6918:
6917:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6837:
6825:
6823:
6814:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6799:
6798:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6772:
6767:
6760:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6733:
6727:
6725:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6707:
6705:
6701:
6700:
6693:
6692:
6685:
6678:
6670:
6664:
6663:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6636:
6635:External links
6633:
6631:
6630:
6601:
6595:
6582:
6554:
6513:
6492:
6486:
6473:
6446:
6434:10.1086/429206
6413:
6407:
6391:
6385:
6372:
6351:
6326:(3): 398–431.
6308:
6282:
6269:
6249:
6224:(2): 144–167.
6206:
6200:
6187:
6181:
6168:
6133:
6098:
6065:
6032:
6007:
6001:
5988:
5955:
5892:
5860:
5854:
5841:
5835:
5822:
5816:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5782:
5770:
5758:
5754:Penchoen (1973
5746:
5734:
5723:on May 3, 2008
5708:
5696:
5681:
5677:Richards (2004
5669:
5654:
5642:
5611:
5599:
5587:
5570:
5544:
5505:
5493:
5481:
5477:Penchoen (1973
5469:
5457:
5445:
5430:
5418:
5406:
5404::88–89, 93–96)
5394:
5382:
5370:
5366:Penchoen (1973
5358:
5346:
5334:
5322:
5318:Penchoen (1973
5303:
5288:
5276:
5264:
5249:
5237:
5225:
5221:Penchoen (1973
5213:
5201:
5197:Penchoen (1973
5186:
5177:
5164:
5147:
5135:
5113:
5101:
5061:
5038:
5012:
4997:
4982:
4970:
4966:Penchoen (1973
4958:
4946:
4924:
4912:
4900:
4888:
4861:
4847:
4821:
4808:
4794:
4767:
4752:
4739:
4726:The Gale Group
4706:
4680:
4660:
4648:
4626:
4595:
4585:
4554:
4539:
4523:
4511:
4507:Penchoen (1973
4499:
4487:
4483:Penchoen (1973
4475:
4448:
4427:
4423:Penchoen (1973
4415:
4392:
4380:
4365:
4348:
4312:
4297:
4280:
4252:
4235:
4220:
4205:
4190:
4175:
4164:. S. Ager. n.d
4149:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4099:
4095:Richards (2004
4086:
4073:
4067:'some milk'),
4049:
4040:
4009:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3961:
3945:
3929:
3901:
3885:
3868:
3836:
3826:" and what a "
3813:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3752:/lˤːajhnːikːn/
3743:/lˤːajhnːikːm/
3730:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3567:
3564:
3520:function words
3482:
3479:
3436:
3433:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3151:
3132:
3131:
3121:
3102:, and initial
3078:, and initial
3052:
3051:
3025:
3003:
2981:
2959:
2941:
2919:
2901:
2848:
2845:
2813:Main article:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2790:/dajtːħadˤarˤ/
2787:
2770:
2767:
2737:is written as
2717:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2666:
2665:
2664:'to demolish'
2662:
2657:
2652:
2639:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:Pronunciation
2519:
2516:
2513:
2453:Phonetic schwa
2448:
2447:
2444:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2273:
2272:#_C̊ː or C̊ː_
2270:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2210:
2207:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2111:'to demolish'
2109:
2104:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1644:Example words
1641:
1640:
1634:
1627:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1518:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1116:/ʁ,dˤ,ʃ,ʒ,w,j/
1089:
1088:
1077:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1040:Latin alphabet
1007:Main article:
1004:
1001:
975:King Hassan II
963:Main article:
945:
942:
923:
920:
877:
874:
796:in modern-day
718:
715:
623:branch of the
575:including the
573:Southwest Asia
563:branch of the
524:spirantization
518:, rather than
490:
489:Classification
487:
429:but sometimes
416:Latin alphabet
389:pharyngealized
328:(native name:
308:, you may see
296:
289:
288:
287:
284:
283:
270:, you may see
256:
255:
248:
247:
239:
238:
231:
223:
222:
215:
207:
206:
205:Language codes
202:
201:
196:
190:
189:
185:
184:
175:
171:Writing system
168:
165:
164:
162:
161:
155:
153:
151:Standard forms
150:
147:
146:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
113:
111:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
88:Drâa-Tafilalet
77:
73:
72:
67:
66:Native to
63:
62:
55:
51:
50:
38:
37:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7762:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7708:
7703:
7701:
7700:
7696:
7694:
7693:
7689:
7687:
7686:
7682:
7681:
7678:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7663:
7661:
7659:
7655:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7631:
7627:
7613:
7612:African Latin
7610:
7609:
7607:
7603:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7566:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7533:
7529:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7497:Central Atlas
7495:
7494:
7492:
7490:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7477:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7457:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7433:
7429:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7414:
7412:
7410:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7388:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7354:
7349:
7347:
7342:
7340:
7335:
7334:
7331:
7321:
7317:
7312:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7282:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7270:DNAFLA (Mali)
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7260:HCA (Algeria)
7258:
7256:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7246:
7243:
7239:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7209:
7207:
7205:
7201:
7193:
7192:
7191:West Numidian
7188:
7186:
7185:
7181:
7179:
7178:
7174:
7172:
7171:
7170:East Numidian
7167:
7166:
7165:
7164:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7145:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7126:
7122:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7089:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7066:
7062:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7035:
7034:
7031:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7006:
7002:
7000:
6999:Central Atlas
6997:
6996:
6995:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6985:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6963:
6962:
6959:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6944:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6891:
6890:
6887:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6845:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6809:
6803:
6800:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6765:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6724:
6720:
6714:
6713:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6704:Reconstructed
6702:
6698:
6691:
6686:
6684:
6679:
6677:
6672:
6671:
6668:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6645:
6639:
6638:
6616:
6609:
6608:
6602:
6598:
6592:
6588:
6583:
6571:
6567:
6560:
6555:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6521:
6520:
6514:
6502:
6498:
6493:
6489:
6487:3-88479-295-4
6483:
6479:
6474:
6459:
6452:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6414:
6410:
6408:90-429-0826-2
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6386:0-89003-000-6
6382:
6378:
6373:
6361:
6357:
6352:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6314:
6309:
6297:
6290:
6289:
6283:
6272:
6270:1-57506-019-1
6266:
6262:
6255:
6250:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6212:
6207:
6203:
6201:0-253-21784-9
6197:
6193:
6188:
6184:
6182:0-387-23979-0
6178:
6174:
6169:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6139:
6134:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6104:
6099:
6084:
6080:
6073:
6072:
6066:
6051:
6047:
6040:
6039:
6033:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6008:
6004:
5998:
5994:
5989:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5963:
5962:
5956:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5898:
5893:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5861:
5857:
5855:0-932098-05-3
5851:
5847:
5842:
5838:
5836:0-932098-04-5
5832:
5828:
5823:
5819:
5817:0-87750-160-2
5813:
5809:
5804:
5803:
5791:
5786:
5779:
5774:
5767:
5762:
5755:
5750:
5743:
5738:
5722:
5718:
5712:
5705:
5700:
5693:
5688:
5686:
5678:
5673:
5666:
5661:
5659:
5651:
5646:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5603:
5596:
5591:
5584:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5558:
5554:
5548:
5529:
5525:
5518:
5517:
5509:
5502:
5497:
5490:
5485:
5478:
5473:
5466:
5461:
5454:
5449:
5442:
5437:
5435:
5427:
5422:
5415:
5410:
5403:
5398:
5391:
5386:
5379:
5374:
5367:
5362:
5355:
5350:
5343:
5338:
5331:
5326:
5319:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5300:
5295:
5293:
5285:
5280:
5273:
5268:
5261:
5256:
5254:
5246:
5241:
5235::4, 6, 19–20)
5234:
5229:
5222:
5217:
5210:
5205:
5198:
5193:
5191:
5181:
5174:
5168:
5161:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5144:
5139:
5123:
5117:
5110:
5105:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5049:
5042:
5026:
5022:
5016:
5009:
5004:
5002:
4994:
4989:
4987:
4979:
4978:Hoffman (2006
4974:
4967:
4962:
4955:
4950:
4934:
4928:
4921:
4916:
4909:
4904:
4897:
4892:
4877:. LookLex Ltd
4876:
4872:
4865:
4859:
4854:
4852:
4835:
4828:
4826:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4805:Becker (2006)
4801:
4799:
4782:
4778:
4771:
4763:
4756:
4750:, 2001, p. 33
4749:
4743:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4694:
4690:
4689:"The Berbers"
4684:
4678:
4677:3-89645-389-0
4674:
4670:
4664:
4658:
4652:
4636:
4630:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4602:
4600:
4589:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4551:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4532:
4527:
4520:
4515:
4508:
4503:
4496:
4491:
4484:
4479:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4424:
4419:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4384:
4377:
4372:
4370:
4362:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4346:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4309:
4304:
4302:
4294:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4257:
4249:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4232:
4227:
4225:
4217:
4212:
4210:
4202:
4197:
4195:
4187:
4182:
4180:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4126:
4121:
4109:
4103:
4096:
4090:
4083:
4077:
4053:
4044:
4029:on 2009-03-20
4028:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3993:areal feature
3990:
3984:
3966:
3962:
3950:
3946:
3934:
3930:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3906:
3897:
3889:
3882:
3872:
3866:
3850:
3849:Goodman (2005
3840:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3779:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3758:
3749:
3740:
3734:/lˤːajhnːikː/
3731:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3563:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3547:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3460:
3458:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3410:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3244:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3181:
3174:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3122:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3057:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2980:'tent(s)' (f)
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2958:'mule(s)' (m)
2955:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2858:
2854:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2766:
2756:
2752:
2744:
2735:
2733:
2728:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2629:'to get mad'
2628:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2474:
2462:
2455:
2454:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2209:, Ç denotes C
2204:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1852:'he gambled'
1851:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1639:is aspirated.
1635:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1109:
1104:
1094:
1082:
1081:labialization
1078:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1044:Arabic script
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1000:
996:
993:
989:
985:
981:
976:
972:
966:
959:
955:
950:
941:
937:
934:
928:
919:
915:
913:
912:
907:
903:
895:
891:
887:
882:
873:
871:
866:
862:
857:
855:
850:
849:Treaty of Fez
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
806:
802:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
778:
776:
773:
770:"onion" <
769:
764:
760:
755:
750:
746:
742:
738:
735:, founded by
734:
728:
724:
723:Berber people
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
690:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
649:
645:
641:
636:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
553:
551:
547:
543:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
504:
500:
496:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
343:
338:
334:
327:
323:
315:
311:
307:
303:
301:
300:Tifinagh text
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
263:
257:
245:
240:
236:
232:
230:
229:
224:
220:
216:
213:
208:
203:
200:
197:
195:
191:
186:
183:
179:
176:
172:
166:
160:
157:
156:
154:
148:
136:
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
117:
116:
112:
108:
102:
98:
92:
89:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
54:Pronunciation
52:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
7713:
7704:
7697:
7690:
7683:
7507:Judeo-Berber
7496:
7409:Pre-Hilalian
7315:
7275:CRB (France)
7248:Governmental
7241:Institutions
7189:
7182:
7175:
7168:
7161:
7153:
7065:Standardised
7016:Judeo-Berber
7003:
6998:
6941:
6762:
6712:Proto-Berber
6710:
6624:December 20,
6622:. Retrieved
6615:the original
6606:
6586:
6576:December 19,
6574:. Retrieved
6565:
6548:December 19,
6546:. Retrieved
6539:the original
6527:CamLing 2007
6518:
6505:. Retrieved
6501:the original
6477:
6467:December 20,
6465:. Retrieved
6458:the original
6421:
6417:
6398:
6376:
6366:December 18,
6364:. Retrieved
6360:the original
6345:December 19,
6343:. Retrieved
6336:the original
6323:
6319:
6302:December 19,
6300:. Retrieved
6287:
6274:. Retrieved
6260:
6241:. Retrieved
6234:the original
6221:
6217:
6191:
6172:
6162:December 20,
6160:. Retrieved
6153:the original
6148:
6144:
6125:. Retrieved
6118:the original
6113:
6109:
6092:December 20,
6090:. Retrieved
6083:the original
6070:
6059:December 20,
6057:. Retrieved
6050:the original
6037:
6026:December 17,
6024:. Retrieved
6020:the original
5992:
5982:December 19,
5980:. Retrieved
5960:
5949:December 19,
5947:. Retrieved
5940:the original
5907:
5903:
5886:December 18,
5884:. Retrieved
5872:
5869:African Arts
5868:
5845:
5826:
5807:
5799:Bibliography
5790:Lucas (2007b
5785:
5778:Lucas (2007a
5773:
5761:
5749:
5742:Sadiqi (1986
5737:
5727:December 20,
5725:. Retrieved
5721:the original
5711:
5704:Sadiqi (1986
5699:
5692:Sadiqi (1986
5672:
5645:
5635:December 18,
5633:. Retrieved
5629:the original
5614:
5602:
5590:
5583:Sadiqi (1986
5563:December 18,
5561:. Retrieved
5556:
5547:
5537:December 20,
5535:. Retrieved
5528:the original
5515:
5508:
5496:
5484:
5472:
5460:
5448:
5421:
5409:
5397:
5385:
5373:
5361:
5349:
5337:
5325:
5279:
5267:
5240:
5228:
5216:
5204:
5180:
5172:
5167:
5138:
5128:December 18,
5126:. Retrieved
5116:
5104:
5094:December 17,
5092:. Retrieved
5087:
5083:
5054:December 18,
5052:. Retrieved
5041:
5031:December 18,
5029:. Retrieved
5025:the original
5015:
4973:
4961:
4949:
4939:December 18,
4937:. Retrieved
4927:
4915:
4908:Chaker (2003
4903:
4896:Sadiqi (1986
4891:
4881:December 18,
4879:. Retrieved
4874:
4864:
4840:December 20,
4838:. Retrieved
4816:
4811:
4787:December 18,
4785:. Retrieved
4780:
4770:
4761:
4755:
4747:
4746:David Hart,
4742:
4732:December 17,
4730:. Retrieved
4721:
4699:December 18,
4697:. Retrieved
4693:the original
4683:
4668:
4663:
4651:
4641:December 18,
4639:. Retrieved
4629:
4619:December 20,
4617:. Retrieved
4608:
4588:
4578:December 17,
4576:. Retrieved
4547:
4542:
4534:
4526:
4514:
4502:
4490:
4478:
4468:December 18,
4466:. Retrieved
4462:the original
4451:
4444:Ennaji (2005
4418:
4406:. Retrieved
4395:
4383:
4361:Sadiqi (1986
4273:December 18,
4271:. Retrieved
4216:Sadiqi (1986
4168:December 17,
4166:. Retrieved
4161:
4152:
4135:
4102:
4089:
4076:
4052:
4043:
4031:. Retrieved
4027:the original
4012:
4005:Proto-Celtic
3983:
3971:December 20,
3969:. Retrieved
3955:December 20,
3953:. Retrieved
3939:December 20,
3937:. Retrieved
3923:December 20,
3921:. Retrieved
3895:
3888:
3871:
3865:Souag (2004)
3839:
3817:
3808:
3775:
3773:/tamanilːah/
3763:
3754:
3745:
3736:
3732:
3718:
3716:/tmuntdlman/
3708:
3706:/nsintjlman/
3694:
3692:/tmunmdlman/
3684:
3670:
3660:
3644:Good evening
3638:/sˤbaħlxirˤ/
3634:Good morning
3623:
3612:
3610:/lˤːahiʕawn/
3598:
3587:
3556:
3548:
3513:
3484:
3472:
3461:
3453:/amaziɣifːɣ/
3449:/ifːɣumaziɣ/
3438:
3419:('before'),
3409:Prepositions
3407:
3380:Attributive
3379:
3376:
3329:
3165:(Ayt Ayache)
3148:
3133:
3124:/ijːsntslit/
3108:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3024:'mat(s)' (f)
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3002:'cow(s)' (f)
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2866:, feminines
2850:
2818:
2778:
2772:
2743:neo-Tifinagh
2736:
2729:
2718:
2707:/datːħadˤar/
2695:
2515:Realization
2512:Environment
2500:
2495:, H denotes
2490:
2483:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2439:
2420:
2401:
2377:
2365:'he turned'
2358:
2346:'I painted'
2339:
2315:
2296:
2277:
2258:
2235:Environment
2232:Realization
2205:
2202:
2134:
2070:'all right'
1755:'to demand'
1615:
1118:are usually
1105:
1093:Proto-Berber
1090:
1085:/xʷɣʷqʷχʷʁʷ/
1063:
1036:Neo-Tifinagh
1033:
1026:
1017:
997:
968:
938:
929:
925:
916:
909:
899:
858:
846:
842:Ait Yafelman
829:
811:
779:
774:
767:
741:North Africa
730:
710:
691:
687:Ait Yafelman
680:
640:Middle Atlas
637:
629:
569:North Africa
558:
554:
549:
545:
534:
530:
528:
512:phonological
492:
424:
405:
358:
332:
325:
321:
320:
297:
259:
226:
134:
115:Afro-Asiatic
34:
7605:Undescribed
7432:Hilal-Mâqil
7204:Orthography
7184:Mauretanian
7110:Tawellemmet
6835:Seghrouchen
6641:(in French)
6570:ConSOLE XII
6507:December 4,
6428:: 327–368.
6276:December 4,
6243:December 4,
6127:December 4,
5766:Souag (2007
5286::13–15, 20)
3949:"Tachelhit"
3682:/nsatjlman/
3654:Good night
3621:/lˤːajslːm/
3534:/ 'that', /
3464:null copula
3427:('of') and
3170:(Ayt Ndhir)
2774:Word stress
2581:'to laugh'
2550:əRC or RəC
2384:'to begin'
2265:'to exist'
2124:'to bless'
2016:'to flood'
1975:'to think'
1919:'to weave'
1893:'to pluck'
1824:'a burden'
1532:Approximant
1003:Orthography
737:Phoenicians
672:Jbel Saghro
658:> or ;
648:Jbel Saghro
565:Afroasiatic
439:circumfixes
397:pharyngeals
274:instead of
7729:Categories
7163:Old Libyan
6987:Non-Zenati
5467::159, 217)
4293:Ross (2004
4137:Ethnologue
4117:References
4065:/ʃalːħlib/
4033:2009-06-19
3777:(response)
3720:(response)
3696:(response)
3672:(response)
3668:/mundlman/
3625:(response)
3600:(response)
3481:Vocabulary
3459:behavior.
3382:adjectives
3372:metathesis
3290:/θ-...-nθ/
3285:/t-...-nt/
3094:, initial
3070:, initial
2881:Examples:
2851:Tamazight
2847:Morphology
2779:Examples:
2701:/tbrˤːmnt/
2696:Examples:
2617:'to work'
2599:'to hide'
2486:epenthesis
2408:'to send'
2284:'he went'
1865:'to yawn'
1217:labialized
1205:labialized
1193:pharyngeal
1175:Pharyngeal
1060:Consonants
1029:Tashelhiyt
969:As of the
844:alliance.
794:Banu Hilal
745:Punic Wars
721:See also:
703:Ethnologue
644:High Atlas
627:subgroup.
617:Tashelhiyt
583:, and the
418:, and the
80:Fès-Meknès
7502:Tashelhit
7450:Hassaniya
7318:indicate
7133:Tetserret
6442:144467035
5936:143728476
5928:1362-9387
5912:Routledge
5597::123–125)
5443::119–121)
5428::121–123)
4819:Jan. 1995
4718:"Berbers"
4408:March 21,
4308:Moustaoui
4084::174–175)
3933:"Tarifit"
3810:(from "")
3765:(to f.p.)
3756:(to m.p.)
3747:(to f.s.)
3738:(to m.s.)
3710:(to f.p.)
3686:(to m.p.)
3658:/nsjlman/
3648:/mslxirˤ/
3273:/θ-...-m/
3268:/t-...-m/
3203:/θ-...-ð/
3198:/t-...-d/
3114:/babuxam/
3068:/u,wː,wa/
2857:circumfix
2802:/tfsːrnt/
2763:/uriʁris/
2759:/iʁ(ə)rs/
2713:/ʕadˤːrˤ/
2503:R or H.)
2434:_Ç or Ç_
2353:_G or G_
2291:_G or G_
2098:'hunger'
1984:/aχʷmːas/
1848:/iqʷmːrˤ/
1796:'he did'
1378:voiceless
1373:Fricative
1272:voiceless
1108:geminated
1055:Phonology
847:The 1912
814:Almoravid
619:, to the
609:causative
546:Tamazight
539:endonymic
535:Imazighen
520:syntactic
507:Tachelhit
499:Tachelhit
408:Tashelhit
381:Tachelhit
361:Tachelhit
333:Tamazight
228:Glottolog
212:ISO 639-3
7707:Moriscos
7545:Tabeldit
7417:Northern
7217:Tifinagh
7105:Tamashek
6877:Wad Righ
6867:Tidikelt
6857:Mozabite
6812:Northern
6758:Ghadamès
6397:(2000).
5455::69, 81)
5416::97–112)
4871:"Berber"
4404:. Scribd
4162:Omniglot
3824:language
3788:See also
3729:Goodbye
3573:English
3566:Examples
3505:Moroccan
3457:pro-drop
3415:('on'),
3411:include
3356:polarity
3322:/...-nθ/
3317:/...-nt/
3128:/tislit/
3082:becomes
3076:/i,j,ji/
3074:becomes
3066:becomes
2948:srdun/→/
2908:maziɣ/→/
2825:apophony
2518:Example
2479:/kχ.../)
2467:/btd.../
2415:C̊(ː)_#
2372:C̊(ː)_#
2314:/isːfrˤħ
2238:Example
2229:Phoneme
1833:/iqrˤːa/
1751:/tˤalˤb/
1714:'owner'
1688:'what?'
1670:Example
1667:Phoneme
1661:Example
1658:Phoneme
1652:Example
1649:Phoneme
1155:Alveolar
1042:and the
1022:Tifinagh
1018:Tamaziɣt
992:Tifinagh
911:Tafilalt
854:Ait Atta
838:Tafilalt
834:Ait Atta
733:Carthage
676:Ayt Atta
607:, and a
601:typology
595:system,
542:ethnonym
526:occurs.
471:polarity
433:. Words
412:Tifinagh
330:ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
280:Help:IPA
235:cent2194
178:Tifinagh
42:ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
35:Tamaziɣt
7714:Extinct
7648:English
7643:Spanish
7596:Spanish
7591:Haketia
7578:Western
7569:Romance
7540:Tarifit
7517:Ghomara
7445:Eastern
7440:Western
7316:Italics
7155:Guanche
7125:Western
7100:Tamahaq
7053:Western
7048:Eastern
7011:Ghomara
6966:Gouraya
6949:Douiret
6937:Matmata
6921:Shawiya
6904:Iznasen
6889:Riffian
6764:Jaghbub
6723:Eastern
5914:: 153.
5706::24–25)
5479::25–26)
5380::88–89)
5356::17–18)
5332::15–17)
5111::11–12)
4218::25–26)
3863:. Cf.
3828:dialect
3305:/...-n/
3253:/n-.../
3240:/θ-.../
3235:/t-.../
3223:/j-.../
3218:/i-.../
3188:/...-x/
3183:/...-ɣ/
2926:daʃu/→/
2809:Grammar
2749:in the
2745:and as
2649:#℞əCə℞#
2529:#C(ː)#
2497:/hħʕwj/
2427:'here'
2156:Central
2120:/rˤdˤu/
2094:/lˤazˤ/
2066:/waχːa/
2001:'tall'
1997:/ʁʷzif/
1902:/sˤbrˤ/
1820:/aɣʷːa/
1807:/xʷulː/
1742:'here'
1725:/isalt/
1701:'say!'
1180:Glottal
1160:Palatal
1136:/ʃː,ʒː/
1097:/dˤ,zˤ/
822:Marinid
818:Almohad
798:Tunisia
786:Algeria
782:Morocco
775:bṣal-im
717:History
662:> ;
654:> ;
550:Amazigh
531:Amazigh
516:lexical
503:Riffian
467:subject
465:of the
435:inflect
393:uvulars
373:Shawiya
369:Riffian
352:of the
348:) is a
326:Atlasic
276:Unicode
70:Morocco
7671:Hebrew
7666:Arabic
7638:French
7532:Zenati
7522:Gharbi
7480:Berber
7466:Darija
7400:Arabic
7381:Arabic
7376:Berber
7147:Others
7138:Zenaga
7115:Tayart
7092:Tuareg
7033:Kabyle
7026:Shilha
6976:Shenwa
6971:Shelif
6954:Zuwara
6909:Snouss
6882:Wargla
6852:Gurara
6840:Warayn
6821:Zenati
6795:Yefren
6790:Wazzin
6775:Nafusi
6751:Tmessa
6741:Foqaha
6736:Fezzan
6731:Awjila
6593:
6531:London
6484:
6440:
6405:
6383:
6267:
6198:
6179:
6046:INALCO
6016:INALCO
5999:
5934:
5926:
5852:
5833:
5814:
5625:INALCO
5145::viii)
4956::8,10)
4675:
4521::xiii)
4345:Chaker
4018:Shilha
3877:/ajt~/
3843:Using
3581:Hello
3551:Arabic
3528:/ or /
3475:clefts
3435:Syntax
3368:ablaut
3360:ablaut
3354:, and
3352:person
3340:aspect
3161:Person
3118:/axam/
2890:xam/→/
2860:/t...t
2829:gender
2796:/fsːr/
2769:Stress
2684:/dˤmn/
2604:#BBC#
2589:əCːəC
2586:#CːC#
2575:/tˤsˤ/
2532:əC(ː)
2524:Gloss
2493:/lrmn/
2469:) and
2241:Gloss
2131:Vowels
2057:'yes'
2053:/jːih/
1956:/χulf/
1915:/zˤdˤ/
1811:'all'
1766:/dˤmn/
1673:Gloss
1664:Gloss
1655:Gloss
1460:voiced
1325:voiced
1170:Uvular
1150:Labial
1038:, the
922:Status
892:, and
890:Shilha
886:Kabyle
820:, and
768:aẓalim
699:Zenati
683:Zayane
599:(VSO)
593:gender
585:Chadic
579:, the
561:Berber
537:), an
501:, and
495:Kabyle
483:ablaut
479:Arabic
475:ablaut
463:person
451:aspect
377:Tuareg
365:Kabyle
342:Arabic
250:
182:Arabic
120:Berber
76:Region
7586:Sabir
7489:Atlas
7459:Koiné
7005:Gharb
6943:Sened
6932:Jerba
6872:Tuwat
6785:Nalut
6770:Kufra
6746:Sokna
6618:(PDF)
6611:(PDF)
6562:(PDF)
6542:(PDF)
6523:(PDF)
6461:(PDF)
6454:(PDF)
6438:S2CID
6424:(4).
6339:(PDF)
6316:(PDF)
6292:(PDF)
6257:(PDF)
6237:(PDF)
6214:(PDF)
6156:(PDF)
6141:(PDF)
6121:(PDF)
6106:(PDF)
6086:(PDF)
6075:(PDF)
6053:(PDF)
6042:(PDF)
5977:IRCAM
5973:Rabat
5965:(PDF)
5943:(PDF)
5932:S2CID
5910:(2).
5900:(PDF)
5768::240)
5667::105)
5652::298)
5609::172)
5531:(PDF)
5520:(PDF)
5344::3–4)
5247::16)
5223::5–7)
5211::464)
5162::166)
4980::148)
4922::125)
4728:. n.d
4593:2010.
4574:. n.d
4390::124)
4378::461)
4250::5–6)
4233::153)
4203::295)
4188::128)
4097::18).
3883::118)
3834::124)
3805:Notes
3537:waxxa
3531:billa
3417:/qbl/
3348:voice
3336:tense
3332:verbs
3032:mazir
3010:ɡrtil
2996:funas
2988:funas
2912:maziɣ
2876:/-in/
2868:/ti-/
2853:nouns
2784:/sal/
2725:/i,u/
2721:/j,w/
2678:℞ə℞əC
2671:#℞℞C#
2655:/hdm/
2643:ə℞Cə℞
2636:#℞C℞#
2623:/zʕf/
2611:/χdm/
2607:BBəC
2593:/fːr/
2568:#CC#
2547:#RC#
2475:]
2471:[
2463:]
2459:[
2310:C̊_#
2253:#_C̊
2168:Close
2151:Front
2107:/rdm/
2083:'no'
2025:/ʕbd/
2012:/ħml/
1971:/ʁal/
1943:/ʒhd/
1930:/ʃal/
1889:/zːr/
1874:/sus/
1792:/iɡa/
1710:/bab/
1697:/ini/
1579:Trill
1225:Nasal
1211:plain
1199:plain
1187:plain
1165:Velar
1126:(not
1048:Dahir
988:Rabat
980:Dahir
958:Rabat
954:IRCAM
906:Rabat
790:Islam
772:Punic
763:iugum
759:Latin
754:ayugu
621:Atlas
533:(pl.
459:voice
447:tense
443:Verbs
199:IRCAM
130:Atlas
7284:NGOs
6802:Siwa
6780:Jadu
6626:2009
6591:ISBN
6578:2009
6550:2009
6509:2009
6482:ISBN
6469:2009
6403:ISBN
6381:ISBN
6368:2009
6347:2009
6304:2007
6278:2009
6265:ISBN
6245:2009
6196:ISBN
6177:ISBN
6164:2009
6129:2009
6094:2009
6061:2009
6028:2009
5997:ISBN
5984:2009
5951:2009
5924:ISSN
5888:2009
5850:ISBN
5831:ISBN
5812:ISBN
5756::24)
5744::25)
5729:2009
5694::25)
5679::19)
5637:2009
5585::23)
5565:2009
5539:2009
5392::97)
5368::11)
5320::10)
5301::15)
5274::11)
5130:2009
5096:2009
5056:2009
5033:2009
4941:2009
4883:2009
4842:2009
4789:2009
4734:2009
4701:2009
4673:ISBN
4643:2009
4621:2009
4580:2009
4497::ix)
4470:2009
4446::71)
4410:2010
4295::20)
4275:2009
4170:2009
4110::22)
4059:and
3973:2009
3957:2009
3941:2009
3925:2009
3525:blli
3507:and
3492:lbab
3451:vs.
3421:/ɣr/
3413:/xf/
3344:mode
3126:( ←
3116:( ←
3104:/tu/
3096:/ti/
3088:/ta/
3084:/wu/
3060:/d-/
2872:/-n/
2864:/i-/
2571:CəC
2554:/ns/
2442:dˤr/
2357:/idˤ
2342:msʁ/
2295:/dˤː
2280:dːa/
2187:Open
2161:Back
2115:/rˤ/
2089:/lˤ/
2079:/la/
2038:/ha/
1992:/ʁʷ/
1979:/χʷ/
1910:/zˤ/
1897:/sˤ/
1861:/fa/
1843:/qʷ/
1815:/ɣʷ/
1802:/xʷ/
1779:/ks/
1761:/dˤ/
1746:/tˤ/
1738:/da/
1684:/ma/
1625:/χʁ/
1267:Stop
1128:/qː/
1124:/ʁː/
1112:/ʕħ/
952:The
902:Taza
894:Riff
861:Arab
830:siba
784:and
749:Rome
725:and
587:and
571:and
514:and
469:and
455:mode
375:and
86:and
6430:doi
6328:doi
6324:105
6226:doi
5916:doi
5877:doi
5792::1)
5780::2)
5262::5)
5199::7)
5010::9)
4995::7)
4968::3)
4910::2)
4898::2)
4509::4)
4485::5)
4425::1)
4363::2)
4134:at
4061:/d/
4057:/n/
4001:/p/
3861:/ʁ/
3853:/ɣ/
3543:ɣir
3468:/ɡ/
3445:SVO
3441:VSO
3429:/d/
3425:/n/
3246:pl
3100:/t/
3092:/t/
3080:/u/
3072:/i/
3064:/a/
3036:/→/
3018:ɡrt
3014:/→/
2992:/→/
2974:xam
2970:/→/
2966:xam
2952:srd
2894:xam
2837:VSO
2741:in
2646:or
2536:/ɡ/
2501:not
2404:zn/
2390:/a/
2376:/bd
2361:rˤ/
2328:/u/
2299:qs/
2261:li/
2247:/i/
2220:})
2218:/ʁ/
2214:/χ/
2102:/r/
2074:/l/
2061:/w/
2048:/j/
2033:/h/
2020:/ʕ/
2007:/ħ/
1966:/ʁ/
1951:/χ/
1938:/ʒ/
1925:/ʃ/
1884:/z/
1869:/s/
1856:/f/
1828:/q/
1787:/ɡ/
1774:/k/
1733:/d/
1720:/t/
1705:/b/
1692:/n/
1679:/m/
1637:/t/
1631:/b/
1132:/ʁ/
1101:/p/
1020:in
668:/ɡ/
664:/k/
660:/d/
656:/t/
652:/b/
391:),
324:or
262:IPA
219:tzm
7731::
6568:.
6564:.
6533::
6529:.
6525:.
6436:.
6422:70
6420:.
6322:.
6318:.
6294:.
6222:26
6220:.
6216:.
6147:.
6143:.
6114:10
6112:.
6108:.
6077:.
5975::
5971:.
5967:.
5930:.
5922:.
5908:12
5906:.
5902:.
5873:39
5871:.
5867:.
5684:^
5657:^
5573:^
5555:.
5522:.
5433:^
5306:^
5291:^
5252:^
5189:^
5150:^
5088:12
5086:.
5082:.
5064:^
5000:^
4985:^
4873:.
4850:^
4824:^
4797:^
4779:.
4724:.
4720:.
4709:^
4612:.
4598:^
4570:.
4557:^
4430:^
4368:^
4351:^
4315:^
4300:^
4283:^
4266:.
4255:^
4238:^
4223:^
4208:^
4193:^
4178:^
4160:.
4124:^
3904:^
3511:.
3374:.
3350:,
3346:,
3342:,
3338:,
3296:3
3259:2
3249:1
3209:3
3194:2
3179:1
3176:s
3048:r/
3038:ti
3030:ta
3022:l/
3016:ti
3008:ta
2998:in
2994:ti
2986:ta
2976:in
2972:ti
2964:ta
2956:n/
2843:.
2835:,
2831:,
2461:ɪ̈
2438:/ħ
2419:/d
2216:,
2139::
1594:rˤ
1547:lˤ
1517:)
1514:ʁʷ
1499:ɣʷ
1494:)
1476:zˤ
1439:)
1436:χʷ
1421:xʷ
1416:)
1398:sˤ
1346:dˤ
1312:qʷ
1287:tˤ
1280:tʰ
1245:nˤ
1083::
1072::
888:,
856:.
816:,
747:,
497:,
485:.
461:,
457:,
453:,
449:,
441:.
395:,
371:,
367:,
363:,
344::
340:;
180:,
82:,
7352:e
7345:t
7338:v
7158:?
6689:e
6682:t
6675:v
6628:.
6599:.
6580:.
6552:.
6511:.
6490:.
6471:.
6444:.
6432::
6411:.
6389:.
6370:.
6349:.
6330::
6306:.
6280:.
6247:.
6228::
6204:.
6185:.
6166:.
6149:8
6131:.
6096:.
6063:.
6030:.
6005:.
5986:.
5953:.
5918::
5890:.
5879::
5858:.
5839:.
5820:.
5731:.
5639:.
5567:.
5541:.
5132:.
5098:.
5058:.
5035:.
4943:.
4885:.
4844:.
4791:.
4736:.
4703:.
4645:.
4623:.
4582:.
4472:.
4412:.
4277:.
4172:.
4038:.
4036:.
3975:.
3959:.
3943:.
3927:.
3875:(
3822:"
3312:f
3300:m
3280:f
3263:m
3230:f
3213:m
3046:a
3044:z
3042:i
3040:m
3034:t
3028:/
3020:a
3012:t
3006:/
3000:/
2990:t
2984:/
2978:/
2968:t
2962:/
2954:a
2950:i
2946:a
2944:/
2938:/
2936:a
2934:ʃ
2932:u
2930:d
2928:i
2924:a
2922:/
2916:/
2914:n
2910:i
2906:a
2904:/
2898:/
2896:n
2892:i
2888:a
2886:/
2660:~
2559:~
2473:ə
2440:a
2423:/
2421:a
2402:a
2400:/
2380:/
2378:u
2359:u
2340:u
2338:/
2318:/
2316:i
2297:i
2278:i
2276:/
2259:i
2257:/
2194:a
2180:u
2173:i
1587:r
1563:w
1554:j
1540:l
1522:ʕ
1511:(
1506:ʁ
1491:ɣ
1488:(
1483:ʒ
1469:z
1451:h
1444:ħ
1433:(
1428:χ
1413:x
1410:(
1405:ʃ
1391:s
1384:f
1355:ɡ
1339:d
1332:b
1305:q
1296:k
1238:n
1231:m
1087:)
1076:)
978:(
709:(
401:p
316:.
302:.
282:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
