212:
The ending consonants of words are often altered by
Japanese speakers for English words that do not end with , , or (such as can, from, and song, respectively) by adding an /o/ or /u/ to the end of the word. This altering was picked up by English speakers, though applied without the knowledge of why
208:
With the differences between
Japanese and English in terms of sounds included in each language and the placement of those sounds within words, the combination of the two within Bamboo English shows some differences between English-speaking and Japanese-speaking individuals even for the same words.
331:
As Bamboo
English does not make significant use of inflection and the vocabulary was limited, words obtained multiple functions. Nouns often served in this as the initial use, with use as a verb, adjective, or adverb then developing. For example,
177:
by
American military personnel as a method of communicating with Koreans. Here it acquired some Korean words, but remained largely based on English and Japanese. Recently, it has been most widely used in
222:
Another similar alteration demonstrated in Bamboo
English was the addition of the "ee" sound (as in cheese) to the end of English words. Words such as 'change', 'catch', and 'speak' then became
305:, though examples shown from the language indicate that this is not true reduplication as there are no forms of these words with only a single occurrence of the root. Such words are
243:
As well, Japanese speakers mimicked some aspects of
English speech by removing final vowels from some words, such as the word for 'car' which is normally
1930:
197:. This contact language was developed due to a back-and-forth shift in dominant languages between English and Japanese spanning over one hundred years.
286:, taken from Japanese, is often attached to terms of reference and address such as "mama", "papa", "boy", "girl", and "baby" to produce nouns such as
1781:
683:
Smith, Norval (1994). "An annotated list of creoles, pidgins, and mixed languages". In Arends, Jacques; Muysken, Pieter; Smith, Norval (eds.).
1977:
724:
2027:
2012:
1776:
1403:
267:
of Bamboo
English is rather incomplete and so demonstrating the presence or absence of various characteristics is difficult.
17:
1398:
692:
170:, though analysis of the language's features indicates it to be a pre-pidgin or a jargon rather than a stable pidgin.
882:
1283:
200:
The name Bamboo
English was coined by Arthur M. Z. Norman in an article, where he initially described the language.
1989:
1708:
1662:
1657:
1183:
717:
1831:
1672:
1388:
81:
1803:
1642:
1201:
889:
2017:
1536:
1516:
1320:
1273:
1652:
710:
183:
155:
1526:
2022:
1937:
1915:
1703:
550:
1972:
1910:
1900:
1864:
1762:
1713:
1637:
1612:
1221:
273:, for example, has little record of existing within Bamboo English due to this. On the other hand,
264:
1278:
627:
1356:
144:
1373:
270:
1557:
1854:
1743:
1216:
762:
752:
654:
Norman, Arthur M. Z. (1955). "Bamboo
English: The Japanese Influence Upon American Speech".
1905:
1728:
1632:
1506:
1308:
1243:
757:
8:
1954:
1836:
1808:
1723:
1303:
163:
1248:
1984:
1925:
1846:
1733:
1667:
1552:
1265:
1007:
671:
614:
606:
577:
179:
1253:
1089:
1038:
1813:
1748:
1718:
1521:
1340:
1325:
1298:
1293:
1231:
1169:
1144:
1079:
953:
791:
781:
772:
733:
688:
642:
618:
581:
569:
546:""Two Sides of the Same Coin": Yokohama Pridgin Japanese and Japanese Pidgin English"
127:
997:
796:
1942:
1920:
1698:
1494:
1335:
1137:
1127:
1122:
1110:
963:
899:
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663:
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559:
1463:
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840:
1967:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1330:
1103:
1014:
914:
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831:
811:
159:
73:
1096:
1962:
1313:
1288:
1211:
1164:
1115:
1067:
1031:
985:
929:
924:
904:
2006:
1753:
1499:
1478:
1196:
1048:
992:
860:
850:
826:
816:
806:
646:
573:
302:
194:
190:
52:
1738:
1567:
1132:
1026:
970:
939:
934:
747:
148:
564:
545:
1793:
1021:
56:
1822:
1788:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1468:
394:
382:
351:
345:
339:
333:
318:
312:
306:
293:
287:
281:
274:
250:
235:
229:
223:
214:
174:
675:
610:
1602:
1531:
1511:
1453:
152:
114:
95:
1473:
1458:
702:
1767:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1365:
1206:
667:
602:
1882:
396:
You number one washee-washee ketchee; number one presento hava-yes
1859:
1798:
1415:
635:
Shima: The
International Journal of Research into Island Cultures
413:
193:
feature a similar form of Japanese Pidgin English referred to as
1877:
1410:
1378:
278:
167:
338:
means 'food' but also 'to eat'. Other such dual-use words are
1872:
1420:
1383:
687:. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. 331â374.
301:
An additional morphological trait shown in Bamboo English is
48:
589:
Duke, Charles R. (May 1970). "The bamboo style of English".
1430:
597:(2). National Council of Teachers of English: 170â172.
401:
If you do my washing satisfactorily, I'll pay you well
510:
508:
495:
493:
491:
489:
462:
474:
450:
520:
505:
486:
438:
426:
2004:
244:
718:
356:meaning 'many, many', 'very', and 'large'.
350:meaning 'absence' and 'to get rid of', and
277:has been better noted. The presence of the
725:
711:
344:meaning 'quickly' and also 'to hurry up',
563:
14:
2005:
653:
480:
732:
706:
682:
591:College Composition and Communication
543:
526:
514:
499:
456:
444:
685:Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction
625:
588:
468:
432:
365:
213:it was done, such as in the case of
173:It was exported to Korea during the
24:
359:
25:
2039:
2028:Languages attested from the 1950s
2013:English-based pidgins and creoles
249:in Japanese but which is said as
628:"When islands create languages"
182:, where there is a significant
166:. It has been thought to be a
145:Japanese pidgin-English jargon
27:Japanese Pidgin-English jargon
13:
1:
536:
384:How much you speak, papa-san?
258:
1869:Kanji pronunciation sources
1643:Katakana Phonetic Extensions
203:
7:
1978:Speculative fiction writers
1537:Transcription into Japanese
407:
245:
10:
2044:
896:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
395:
383:
352:
346:
340:
334:
319:
313:
307:
294:
288:
282:
251:
236:
230:
224:
215:
1953:
1893:
1845:
1687:
1545:
1487:
1429:
1364:
1355:
1264:
1239:
1230:
1182:
1155:
1078:
952:
780:
771:
740:
551:Acta Linguistica Asiatica
544:Avram, Andrei A. (2017).
326:
126:
112:
93:
88:
70:
62:
44:
37:
32:
1763:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
1222:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
419:
162:on US military bases in
151:that was spoken between
1709:Godan and ichidan verbs
1527:JÅdai Tokushu Kanazukai
38:Japanese Bamboo English
184:U.S. military presence
1814:Court lady language (
1284:Southern Amami Åshima
1217:Yilan Creole Japanese
626:Long, Daniel (2007).
565:10.4312/ala.7.1.57-76
263:Documentation of the
40:Korean Bamboo English
18:Korean Bamboo English
1633:Small Kana Extension
1244:Eastern Old Japanese
883:Northern Izu Islands
364:Examples taken from
323:meaning 'to hurry'.
82:English-based pidgin
1184:Pidgins and creoles
317:meaning 'bad', and
255:in Bamboo English.
2018:Languages of Japan
1985:Classical Japanese
1832:Gender differences
1668:Extended shinjitai
180:Okinawa Prefecture
156:military personnel
2000:
1999:
1704:Verb conjugations
1683:
1682:
1351:
1350:
1232:Japonic languages
1178:
1177:
1170:Okinawan Japanese
734:Japanese language
471:, pp. 17â18.
405:
404:
138:
137:
16:(Redirected from
2035:
2023:Military pidgins
1943:Polivanov system
1804:Honorific speech
1699:Japanese grammar
1362:
1361:
1237:
1236:
778:
777:
727:
720:
713:
704:
703:
698:
679:
650:
632:
622:
585:
567:
530:
524:
518:
512:
503:
497:
484:
478:
472:
466:
460:
454:
448:
442:
436:
430:
398:
389:Name your price
386:
371:
370:
355:
349:
343:
337:
322:
316:
311:meaning 'food',
310:
297:
291:
285:
254:
248:
239:
233:
227:
219:meaning 'same'.
218:
147:developed after
134:
107:
98:
76:
30:
29:
21:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1949:
1894:Transliteration
1889:
1865:Sound symbolism
1841:
1823:Role language (
1782:from Portuguese
1714:Irregular verbs
1692:
1690:
1679:
1628:Kana Supplement
1623:Kana Extended-B
1618:Kana Extended-A
1541:
1517:Historical kana
1483:
1425:
1404:by stroke count
1395:Kanji radicals
1389:by stroke count
1347:
1260:
1226:
1202:Hawaiian Creole
1174:
1151:
1074:
948:
767:
736:
731:
701:
695:
656:American Speech
630:
539:
534:
533:
525:
521:
513:
506:
498:
487:
479:
475:
467:
463:
455:
451:
443:
439:
431:
427:
422:
410:
368:, p. 170.
362:
360:Example phrases
329:
261:
206:
132:
105:
94:
84:
77:
74:Language family
72:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2041:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
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1945:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1928:
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1897:
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1862:
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1842:
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1834:
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1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1765:
1760:
1754:Native words (
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
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1711:
1706:
1701:
1695:
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1562:
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1560:
1549:
1547:
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1540:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1491:
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1484:
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1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
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1441:
1435:
1433:
1427:
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1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1359:
1357:Writing system
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
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1345:
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1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
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1311:
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1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1270:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1212:Pseudo-Chinese
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1192:Bamboo English
1188:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1165:Amami Japanese
1161:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1118:
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1100:
1099:
1086:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1065:
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1063:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
983:
982:
981:
980:
979:
976:
960:
958:
950:
949:
947:
946:
945:
944:
943:
942:
937:
932:
927:
919:
918:
917:
909:
908:
907:
902:
887:
886:
885:
880:
879:
878:
873:
865:
864:
863:
858:
853:
838:
837:
836:
835:
834:
829:
821:
820:
819:
814:
809:
794:
788:
786:
775:
769:
768:
766:
765:
760:
755:
750:
744:
742:
738:
737:
730:
729:
722:
715:
707:
700:
699:
694:978-1556191695
693:
680:
668:10.2307/454192
651:
623:
603:10.2307/356557
586:
540:
538:
535:
532:
531:
519:
504:
485:
473:
461:
459:, p. 343.
449:
437:
435:, p. 170.
424:
423:
421:
418:
417:
416:
409:
406:
403:
402:
399:
391:
390:
387:
379:
378:
375:
374:Bamboo English
361:
358:
328:
325:
260:
257:
205:
202:
164:occupied Japan
141:Bamboo English
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
118:
110:
109:
99:
91:
90:
89:Language codes
86:
85:
80:
78:
71:
68:
67:
66:since ca. 1950
64:
60:
59:
46:
42:
41:
35:
34:
33:Bamboo English
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2040:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1938:Cyrillization
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:WÄpuro rÅmaji
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1881:
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1876:
1874:
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1870:
1868:
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1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1756:yamato kotoba
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1744:Counter words
1742:
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1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
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1616:
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1611:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
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1591:
1589:
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1584:
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1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1479:Kana ligature
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1374:Script reform
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:Bonin English
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
989:
988:
984:
977:
974:
973:
972:
969:
968:
967:
966:
962:
961:
959:
957:
956:
951:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
920:
916:
913:
912:
910:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
895:
894:
893:
892:
888:
884:
881:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
866:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
846:
845:
844:
843:
839:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
822:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
802:
801:
800:
799:
795:
793:
790:
789:
787:
785:
784:
779:
776:
774:
770:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
743:
741:Earlier forms
739:
735:
728:
723:
721:
716:
714:
709:
708:
705:
696:
690:
686:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
561:
557:
553:
552:
547:
542:
541:
529:, p. 67.
528:
523:
517:, p. 63.
516:
511:
509:
502:, p. 61.
501:
496:
494:
492:
490:
483:, p. 44.
482:
481:Norman (1955)
477:
470:
465:
458:
453:
447:, p. 72.
446:
441:
434:
429:
425:
415:
412:
411:
400:
397:
393:
392:
388:
385:
381:
380:
376:
373:
372:
369:
367:
357:
354:
348:
342:
336:
324:
321:
315:
309:
304:
303:reduplication
299:
296:
290:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
266:
256:
253:
247:
241:
238:
232:
226:
220:
217:
210:
201:
198:
196:
195:Bonin English
192:
191:Bonin Islands
187:
185:
181:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
131:
129:
125:
122:
119:
117:
116:
111:
103:
100:
97:
92:
87:
83:
79:
75:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
53:Bonin Islands
50:
47:
43:
36:
31:
19:
1931:In Esperanto
1901:Romanization
1855:Pitch accent
1837:Dictionaries
1824:
1816:nyÅbÅ kotoba
1815:
1769:
1768:Loan words (
1755:
1739:Topic marker
1653:ARIB STD B24
1399:by frequency
1279:Amami Åshima
1191:
1156:
1145:
1104:
1090:
1080:
1068:
1055:East San'in
1039:
1015:
986:
964:
954:
890:
841:
797:
782:
763:Early Modern
753:Early Middle
684:
662:(1): 44â48.
659:
655:
641:(1): 15â27.
638:
634:
594:
590:
558:(1): 57â76.
555:
549:
527:Avram (2017)
522:
515:Avram (2017)
500:Avram (2017)
476:
464:
457:Smith (1994)
452:
445:Avram (2017)
440:
428:
377:Translation
363:
330:
300:
269:
262:
242:
221:
211:
207:
199:
188:
172:
149:World War II
140:
139:
120:
113:
101:
1911:Nihon-shiki
1794:Wasei-kango
1729:Possessives
1689:Grammar and
1522:Modern kana
1507:Punctuation
1488:Orthography
1309:Tokunoshima
921:Gifu-Aichi
891:TÅkaiâTÅsan
758:Late Middle
469:Long (2007)
433:Duke (1970)
366:Duke (1970)
320:hubba-hubba
271:Compounding
216:saymo-saymo
57:South Korea
2007:Categories
1955:Literature
1825:yakuwarigo
1809:Honorifics
1789:Wasei-eigo
1777:from Dutch
1724:Adjectives
1691:vocabulary
1469:Hentaigana
1464:Man'yÅgana
1304:Okinoerabu
1008:Okuyoshino
537:References
275:affixation
265:morphology
259:Morphology
175:Korean War
1847:Phonology
1734:Particles
1673:Half/Full
1603:Shift JIS
1532:Yotsugana
1512:Kanazukai
1454:Okurigana
1366:Logograms
978:Shiramine
823:Southern
803:Northern
647:1834-6057
619:141562532
582:125498798
574:2232-3317
335:chop-chop
314:dame-dame
308:chop-chop
204:Phonology
115:Glottolog
96:ISO 639-3
1770:gairaigo
1749:Numerals
1719:Pronouns
1658:Enclosed
1638:Katakana
1613:Hiragana
1609:Unicode
1564:ISO/IEC
1546:Encoding
1449:Furigana
1444:Katakana
1439:Hiragana
1341:Yonaguni
1321:Southern
1299:Okinawan
1294:Kunigami
1274:Northern
1266:Ryukyuan
1207:Kyowa-go
1138:Tsushima
1128:Nagasaki
1123:Kumamoto
1111:Chikuzen
975:Kanazawa
965:Hokuriku
900:Shizuoka
867:Eastern
856:Kanagawa
847:Western
792:HokkaidÅ
773:Dialects
408:See also
347:sayonara
295:baby-san
289:mama-san
160:Japanese
153:American
1973:Writers
1906:Hepburn
1860:Rendaku
1799:Engrish
1495:Braille
1416:Ryakuji
1336:Yaeyama
1254:grammar
1249:HachijÅ
1146:Satsugū
1105:Hichiku
1091:HÅnichi
1045:San'yÅ
1040:Chūgoku
1016:Shikoku
955:Western
915:Nagaoka
911:Echigo
876:Tochigi
871:Ibaraki
832:Nairiku
812:Tsugaru
783:Eastern
414:Engrish
246:jidÅsha
237:speakie
231:ketchee
225:changee
1968:Poetry
1916:Kunrei
1878:Kan-on
1649:Other
1558:EUC-JP
1474:SÅgana
1459:Gojūon
1411:Kokuji
1379:Kanbun
1331:Tarama
1326:Miyako
1116:Hakata
1081:Kyūshū
1069:Umpaku
1032:Sanuki
998:Banshū
987:Kansai
930:Mikawa
925:Nagoya
905:Narada
798:TÅhoku
691:
676:454192
674:
645:
617:
611:356557
609:
580:
572:
353:taksan
341:hayaku
327:Syntax
279:suffix
234:, and
168:pidgin
143:was a
133:cpe-JP
45:Region
1990:texts
1963:Books
1883:TÅ-on
1873:Go-on
1500:Kanji
1421:Ateji
1384:Kanji
1314:Yoron
1289:Kikai
1157:Other
1059:Inshū
1049:Bingo
1003:Kishū
993:Awaji
861:Tokyo
851:Gunma
842:KantÅ
827:Kesen
817:Akita
807:Nanbu
672:JSTOR
631:(PDF)
615:S2CID
607:JSTOR
578:S2CID
420:Notes
252:jidoš
49:Japan
1598:0213
1593:0212
1588:0211
1583:0208
1578:0201
1574:JIS
1568:2022
1431:Kana
1133:Saga
1097:Åita
1027:Tosa
971:Kaga
940:Hida
935:Mino
689:ISBN
643:ISSN
570:ISSN
283:-san
189:The
158:and
128:IETF
121:None
102:None
1921:JSL
1663:EIS
1553:EUC
1022:Iyo
748:Old
664:doi
599:doi
560:doi
292:or
106:mis
63:Era
55:),
2009::
670:.
660:30
658:.
637:.
633:.
613:.
605:.
595:21
593:.
576:.
568:.
554:.
548:.
507:^
488:^
298:.
240:.
228:,
186:.
1827:)
1818:)
1772:)
1758:)
726:e
719:t
712:v
697:.
678:.
666::
649:.
639:1
621:.
601::
584:.
562::
556:7
108:)
104:(
51:(
20:)
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