471:
459:
3397:
139:
250:
2047:'s analysis of creoles, on the other hand, claims that the syntax of creoles is imposed on the grammarless pidgin by its first native speakers: the children who grow up exposed to only a pidgin rather than a more developed language such as one of the local languages or English. In this analysis, the original syntax of creoles is in some sense the default grammar humans are born with.
253:
252:
257:
256:
251:
609:, which developed in parallel, have traditionally been treated as varieties of a single Melanesian Pidgin English or "Neo-Melanesian" language. The flourishing of the mainly English-based Tok Pisin in German New Guinea (despite the language of the metropolitan power being German) is to be contrasted with
2403:= "church bell". By extension "lunch" or "midday break" (from the bell rung to summon diners to the table). A fanciful derivation has been suggested from the "bellows" of horns used by businesses to indicate the beginning of the lunch hour, but this seems less likely than the straightforward derivation.
258:
645:. Most government documents are produced in English, but public information campaigns are often partially or entirely in Tok Pisin. While English is the main language in the education system, some schools use Tok Pisin in the first three years of elementary education to promote early literacy.
1854:
immediately before the verb. This may or may not be written separate from the verb, occasionally written as a prefix. Although the word is thought to be derived from "he" or "is", it is not itself a pronoun or a verb but a grammatical marker used in particular constructions, e.g.,
255:
2020:
Tok Pisin is a language that developed out of regional dialects of the languages of the local inhabitants and
English, brought into the country when English speakers arrived. There were four phases in the development of Tok Pisin that were laid out by Loreto Todd.
415:
Between five and six million people use Tok Pisin to some degree, although not all speak it fluently. Many now learn it as a first language, in particular the children of parents or grandparents who originally spoke different languages (for example, a mother from
3247:
Yumi olgeta mama karim umi long stap fri na wankain long wei yumi lukim i gutpela na strepela tru. Yumi olgeta igat ting ting bilong wanem samting i rait na rong na mipela olgeta i mas mekim gutpela pasin long ol narapela long tingting bilong brata
592:
was also spoken). It became a widely used lingua franca and language of interaction between rulers and ruled, and among the ruled themselves who did not share a common vernacular. Tok Pisin and the closely related
2038:
Tok Pisin is also known as a "mixed" language. This means that it consists of characteristics of different languages. Tok Pisin obtained most of its vocabulary from the
English language (i.e., English is its
254:
3745:
5435:
545:
The Tok Pisin language is a result of
Pacific Islanders intermixing, when people speaking numerous different languages were sent to work on plantations in Queensland and various islands (see
3897:. Melanesian Pidgin and Tok Pisin: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Pidgins and Creoles in Melanesia. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 20. p. 345.
5681:
5480:
5485:
3178:= "forbidden", but also "in-laws" (mother-in-law, brother-in-law, etc.) and other relatives whom one is forbidden to speak to, or mention the name of, in some PNG customs (from
3263:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
5428:
4306:
3734:
470:
446:
as the dominant lingua franca among town-dwellers. Perhaps one million people now use Tok Pisin as a primary language. Tok Pisin is slowly "crowding out" other
5502:
5421:
2043:). The origin of the syntax is a matter of debate. Edward Wolfers claimed that the syntax is from the substratum languages—the languages of the local peoples.
1740:
is very common in Tok Pisin. Sometimes it is used as a method of derivation; sometimes words just have it. Some words are distinguished only by reduplication:
845:
of the speaker. More educated speakers, and/or those where the substrate language(s) have larger phoneme inventories, may have as many as 10 distinct vowels.
4117:. Languages For Intercultural Communication In The Pacific Area Project of The Australian Academy of The Humanities, no. 1. Australian National University:
4098:. Proceedings of a conference held at the University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April 1968. Cambridge University Press. pp. 413–422.
5570:
5767:
4250:
Tokpisin
Grammar Workbook for English Speakers. A Practical Approach to Learning the Sentence Structure of Melanesian Pidgin (or Tokpisin).
4237:
4299:
5757:
5721:
3423:
5686:
5542:
642:
653:
There are considerable variations in vocabulary and grammar in various parts of Papua New Guinea, with distinct dialects in the
5762:
4292:
4136:
4080:
4030:
4003:
3959:
3933:
3910:
3883:
3848:
3817:
3237:
458:
1113:
1079:
425:
401:
393:
232:
641:, Tok Pisin is one of the three official languages of Papua New Guinea. It is frequently the language of debate in the
82:
5726:
5585:
4103:
4053:
358:
315:
3498:
4567:
4344:
1282:
1011:
222:
3301:(itself evidence that the linguistic community considers it a language in its own right, and prefers to name it
527:
is not a pidgin in the latter sense, since it has become a first language for many people (rather than simply a
5736:
5337:
4207:
4021:
Smith, Geoff P. (2008). "Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea: phonology". In
Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd (eds.).
3809:
3546:
2917:). (The homophony of this word with the name of the language has led to a limited association between the two;
429:
74:
3710:
212:
5696:
5676:
5648:
5605:
5327:
5322:
5288:
4315:
2050:
Pidgins are less elaborated than non-Pidgin languages. Their typical characteristics found in Tok Pisin are:
1097:
661:
speak rather quickly and often have difficulty making themselves understood elsewhere. The variant spoken on
447:
389:
657:, the north coast of Papua New Guinea, and islands outside of New Guinea. For example, Pidgin speakers from
432:
members, often communicate among themselves in Tok Pisin, either never gaining fluency in a local language (
165:
5615:
4387:
2891:= "what?", "what's going on?" (literally "like what"?); sometimes used as an informal greeting, similar to
2363:). The word is commonly used, with no vulgar undertone, in Tok Pisin and even in Papua New Guinea English.
1289:
1041:
1018:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
Less differentiated phonology: and are not distinguished in Tok Pisin (they are in free variation). The
1216:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
806:
802:
5716:
5671:
5535:
5392:
5387:
4831:
4432:
1261:
1025:
516:
often refer to Tok Pisin as "Pidgin" when speaking
English. This usage of "Pidgin" differs from the term
5711:
5691:
5491:
5347:
5043:
4798:
3777:
1474:
1303:
1122:
953:
946:
2028:
Pidgin
English was used between the local people. The language expanded from the users' mother tongue.
503:, which is descriptive of the typical development and use of pidgins as inter-ethnic trade languages.
5497:
5154:
5010:
4959:
3925:
733:(meaning "language of the colonizers", unsystematically simplified English with some Tok Pisin words)
553:). The labourers began to develop a pidgin, drawing vocabulary primarily from English, but also from
3996:
Growing Up With Tok Pisin: Contact, Creolization, and Change in Papua New Guinea's
National Language
3396:
2381:= "bird" or more specifically a pigeon or dove (an Austronesian loan word); by extension "aeroplane"
412:, the use of Tok Pisin has a shorter history and is less universal, especially among older people.
5595:
5508:
4190:
2173:
1268:
206:
4045:
4982:
4242:
4221:
2181:
2031:
As the interracial contact increased, the vocabulary expanded according to the dominant language.
1470:
983:
976:
960:
838:
392:
and the most widely used language in the country. However, in parts of the southern provinces of
5413:
3760:"TOKSAVE LONG OL RAITS BILONG OL MANMERI LONG OLGETA HAP BILONG DISPELA GIRAUN AS BILONG TOKTOK"
3281:
The published court reports of Papua New Guinea refer to Tok Pisin as "Pidgin": see for example
5565:
5528:
5397:
3759:
2801:= "small boy"; by extension, "young man" (probably from the English jocular/affectionate usage
1838:
1184:
may be marginal, with contrastive use present only in heavily
Anglicized varieties. The use of
1137:
666:
566:
3720:
3059:
2986:
826:
438:) or learning a local language as a second (or third) language, after Tok Pisin (and possibly
5580:
5273:
4886:
4697:
4674:
4472:
3148:
for a sibling of the opposite gender, while a sibling of the same gender as the speaker is a
1061:
918:
911:
751:
589:
5731:
5630:
5551:
5475:
5377:
5352:
4949:
4275:
4265:
4232:
2169:
1133:
990:
670:
654:
533:
to facilitate communication with speakers of other languages). As such, it is considered a
2034:
In areas where
English was the official language, a depidginization occurred (Todd, 1990).
8:
5706:
5625:
5402:
5382:
4944:
4502:
4118:
3740:
3431:
3055:
2982:
2669:= "traditional Sepik-region house with artifacts of ancestors or for honoring ancestors;
662:
562:
3669:
Tok Pisin and its relevance to theoretical issues in creolistics and general linguistics
5620:
5610:
5600:
5590:
5372:
5182:
5101:
4934:
4924:
4899:
4783:
4710:
4609:
4522:
4492:
4372:
4059:
3840:
3452:
3223:
2311:
2187:
1462:
1458:
925:
614:
546:
409:
114:
3518:
198:
5701:
5653:
5575:
5227:
5187:
4929:
4909:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4725:
4639:
4507:
4457:
4142:
4132:
4099:
4076:
4049:
4026:
4009:
3999:
3965:
3955:
3939:
3929:
3906:
3879:
3854:
3844:
3823:
3813:
3542:
3295:
2025:
Casual contact between English speakers and local people developed a marginal pidgin.
1071:
893:
743:
585:
228:
5332:
5217:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5119:
5111:
5096:
5038:
4821:
4750:
4659:
4649:
4644:
4629:
4497:
4482:
4452:
4329:
4122:
3982:
3898:
3871:
3541:(2nd ed.). Hawthorn, Vic., Australia: Lonely Planet Publications. p. 99.
2307:
2158:
1053:
888:
674:
634:
578:
513:
439:
385:
329:
278:
144:
42:
4412:
4259:
5449:
5342:
5263:
5250:
5240:
5235:
5177:
5167:
5053:
5023:
4995:
4972:
4904:
4856:
4836:
4826:
4806:
4773:
4758:
4735:
4720:
4705:
4654:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4596:
4562:
4552:
4532:
4527:
4517:
4487:
4407:
4392:
4367:
4362:
4269:
4211:
4162:
3986:
2319:
2044:
1332:
859:
606:
570:
554:
534:
381:
66:
56:
4284:
2011:
English: "If you take just any nails that happen to be around, those will rust."
5465:
5301:
5296:
5268:
5207:
5162:
5124:
5091:
5081:
5061:
5028:
5018:
4919:
4914:
4894:
4876:
4846:
4841:
4816:
4788:
4778:
4768:
4763:
4730:
4715:
4664:
4634:
4604:
4577:
4547:
4537:
4462:
4447:
4442:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4397:
4382:
4377:
4199:
3339:
2248:
means "fish" (and usually has a sound closer to , almost like the English word
2142:
558:
119:
103:
3688:
The scientific study of Tok Pisin: language planning and the Tok Pisin lexicon
1353:"eat", can be transitive without it. Tense is indicated by the separate words
848:
Nasal plus plosive offsets lose the plosive element in Tok Pisin e.g. English
5751:
5306:
5278:
5258:
5212:
5172:
5129:
5086:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5033:
4990:
4967:
4939:
4682:
4572:
4557:
4542:
4477:
4467:
4437:
4402:
4194:
3503:
3384:
2918:
2664:
1807:
1764:
1737:
711:(meaning "language of the villages") which is the traditional rural Tok Pisin
618:
529:
397:
4255:
4214:, a collaborative internet project to revise and update Fr. Frank Mihalic's
4146:
4042:
Toward a Reference Grammar of Tok Pisin: An Experiment in Corpus Linguistics
4013:
3969:
3827:
2497:
5000:
4851:
4811:
4740:
4512:
4279:
4248:
4167:
3950:
3943:
3870:. Varieties of English Around the World. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
3524:
2177:
2154:
1793:
1166:
622:
574:
550:
405:
110:
3902:
3858:
3165:
182:
4687:
4276:
Traditional "house cry"/"kisim sori na kam" ceremony for big man Paul Ine
3480:
3478:
3476:
2805:, applied to mischievous children, although a derivation from the German
1811:
1756:
1255:
1243:
1229:
658:
4227:
4063:
2449:= "grandparent", any elderly relation; also "grandchild". Possibly from
5520:
4200:
A bibliography of Tok Pisin dictionaries, phrase books and study guides
4127:
4091:
3424:"Tok Pisin | Definition of Tok Pisin in English by Oxford Dictionaries"
3389:
3187:
2991:
2322:(part of the country was under German rule until 1919). Some examples:
2054:
A smaller vocabulary which leads to metaphors to supply lexical units:
1842:
1297:
1248:
905:
3893:
Mundhenk, Norm (1990). "Linguistic decisions in the Tok Pisin Bible".
3473:
1837:
Several of these features derive from the common grammatical norms of
512:, it is also called "New Guinea Pidgin" in English. Papua New Guinean
487:, but has a wider application, also meaning 'word, speech, language'.
4334:
2737:= "chicken" (probably onomatapoetic, from the crowing of the rooster)
2450:
2315:
1466:
1416:
for adjectives; from "fellow") when modifying nouns; an exception is
1395:
1276:
1107:
1089:
1004:
998:
939:
842:
834:
794:
685:
638:
610:
443:
191:
175:
157:
4204:
3875:
3866:
Mühlhäusler, Peter; Dutton, Thomas Edward; Romaine, Suzanne (2003).
3020:
is the transitive form) = "get out, throw out, remove" (from German
2839:= "it doesn't matter", "don't worry about it" (probably from German
2453:, where it is a familiar form of "tubu", as in "tubuna" or "tubugu".
1777:), which is equivalent to "of", "from" and some uses of "for": e.g.
3805:
2125:(grass of the head) = "hair" (Hall, 1966: 90f) (Most commonly just
2078:
2040:
898:
822:
368:
240:
31:
3977:
Romaine, Suzanne (1991). "The Pacific". In Cheshire, Jenny (ed.).
5470:
5443:
1841:– although usually in a simplified form. Other features, such as
1454:
933:
818:
598:
594:
462:
A 1971 reference book on Tok Pisin (referring to the language as
236:
5445:
4182:
Offers Tok Pisin translator, vocabulary, and discussion groups.
3735:"Prince of Wales, 'nambawan pikinini', visits Papua New Guinea"
3320:
2900:
1825:
1132:
Voiced plosives are pronounced by many speakers (especially of
1034:
969:
518:
495:
421:
417:
377:
263:
4044:. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications, no. 26. Honolulu:
3954:(in Tok Pisin). The Bible Society of Papua New Guinea. 1980.
2090:
1848:
Sentences which have a 3rd person subject often put the word
830:
747:
678:
602:
335:
4185:
4179:
3981:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 619–636.
3163:
2102:
1925:
Completive or perfective aspect expressed through the word
1389:
1318:
4186:
Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin) English Bilingual Dictionary
2111:
almost always indicates the knee. In liturgical contexts,
1373:). The present progressive tense is indicated by the word
725:(meaning "talk of the Towns") which is the urban Tok Pisin
442:). Over the decades, Tok Pisin has increasingly overtaken
284:
239:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4090:
Wolfers, Edward (1971). "A report on Neo-Melanesian". In
3837:
The Jacaranda Dictionary and Grammar of Melanesian Pidgin
347:
304:
298:
4258:– with recorded dialogs, children's ditties and a hymn (
4025:. Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 188–209.
3865:
3600:
3484:
3346:
as having had an important influence on early Tok Pisin.
3136:= "sister", though nowadays very commonly supplanted by
1477:
is less so. The largest Tok Pisin pronoun inventory is,
1469:. The paradigm varies depending on the local languages;
1422:"little". It is also found on numerals and determiners:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3555:
3979:
English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives
3698:
3648:
3636:
3624:
2306:
Many words in the Tok Pisin language are derived from
1806:), which is used for various other relations (such as
4222:
Tok Pisin background, vocabulary, sounds, and grammar
1899:
Continuative same tense is expressed through: verb +
860:
voiced plosives become voiceless at the ends of words
359:
350:
344:
338:
316:
307:
301:
287:
3612:
3588:
3567:
3499:"Papua New Guinea's incredible linguistic diversity"
2711:= "food", "eat", "to bite" (Austronesian loan word)
584:
This English-based pidgin evolved into Tok Pisin in
332:
295:
281:
4023:
Varieties of English 3: The Pacific and Australasia
3536:
3365:
3363:
1154:can be either dental or alveolar consonants, while
292:
4238:Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin (The Bible in Tok Pisin)
3733:
703:(meaning "talk of the people of the remote areas")
4314:
4274:Audio and video recordings of a Tok Pisin event.
3868:Tok Pisin Texts from the Beginning to the Present
2769:= "church", "worship" from Fijian, but sometimes
621:, the vernacular of the indigenous people of the
499:; the latter, in turn, may originate in the word
5749:
4218:. An illustrated online dictionary of Tok Pisin.
4180:Tok Pisin Translation, Resources, and Discussion
3525:Nupela Testamen bilong Bikpela Jisas Kraist 1969
3360:
2811:, meaning "little man", has also been suggested)
4245:Anglican liturgy of Holy Communion in Tok Pisin
4112:
3692:
3673:
3324:
3314:
3245:
3217:
3209:
3197:
3173:
3157:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3119:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3049:
3037:
3029:
3015:
3009:
2997:
2976:
2964:
2958:
2948:
2942:
2930:
2908:
2898:
2886:
2874:
2866:
2856:
2848:
2834:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2796:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2764:
2752:
2740:
2732:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2694:
2686:
2680:
2670:
2662:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2582:
2564:
2550:
2538:
2526:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2490:
2478:
2470:
2464:
2456:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2406:
2398:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2366:
2354:
2346:
2340:
2326:
2266:
2257:
2243:
2237:
2161:, then known through his relation to the Queen.
2148:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2112:
2106:
2096:
2084:
2068:
2060:
2000:
1986:
1970:
1956:
1940:
1926:
1910:
1900:
1884:
1870:
1856:
1849:
1829:
1815:
1797:
1784:
1778:
1768:
1747:
1741:
1720:
1706:
1692:
1678:
1659:
1645:
1631:
1617:
1594:
1580:
1566:
1544:
1530:
1516:
1502:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1380:
1374:
1364:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1322:
1207:
1201:
867:
853:
728:
720:
714:
706:
698:
692:
507:
488:
478:
433:
3054:= "know", "to do habitually" (ultimately from
1392:does not indicate number, though pronouns do.
617:, which was derived not from English but from
424:). Urban families in particular, and those of
5536:
5429:
4300:
4073:Papua New Guinea Tok Pisin English Dictionary
3802:A New Course in Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin)
3800:Dutton, Thomas Edward; Thomas, Dicks (1985).
2921:speakers, for example, refer to Tok Pisin as
1895:English: "And the prime minister spoke thus."
1861:is "car forbidden here", i.e., "no parking".
1192:is variable. There is also variation between
677:but is much closer to that than it is to the
4075:. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
3799:
3021:
2840:
2806:
2570:
2412:
2271:in Tok Pisin could have represented English
681:spoken in the rest of the Solomon Islands.
372:), often referred to by English speakers as
4113:Wurm, S. A.; Mühlhäusler, P., eds. (1985).
4096:Pidginization and Creolization of Languages
3952:Nupela Testamen bilong Bikpela Jisas Kraist
3685:
3666:
3537:Mühlhäusler, Peter; Monaghan, Paul (1999).
2256:was reduplicated to keep it distinct: thus
2015:
5543:
5529:
5436:
5422:
4307:
4293:
3305:), as well as numerous references therein.
2953:, literally "you close mouth" = "shut up!"
2922:
2641:(vulgar) = "toilet" ("shit house"), also:
506:While Tok Pisin's name in the language is
4126:
4115:Handbook of Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin)
3416:
3403:
3124:= "stay", "be (somewhere)", "live" (from
2236:would have been realised in Tok Pisin as
474:Hotel room door signs in Papua New Guinea
16:English creole spoken in Papua New Guinea
5550:
4216:Grammar and Dictionary of Neo-Melanesian
3892:
3561:
2461:= "tree", "wood", "plant", "stick", etc.
1161:In most Tok Pisin dialects, the phoneme
697:(meaning "talk of the remote areas") or
469:
457:
248:
4089:
4039:
3976:
3834:
3778:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"
3716:
3704:
3654:
3642:
3630:
2625:= "animal hospital" ("house dog sick")
2331:= "bottom", "cause", "beginning" (from
1955:Transitive words are expressed through
1215:Likewise, there may be marginal use of
233:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5750:
4070:
3919:
3485:Mühlhäusler, Dutton & Romaine 2003
2905:- homosexual man, or transsexual woman
1985:Future is expressed through the word "
1951:English: "He had got out of the boat."
837:. However, this varies with the local
648:
367:
30:
5524:
5417:
4288:
4020:
3998:. London: Battlebridge Publications.
3993:
3618:
3606:
3594:
3582:
3380:
3378:
3369:
3256:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3238:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2569:= "house" or "building" (from German
3496:
2633:= "place of mourning" ("house cry")
2587:= "a male/female domestic servant";
829:. It has around 24 core phonemes: 5
754:. The letters are (vowels in bold):
669:is moderately distinct from that of
3530:
2657:= "toilet/bathroom" ("small house")
2150:nambawan pikinini bilong misis kwin
1864:
1828:are used as prepositions, such as '
1410:, though more so for pronouns, and
1169:, . There can be variation between
742:The Tok Pisin alphabet contains 21
719:(meaning "talk of the schools") or
13:
4155:
3411:The Linguistics Student's Handbook
3375:
2675:means "ancestor spirit" or "ghost"
2359:= "broken", "to break down" (from
1347:, "see"). But some verbs, such as
817:Tok Pisin has a smaller number of
628:
14:
5779:
5758:English-based pidgins and creoles
4228:Radio Australia Tok Pisin service
4173:
2969:= "he is confused" (from English
2861:= "woman" (from the English name
2593:can also mean "servants quarters"
2411:= "petrol/gasoline" (from German
1981:English: "Finish your story now!"
1845:, are however closer to English.
1302:
1288:
1281:
1267:
1260:
1121:
1112:
1096:
1078:
1060:
1040:
1024:
1017:
1010:
989:
982:
975:
959:
952:
945:
924:
917:
910:
540:
262:A Tok Pisin speaker, recorded in
3748:from the original on 2022-01-12.
3395:
3034:= "frog" (probably onomatopoeic)
2469:= "pregnant" (lit. "has belly";
2073:= "heavy" (adj) and "weight" (n)
1820:. "We went to the black market".
328:
277:
137:
4345:Papua New Guinean Sign Language
3895:Melanesian Pidgin and Tok Pisin
3770:
3752:
3726:
3679:
3660:
3332:
3308:
3288:
3230:
2871:(lit. "bull-cow female") = cow.
2065:= "election" (n) and "vote" (v)
588:(where the German-based creole
5571:Federated States of Micronesia
5481:Loyalty Islands Pidgin English
4256:Robert Eklund's Tok Pisin Page
3810:Australian National University
3490:
3445:
3275:
3188:various Austronesian languages
3162:= "milk, breasts" (from Malay
3142:. Some Tok Pisin speakers use
2947:= "shut up", "be quiet", i.e.
2262:means "urine" or "to urinate".
1921:English: "He/She is sleeping."
1817:Mipela i bin go long blekmaket
493:derives from the English word
1:
5768:Subject–verb–object languages
5763:Languages of Papua New Guinea
5486:New Caledonian Pidgin English
4316:Languages of Papua New Guinea
3792:
3428:Oxford Dictionaries | English
2927:, literally "bird language".)
2853:= "moustache" ("mouth grass")
2301:
875:
448:languages of Papua New Guinea
4205:Revising the Mihalic Project
3987:10.1017/CBO9780511611889.042
3920:Murphy, John Joseph (1985).
3353:
3329:, "this slightly big stone".
3202:= "only, just"; "but" (from
2963:= "wrong", "confused", i.e.
2791:= "kangaroo" ("big wallaby")
2617:= "hospital" ("house sick")
2601:= restaurant ("house food")
2389:= "angry" (lit. "belly hot")
2213:are also not distinguished.
1673:
1612:
1558:
1497:
812:
390:language of Papua New Guinea
7:
4040:Verhaar, John W.M. (1995).
3693:Wurm & Mühlhäusler 1985
3686:Mühlhäusler, Peter (1984),
3674:Wurm & Mühlhäusler 1985
3667:Mühlhäusler, Peter (1984),
3326:dispela bikpela liklik ston
2981:= "child", ultimately from
2745:= "arrive", "become" (from
2295:. In fact, it means "ship".
2168:A reduced grammar: lack of
2153:(literally "first child of
1180:The labiodental fricatives
841:languages and the level of
737:
537:in linguistic terminology.
10:
5784:
5492:Micronesian Pidgin English
5444:Mid-Pacific English-based
4233:Tok Pisin Radio on Youtube
3922:The Book of Pidgin English
3323:meaning "slightly", as in
3002:= "thief, criminal" (from
1755:There are only two proper
1312:
5662:
5639:
5558:
5498:Queensland Kanaka English
5456:
5365:
5315:
5287:
5249:
5226:
5153:
5110:
5052:
5009:
4981:
4958:
4885:
4797:
4749:
4696:
4673:
4595:
4586:
4353:
4322:
3926:Bathurst, New South Wales
3835:Mihalic, Francis (1971).
2691:= "he has a big problem".
2609:= "bank" ("house money")
2543:= "the other side" (from
2242:. In fact, the Tok Pisin
2216:All of the English words
1789:"They are from Gordon's".
1301:
1223:
1106:
1088:
1070:
1052:
997:
932:
904:
885:
219:
205:
189:
173:
155:
150:
132:Official language in
130:
125:
100:
63:
48:
38:
26:
21:
5722:Northern Mariana Islands
5509:Samoan Plantation Pidgin
3994:Smith, Geoff P. (2002).
3268:
2935:= "close", "lock" (from
2865:); also "female", e.g.,
2716:kaikai bilong moningtaim
2531:= a piece of wood (from
2351:= "the stump of a tree".
2314:influences), indigenous
2016:Development of Tok Pisin
1398:usually take the suffix
523:as used in linguistics.
483:originates from English
54:130,000 (2004–2016)
5687:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3461:www.merriam-webster.com
3325:
3319:can also be used as an
3315:
3246:
3218:
3210:
3198:
3174:
3158:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3120:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3082:
3070:
3050:
3038:
3030:
3016:
3010:
2998:
2977:
2965:
2959:
2949:
2943:
2931:
2923:
2909:
2899:
2887:
2875:
2867:
2857:
2849:
2835:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2797:
2787:
2779:
2771:
2765:
2753:
2741:
2733:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2695:
2687:
2681:
2671:
2663:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2589:
2583:
2565:
2551:
2539:
2527:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2491:
2479:
2471:
2465:
2457:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2407:
2399:
2393:
2385:
2377:
2367:
2355:
2347:
2341:
2327:
2267:
2258:
2244:
2238:
2149:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2113:
2107:
2097:
2085:
2069:
2061:
2001:
1987:
1971:
1957:
1941:
1927:
1911:
1901:
1885:
1871:
1857:
1850:
1830:
1816:
1798:
1785:
1779:
1769:
1748:
1742:
1721:
1707:
1693:
1679:
1660:
1646:
1632:
1618:
1595:
1581:
1567:
1545:
1531:
1517:
1503:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1381:
1375:
1365:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1323:
1208:
1202:
1200:in some words, such as
868:
854:
781:Three of the digraphs (
729:
721:
715:
707:
699:
693:
613:, the lingua franca of
508:
489:
479:
453:
434:
4266:Tok Pisin Swadesh List
3164:
3022:
2845:= "it doesn't matter")
2841:
2807:
2757:= "get", "take" (from
2685:= "heavy", "problem".
2571:
2472:pasin bilong givim bel
2413:
2101:(screw of the leg) = "
2089:(screw of the arm) = "
1869:Past tense: marked by
1839:Austronesian languages
1834:, "in the middle of".
1404:(now often pronounced
567:Austronesian languages
475:
467:
266:
221:This article contains
5665:and other territories
5552:Languages of Oceania
4071:Volker, C.A. (2008).
4046:University of Hawaiʻi
3903:10.1075/slcs.20.16mun
3497:A.V. (24 July 2017).
3434:on September 24, 2018
3190:, the origin of Eng.
2699:= "catch fish" (from
2688:Em i gat bigpela hevi
2371:= "completely broken"
1536:(both of them, and I)
1473:is common, while the
1165:is pronounced as the
1138:prenasalized plosives
473:
461:
261:
5503:Maori Pidgin English
5476:Torres Strait Creole
4191:Tok Pisin phrasebook
3409:Laurie Bauer, 2007,
3283:Schubert v The State
3214:= "English language"
2775:is used for "church"
2525:= a piece of, as in
2345:= "his birthplace".
2057:Smaller vocabulary:
1858:Kar i tambu long hia
1831:long namel (bilong)'
1586:(both of you, and I)
1550:(all of them, and I)
1167:alveolar tap or flap
746:, five of which are
655:New Guinea Highlands
569:(perhaps especially
388:. It is an official
4260:alternative address
4119:Pacific Linguistics
3843:: Jacaranda Press.
3744:. 4 November 2013.
3609:, pp. 199–200.
3299:entry for Tok Pisin
2131: —see note on
1886:Na praim minista i
1726:(they four or more)
1600:(all of you, and I)
1590:you me three fellow
1450:→ Eng. "this bloke"
1237:
1228:Tok Pisin has five
882:
881:Consonant phonemes
801:, is used for both
649:Regional variations
643:national parliament
59:speakers: 4,000,000
4323:Official languages
4210:2016-09-05 at the
3841:Milton, Queensland
3224:indefinite article
3074:= "remnant" (from
2724:kaikai bilong nait
2005:
1665:(you four or more)
1369:(past) (< Eng.
1359:Future (< Eng.
1235:
880:
862:, so that English
852:becomes Tok Pisin
799:⟨ng⟩
797:while the fourth,
791:⟨oi⟩
787:⟨au⟩
783:⟨ai⟩
547:South Sea Islander
476:
468:
420:and a father from
384:spoken throughout
369:[tokpisin]
267:
115:Tok Pisin alphabet
32:[tokpisin]
5745:
5744:
5737:Wallis and Futuna
5682:Clipperton Island
5640:Associated states
5518:
5517:
5411:
5410:
5361:
5360:
4138:978-0-85883-321-0
4082:978-0-19-555112-9
4032:978-3-11-019637-5
4005:978-1-903292-06-8
3961:978-0-647-03671-6
3935:978-0-404-14160-8
3912:978-90-272-3023-2
3885:978-90-272-4718-6
3850:978-0-7016-8112-8
3819:978-0-85883-341-8
3539:Pidgin phrasebook
3393:(25th ed., 2022)
3254:Article 1 of the
3235:Article 1 of the
2819:= "people" (from
2727:= "dinner/supper"
2555:= "purple" (from
2342:As ples bilong em
2176:; reduced set of
2003:
1802:(etym. < Eng.
1773:(etym. < Eng.
1735:
1734:
1576:you me two fellow
1310:
1309:
1158:is only alveolar.
1129:
1128:
1037:
1007:
972:
942:
708:Tok Bilong Asples
586:German New Guinea
464:Melanesian Pidgin
374:New Guinea Pidgin
366:
360:tawk, -zin
259:
247:
246:
229:rendering support
225:phonetic symbols.
83:Melanesian Pidgin
5775:
5727:Pitcairn Islands
5697:French Polynesia
5677:Christmas Island
5606:Papua New Guinea
5586:Marshall Islands
5559:Sovereign states
5545:
5538:
5531:
5522:
5521:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5415:
5414:
5348:Southeast Papuan
5338:Ramu–Lower Sepik
4593:
4592:
4354:Major Indigenous
4309:
4302:
4295:
4286:
4285:
4278:. Archived with
4224:, by Jeff Siegel
4150:
4130:
4109:
4086:
4067:
4036:
4017:
3990:
3973:
3947:
3928:: Robert Brown.
3924:(6th ed.).
3916:
3889:
3862:
3831:
3786:
3785:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3737:
3730:
3724:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3430:. Archived from
3420:
3414:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3382:
3373:
3367:
3347:
3345:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3292:
3286:
3279:
3250:
3221:
3213:
3201:
3177:
3169:
3161:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3123:
3113:
3105:
3097:
3086:= "ocean" (from
3085:
3073:
3053:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3001:
2980:
2968:
2962:
2952:
2946:
2934:
2926:
2912:
2904:
2890:
2878:
2870:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2838:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2810:
2800:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2768:
2756:
2744:
2736:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2698:
2690:
2684:
2674:
2668:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2624:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2592:
2586:
2584:hausboi/hausmeri
2574:
2568:
2554:
2542:
2530:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2495:= "hello" (from
2494:
2482:
2474:
2468:
2460:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2416:
2410:
2402:
2400:belo bilong lotu
2397:= "bell", as in
2396:
2388:
2380:
2370:
2358:
2350:
2344:
2330:
2270:
2261:
2247:
2241:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2159:King Charles III
2152:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2116:
2110:
2100:
2088:
2072:
2064:
2008:
1990:
1978:
1960:
1948:
1930:
1917:
1904:
1892:
1874:
1865:Tense and aspect
1860:
1853:
1833:
1819:
1801:
1788:
1786:Ol bilong Godons
1782:
1772:
1751:
1745:
1724:
1710:
1696:
1682:
1663:
1655:you three fellow
1649:
1635:
1621:
1598:
1596:yumipela or yumi
1584:
1570:
1548:
1534:
1520:
1506:
1480:
1479:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1385:"He is eating".
1384:
1378:
1368:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1326:
1306:
1292:
1285:
1271:
1264:
1238:
1234:
1218:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1136:backgrounds) as
1125:
1116:
1100:
1082:
1064:
1044:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1003:
993:
986:
979:
968:
963:
956:
949:
938:
928:
921:
914:
883:
879:
871:
857:
808:
804:
800:
792:
788:
784:
732:
724:
718:
710:
702:
696:
675:East New Britain
579:East New Britain
511:
492:
482:
437:
386:Papua New Guinea
371:
364:
357:
356:
353:
352:
349:
346:
341:
340:
337:
334:
322:
319:
314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
290:
289:
286:
283:
276:
260:
215:
201:
185:
178:
169:
168:
160:
145:Papua New Guinea
143:
141:
140:
106:
69:
43:Papua New Guinea
34:
19:
18:
5783:
5782:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5664:
5658:
5641:
5635:
5616:Solomon Islands
5554:
5549:
5519:
5514:
5452:
5442:
5412:
5407:
5357:
5328:Kainantu–Goroka
5323:Finisterre–Huon
5316:Larger families
5311:
5289:Turama–Kikorian
5283:
5245:
5222:
5149:
5106:
5048:
5011:East Strickland
5005:
4977:
4954:
4881:
4793:
4745:
4692:
4669:
4588:
4582:
4355:
4349:
4318:
4313:
4270:Rosetta Project
4212:Wayback Machine
4176:
4163:Throwim Way Leg
4158:
4156:Further reading
4153:
4139:
4106:
4083:
4056:
4033:
4006:
3962:
3936:
3913:
3886:
3876:10.1075/veaw.t9
3851:
3820:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3715:
3711:
3703:
3699:
3684:
3680:
3665:
3661:
3653:
3649:
3641:
3637:
3629:
3625:
3617:
3613:
3605:
3601:
3593:
3589:
3581:
3568:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3535:
3531:
3523:
3519:
3509:
3507:
3495:
3491:
3487:, pp. 1–5.
3483:
3474:
3465:
3463:
3453:"Definition of
3451:
3450:
3446:
3437:
3435:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3383:
3376:
3368:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3343:
3337:
3333:
3313:
3309:
3293:
3289:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3233:
3111:sop bilong gras
3098:= "soap"; also
2913:= "bird" (from
2575:and/or English
2483:= "hair" (from
2348:As bilong diwai
2318:languages, and
2304:
2134:skru bilong lek
2122:gras bilong het
2098:skru bilong lek
2086:skru bilong han
2045:Derek Bickerton
2018:
1942:Em i lusim bot
1867:
1727:
1725:
1713:
1711:
1699:
1697:
1685:
1683:
1666:
1664:
1652:
1650:
1638:
1636:
1624:
1622:
1601:
1599:
1587:
1585:
1573:
1571:
1551:
1549:
1540:me three fellow
1537:
1535:
1523:
1521:
1509:
1507:
1382:Hem kaikai stap
1315:
1236:Vowel phonemes
1226:
878:
866:is rendered as
858:. Furthermore,
815:
798:
790:
786:
782:
740:
722:Tok Bilong Taun
651:
631:
629:Official status
607:Solomon Islands
543:
456:
382:creole language
343:
331:
327:
320:
317:
291:
280:
274:
273:
249:
227:Without proper
211:
197:
181:
174:
164:
163:
156:
138:
136:
133:
126:Official status
118:
107:
102:
96:
70:
67:Language family
65:
55:
51:
50:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
5781:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5717:Norfolk Island
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5672:American Samoa
5668:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5645:
5643:
5642:of New Zealand
5637:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5555:
5548:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5525:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5506:
5500:
5495:
5489:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5441:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5418:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5369:
5367:
5366:Sign languages
5363:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5255:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5232:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5116:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5058:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5015:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4987:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4964:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4891:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4755:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4679:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4601:
4599:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4359:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4312:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4272:
4263:
4253:
4246:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4202:
4197:
4188:
4183:
4175:
4174:External links
4172:
4171:
4170:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4137:
4110:
4104:
4087:
4081:
4068:
4054:
4037:
4031:
4018:
4004:
3991:
3974:
3960:
3948:
3934:
3917:
3911:
3890:
3884:
3863:
3849:
3832:
3818:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3782:United Nations
3769:
3751:
3725:
3709:
3707:, p. 315.
3697:
3695:, p. 640.
3678:
3676:, p. 462.
3659:
3657:, p. 631.
3647:
3645:, p. 629.
3635:
3633:, p. 354.
3623:
3621:, p. 196.
3611:
3599:
3597:, p. 200.
3587:
3585:, p. 195.
3566:
3564:, p. 372.
3554:
3547:
3529:
3517:
3489:
3472:
3444:
3415:
3402:
3374:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3331:
3307:
3287:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3252:
3251:
3241:in Tok Pisin:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3222:= "one", "a" (
3215:
3207:
3195:
3171:
3155:
3129:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3107:
3106:= "toothpaste"
3103:sop bilong tut
3091:
3079:
3067:
3062:, cf. English
3047:
3035:
3027:
3026:meaning "out")
3007:
2995:
2989:; cf. English
2974:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2928:
2906:
2896:
2884:
2879:= "all" (from
2872:
2854:
2846:
2832:
2812:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2788:bikpela magani
2776:
2762:
2750:
2738:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2720:
2704:
2692:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2650:
2634:
2626:
2618:
2610:
2602:
2594:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2548:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2488:
2476:
2475:= "fertility")
2462:
2454:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2404:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2368:bagarap olgeta
2352:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2263:
2184:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2118:
2094:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1866:
1863:
1822:
1821:
1790:
1733:
1732:
1718:
1704:
1690:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1657:
1643:
1641:you two fellow
1629:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1592:
1578:
1564:
1561:
1560:1st inclusive
1557:
1556:
1542:
1528:
1522:(he/she and I)
1514:
1500:
1499:1st exclusive
1496:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1452:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1331:) to indicate
1321:has a suffix,
1314:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1178:
1159:
1141:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1094:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1076:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1001:
995:
994:
987:
980:
973:
965:
964:
957:
950:
943:
936:
930:
929:
922:
915:
908:
902:
901:
896:
891:
886:
877:
874:
872:in Tok Pisin.
833:and around 19
814:
811:
779:
778:
773:, p, r, s, t,
769:, k, l, m, n,
739:
736:
735:
734:
726:
712:
704:
688:of Tok Pisin:
650:
647:
630:
627:
573:, that of the
565:and their own
542:
541:Classification
539:
455:
452:
245:
244:
231:, you may see
217:
216:
209:
203:
202:
195:
187:
186:
179:
171:
170:
161:
153:
152:
151:Language codes
148:
147:
134:
131:
128:
127:
123:
122:
120:Pidgin Braille
108:
104:Writing system
101:
98:
97:
95:
94:
93:
92:
91:
90:
75:English Creole
73:
71:
64:
61:
60:
52:
49:
46:
45:
40:
39:Native to
36:
35:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5780:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5712:New Caledonia
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5692:Easter Island
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5661:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5638:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5546:
5541:
5539:
5534:
5532:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5510:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5439:
5434:
5432:
5427:
5425:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5393:Rossel Island
5391:
5389:
5388:Mount Avejaha
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4983:East Kutubuan
4980:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4538:Somba-Siawari
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4305:
4303:
4298:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4105:9780521078337
4101:
4097:
4093:
4092:Dell H. Hymes
4088:
4084:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4055:9780824816728
4051:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3797:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3741:The Telegraph
3736:
3729:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3706:
3701:
3694:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3651:
3644:
3639:
3632:
3627:
3620:
3615:
3608:
3603:
3596:
3591:
3584:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3563:
3562:Mundhenk 1990
3558:
3550:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3521:
3506:
3505:
3504:The Economist
3500:
3493:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3448:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3412:
3406:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3379:
3371:
3366:
3364:
3359:
3341:
3338:The language
3335:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3060:Lingua franca
3057:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3042:= "if" (from
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2987:Lingua franca
2984:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2950:yu pasim maus
2945:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2868:bulmakau meri
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2721:
2719:= "breakfast"
2717:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2665:haus tambaran
2661:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2422:bilong wanem?
2419:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2010:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1991:" (< Eng.
1989:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1862:
1859:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1739:
1738:Reduplication
1731:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1604:you me fellow
1597:
1593:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1526:me two fellow
1519:
1515:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1379: – e.g.
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1179:
1168:
1160:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
985:
981:
978:
974:
971:
967:
966:
962:
958:
955:
951:
948:
944:
941:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
920:
916:
913:
909:
907:
903:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
884:
873:
870:
865:
861:
856:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
810:
796:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
757:
756:
755:
753:
749:
745:
731:
727:
723:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
695:
691:
690:
689:
687:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
646:
644:
640:
636:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
538:
536:
532:
531:
530:lingua franca
526:
522:
520:
515:
510:
504:
502:
498:
497:
491:
486:
481:
472:
465:
460:
451:
449:
445:
441:
436:
431:
430:defence force
427:
423:
419:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
362:
361:
355:
325:
324:
312:
271:
265:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
224:
218:
214:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
194:
193:
188:
184:
180:
177:
172:
167:
162:
159:
154:
149:
146:
135:
129:
124:
121:
116:
112:
109:
105:
99:
89:
86:
85:
84:
81:
80:
78:
77:
76:
72:
68:
62:
58:
53:
47:
44:
41:
37:
33:
29:
27:Pronunciation
25:
20:
5663:Dependencies
5649:Cook Islands
5460:
4799:Chimbu–Wahgi
4587:Other Papuan
4473:Mussau-Emira
4339:
4280:Kaipuleohone
4249:
4215:
4168:Tim Flannery
4161:
4114:
4095:
4072:
4041:
4022:
3995:
3978:
3951:
3921:
3894:
3867:
3836:
3801:
3781:
3772:
3763:
3754:
3739:
3728:
3717:Wolfers 1971
3712:
3705:Verhaar 1995
3700:
3687:
3681:
3668:
3662:
3655:Romaine 1991
3650:
3643:Romaine 1991
3638:
3631:Verhaar 1995
3626:
3614:
3602:
3590:
3557:
3538:
3532:
3520:
3508:. Retrieved
3502:
3492:
3464:. Retrieved
3460:
3454:
3447:
3436:. Retrieved
3432:the original
3427:
3418:
3410:
3405:
3388:
3334:
3310:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3282:
3277:
3262:
3258:in English:
3255:
3253:
3236:
3234:
3231:Example text
3203:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3125:
3087:
3075:
3063:
3058:-influenced
3043:
3011:raus, rausim
3003:
2990:
2985:-influenced
2970:
2936:
2914:
2892:
2881:all together
2880:
2862:
2842:macht nichts
2802:
2783:= "wallaby"
2758:
2746:
2700:
2622:haus dok sik
2576:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2496:
2484:
2441:= "betelnut"
2360:
2336:
2332:
2305:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2253:
2249:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2182:conjunctions
2178:prepositions
2117:is "kneel.")
2049:
2037:
2019:
1992:
1984:
1973:
1962:
1954:
1943:
1932:
1924:
1913:
1898:
1887:
1876:
1868:
1847:
1836:
1823:
1803:
1796:preposition
1783:"your key";
1780:Ki bilong yu
1774:
1767:preposition
1757:prepositions
1754:
1736:
1729:
1716:three fellow
1715:
1712:(they three)
1701:
1687:
1668:
1654:
1640:
1626:
1607:
1603:
1589:
1575:
1553:
1539:
1525:
1511:
1453:
1441:→ Eng. "two"
1432:→ Eng. "one"
1394:
1387:
1370:
1360:
1333:transitivity
1328:
1316:
1227:
863:
849:
847:
816:
780:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
741:
684:There are 4
683:
663:Bougainville
652:
632:
623:Port Moresby
590:Unserdeutsch
583:
551:blackbirding
544:
528:
524:
517:
505:
500:
494:
484:
477:
463:
414:
373:
269:
268:
220:
207:Linguasphere
190:
111:Latin script
87:
5596:New Zealand
5155:Ok–Oksapmin
4960:Duna–Pogaya
4950:Warwar Feni
4887:New Ireland
4698:Binanderean
4128:1885/145234
3413:, Edinburgh
3344:often named
3114:= "shampoo"
2888:olsem wanem
2798:mangi/manki
2646:liklik haus
2598:haus kaikai
2356:bagarap(im)
2252:). English
2174:determiners
2143:Periphrases
2114:brukim skru
2002:Nil nabaut
1999:Tok Pisin:
1969:Tok Pisin:
1961:(< Eng.
1939:Tok Pisin:
1931:(< Eng.
1909:Tok Pisin:
1883:Tok Pisin:
1875:(< Eng.
1714:< Eng. *
1700:< Eng. *
1684:(he/she/it)
1667:< Eng. *
1653:< Eng. *
1651:(you three)
1639:< Eng. *
1602:< Eng. *
1588:< Eng. *
1582:yumitripela
1574:< Eng. *
1572:(you and I)
1524:< Eng. *
1471:dual number
1447:dispela boi
1444:Tok Pisin:
1435:Tok Pisin:
1426:Tok Pisin:
1327:(< Eng.
1230:pure vowels
765:, f, g, h,
750:, and four
671:New Ireland
659:Finschhafen
633:Along with
514:anglophones
235:instead of
5752:Categories
5353:Torricelli
4945:Sursurunga
4503:Numanggang
4195:Wikivoyage
3793:References
3719:, p.
3619:Smith 2008
3607:Smith 2008
3595:Smith 2008
3583:Smith 2008
3548:0864425872
3466:2022-11-16
3438:2018-09-24
3390:Ethnologue
3370:Smith 2008
3211:Tok Inglis
3204:that's all
3088:salt water
3056:Portuguese
2992:pickaninny
2983:Portuguese
2944:pasim maus
2895:in English
2893:what's up?
2825:"man" and
2649:= "toilet"
2630:haus karai
2316:Melanesian
2312:Australian
2302:Vocabulary
2265:Likewise,
1976:stori nau.
1912:Em i slip
1890:tok olsem.
1843:word order
1728:< Eng.
1702:two fellow
1698:(they two)
1686:< Eng.
1669:you fellow
1625:< Eng.
1568:yumitupela
1510:< Eng.
1396:Adjectives
1341:, "look";
1134:Melanesian
876:Consonants
835:consonants
825:language,
795:diphthongs
700:Tok Kanaka
686:sociolects
577:people of
563:Portuguese
521:(language)
376:or simply
5566:Australia
5461:Tok Pisin
5183:Ninggerum
5102:Samberigi
4935:Ramoaaina
4925:Niwer Mil
4900:Fanamaket
4784:Onobasulu
4711:Binandere
4610:Angaataha
4589:languages
4523:Ramoaaina
4493:Niwer Mil
4373:Awad Bing
4356:languages
4340:Tok Pisin
4335:Hiri Motu
3764:ohchr.org
3455:Tok Pisin
3385:Tok Pisin
3354:Citations
3303:Tok Pisin
3297:Glottolog
3285:PNGLR 66.
2966:em i paul
2850:maus gras
2696:hukim pis
2654:smol haus
2606:haus moni
2545:half side
2528:hap diwai
2517:= "happy"
2514:(h)amamas
2451:Hiri Motu
2433:= "brown"
2361:bugger up
2188:sibilants
2155:Mrs Queen
2079:Metaphors
1993:by and by
1752:"sheep".
1647:yutripela
1637:(you two)
1554:me fellow
1532:mitripela
1467:clusivity
1361:by and by
1108:Semivowel
1090:Affricate
1005:voiceless
999:Fricative
940:voiceless
843:education
839:substrate
821:than its
813:Phonology
793:) denote
777:, v, w, y
730:Tok Masta
639:Hiri Motu
611:Hiri Motu
525:Tok Pisin
509:Tok Pisin
444:Hiri Motu
410:Milne Bay
365:Tok Pisin
275:English:
270:Tok Pisin
213:52-ABB-cc
192:Glottolog
176:ISO 639-3
158:ISO 639-2
88:Tok Pisin
22:Tok Pisin
5581:Kiribati
5398:Sinasina
5188:Oksapmin
4930:Patpatar
4910:Konomala
4872:Tembagla
4867:Sinasina
4862:Salt-Yui
4726:Orokaiva
4640:Safeyoka
4513:Pele-Ata
4508:Nyindrou
4458:Mangseng
4243:Eukarist
4208:Archived
4147:12883165
4064:20006762
4014:49834526
3970:12329661
3828:15812820
3806:Canberra
3746:Archived
3294:See the
3151:b(a)rata
2978:pikinini
2924:wan weng
2831:"woman")
2808:Männchen
2759:get them
2672:tambaran
2638:sit haus
2614:haus sik
2590:haus boi
2557:half red
2509:= "good"
2425:= "why?"
2105:" (Just
2041:lexifier
1972:Yu pinis
1814:): e.g.
1808:locative
1765:genitive
1746:"ship",
1633:yutupela
1518:mitupela
1485:Singular
1455:Pronouns
899:Guttural
823:lexifier
819:phonemes
761:, b, d,
752:digraphs
738:Alphabet
716:Tok Skul
501:business
435:tok ples
241:Help:IPA
199:tokp1240
5732:Tokelau
5631:Vanuatu
5471:Bislama
5450:creoles
5446:pidgins
5228:Teberan
5218:Yonggom
5203:Telefol
5198:Suganga
5193:Setaman
5145:Tairuma
5140:Toaripi
5135:Orokolo
5120:Kaki Ae
5097:Lembena
5067:Bisorio
5039:Odoodee
4822:Kandawo
4675:Awin–Pa
4660:Yagwoia
4650:Susuami
4645:Simbari
4630:Kawacha
4498:Nobonob
4483:Nekgini
4453:Mandara
4393:Bugawac
4330:English
4094:(ed.).
4048:Press.
3944:5354671
3510:20 July
3219:wanpela
3083:solwara
3044:suppose
2816:manmeri
2747:come up
2734:kakaruk
2552:hap ret
2540:hapsait
2466:gat bel
2308:English
2137:above.)
1826:phrases
1794:oblique
1708:tripela
1563: –
1494:Plural
1429:wanpela
1313:Grammar
1212:'five'.
1072:Lateral
934:Plosive
894:Coronal
827:English
744:letters
694:Tok Bus
635:English
605:in the
599:Vanuatu
595:Bislama
440:English
402:Central
394:Western
380:, is a
237:Unicode
79:Pacific
5707:Hawaii
5626:Tuvalu
5378:Kailge
5333:Madang
5264:Baramu
5241:Folopa
5236:Dadibi
5178:Ngalum
5168:Faiwol
5112:Eleman
5024:Gobasi
4996:Fiwaga
4973:Pogaya
4915:Kuanua
4905:Kandas
4857:Nomane
4837:Maring
4827:Kaugel
4807:Chuave
4774:Kaluli
4759:Aimele
4751:Bosavi
4736:Yekora
4721:Korafe
4706:Baruga
4655:Tainae
4625:Kamasa
4620:Hamtai
4615:Ankave
4563:Uneapa
4553:Tangga
4533:Solong
4528:Seimat
4518:Petats
4488:Ngaing
4428:Kuanua
4408:Iatmul
4368:Amanab
4363:Adzera
4145:
4135:
4102:
4079:
4062:
4052:
4029:
4012:
4002:
3968:
3958:
3942:
3932:
3909:
3882:
3859:213236
3857:
3847:
3826:
3816:
3545:
3321:adverb
3316:Liklik
3031:rokrok
3017:rausim
3004:rascal
2999:raskol
2937:fasten
2915:pigeon
2901:palopa
2876:olgeta
2803:monkey
2780:magani
2708:kaikai
2414:Benzin
2408:bensin
2386:belhat
2320:German
2310:(with
2259:pispis
2232:, and
2209:, and
2180:, and
2170:copula
2006:i ros.
1933:finish
1914:i stap
1902:i stap
1812:dative
1775:belong
1770:bilong
1749:sipsip
1694:tupela
1661:yupela
1623:(thou)
1608:you me
1552:Eng. *
1546:mipela
1538:Eng. *
1465:, and
1463:number
1459:person
1438:tupela
1419:liklik
1363:) and
1350:kaikai
1224:Vowels
1150:, and
1054:Rhotic
1035:voiced
970:voiced
889:Labial
831:vowels
789:, and
748:vowels
625:area.
571:Kuanua
555:German
535:creole
519:pidgin
496:pidgin
426:police
422:Rabaul
418:Madang
408:, and
378:Pidgin
264:Taiwan
142:
5621:Tonga
5611:Samoa
5601:Palau
5591:Nauru
5466:Pijin
5403:Wanib
5383:Mehek
5343:Sepik
5302:Omati
5297:Ikobi
5274:Tirio
5269:Bitur
5251:Tirio
5208:Tifal
5163:Bimin
5125:Keoru
5092:Kyaka
5082:Ipili
5062:Angal
5054:Engan
5029:Konai
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4920:Label
4895:Bilur
4877:Wahgi
4847:Narak
4842:Melpa
4832:Kuman
4817:Golin
4789:Sonia
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4769:Edolo
4764:Beami
4731:Suena
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4665:Yipma
4635:Menya
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4423:Kovai
4418:Kobon
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4060:JSTOR
3340:Tolai
3269:Notes
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2222:peach
2157:") =
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603:Pijin
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5576:Fiji
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5307:Rumu
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5213:Urap
5173:Mian
5130:Opao
5087:Kewa
5077:Huli
5072:Enga
5044:Samo
5034:Kubo
4991:Fasu
4968:Duna
4940:Siar
4683:Awin
4573:Vitu
4558:Tobo
4543:Suau
4478:Mutu
4438:Kuot
4413:Kâte
4403:Dobu
4388:Bola
4143:OCLC
4133:ISBN
4100:ISBN
4077:ISBN
4050:ISBN
4027:ISBN
4010:OCLC
4000:ISBN
3966:OCLC
3956:ISBN
3940:OCLC
3930:ISBN
3907:ISBN
3880:ISBN
3855:OCLC
3845:ISBN
3824:OCLC
3814:ISBN
3543:ISBN
3512:2017
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1995:):
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1965:):
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1958:-im
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