134:
120:
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580:. Whereas Ferdinand wanted to aid his brother, the Hussite and pro-Protestant Czech nobility sympathized with the German Protestant princes. Armed conflict between Ferdinand and the Bohemian estates broke out in 1547. But the Bohemians were not unified; victory went to Ferdinand, and reprisals against the Czech rebels followed. The property of Czech Utraquist nobility was confiscated and their privileges abrogated. Four rebels (two lesser nobles and two burghers) were executed in the square before the royal palace. Members of the
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84:
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530:(1526β64). His efforts to eliminate the influence of the Bohemian estates were met with resistance. But the Bohemian estates were themselves divided, primarily on religious lines. By several adroit political maneuvers, Ferdinand was able to establish hereditary succession to the Bohemian crown for the Habsburgs. The estates' inability to establish the principle of electing or even confirming a monarch made their position considerably weaker.
413:
388:
1285:
694:. The legislative function of the diets of both Bohemia and Moravia was revoked; all subsequent legislation was to be by royal decree, receiving only formal approval from the diets. The highest officials of the kingdom, to be chosen from among the local nobility, would be strictly subordinate to the king. Thus, little remained of an autonomous and distinct Bohemian Kingdom.
1073:; and economic and political decline. The struggle between the Bohemian estates and Habsburg absolutism resulted in the complete subordination of the Bohemian estates to Habsburg interests. In the aftermath of the defeat at White Mountain, the Czechs lost their native noble class, their reformed religion, and a vibrant Czech
701:
from south German territories. The
Germans received most of the land confiscated from Czech owners and came to constitute the new Bohemian nobility. The remaining Czech Catholic nobles gradually abandoned Czech particularism and became loyal servants of the imperial system. German Catholic immigrants
484:
Habsburgs to rule and thus escaped the intense struggle between native estates and the
Habsburg monarchy that was to characterize Bohemian history. In contrast, the Bohemian Kingdom had entrenched estates that were ready to defend what they considered their rights and liberties. The Habsburgs pursued
670:
The Czech defeat at the Battle of White
Mountain was followed by measures that effectively secured Habsburg authority and the dominance of the Roman Catholic Church. Many Czech nobles were executed; most others were forced to flee the kingdom. An estimated five-sixths of the Czech nobility went into
717:'s Hungarian forces, reinforced by Turkish mercenaries, fought against the emperor and periodically devastated Slovakia and Moravia. Protestant German armies and, later, Danish and Swedish armies, laid waste the Czech provinces. Cities, villages, and castle fortresses were destroyed.
635:(1612β17), proved to be an ardent Catholic and quickly moved against the estates. Violation of promises contained in the Letter of Majesty regarding royal and church domains and Matthias's reliance on a council composed of ardent Catholics further increased tensions.
133:
709:(1618β48) of the German Protestant princes against the Holy Roman Emperor involved foreign powers and extended beyond German territory. Czechs fought on all sides: most of the rebellious Czech generals joined Protestant armies;
618:
Discord between
Habsburgs and Czechs and between Catholics and the followers of the reformed creeds erupted again into an open clash in the early seventeenth century. At that time, the Czechs were able to take advantage of the
1318:
119:
95:
679:
675:
was merged with the Jesuit
Academy, and the entire education system of the Bohemian Kingdom was placed under Jesuit control. In 1624 all non-Catholic priests were expelled by royal decree.
1095:(1618 and 1648), from the original 2.6 million inhabitants of Bohemia and Moravia, there remained approximately 950,000 inhabitants in Bohemia and only 600,000 inhabitants in Moravia.
514:
Habsburg rule brought two centuries of conflict between the
Bohemian estates and the monarchy. As a result of this struggle, the Czechs lost a major portion of their native
549:
Habsburgs, who were in turn supported by the Czech and German
Catholics. The Lutheran Reformation of 1517 introduced an added dimension to the struggle: much of the German
588:, was sentenced to sixteen years' imprisonment. Ferdinand, now Holy Roman Emperor (1556β64), attempted to extend the influence of Catholicism in Bohemia by forming the
1119:
1114:
650:. The Bohemian estates decided to levy an army, decreed the expulsion of the Jesuits, and proclaimed the Bohemian throne to be elective. They elected a Calvinist,
671:
exile soon after the Battle of White
Mountain, and their properties were confiscated. Large numbers of Czech and German Protestant burghers emigrated. In 1622,
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Czechs call the following period, from 1620/1648 till the late 18th century, the "Dark Age". It is characterized by devastation by foreign troops;
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561:); the Hussites split, and one faction allied with the German Protestants. In 1537, Ferdinand conceded to the Czechs, recognized the
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to provide military support in exchange for tribute. On
November 8, 1620, the Czech estates confronted the imperial forces in the
654:, to the Bohemian throne. Frederick then tried to muster further support for the Bohemian cause, even attempting to convince the
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was the most prominent Czech defector to the imperial cause. Bohemia served as a battlefield throughout the war. Prince
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rule, they followed different paths of development. Moravians and
Silesians had accepted the hereditary right of the
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584:, a Hussite church that had figured prominently in the rebellion, were bitterly persecuted. Their leader, Bishop
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a policy of centralization and conflict arose, which was further complicated by ethnic and religious issues.
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Kohut, Zenon E. (1989). "Hapsburg Absolutism and the Bohemian Estates". In Gawdiak, Ihor (ed.).
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646:), signaling an open revolt by the Bohemian estates against the Habsburgs and started the
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Habsburg rule was further buttressed by the large-scale immigration into Bohemia of
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627:(1576β1612) that promised toleration of the Czech Reformed Church, gave control of
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686:. All Czech lands were declared hereditary property of the Habsburg family. The
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The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy - Peter Hamish Wilson - Google Books
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In 1618 two Catholic imperial councillors were thrown out of a window of
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526:. The Habsburg policy of centralization began with its first ruler, King
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to the Czech estates, and made other concessions. Rudolf's successor,
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population of Bohemia adopted one of the new Protestant creeds (both
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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confirmed the incorporation of the Bohemian Kingdom into the
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became little more than a province of the Habsburg realm.
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became more prominent in government and polite society.
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The religious wars continued after the Czech defeat. The
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569:. The reconciliation, however, was of brief duration.
533:
The conflict in Bohemia was complicated further by the
1120:
History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867β1918)
1115:
History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648β1867)
621:
struggle between two contenders to the imperial throne
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History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526β1648)
596:and by bringing Jesuit missionaries into Bohemia.
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576:to wage war against the Holy Roman Emperor,
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702:took over commerce and industry as well.
662:near Prague and were decisively defeated.
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572:In 1546 German Protestants united in the
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682:established a legal basis for Habsburg
537:and the subsequent wars of religion in
138:Lands of the Bohemian Crown around 1620
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666:Consequences of the defeat (1620β1648)
522:), and even the widespread use of the
124:Lands of the Bohemian Crown within the
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879:Czech lands in the High Middle Ages
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1263:Czechoslovakia: a country study
1125:Czech lands under Habsburg rule
977:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
394:Bohemian Crown under Jagiellons
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494:Initial clashes (16th century)
407:Bohemian Crown under Habsburgs
302:(first Habsburg on the throne)
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1010:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
1323:. Harvard University Press.
614:The Battle of White Mountain
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1366:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
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962:First Czechoslovak Republic
652:Frederick of the Palatinate
502:Religious fragmentation in
41:LΓ€nder der BΓΆhmischen Krone
26:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
18:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
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1302:: CS1 maint: postscript (
779:History of the Czech lands
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1317:Wilson, Peter H. (2009).
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660:Battle of White Mountain
606:Battle of White Mountain
600:Battle of White Mountain
565:, and accepted moderate
126:Holy Roman Empire (1618)
1361:17th century in Bohemia
1356:16th century in Bohemia
746:lost its independence (
740:. The Bohemian Kingdom
711:Albrecht of Wallenstein
545:(Hussites) opposed the
506:at the outbreak of the
721:was incorporated into
690:was made equal to the
642:(one of the so-called
615:
511:
470:Margraviate of Moravia
937:Czech lands 1867β1918
927:Czech lands 1648β1867
912:Czech lands 1526β1648
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582:Unity of the Brethren
543:Czech Reformed Church
501:
181:Common languages
52:Corona regni Bohemiae
1266:. Washington, D.C.:
884:Bohemian Reformation
730:Treaty of Westphalia
352:Treaty of Westphalia
252:Hutterian Anabaptism
1272:Library of Congress
901:Early modern period
574:Schmalkaldic League
541:. Adherents of the
268:hereditary monarchy
71:(historical period)
1274:. pp. 15β19.
1105:Kingdom of Bohemia
1086:Kingdom of Bohemia
1075:Protestant culture
673:Charles University
629:Charles University
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462:Kingdom of Bohemia
1298:cite encyclopedia
1093:Thirty Years' War
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987:Velvet Revolution
982:Soviet Occupation
967:German Occupation
917:Thirty Years' War
907:Habsburg monarchy
873:Holy Roman Empire
707:Thirty Years' War
648:Thirty Years' War
563:Compacts of Basel
508:Thirty Years' War
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309:β’ 1619β1620
294:β’ 1526β1564
232:Roman Catholicism
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152:Holy Roman Empire
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604:Main article:
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539:Central Europe
524:Czech language
504:Central Europe
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1334:. Retrieved
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728:In 1648 the
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376:Succeeded by
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164:(after 1526)
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942:World War I
853:Middle Ages
752:only under
592:Academy in
586:Jan Augusta
535:Reformation
516:aristocracy
371:Preceded by
339:Ferdinand I
314:Frederick I
299:Ferdinand I
272:(1619β1620)
265:Confederate
206:Lutheranism
156:Crown lands
110:(1619β1620)
104:Frederick I
1350:Categories
1336:2013-09-18
1131:References
1091:After the
835:West Slavs
821:Marcomanni
725:in 1635.
684:absolutism
261:Government
107:of Bohemia
625:Rudolf II
578:Charles V
567:Utraquism
559:Calvinist
528:Ferdinand
520:Hussitism
237:Calvinism
221:Utraquism
199:Religion
69:1526β1648
1280:45379492
1099:See also
770:a series
768:Part of
743:de facto
633:Matthias
555:Lutheran
482:Austrian
478:Habsburg
466:Lusatias
225:Brethren
749:de jure
719:Lusatia
551:burgher
510:(1618).
474:Silesia
445:Germany
435:Austria
350:β’
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242:Judaism
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193:Latin
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