142:
1295:
1235:
264:
Smith, Norval (1994). "An annotated list of creoles, pidgins, and mixed languages". In Jacque Arends, Pieter
Muysken & Norval Smith (ed.).
1431:
1330:
303:
1436:
1380:
1165:
1400:
473:
358:
881:
986:
62:
English-based pidgins that became stable contact languages, and which have some documentation, include the following:
785:
127:
1033:
829:
1350:
790:
296:
71:
1083:
1045:
1385:
1038:
858:
675:
496:
137:
761:
751:
349:
316:
312:
217:
167:
1345:
1060:
918:
329:
132:
76:
281:
1325:
851:
809:
780:
712:
680:
289:
177:
66:
1050:
1004:
903:
876:
841:
736:
607:
182:
112:
1262:
1095:
913:
888:
107:
102:
97:
92:
1177:
1155:
959:
656:
625:
503:
81:
23:
1073:
1375:
1160:
1055:
768:
702:
456:
446:
441:
187:
157:
117:
27:
1368:
797:
690:
630:
508:
481:
398:
240:
8:
1395:
1225:
1217:
1115:
1078:
964:
949:
824:
814:
741:
580:
1285:
1252:
1187:
1170:
1025:
846:
393:
383:
245:
122:
1290:
1275:
1247:
1207:
999:
936:
685:
461:
425:
202:
981:
1410:
1363:
1315:
1242:
1150:
1140:
1135:
1125:
971:
944:
802:
722:
667:
565:
547:
534:
371:
366:
171:
48:
1280:
1182:
1120:
1090:
898:
773:
594:
570:
542:
513:
486:
451:
338:
250:
223:
147:
56:
1355:
1270:
1230:
1130:
954:
707:
612:
602:
518:
320:
86:
52:
19:
1425:
1405:
1320:
976:
893:
834:
746:
697:
575:
557:
908:
756:
635:
819:
311:
376:
228:
212:
192:
161:
152:
34:
403:
207:
1340:
1335:
1145:
491:
418:
413:
196:
408:
388:
44:
273:
18:"Pidgin English" redirects here. For the 2011 novel, see
43:
is a non-specific name used to refer to any of the many
199:, Belizean Kitchen Spanish, ABC Islands Spanglish)
1423:
297:
263:
655:
1331:Comparison of American and British English
304:
290:
1024:
1424:
285:
1401:Non-native pronunciations of English
13:
14:
1448:
1432:English-based pidgins and creoles
195:/Ingléspañol (including dialects
1437:Lists of Indo-European languages
128:Liberian Interior Pidgin English
1351:English-based creole languages
72:Native American Pidgin English
26:. For pigeons of England, see
1:
1391:List of English-based pidgins
256:
51:. Pidgins that are spoken as
1386:Linguistic purism in English
7:
487:London & Thames Estuary
234:
218:West African Pidgin English
168:Port Jackson Pidgin English
10:
1453:
1346:English as a lingua franca
143:New Zealand Pidgin English
133:Micronesian Pidgin English
77:Cameroonian Pidgin English
32:
22:. For the 2007 album, see
17:
1326:Broad and general accents
1308:
1261:
1236:regional and occupational
1216:
1203:
1196:
1108:
1069:
1017:
995:
935:
867:
732:
721:
666:
648:
621:
593:
556:
533:
472:
434:
357:
348:
337:
328:
178:Queensland Kanaka English
67:Aboriginal Pidgin English
183:Samoan Plantation Pidgin
113:Samoan Plantation Pidgin
33:Not to be confused with
153:Papua New Guinea Pidgin
108:Japanese Pidgin English
103:Japanese Bamboo English
98:Hawaiian Pidgin English
93:Ghanaian Pidgin English
47:languages derived from
504:Received Pronunciation
82:Chinese Pidgin English
24:Pigeon English (album)
698:Multicultural Toronto
241:English-based creoles
188:Solomon Islands Pijin
158:Papuan Pidgin English
118:Korean Bamboo English
28:List of pigeon breeds
859:Western Pennsylvania
220:(multiple varieties)
138:Nauru Pidgin English
1396:Mid-Atlantic accent
987:Trinidad and Tobago
266:Pidgins and Creoles
246:Macaronic languages
208:Thai Pidgin English
919:Pennsylvania Dutch
274:"American Italian"
123:Kru Pidgin English
1419:
1418:
1304:
1303:
1104:
1103:
1013:
1012:
931:
930:
927:
926:
852:Pacific Northwest
713:Standard Canadian
644:
643:
589:
588:
529:
528:
268:. John Benjamins.
203:Solombala-English
1444:
1316:English language
1201:
1200:
1022:
1021:
1005:Falkland Islands
904:General American
877:African-American
730:
729:
664:
663:
653:
652:
355:
354:
346:
345:
335:
334:
306:
299:
292:
283:
282:
277:
269:
172:Australian Kriol
1452:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1300:
1257:
1212:
1192:
1100:
1096:Solomon Islands
1065:
1009:
991:
923:
914:New York Latino
889:American Indian
869:
863:
724:
717:
658:
640:
626:Channel Islands
617:
585:
552:
525:
468:
430:
340:
324:
310:
280:
272:
259:
251:World Englishes
237:
224:Vanuatu Bislama
160:(distinct from
148:Nigerian Pidgin
53:first languages
38:
31:
12:
11:
5:
1450:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1358:
1356:Englishisation
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1263:Southeast Asia
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1178:South Atlantic
1175:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1030:
1028:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
996:
993:
992:
990:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
968:
967:
960:Cayman Islands
957:
952:
947:
941:
939:
933:
932:
929:
928:
925:
924:
922:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
885:
884:
873:
871:
870:ethno-cultural
865:
864:
862:
861:
856:
855:
854:
849:
839:
838:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
807:
806:
805:
795:
794:
793:
788:
778:
777:
776:
766:
765:
764:
759:
754:
749:
739:
733:
727:
719:
718:
716:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
694:
693:
688:
678:
672:
670:
661:
650:
646:
645:
642:
641:
639:
638:
633:
628:
622:
619:
618:
616:
615:
610:
605:
599:
597:
591:
590:
587:
586:
584:
583:
578:
573:
568:
562:
560:
554:
553:
551:
550:
545:
539:
537:
531:
530:
527:
526:
524:
523:
522:
521:
516:
506:
501:
500:
499:
494:
484:
478:
476:
470:
469:
467:
466:
465:
464:
462:Stoke-on-Trent
459:
454:
444:
438:
436:
432:
431:
429:
428:
423:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
396:
391:
386:
381:
380:
379:
369:
363:
361:
352:
343:
332:
326:
325:
321:Modern English
309:
308:
301:
294:
286:
279:
278:
270:
260:
258:
255:
254:
253:
248:
243:
236:
233:
232:
231:
226:
221:
215:
210:
205:
200:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:(ancestral to
165:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
87:Butler English
84:
79:
74:
69:
41:Pidgin English
20:Pigeon English
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1449:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1376:International
1374:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1056:Torres Strait
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
966:
963:
962:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
940:
938:
934:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
883:
880:
879:
878:
875:
874:
872:
866:
860:
857:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
843:
840:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
811:
808:
804:
801:
800:
799:
796:
792:
791:North-Central
789:
787:
784:
783:
782:
779:
775:
772:
771:
770:
769:New York City
767:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
731:
728:
726:
720:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
703:Ottawa Valley
701:
699:
696:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
671:
669:
665:
662:
660:
654:
651:
647:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
620:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
598:
596:
592:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
561:
559:
555:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
538:
536:
532:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
510:
507:
505:
502:
498:
497:Multicultural
495:
493:
490:
489:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
477:
475:
471:
463:
460:
458:
457:Black Country
455:
453:
450:
449:
448:
447:West Midlands
445:
443:
442:East Midlands
440:
439:
437:
433:
427:
424:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
378:
375:
374:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
362:
360:
356:
353:
351:
347:
344:
342:
336:
333:
331:
327:
322:
318:
314:
307:
302:
300:
295:
293:
288:
287:
284:
275:
271:
267:
262:
261:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
230:
227:
225:
222:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
198:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
173:
169:
166:
163:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
64:
63:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
36:
29:
25:
21:
16:
1390:
1161:South Africa
1156:Sierra Leone
909:Miami Latino
798:Philadelphia
786:Inland North
691:Newfoundland
509:West Country
323:by continent
265:
61:
40:
39:
15:
1286:Philippines
1079:New Zealand
965:Bay Islands
945:The Bahamas
868:Social and
825:New Orleans
742:New England
636:Isle of Man
581:Port Talbot
482:East Anglia
399:Northumbria
1426:Categories
1226:Bangladesh
1218:South Asia
1171:Cape Flats
1121:The Gambia
1046:Aboriginal
882:vernacular
847:California
820:High Tider
815:Appalachia
676:Aboriginal
608:South-West
452:Birmingham
409:Sunderland
394:Manchester
384:Lancashire
257:References
1291:Singapore
1253:Sri Lanka
1208:Hong Kong
1034:variation
1026:Australia
937:Caribbean
803:Baltimore
686:Lunenburg
631:Gibraltar
548:Highlands
426:Yorkshire
389:Liverpool
229:Franglish
213:Tok Pisin
193:Spanglish
162:Tok Pisin
35:Pig Latin
1411:Standard
1381:Learning
1369:Nerrière
1360:Globish
1276:Malaysia
1248:Pakistan
1188:Zimbabwe
1116:Cameroon
950:Barbados
681:Atlantic
649:Americas
566:Abercraf
535:Scotland
514:Cornwall
435:Midlands
419:Teesside
414:Tyneside
404:Pitmatic
367:Cheshire
313:Dialects
235:See also
1341:Engrish
1336:E-Prime
1309:Related
1296:Vietnam
1281:Myanmar
1151:Nigeria
1146:Namibia
1136:Liberia
1018:Oceania
1000:Bermuda
972:Jamaica
899:Chicano
737:Midland
723:United
659:America
595:Ireland
571:Cardiff
543:Glasgow
492:Cockney
372:Cumbria
350:England
341:Britain
317:accents
276:. 2009.
197:Llanito
89:(India)
57:creoles
55:become
49:English
1364:Gogate
1271:Brunei
1183:Uganda
1166:accent
1141:Malawi
1109:Africa
1084:accent
1039:accent
982:Samaná
955:Bequia
774:accent
747:Boston
725:States
708:Quebec
668:Canada
657:North
613:Ulster
603:Dublin
519:Dorset
377:Barrow
339:Great
330:Europe
45:pidgin
1406:Plain
1321:Basic
1243:Nepal
1231:India
1131:Kenya
1126:Ghana
1091:Palau
1051:South
894:Cajun
835:Texas
830:Older
810:South
781:North
757:Maine
576:Gower
558:Wales
474:South
359:North
1197:Asia
1074:Fiji
1061:West
977:Saba
842:West
762:West
752:East
315:and
319:of
1428::
59:.
305:e
298:t
291:v
174:)
164:)
37:.
30:.
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