Adolf Hitler's rise to power

1060: 1200: 1717: 33: 1729: 1018: 1504: 916:(DSP). Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July and angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised that the resignation of their leading public figure and speaker would mean the end of the party. Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich. The committee agreed, and he rejoined the party on 26 July as member 3,680. In the following days, Hitler spoke to several packed houses and defended himself, to thunderous applause. His strategy proved successful: at a general membership meeting, he was granted absolute powers as party chairman, with only one nay vote cast. 646: 783:

it. Hitler attended the "committee" meeting held at the run-down Alte Rosenbad beerhouse. Later Hitler wrote that joining the fledgling party "...was the most decisive resolve of my life. From here there was and could be no turning back. ... I registered as a member of the German Workers' Party and received a provisional membership card with the number 7". Normally, enlisted army personnel were not allowed to join political parties. However, in this case, Hitler had Captain Mayr's permission to join the DAP. Further, Hitler was allowed to stay in the army and receive his weekly pay of 20 gold marks.

332: 1455:, the Nazis won 37.3% of the popular vote (13,745,000 votes), an upswing by 19 percent, becoming the largest party in the Reichstag, with 230 out of 608 seats. Dwarfed by Hitler's electoral gains, the KPD turned away from legal means and increasingly towards violence. One resulting battle in Silesia resulted in the army being dispatched, each shot sending Germany further into a potential civil war. By this time both sides marched into each other's strongholds hoping to spark a rivalry. The attacks continued and reached fever pitch when SA leader Axel Schaffeld was assassinated on 1 August. 3488: 756: 57: 1072:. He received friendly treatment from the guards; he had a room with a view of the river, wore a tie, had regular visitors to his chambers, was allowed mail from supporters and was permitted the use of a private secretary. Pardoned by the Bavarian Supreme Court, he was released from jail on 20 December 1924, after serving just nine months, against the state prosecutor's objections. Hitler used the time in Landsberg Prison to reconsider his political strategy and dictate the first volume of 1233: 1294:

campaigning across the country, even outside of election time. From 1931 to 1933, the Nazis combined terror tactics with conventional campaigning – Hitler criss-crossed the nation by air, while SA troops paraded in the streets, beat up opponents, and broke up their meetings. Systematic statistical analyses demonstrate that voters responded the way they do in most modern elections, which explains why certain identifiable groups turned to the Nazis and others turned away.

1133:, the Nazi Party achieved just 12 seats in the Reichstag. The highest provincial gain was again in Bavaria (5.1%), though in three areas the Nazis failed to gain even 1% of the vote. Overall, the party gained 2.6% of the vote (810,100 votes). Partially due to the poor results, Hitler decided that Germans needed to know more about his goals. Despite being discouraged by his publisher, he wrote a second book that was discovered and released posthumously as the 7280: 6025: 851: 1314: 590:. While some sections of German society were united by this, many industrial workers rallied to the SDP. Historians have expressed that as the German state was still very new at the time, it was therefore impressionable; Bismarck's strategy of confrontation rather than consensus set a tone of either being loyal to the government or an enemy of the state, which directly influenced German nationalist sentiment and the later Nazi movement. 1631:("piece of scenery/decoration") of the new government. German newspapers wrote that, without doubt, the Hitler-led government would try to fight its political enemies (the left-wing parties), but that it would be impossible to establish a dictatorship in Germany because there was "a barrier, over which violence cannot proceed" and because of the German nation being proud of "the freedom of speech and thought". Benno Reifenberg of the 503:, albeit short of an absolute majority. 1933 was a pivotal year for Hitler and the Nazi Party. Traditionally, the leader of the party who held the most seats in the Reichstag was appointed Chancellor. However, President von Hindenburg was hesitant to appoint Hitler as chancellor. Following several backroom negotiations – which included industrialists, Hindenburg's son, the former chancellor 937:, climbed upon a chair and shouted that the Jews were to blame for the misfortunes of Bavaria and the Nazis shouted demands that Ballerstedt yield the floor to Hitler. The Nazis beat up Ballerstedt and shoved him off the stage into the audience. Hitler and Esser were arrested and Hitler commented notoriously to the police commissioner, "It's all right. We got what we wanted. Ballerstedt did not speak". 1571:, a letter signed by 22 important representatives of industry, finance and agriculture, asking Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor. Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler as chancellor after the parliamentary elections of July and November 1932 had not resulted in the formation of a majority government – despite the fact that Hitler had been Hindenburg's opponent in the 637:, in which he argued that effeminate Jewish–Christian ethics were enfeebling Europe, and that Germany was in need of an uncompromising strongman to restore itself and build an empire. Learning from the failed coup, he decided on the tactic of pursuing power through legal means rather than seizing control of the government by force against the state and instead proclaimed a strictly legal course. 1434:, a vehement anti-Semite, in charge of the Berlin SA. The deaths mounted, with many more on the Rotfront side, and by the end of 1931 the SA had suffered 47 deaths and the Rotfront recorded losses of approximately 80 killed. Street fights and beer hall battles resulting in deaths occurred throughout February and April 1932, all against the backdrop of Adolf Hitler's competition in the 1310:

clashes with Nazis on the streets, but Moscow had directed the Communist Party to prioritise destruction of the Social Democrats, seeing more danger in them as a rival for the loyalty of the working class. Nevertheless, wrote Bullock, the heaviest responsibility lay with the German right wing, who "forsook a true conservatism" and made Hitler their partner in a coalition government.

580:'s process of "negative integration" as setting a tone of exclusion in early Germany, which had a lasting influence on later German nationalism. Bismarck sought to prevent the religious and political divisions in early Germany by rallying the populace against a common enemy. Initially Bismarck ran a campaign against the Catholic church from 1873 to the late 1870s, referred to as 522:. Once enacted this law gave the German government the power to override individual rights prescribed by the constitution, and vested the Chancellor (Hitler) with emergency powers to pass and enforce laws without parliamentary oversight. The law came into force in March and by April, Hitler held de facto dictatorial powers and used them to order the construction of the first 586:, questioning whether they were loyal to Berlin or other Catholic states. Instead of uniting German people, it instead resulted in a bolstering of support to the Catholic church, alienating an important religious minority. In 1878, Bismarck then introduced a number of anti-socialist laws that would be in effect from 1878 to 1890 in an attempt to alienate the 2016:"I was offered the opportunity of speaking before a larger audience; and ... it was now corroborated: I could 'speak.' No task could make me happier than this; ... I was able to perform useful services to ... the army. ... n ... my lectures I led many hundreds ... of comrades back to their people and fatherland." 1190:. Goebbels seized upon the attack (and the weeks Wessel spent on his deathbed) to publicize the song, and the funeral was used as an anti-Communist propaganda opportunity for the Nazis. In May, Goebbels was convicted of "libeling" President Hindenburg and fined 800 marks. The conviction stemmed from a 1929 article by Goebbels in his newspaper 1685:, British Ambassador in Berlin, began to revise their opinions. On 22 February 1933, he wrote, "Hitler may be no statesman but he is an uncommonly clever and audacious demagogue and fully alive to every popular instinct", and he informed the Foreign Office that he had no doubt that the Nazis had "come to stay". On receiving the dispatch 946:. After Hitler had spoken for some time, the meeting erupted into a melée in which a small company of SA defeated the opposition. For his part in these events, Hitler was eventually sentenced in January 1922 to three months' imprisonment for "breach of the peace", but only spent a little over one month at Stadelheim Prison in Munich. 689:. In this political chaos Berlin sent in the military – called the "White Guards of Capitalism" by the communists. On 3 April 1919, Hitler was elected as the liaison of his military battalion and again on 15 April. During this time, he urged his unit to stay out of the fighting and not to join either side. 1475:) were tried. Hitler appeared at the trial as a defence witness, but on 22 August the five were convicted and sentenced to death. On appeal, this sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in early September. They served just over four months before Hitler freed all imprisoned Nazis in a 1933 amnesty. 1767:

The Act did not infringe upon the powers of the President, and Hitler would not fully achieve full dictatorial power until after the death of Hindenburg in August 1934. Journalists and diplomats wondered whether Hitler could appoint himself President, who might succeed him as Chancellor, and what the

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failed to stop the Nazi rise. Germany's Weimar political system made it difficult for chancellors to govern with a stable parliamentary majority, and successive chancellors instead relied on the president's emergency powers to govern. In 1931 the Nazi Party altered its strategy to engage in perpetual

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An unprecedented amount of money was thrown behind the campaign and political success increased the party's momentum as it recorded over 100,000 new members in the next few months following the election. Well over one million pamphlets were produced and distributed; sixty trucks were commandeered for

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In June 1919, Hitler was moved to the demobilization office of the 2nd Infantry Regiment. Around this time the German military command released an edict that the army's main priority was to "carry out, in conjunction with the police, stricter surveillance of the population ... so that the ignition of

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At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist movement will go on for 1,000 years! ... Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain

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Both within Germany and abroad, there were initially few fears that Hitler could use his position to establish his later dictatorial single-party regime. Rather, the conservatives that helped to make him chancellor were convinced that they could control Hitler and "tame" the Nazi Party while setting

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On 13 April 1932, following the presidential elections, the German government banned the Nazi Party paramilitaries, the SA and the SS, on the basis of the Emergency Decree for the Preservation of State Authority. This action was prompted by details uncovered by the Prussian police that indicated the

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became commander of the 6th Battalion of the guards' regiment in Munich and from 30 May the head of the "Education and Propaganda Department" of the General Command von Oven and the Group Command No. 4 (Department Ib). In this capacity as head of the intelligence department, Mayr recruited Hitler as

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Employing his characteristic mix of negotiation and intimidation, Hitler offered the possibility of friendly co-operation, promising not to threaten the Reichstag, the President, the States or the Churches if granted the emergency powers. With Nazi paramilitary encircling the building, he said: "It

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Impressed with Hitler's oratory skills, Drexler encouraged him to join the DAP. On the orders of his army superiors, Hitler applied to join the party. Within a week, Hitler received a postcard stating he had officially been accepted as a member and he should come to a "committee" meeting to discuss

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statute on "acts of political violence", increasing the penalty to "lifetime imprisonment, 20 years hard labour or death". Special courts were announced to try such offences. When in power less than half a year later, Hitler would use this legislation against his opponents with devastating effect.

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By early 1920, the DAP had grown to over 101 members, and Hitler received his membership card as member number 555 (the numbers started from 501). Hitler's considerable oratory and propaganda skills were appreciated by the party leadership. With the support of Anton Drexler, Hitler became chief of

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As the Nazi Party was now the largest party in the Reichstag, it was entitled to select the President of the Reichstag and were able to elect Göring for the post. Energised by the success, Hitler asked to be made chancellor. Hitler was offered the job of vice-chancellor by Chancellor Papen at the

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maintained its voting block, but was preoccupied with defending its own particular interests and wrote Bullock: "through 1932–3 ... was so far from recognizing the danger of a Nazi dictatorship that it continued to negotiate with the Nazis". The Communists meanwhile were engaging in violent

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was important as it gained the Nazi Party recognition and credibility it had never had before. In the late 1920s, seeing the party's lack of breakthrough into the mainstream, Goebbels proposed that instead of focusing all of their propaganda in major cities where there was competition from other

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In retrospect, Hitler's rise to power was aided in part by his willingness to use violence in advancing his political objectives and to recruit party members willing to do the same. The party engaged in electoral battles in which Hitler participated as a speaker and organizer. Street battles and

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was officially crushed on 6 May, when Lieutenant General Burghard von Oven and his forces declared the city secure. In the aftermath of arrests and executions, Hitler denounced a fellow liaison, Georg Dufter, as a Soviet "radical rabble-rouser". Other testimony he gave to the military board of

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Apparently someone in an army "educational session" had made a remark that Hitler deemed "pro-Jewish" and Hitler reacted with characteristic ferocity. Shirer states that Hitler had attracted the attention of a right-wing university professor who was engaged to educate enlisted men in "proper"

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and the existence of non-Nazi political parties and organisations. Non-Nazi parties were formally outlawed on 14 July 1933, and the Reichstag abdicated its democratic responsibilities. Hindenburg remained commander-in-chief of the military and retained the power to negotiate foreign treaties.

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in a white circle on a red background. He was discharged from the army in March 1920 and began working full-time for the Nazi Party. Although the NSDAP claimed that Hitler received no income from them and lived on the fees he received from public speaking at non-party events, he was actually

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The membership numbers were artificially started at 501 because the DAP wanted to make itself look larger than it actually was. The membership numbers were also apparently issued alphabetically, and not chronologically, so one cannot infer that Hitler was in fact the party's 55th member.

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one year later. After the coup's failure, Hitler was arrested and put on trial. The trial proved to be a blessing in disguise for Hitler, as it garnered him national fame. Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison, but would only serve nine months. During this time, Hitler wrote

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Toland suggests that Hitler's assignment to this department was partially a reward for his "exemplary" service in the front lines, and partially because the responsible officer felt sorry for Hitler as having no friends, but being very willing to do whatever the army required.

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re-enacted its ban on Brownshirts. Days after the ban, SA-men shot dead two communists in a street fight, which led to a ban being placed on the public speaking of Goebbels, who sidestepped the prohibition by recording speeches and playing them to an audience in his absence.

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in Munich, Hitler and his deputies announced their plan: Bavarian government officials would be deposed, and Hitler installed at the head of government, with Munich then used as a base camp from which to march on Berlin. Nearly 2,000 Nazi Party members proceeded to the

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After Chancellor Papen left office, he secretly told Hitler that he still held considerable sway with President Hindenburg and that he would make Hitler chancellor as long as he, Papen, could be the vice chancellor. Another notable event was the publication of the

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home to Austria, Hitler formally renounced his Austrian citizenship on 7 April 1925, and did not acquire German citizenship until almost seven years later; therefore, he was unable to run for public office. Hitler gained German citizenship after being appointed a

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monarchy – on Sunday morning, 10 November, by a pastor attending to patients. Days after digesting this traumatic news, by his own account Hitler made his decision: "... my own fate became known to me ... I ... decided to go into politics."

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The aggrieved Papen opened negotiations with Hitler, proposing a Nazi-Nationalist Coalition. Having nearly outmaneuvered Hitler, only to be trounced by Schleicher, Papen turned his attentions on defeating Schleicher, and concluded an agreement with Hitler.

1364:. In the aftermath of the election, Papen proposed ruling by decree while drafting a new electoral system, with an upper house. Schleicher convinced Hindenburg to sack Papen, and Schleicher himself became Chancellor, promising to form a workable coalition. 518:, which severely curtailed the liberties and rights of German citizens. Using the decree, Hitler began eliminating his political opponents. Following its passage, Hitler began arguing for more drastic means to curtail political opposition and proposed the 1438:

which pitted him against the monumentally popular Hindenburg. In the first round on 13 March, Hitler had polled over 11 million votes but was still behind Hindenburg. The second and final round took place on 10 April: Hitler (36.8% 13,418,547) lost to

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After some reflection, Hitler had determined that power was to be achieved not through revolution outside of the government, but rather through what he called "the path of legality" within the confines of the democratic system established by Weimar.

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and others, through amalgamation of other groups, on 5 January 1919 at a small gathering at the restaurant Fuerstenfelder Hof in Munich. While he studied the activities of the DAP, Hitler became impressed with Drexler's antisemitic, nationalist,

1184:. The attack occurred after an argument with his landlady, who was a member of the KPD and contacted one of her Rotfront friends, Albert Hochter, who shot Wessel. Wessel had penned a song months before which would become a Nazi anthem as the 1756:

is for you, gentlemen of the Reichstag to decide between war and peace". The Centre Party, having obtained promises of non-interference in religion, joined with conservatives in voting for the Act (only the Social Democrats voted against).

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SA was ready for a takeover of power by force after an election of Hitler. The lifting of the ban and staging of new elections were the price Hitler demanded in exchange for his support of a new cabinet. The law was repealed on 16 June by

1493:" and urged the Communists to devote their energies to the destruction of the moderate left. As a result, the KPD, following orders from Moscow, rejected overtures from the Social Democrats to form a political alliance against the NSDAP. 1360:, the Nazis became the largest party in the Reichstag, yet without a majority. Hitler withdrew support for Papen and demanded the Chancellorship. He was refused by Hindenburg. Papen dissolved Parliament, and the Nazi vote declined at the 898:. Only Hitler was able to bring in the crowds for the party speeches and meetings. By this time, the police were already monitoring the speeches, and their own surviving records reveal that Hitler delivered lectures with titles such as 673:

as a guard. He remained there until the camp dissolved in January 1919, after which he returned to Munich and spent a couple weeks on guard duty at the city's main train station (Hauptbahnhof) through which soldiers had been traveling.

1656:) wrote that "as a matter of course" the Jewish community faces the new government "with the largest mistrust", but at the same they were convinced that "nobody would dare to touch constitutional rights". The Jewish German newspaper 1651:

Even within the Jewish German community, in spite of Hitler not hiding his ardent antisemitism, the worries appear to have been limited. In a declaration of 30 January, the steering committee of the central Jewish German organization

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The trial began in February 1924. Hitler endeavored to turn the tables and put democracy and the Weimar Republic on trial as traitors to the German people. Hitler was convicted and on 1 April sentenced to five years' imprisonment at

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The loss of my Austrian citizenship is not painful to me, as I never felt as an Austrian citizen but always as a German only. ... It was this mentality that made me draw the ultimate conclusion and do military service in the German

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was Chancellor from 1930 to 1932. Brüning and Hitler were unable to reach terms of co-operation, but Brüning himself increasingly governed with the support of the President and Army over that of the parliament. The 84-year-old

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represented the Nazi Party in the Presidential elections. He earned 280,000 votes (1.1%) and was the only candidate to poll fewer than a million votes. The battles on the streets grew increasingly violent. After the Rotfront

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was also a factor in Hitler's electoral success. Against this legal backdrop, the SA began its first major anti-Jewish action on 13 October 1930, when groups of Nazi brownshirts smashed the windows of Jewish-owned stores at

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interrupted a speech by Hitler, the SA marched into the streets of Nuremberg and killed two bystanders. Seeking revenge, the SA also stormed a Rotfront meeting on 25 August and days later the Berlin headquarters of the

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inquiry allowed them to root out other members of the military that "had been infected with revolutionary fervor." For his anti-communist views he was allowed to avoid discharge when his unit was disbanded in May 1919.

460:, while proselytizing their desire to turn Germany into a world power. At this time, most Germans were indifferent to Hitler's rhetoric as the German economy was beginning to recover in large part due to loans from the 507:, and Hitler – Hindenburg acquiesced and on 30 January 1933, he formally appointed Adolf Hitler as Germany's new chancellor. Although he was chancellor, Hitler was not yet an absolute dictator. 1780:

on the day of Hindenburg's death, swearing unconditional obedience to Hitler personally, not to the office or nation. A large majority approved of combining the two roles in the person of Hitler through the

386:(DAP; German Workers' Party). He rose to a place of prominence in the early years of the party. Being one of its most popular speakers, he was made the party leader after he threatened to otherwise leave. 1744:, again no single party secured a majority. Hitler required the vote of the Centre Party and Conservatives in the Reichstag to obtain the powers he desired. He called on Reichstag members to vote for the 1470:

The law was applied almost immediately but did not bring the perpetrators behind the recent massacres to trial as expected. Instead, five SA men who were alleged to have murdered a KPD member in Potempa

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brought the German economy to a halt and further polarized German politics. Hitler and the Nazis began to exploit the crisis and loudly criticized the ruling government. During this tumultuous time, the

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and other political opponents. Hitler's rise to power was completed in August 1934 when, following the death of President von Hindenburg, Hitler merged the chancellery with the presidency and became

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Feder had formed the German Fighting League for the Breaking of Interest Slavery. The notion of "Breaking Interest Slavery" was, by Hitler's account, a "powerful slogan for this coming struggle."

1260:. The Nazis and Communists between them secured almost 40% of Reichstag seats, which required the moderate parties to consider negotiations with anti-democrats. "The Communists", wrote historian 1462:

In his position of Reichstag president, Göring asked that decisive measures be taken by the government over the spate of murders of Nazi Party members. On 9 August, amendments were made to the

3007:"Trotsky...maintained during the period of Hitler's rise to power so persistent and, for the most part, so prescient a commentary on the course of events in Germany as to deserve record". 560:

Once the Nazi dictatorship was firmly established, the Nazis themselves created a mythology surrounding their rise to power. German propaganda described this time period as either the

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According to Shirer, the seemingly preposterous "South German nation" idea actually had some popularity in Munich in the politically raucous atmosphere of Bavaria following the war.

1196:. In June, Goebbels was charged with high treason by the prosecutor in Leipzig based on statements Goebbels had made in 1927, but after a four-month investigation it came to naught. 5298: 912:

were on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny broke out within the Nazi Party in Munich, its organizational home. Members of its executive committee wanted to merge with the rival

669:. Arriving on 21 November, he was assigned to 7th Company of the 1st Replacement Battalion of the 2nd Infantry Regiment. In December he was reassigned to a prisoner-of-war camp in 1759:

The Act allowed Hitler and his Cabinet to rule by emergency decree for four years, though Hindenburg remained President. Hitler immediately set about abolishing the powers of the

1345:, as Minister handling army and navy matters hoped to harness their support. With Schleicher's backing, and Hitler's stated approval, Hindenburg appointed the Catholic monarchist 1211:. The Nazis thereby became the second-largest party in Germany, and as historian Joseph Bendersky notes, they essentially became the "dominant political force on the right". 1724:, Hitler offered the possibility of friendly co-operation, promising not to threaten the Reichstag, the President, the States or the Churches if granted the emergency powers. 6135: 880:("Storm Detachment") or SA, and by November 1921 the group was officially known by that name. Also in 1920, Hitler began to lecture in Munich beer halls, particularly the 1443:(53.0% 19,359,983) while the KPD candidate Thälmann gained a meagre percentage of the vote (10.2% 3,706,759). At this time, the Nazi Party had just over 800,000 members. 661:, although he was not yet a German citizen. For over four years (August 1914 – November 1918), Germany was a major participant in World War I. After fighting on the 819:

propaganda for the party in early 1920 and his actions began to transform the party. He organised their biggest meeting yet, of 2,000 people, on 24 February 1920 in the

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Hess participated in the putsch, but escaped police custody following its abortive end. He initially fled to Austria, but later turned himself in to the authorities.

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regiment, where he served on the front lines as a runner. He was wounded twice in action; at the time of the Armistice, he was recovering in a German hospital (in

1604:("take-over of power"), reflecting that the transfer of power took place within the existing constitutional framework and suggesting that the process was legal. 1482:, but remained the Reichstag's largest party, with 196 seats (33.1%). The Social Democrats (SPD) won 121 seats (20.4%) and the Communists (KPD) won 100 (16.9%). 7317: 1690: 1582:

On 30 January 1933, the new cabinet was sworn in during a brief ceremony in Hindenburg's office. The NSDAP gained three posts: Hitler was named chancellor,

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It is a hopeless misjudgement to think that one could force a dictatorial regime upon the nation. The diversity of the German people calls for democracy.

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the relevant impulses in the government themselves; foreign ambassadors played down worries by emphasizing that Hitler was "mediocre" if not a bad copy of

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suffered severe losses to the Nazis at the polls. The Social Democrats were essentially a conservative trade union party, with ineffectual leadership. The

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helped the SA to illegally procure a barracks and its weaponry, but the order to march never came, possibly because Hitler had been warned by Army General

6370: 1113:, the National Socialist Freedom Movement lost 18 seats, only holding on to 14 seats, with 3% (907,242) of the electorate voting for Hitler's party. The 1052:

and four police officers were killed in the ensuing violence. Hitler briefly escaped the city but was arrested on 11 November 1923, and put on trial for

767:, the speaker, a crank economist with whom Hitler was acquainted due to a lecture Feder delivered in an army "education" course. The audience member (in 1752:"temporarily" by the passage of the Act. The law gave him the freedom to act without parliamentary consent and even without constitutional limitations. 779:

to form a new South German nation. The volatile Hitler arose and scolded the man, eventually causing him to leave the meeting before its adjournment.

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Papen was to serve as Vice-Chancellor in a majority conservative Cabinet – still falsely believing that he could "tame" Hitler. Initially, Papen did

1590:(and Minister of the Interior for Prussia). The SA and SS led torchlit parades throughout Berlin. It is this event that would become termed Hitler's 920: 172: 4745: 1871:

The Armistice, ceasing active hostilities, was signed and effective 11 November 1918. Hitler, in hospital at the time, was informed of the upcoming

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ended in November 1918, Hitler was discharged on 19 November from the Pasewalk hospital and returned to Munich, which at the time was in a state of

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behest of President Hindenburg, but he refused. Hitler saw this offer as placing him in a position of "playing second fiddle" in the government.

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Hitler, armed with his newfound celebrity, began furiously campaigning. During the 1920s, Hitler and the Nazis ran on a platform consisting of

168: 1596:("seizure of power"). The term was originally used by some Nazis to suggest a revolutionary process, though Hitler, and others, used the word 6130: 5794: 4162: 957:

In 1922 and early 1923, Hitler and the Nazi Party formed two organizations that would grow to have huge significance. The first began as the

356: 929:. This federalist organization objected to the centralism of the Weimar Constitution but accepted its social program. The League was led by 6125: 706:

an undercover agent in early June 1919. Under Captain Mayr, "national thinking" courses were arranged at the Reichswehrlager Lechfeld near

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also began campaigning and called for a revolution. Business leaders, fearful of a communist takeover, began supporting the Nazi Party.

7058: 1740:, the Nazis began to suspend civil liberties and eliminate political opposition. The Communists were excluded from the Reichstag. At the 1207:

Against this backdrop, Hitler's party gained a significant victory in the Reichstag, obtaining 107 seats (18.3%, 6,409,600 votes) in the

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Hitler addresses the German nation in a call of the Reichsregierung, broadcast over all German transmitters on 1 February the same year.

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was also wounded in an attack. Other acts of violence were the killings of both Major Paul Ritter von Jahreiß and the conservative MP

7036: 1199: 7302: 7128: 6763: 6005: 5731: 5460: 3097:"Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941 1686: 178: 1394:

When Hitler's citizenship became a matter of public discussion in 1924, he had a public declaration printed on 16 October 1924:

7143: 5815: 5465: 5424: 5368: 4647:"Milestones: 1921–1936: The Dawes Plan, the Young Plan, German Reparations, and Inter-allied War Debts Office of the Historian" 1716: 319: 1728: 919:

On 14 September 1921, Hitler and a substantial number of SA members and other Nazi Party adherents disrupted a meeting of the

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During the 12 September 1919 meeting, Hitler took umbrage with comments made by an audience member that were directed against

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Hatfield, Douglas W. (1981). "Kulturkampf: The Relationship of Church and State and the Failure of German Political Reform".

3898: 3879: 3831: 3808: 3784: 3765: 3739: 3715: 3693: 3671: 3104: 3043: 3018: 2164: 2135: 1479: 1361: 1110: 872:). Later in August 1921, Hitler redefined the group, which became known as the "Gymnastic and Sports Division" of the party ( 227: 7053: 6150: 5417: 5330: 5272: 1252:

heralded worldwide economic disaster. The people of Germany, tired of the old economic systems voted for the Nazis and the

32: 6698: 1666:... that also within the German nation still the forces are active that would turn against a barbarian anti-Jewish policy. 1503: 1215:

use in Berlin alone. In areas where Nazi campaigning was less rigorous, the total share of the vote was as low as 9%. The

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was the proper strategy to seize control of the German government. In May 1923, small elements loyal to Hitler within the

5711: 5704: 4707: 1098: 331: 289: 397:). Hitler chose this name to win over left-wing German workers. Despite the NSDAP being a right-wing party, it had many 7092: 6157: 5746: 5668: 5263: 4944: 1884: 1741: 1693:, concluded that if Hitler eventually gained the upper hand, "then another European war within measurable distance". 1017: 587: 232: 1264:, "openly announced that they would prefer to see the Nazis in power rather than lift a finger to save the republic". 710:, with Hitler attending from 10 to 19 July. During this time Hitler so impressed Mayr that he assigned him to an anti- 5799: 5756: 1576: 1572: 1452: 1435: 1357: 496: 488: 349: 279: 222: 217: 5599: 1950:

camp to the East, near the Austrian border. The prisoners were Russian, and Hitler had volunteered for the posting.

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in February 1933. Asserting that the communists were behind the arson, Hitler convinced von Hindenburg to pass the

1173:

political movements, they should instead begin holding rallies in rural areas where they would be more effective.

405:

elements. Hitler later initiated a purge of these elements and reaffirmed the Nazi Party's pro-business stance.

7250: 6460: 6140: 6010: 5825: 5771: 5716: 5486: 5407: 5335: 4954: 4949: 4939: 4934: 4784: 4112: 1814: 1682: 623:, and Hitler at first saw revolution in Bavaria as a means to power. An early attempt at a coup d'état, the 1923 269: 253: 248: 6145: 5776: 5726: 2159:

Mitcham, Samuel W. (1996). Why Hitler?: The Genesis of the Nazi Reich. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 68.

1696:

With Germans who opposed Nazism failing to unite against it, Hitler soon moved to consolidate absolute power:

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political belief, and that the professor's recommendation to an officer resulted in Hitler's advancement.

1377: 1117:

was often used later in Nazi propaganda, both as an electoral strategy and as an appeal to anti-Semitism.

631:, proved fruitless, however, and Hitler was imprisoned for leading the putsch. He used this time to write 6897: 5736: 5079: 662: 500: 6932: 1776:". Only Hitler, as head of state, could dismiss Hitler as head of the government. All soldiers took the 1772:

or expect that he would combine the two positions of President and Chancellor into one office with the "

1508:

On 30 January 1933, Reich President Paul von Hindenburg appoints Adolf Hitler as Reichskanzler. The new

7072: 6997: 6618: 6365: 6210: 5890: 5361: 4868: 3729: 1876: 1819: 1587: 1253: 1161: 827: 543: 481: 6416: 940:

Less than two months later, 4 November 1921, the Nazi Party held a large public meeting in the Munich

645: 56: 5850: 5766: 5721: 4613: 1249: 527: 472: 300: 284: 17: 1575:

only 9 months earlier. Hitler headed a short-lived coalition government formed by the NSDAP and the

1383: 1154: 1140: 7307: 7222: 7166: 6982: 6968: 6498: 6411: 6335: 6261: 6237: 6205: 5876: 5308: 4878: 4863: 3703: 2864: 2213: 1824: 1799: 1769: 1612: 1290: 982:(Shock Troop-Hitler). This early incarnation of a bodyguard unit for Hitler would later become the 736: 693: 602: 523: 382: 6902: 5089: 4982: 4510: 1875:

and the other consequences of Germany's defeat and surrender in the field – including Kaiser

1615:

in 1934, he no longer dared criticise the regime and was sent off to Vienna as German ambassador.

7217: 7176: 7123: 6957: 5009: 4924: 2079:, Hitler makes explicit reference to his being the seventh party member and he notes the same in 1910: 1486: 1409: 126: 6842: 6703: 6531: 6380: 6120: 5970: 5761: 5699: 5189: 5184: 4929: 1925:) from temporary blindness that had resulted from a mid-October British gas attack at the last 1782: 1169: 1109:

the party gained seats in the Reichstag, with 6.6% (1,918,329) voting for the Movement. In the

913: 495:; nonetheless, he achieved a strong showing of second place in both rounds. Following this, in 274: 5547: 1979:

in November 1918, which led to his being described as "the symbol of the Bavarian revolution".

1349:

to replace Brüning as Chancellor in June 1932. Papen had been active in the resurgence of the

547: 7265: 7098: 6693: 6643: 6638: 6029: 5958: 5857: 5521: 5446: 5354: 5277: 5268: 5000: 4735: 3681: 2295: 2293: 1926: 1306: 1039: 894: 654: 515: 453: 164: 3842: 1848:

Despite his receipt of several medals and decorations (including twice with the prestigious

1672: 1658: 609:– after the First World War, and set the violent tone of the movement early, by forming the 7255: 7148: 7031: 6852: 6256: 6056: 5934: 5883: 5836: 5454: 5441: 5429: 5293: 5219: 4858: 4545: 4461:

Stachura, Peter D., ed. (2015) . "Introduction: Weimar National Socialism and Historians".

4167: 2029:

Held, like so many meetings of the period, in a beer cellar, this time the Sterneckerbrau.

1745: 1721: 1567: 1404: 1298: 1048:

in Munich's city center, where they were met by a police cordon summoned to obstruct them.

925: 901: 658: 519: 457: 313: 103: 6686: 6681: 2290: 1592: 433:. Once released, Hitler switched tactics, opting to instead seize power through legal and 8: 7195: 7021: 6472: 6441: 6276: 5940: 5843: 5830: 5558: 5214: 5169: 4964: 4848: 4777: 4104: 2263: 2248: 2075: 1633: 1540: 1440: 1342: 1334: 1322: 492: 6453: 1341:, was reluctant to take action to suppress the Nazis, while the ambitious Major-General 1329: 1168:, a KPD stronghold, and the two warring parties exchanged pistol and revolver fire. The 978: 838:(National Socialist German Workers' Party), later known to the rest of the world as the 775:

should be wholly independent from Germany and should secede from Germany and unite with

7245: 6987: 6922: 6718: 6603: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6526: 6350: 6108: 5897: 5869: 4991: 4646: 4596: 4383: 4145: 4137: 3925: 3686:

The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure, and Consequences of National Socialism

1297:

A middle-class liberal party strong enough to block the Nazis did not exist – the

1283: 786: 408:

By 1922 Hitler's control over the party was unchallenged, and he attempted a coup, the

6392: 5624: 4746:"'Why I became a Nazi': Essays from 1934 highlight women's role in the rise of Hitler" 3939:

The Death of Democracy: Hitler's Rise to Power and the Downfall of the Weimar Republic

1353:. He had fallen out with the Centre Party. He hoped ultimately to outmaneuver Hitler. 640: 7205: 7200: 7171: 7026: 6812: 6741: 6566: 6446: 6345: 6266: 6227: 5323: 5154: 5144: 4883: 4713: 4692: 4673: 4618: 4588: 4557: 4531: 4485: 4466: 4447: 4428: 4409: 4390: 4378: 4364: 4345: 4326: 4307: 4288: 4269: 4261: 4243: 4224: 4205: 4183: 4149: 4129: 4089: 4070: 4051: 4004: 3985: 3966: 3942: 3894: 3875: 3827: 3804: 3780: 3761: 3754: 3735: 3711: 3689: 3667: 3100: 3039: 3014: 2872: 2221: 2160: 1968: 1888: 1760: 1186: 577: 131: 37: 6832: 5139: 4019: 3317: 1852:, both First and Second Class), Hitler was promoted in rank only once, to corporal ( 888: 856: 677:

During this time a number of notable Germans were assassinated, including socialist

41: 7229: 7041: 6947: 6872: 6817: 6713: 6591: 6426: 6319: 6196: 5982: 5751: 5619: 5239: 5199: 5159: 4843: 4580: 4121: 3917: 3794: 3749: 3036:

Trotsky's political economy of capitalism. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)

2181: 1620: 1413: 1216: 1147: 1069: 1030: 989: 930: 686: 624: 476: 449: 409: 93: 6942: 6484: 5399: 1282:". Historian Bertrand Patenaude believed that the Comintern policy following the " 7283: 7238: 7002: 6917: 6912: 6892: 6862: 6827: 6730: 6723: 6608: 6309: 6049: 5614: 5229: 5134: 5119: 5104: 4505: 4105:"Ordinary Economic Voting Behavior in the Extraordinary Election of Adolf Hitler" 4044: 2860: 2209: 1804: 1624: 1490: 1448: 1346: 1318: 1221: 1007: 909: 764: 755: 749: 504: 398: 373: 5572: 4888: 4550: 7212: 7077: 6992: 6937: 6927: 6883: 6792: 6772: 6561: 6538: 6431: 6329: 6314: 6271: 6171: 5863: 5741: 5644: 5609: 5496: 5109: 4893: 4853: 4821: 4770: 4608: 1809: 1794: 1749: 1737: 1608: 1548: 1350: 1279: 1236:

Leon Trotsky was an early observer on the rise of far-right phenomenon such as

1181: 1180:

was fatally shot in the face at point-blank range by two members of the KPD in

1114: 611: 553: 511: 441: 199: 189: 121: 98: 6782: 6750: 5164: 5099: 5045: 4240:

Diplomacy Between the Wars: Five Diplomats and the Shaping of the Modern World

4125: 4103:

King, Gary; Rosen, Ori; Tanner, Martin; Wagner, Alexander F. (December 2008).

1913:

to Austrian parents, was not a German citizen, but had managed to enlist in a

1720:

Adolf Hitler addressing the Reichstag on 23 March 1933. Seeking assent to the

942: 933:, an engineer whom Hitler regarded as "my most dangerous opponent". One Nazi, 882: 657:, the 25-year-old Austrian-born Hitler enlisted in a Bavarian regiment of the 7296: 7133: 6867: 6802: 6787: 6674: 6665: 6554: 6503: 6493: 6421: 6304: 6283: 6181: 5946: 5908: 5562: 5511: 5234: 5204: 5179: 5124: 5066: 4959: 4914: 4898: 4809: 4592: 4257: 4197: 4133: 3858: 1583: 1509: 1472: 1417: 1275: 1146:

At the end of 1928, party membership was recorded at 130,000. In March 1929,

993: 984: 934: 794: 740: 461: 264: 194: 6847: 5678: 5589: 5194: 1427: 7087: 6952: 6907: 6857: 6837: 6822: 6777: 6708: 6633: 6477: 6360: 6299: 6244: 6232: 6115: 5976: 5952: 5928: 5922: 5674: 5506: 5501: 5377: 5313: 5224: 5129: 5094: 5084: 5074: 4919: 4815: 4665: 3956: 3921: 3725: 1892: 1544: 1267: 1261: 1241: 1237: 1177: 1135: 1053: 969: 865: 681:, who was shot dead by a German nationalist on 21 February 1919. His rival 598: 445: 377: 138: 116: 70: 5036: 1768:

army would do. They did not know that the army supported Hitler after the

1611:

against some Nazi excesses. However, after narrowly escaping death in the

1143:

by marching into Communist strongholds and starting violent altercations.

7260: 6807: 6653: 6623: 6467: 6340: 5964: 5259: 5255: 5149: 5054: 5027: 5018: 4039: 1972: 1777: 1232: 1192: 1087: 1045: 1022: 847:

supported financially by several wealthy patrons and party sympathisers.

771:, Hitler disparagingly referred to him as the "professor") asserted that 744: 682: 678: 582: 402: 393:– NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party, commonly known as the 4644: 4141: 3929: 3125: 2187: 1165: 1084:

Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice

6797: 6547: 6510: 6436: 6324: 6164: 5594: 5584: 5435: 5318: 5209: 5174: 5114: 4793: 4734:

Galofré-Vilà, G., Meissner, C., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2021). "

4600: 4285:

Hitler's Stormtroopers and the Attack on the German Republic, 1919–1933

4017: 3960: 3323: 1880: 1872: 1849: 1338: 1074: 1002: 963: 839: 727: 670: 633: 606: 465: 425: 419: 394: 306: 4086:

Making Friends with Hitler: Lord Londonderry and Britain's Road to War

3430: 3428: 1313: 850: 6977: 6658: 6292: 6090: 5916: 5578: 4750: 3536: 1918: 1854: 1451:, Chancellor of Germany as part of his agreement with Hitler. In the 1421: 1271: 1139:. At this time the SA began a period of deliberate antagonism to the 732: 714:"educational commando" as 1 of 26 instructors in the summer of 1919. 711: 702: 531: 434: 144: 5392: 4801: 4584: 1386:

and SA increasing, breaking all previous barriers and expectations,

787:

From early party membership to the Hofbräuhaus Melée (November 1921)

535: 110: 6648: 6613: 6355: 4571:

Turner, Henry Ashby (1969). "Big Business and the Rise of Hitler".

3425: 843: 707: 641:

From Armistice (November 1918) to party membership (September 1919)

1732:

Chart: political system in Germany after two years of dictatorship

1240:

during his final years in exile and advocated for the tactic of a

905:. At the end of the year, party membership was recorded at 2,000. 649:

February 1919 United States news coverage of the unrest in Germany

6099: 1976: 1914: 1387: 1094: 776: 772: 701:

any new unrest can be discovered and extinguished." In May 1919,

616: 413: 2133: 949: 576:

Historians have commented on the influence of German Chancellor

471:

The German political landscape was dramatically affected by the

6519: 6375: 6072: 5988: 5664: 5654: 5470: 5346: 4873: 2836: 2740: 2554: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 1922: 1529: 1278:

which directed German Communists to treat Social Democrats as "

628: 620: 430: 4406:

The Making of a Nazi Hero: The Murder and Myth of Horst Wessel

4020:"Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Volume 2, Chapter XVI, Part 9" 3556: 3554: 3413: 1097:, but it participated in 1924's two elections by proxy as the 864:

In 1920, a small "hall protection" squad was organised around

813:: These are the opinions of the intellectuals. We need power! 803:: The program is not the question. The only question is power. 7082: 4762: 3863:

The Fontana History of Germany: 1918–1990: The Divided Nation

3843:"Machtergreifung – Anmerkungen zu einem historischen Begriff" 835: 3578: 3524: 3440: 3365: 2566: 2193: 1706:

Adolf Hitler to a British correspondent in Berlin, June 1934

1321:(left) with his eventual successor, the Minister of Defence 759:

Hitler's membership card for the German Workers' Party (DAP)

5649: 4001:

Hitler's Personal Security: Protecting the Führer 1921–1945

3551: 3464: 3341: 2929: 510:

The groundwork for the Nazi dictatorship was laid when the

3626: 3614: 3602: 3245: 3233: 3221: 3185: 3137: 2953: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2680: 2641: 2617: 2578: 2236: 1176:

On the evening of 14 January 1930, at around ten o'clock,

6041: 2692: 2670: 2668: 2595: 2593: 2542: 2482: 1947: 1093:

After the Beer Hall Putsch, the Nazi Party was banned in

1025:

in Munich during the Beer Hall Putsch on 9 November 1923.

4689:

The Age of Catastrophe: A History of the West, 1914–1945

4479: 3891:

Hitler's Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man

3377: 3305: 3113: 2941: 2629: 2395: 2361: 2359: 2299: 2269: 2254: 2100:, but this contraction was not used by the party itself. 876:). By the autumn of 1921 the group was being called the 830:). He also engineered the name change of the DAP to the 4266:

Goering: The Rise and Fall of the Notorious Nazi Leader

3845:[Machtergreifung – Notes on a historical term] 3638: 3512: 3476: 3329: 2977: 2965: 2905: 2886: 2424: 2422: 1654:

Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens

823:. There Hitler announced the party's 25-point program ( 808:: Power is only the means of accomplishing the program. 3566: 3401: 3293: 3269: 3257: 3209: 3197: 3173: 3076: 3064: 3052: 2824: 2812: 2788: 2764: 2716: 2665: 2653: 2590: 2371: 1691:

Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs

1681:

However, a growing number of keen observers, like Sir

1164:(KPD) itself. In September, Goebbels led his men into 4460: 4102: 3590: 3434: 3353: 3281: 3161: 3149: 3131: 2704: 2530: 2518: 2506: 2494: 2458: 2446: 2434: 2407: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2320: 2308: 2134:

Matthew Fitzpatrick; A. Dirk Moses (20 August 2018).

4425:

Stormtroopers: A New History of Hitler's Brownshirts

3389: 2917: 2800: 2728: 2605: 2470: 2419: 2383: 2278: 2136:"Nazism, socialism and the falsification of history" 1982: 1774:

Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich

1227: 6220: 4706:Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann (1997) . 3500: 2989: 2776: 2752: 2169: 2049: 1558:

Hitler became the Reichskanzler of the German Reich

1382:On 10 March 1931, with street violence between the 4549: 4382: 4043: 3753: 27:Events leading to Hitler's dictatorship of Germany 4321:Nesbit, Roy Conyers; van Acker, Georges (2011) . 4026:. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office 3826:] (in German). Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag. 3452: 2062: 2023: 2010: 1996: 1371: 1124: 976:(Staff Guard), which in May 1923 was renamed the 452:. Nazi party leaders vociferously criticized the 7294: 4705: 2746: 2560: 1056:, which gained him widespread public attention. 868:. The group was first named the "Order troops" ( 4691:. New haven and London: Yale University Press. 4427:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 4320: 4256: 4221:Hitler Youth, 1922–1945: An Illustrated History 3982:The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945 3419: 2110: 1378:Franz von Papen § Bringing Hitler to power 1203:Hitler with Nazi Party members in December 1930 7048:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands 4651:US. State Department – Office of the Historian 1586:Minister of the Interior, and Hermann Göring, 832:Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei 475:, which hampered economic aid to Germany. The 391:Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei 7318:Democratic backsliding in the interwar period 6057: 5362: 4778: 4223:. Jefferson, NC; London: McFarland & Co. 2855: 2853: 2851: 1489:described all moderate left-wing parties as " 653:In 1914, after being granted permission from 350: 7236: 7227: 7067:National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark 6748: 6739: 6728: 6672: 6663: 6545: 6536: 6517: 6508: 6482: 6451: 6290: 6281: 6242: 6218: 6179: 6169: 6155: 6106: 6097: 6088: 5052: 5043: 5034: 5025: 5016: 5007: 4998: 4989: 4980: 4361:The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle 4323:The Flight of Rudolf Hess: Myths and Reality 4304:Hitler's Voice: Nazi Ideology and Propaganda 1967:As a socialist journalist, he organised the 1598: 497:July 1932 the Nazis became the largest party 4645:U.S. State Dept., Office of the Historian. 3099:. Cambridge University Press. p. 203. 3038:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 227. 2073:, p. 131. In a Hitler speech shown in 1286:" facilitated the rise of Hitler's party. 1105:(DVFP) and the Nazi Party (NSDAP)). In the 6064: 6050: 5369: 5355: 5304:National Political Institutes of Education 4785: 4771: 4301: 2848: 2842: 1961: 1940: 1842: 1502: 1029:A pivotal moment came when Hitler led the 842:. Hitler designed the party's banner of a 731:, both to influence other soldiers and to 605:– which he would later transform into the 593: 357: 343: 7037:German National Movement in Liechtenstein 4736:Austerity and the Rise of the Nazi Party. 3872:Press and Politics in the Weimar Republic 3661: 3094: 2983: 2971: 2869:A History of Hitler's Empire, 2nd Edition 2218:A History of Hitler's Empire, 2nd Edition 1865: 1711: 4441: 4339: 4282: 4237: 3998: 3979: 3907: 3857: 3774: 3748: 3666:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 3632: 3572: 3530: 3311: 3095:Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017). 3058: 2935: 2911: 2859: 2623: 2599: 2377: 2242: 2208: 1909:Hitler, having been born in the defunct 1727: 1715: 1312: 1270:was especially critical of the shifting 1231: 1198: 1058: 1016: 849: 754: 644: 31: 4686: 4607: 4525: 4422: 4403: 4306:. Vol. 2. Oxford, UK: Peter Lang. 4083: 4069:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 4064: 4050:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 4038: 3724: 3680: 3644: 3584: 3560: 3518: 3470: 3371: 3347: 3335: 3275: 3263: 3251: 3239: 3227: 3215: 3203: 3191: 3179: 3167: 3155: 3143: 3119: 3082: 3070: 3033: 2959: 2923: 2865:"The Twenties and the Great Depression" 2830: 2794: 2722: 2686: 2674: 2659: 2647: 2635: 2584: 2572: 2548: 2536: 2512: 2488: 2464: 2440: 2413: 2401: 2365: 2350: 2338: 2326: 2314: 2284: 1903: 1891:in Berlin to replace the centuries-old 389:In 1920, the DAP renamed itself to the 14: 7295: 4631: 4570: 4544: 4377: 4218: 3955: 3888: 3777:The SA Generals and The Rise of Nazism 3734:. New York; London: Harper Perennial. 3620: 3608: 3506: 3494: 3407: 3299: 3287: 2806: 2734: 2710: 2698: 2611: 2524: 2500: 2452: 2428: 2389: 2175: 2084: 2070: 2056: 2043: 2030: 2017: 2004: 1990: 1955: 1951: 1934: 1930: 1897: 1859: 1835: 64:This article is part of a series about 6045: 5350: 4766: 4664: 4556:. New York: Doubleday & Company. 4177: 3869: 3817: 3793: 3702: 3596: 3482: 3446: 3395: 3359: 2947: 2818: 2782: 2770: 2758: 2476: 2096:The word "Nazi" is a contraction for 2036: 1748:on 23 March 1933. Hitler was granted 7054:National Socialist Movement of Chile 5331:Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party 5273:National Democratic Party of Germany 4617:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 4498: 4482:Shadows of the Dictators: AD 1925–50 4385:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 4358: 4196: 4024:Yale Law School – The Avalon Project 3936: 3851:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 3840: 3542: 3458: 3383: 3008: 2995: 2899: 2214:"The First World War and Its Legacy" 2103: 2090: 1497:Inauguration of Hitler as Chancellor 1478:The Nazi Party lost 35 seats in the 1014:troops if they attempted a putsch. 4709:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich 4634:"Ruhig abwarten! (26 January 2017)" 3874:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3688:. Penguin History Series. Penguin. 3011:The twilight of Comintern 1930–1935 1099:National Socialist Freedom Movement 900:Political Phenomenon, Jews and the 798:: What is the program of the NSDAP? 717:In July 1919, Hitler was appointed 601:became involved with the fledgling 24: 7093:World Union of National Socialists 6252:Adolf Hitler's cult of personality 6158:Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte 4728: 4389:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 3941:. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. 2188:U.S. State Dept., "The Dawes Plan" 1063:Defendants in the Beer Hall Putsch 950:From Beer Hall melée to Beer Hall 821:Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in München 739:(DAP). The DAP had been formed by 542:violence also erupted between the 491:but was defeated by the incumbent 25: 7329: 7313:Rises to prominence by individual 7139:Last surviving war crime suspects 4758:Digitized biograms available here 4687:Winkler, Heinrich August (2015). 4444:Nazi Youth in the Weimar Republic 3664:A Concise History of Nazi Germany 3324:IMT at Nuremberg, "Wilhelm Frick" 1887:leading to the proclamation of a 1228:Weimar parties fail to halt Nazis 1010:that "he would be fired upon" by 725:(reconnaissance commando) of the 7279: 7278: 7129:Nazi Party leaders and officials 6024: 6023: 5376: 4740:The Journal of Economic History. 4530:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 4219:Lepage, Jean-Denis G.G. (2008). 3779:. University Press of Kentucky. 1107:May 1924 German federal election 1103:Deutschvölkische Freiheitspartei 571: 330: 55: 7251:Political views of Adolf Hitler 5336:Samoan branch of the Nazi Party 4528:Joseph Goebbels: Life and Death 4204:. London; New York: Routledge. 4113:The Journal of Economic History 3654: 3088: 3027: 3001: 1815:Political views of Adolf Hitler 1209:September 1930 federal election 996:in 1922, Hitler decided that a 908:In June 1921, while Hitler and 372:began in the newly established 7144:Speeches given by Adolf Hitler 4792: 4573:The American Historical Review 4484:. Amsterdam: Time-Life Books. 4344:. London: Palgrave MacMillan. 4018:IMT at Nuremberg (1945–1946). 3965:. New York: Houghton Mifflin. 3937:Hett, Benjamin Carter (2018). 3803:. New York; Toronto: Penguin. 3756:The Third Reich: A New History 3708:The Rise and Fall of Communism 2224:. Event occurs at 06:37-11:02 2153: 2127: 1577:German National People's Party 1416:, after an earlier attempt by 1372:Seizure of control (1931–1933) 1256:, who made great gains at the 1125:Move towards power (1925–1930) 1111:December 1924 federal election 968:; they would later become the 619:resented rule from Protestant 564:(the time of struggle) or the 538:, the sole leader of Germany. 13: 1: 7078:Ossewabrandwag (South Africa) 4501:"Germany: Second Revolution?" 4342:Weimar and the Rise of Hitler 3824:The Coming Of The Third Reich 3800:The Coming of the Third Reich 3662:Bendersky, Joseph W. (2007). 3009:Carr, Edward Hallett (1986). 1830: 1453:federal election of July 1932 1086:), principally to his deputy 1037:on 8–9 November 1923. At the 854:Hitler's first office in the 7303:Adolf Hitler's rise to power 7119:Bibliography of Adolf Hitler 6402:Aestheticization of politics 4839:Adolf Hitler's rise to power 3984:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2747:Zentner & Bedürftig 1997 2561:Zentner & Bedürftig 1997 2120: 615:(SA) paramilitary. Catholic 454:ruling democratic government 370:Adolf Hitler's rise to power 150:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 36:Hitler in conversation with 7: 7059:National Socialist Movement 7027:Arrow Cross Party (Hungary) 5985:(possible illegitimate son) 5299:Munich Documentation Centre 5080:Houston Stewart Chamberlain 4712:. New York: Da Capo Press. 4442:Stachura, Peter D. (1975). 4302:Mühlberger, Detlef (2004). 3910:Journal of Church and State 3820:Das Dritte Reich – Aufstieg 3760:. New York: Hill and Wang. 3710:. New York: HarperCollins. 3420:Manvell & Fraenkel 2011 2111:Nesbit & van Acker 2011 1788: 1432:Wolf-Heinrich von Helldorff 1430:, in charge of the SA, put 1420:to convey citizenship as a 1101:(NSFB) (combination of the 721:(intelligence agent) of an 10: 7334: 7073:Nordic Resistance Movement 6211:National Socialist Program 6071: 6006:Streets named after Hitler 4869:National Socialist Program 4283:Mitchell, Otis C. (2013). 3853:(in German) (31): 136–145. 3818:Evans, Richard J. (2005). 3731:Hitler: A Study in Tyranny 3435:Stachura Introduction 2015 3013:. Macmillan. p. 433. 1820:Weimar paramilitary groups 1588:Minister Without Portfolio 1375: 1358:July 1932 federal election 1162:Communist Party of Germany 1050:Sixteen Nazi Party members 828:National Socialist Program 655:King Ludwig III of Bavaria 7276: 7184: 7158: 7110: 7042:Nasjonal Samling (Norway) 7010: 6967: 6882: 6762: 6391: 6195: 6079: 6019: 5998: 5907: 5851:Hitler: The Last Ten Days 5808: 5785: 5692: 5659:Meldemannstraße dormitory 5637: 5546: 5537: 5479: 5384: 5286: 5248: 5065: 4973: 4950:Office of Foreign Affairs 4940:Office of Military Policy 4935:Office of Colonial Policy 4907: 4831: 4800: 4672:. London: Little, Brown. 4614:Hitler: Ascent, 1889-1939 4325:. Stroud: History Press. 4238:Liebmann, George (2008). 4180:The SS: A History 1919–45 4126:10.1017/S0022050708000788 4046:Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris 3889:Hamann, Brigitte (2010). 2140:ABC Religion & Ethics 1554: 1536: 1525: 1517: 1501: 1250:Wall Street Crash of 1929 1170:German referendum of 1929 1131:May 1928 federal election 512:Reichstag was set on fire 6983:Nazi concentration camps 6499:Economic interventionism 6461:Jewish conspiracy theory 6262:Night of the Long Knives 6238:Religion in Nazi Germany 5877:Hitler: The Rise of Evil 5309:Nazi concentration camps 4879:Night of the Long Knives 4636:[Calmly wait!]. 4463:The Nazi Machtergreifung 4423:Siemens, Daniel (2017). 4404:Siemens, Daniel (2013). 3999:Hoffmann, Peter (2000). 3980:Hoffmann, Peter (1977). 3870:Fulda, Bernhard (2009). 3775:Campbell, Bruce (1998). 3034:Ticktin, Hillel (1992). 2301:Shadows of the Dictators 2271:Shadows of the Dictators 2256:Shadows of the Dictators 1825:Weimar political parties 1800:Early timeline of Nazism 1770:Night of the Long Knives 1627:trivialized Hitler as a 1613:Night of the Long Knives 1424:police official failed. 1335:President von Hindenburg 1291:Weimar political parties 874:Turn- und Sportabteilung 752:and anti-Marxist ideas. 694:Bavarian Soviet Republic 7088:Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia) 5891:Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler 5461:Last will and testament 5010:Innviertler Heimatblatt 4945:Office of Racial Policy 4632:Ulrich, Volker (2017). 4526:Thacker, Toby (2010) . 4340:Nicholls, A.J. (2000). 4163:"Who Voted for Hitler?" 1911:Austro-Hungarian Empire 1487:Communist International 1412:government official by 1410:Free State of Brunswick 594:Early steps (1918–1924) 588:Social Democratic Party 524:Nazi concentration camp 383:Deutsche Arbeiterpartei 376:in September 1919 when 185:Crimes against humanity 179:Last will and testament 7237: 7228: 6749: 6740: 6729: 6704:Social interventionism 6673: 6664: 6546: 6537: 6532:Greater Germanic Reich 6518: 6509: 6483: 6452: 6291: 6282: 6243: 6219: 6215:Hitler's rise to power 6180: 6170: 6156: 6121:League of German Girls 6107: 6098: 6089: 5971:William Stuart-Houston 5517:Assassination attempts 5190:Joachim von Ribbentrop 5185:Konstantin von Neurath 5053: 5044: 5035: 5026: 5017: 5008: 4999: 4990: 4981: 4930:Nazi Party Chancellery 4359:Read, Anthony (2004). 4178:Koehl, Robert (2004). 3841:Frei, Norbert (1983). 3682:Bracher, Karl Dietrich 3449:, pp. 569, 580ff. 2098:Nationalsozialistische 1783:1934 German referendum 1733: 1725: 1712:Chancellor to dictator 1709: 1679: 1649: 1623:; even SPD politician 1599: 1480:November 1932 election 1401: 1325: 1274:policy position under 1245: 1204: 1155:Roter Frontkämpferbund 1082:; originally entitled 1064: 1026: 959:Jungsturm Adolf Hitler 914:German Socialist Party 861: 815: 760: 650: 482:German Communist Party 473:1929 Wall Street Crash 169:assassination attempts 45: 6998:Human experimentation 6694:Reactionary modernism 6639:Anti-Slavic sentiment 6366:Human experimentation 6100:Geheime Staatspolizei 5959:Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. 5858:The Meaning of Hitler 5777:German naturalization 5669:16 Prinzregentenplatz 5278:Socialist Reich Party 5269:Deutsche Reichspartei 5090:Richard Walther Darré 4983:Völkischer Beobachter 4864:German Workers' Party 4670:The SS: A New History 4499:Staff (2 July 1934). 4088:. New York: Penguin. 4084:Kershaw, Ian (2012). 4065:Kershaw, Ian (2008). 2845:, pp. 37, 45–46. 2575:, pp. 87–88, 93. 1731: 1719: 1698: 1664: 1639: 1573:presidential election 1436:presidential election 1396: 1316: 1307:Catholic Centre Party 1258:1930 federal election 1235: 1202: 1062: 1020: 853: 791: 758: 737:German Workers' Party 648: 603:German Workers' Party 568:(years of struggle). 516:Reichstag Fire Decree 35: 7032:German American Bund 6412:Anti-intellectualism 6257:Enabling Act of 1933 6011:Mannerheim recording 5935:Johann Georg Hiedler 5837:The Victory of Faith 5413:Political directives 5294:Adolf Hitler Schools 5220:Arthur Seyss-Inquart 4925:Hitler's Chancellery 4859:Enabling Act of 1933 4363:. New York: Norton. 4268:. London: Skyhorse. 4168:The Wilson Quarterly 3922:10.1093/jcs/23.3.465 3587:, pp. 138, 148. 3374:, pp. 233, 234. 1969:Socialist Revolution 1742:March 1933 elections 1568:Industrielleneingabe 1464:Reichstrafgesetzbuch 1405:criminal deportation 1403:Under the threat of 972:. The other was the 902:Treaty of Versailles 520:Enabling Act of 1933 458:Treaty of Versailles 314:Hitlers Zweites Buch 104:Enabling Act of 1933 7159:Role and impact in 7022:American Nazi Party 6473:Cult of personality 6442:Class collaboration 6351:Extermination camps 6336:Concentration camps 6277:Anti-Comintern Pact 5941:Maria Schicklgruber 5844:Triumph of the Will 5831:Killing baby Hitler 5821:Cult of personality 5762:Hitler's Table Talk 5705:possible monorchism 5638:Civilian residences 5527:conspiracy theories 5264:German Social Union 5215:Baldur von Schirach 5170:Ernst Kaltenbrunner 4965:SS Education Office 4849:Brown House, Munich 4202:The Weimar Republic 4067:Hitler: A Biography 3623:, pp. 226–227. 3611:, pp. 200–201. 3563:, pp. 147–148. 3533:, pp. 74, 288. 3473:, pp. 254–255. 3386:, pp. 112–113. 3350:, pp. 228–230. 3254:, pp. 117–124. 3242:, pp. 117–123. 3230:, pp. 113–114. 3194:, pp. 229–230. 3146:, pp. 138–139. 3134:, pp. 951–996. 2962:, pp. 111–112. 2950:, pp. 266–268. 2938:, pp. 118–119. 2902:, pp. 224–225. 2701:, pp. 112–113. 2689:, pp. 83, 103. 2650:, pp. 100–101. 2587:, pp. 159–160. 2245:, pp. 465–484. 2076:Triumph of the Will 2020:, pp. 215–216. 1971:that overthrew the 1836:Informational notes 1634:Frankfurter Zeitung 1541:Paul von Hindenburg 1498: 1441:Paul von Hindenburg 1343:Kurt von Schleicher 1328:The Centre Party's 1323:Kurt von Schleicher 723:Aufklärungskommando 548:Rotfrontkämpferbund 493:Paul von Hindenburg 487:Hitler ran for the 423:, which became the 208:Electoral campaigns 173:conspiracy theories 7246:German Romanticism 7134:Nazi Party members 6988:Extermination camp 6381:Racial segregation 6109:Deutsches Jungvolk 5898:Apocalypse: Hitler 5826:In popular culture 4992:Das Schwarze Korps 4379:Shirer, William L. 4262:Fraenkel, Heinrich 4182:. Stroud: Tempus. 2626:, pp. 19, 20. 2551:, pp. 85, 86. 2491:, pp. 75, 76. 1933:, pp. 28–30; 1734: 1726: 1673:Jüdische Rundschau 1659:Jüdische Rundschau 1496: 1326: 1246: 1205: 1065: 1027: 988:(SS). Inspired by 862: 761: 667:socialist upheaval 651: 489:presidency in 1932 431:National Socialism 46: 7290: 7289: 6863:Strasser (Gregor) 6742:Volksgemeinschaft 6687:Völkisch movement 6682:Völkisch equality 6267:Nuremberg rallies 6228:German rearmament 6039: 6038: 5757:Psychopathography 5747:Stefanie Rabatsch 5712:Wealth and income 5688: 5687: 5569:Reich Chancellery 5344: 5343: 5324:Horst-Wessel-Lied 5155:Reinhard Heydrich 5145:Ernst Hanfstaengl 4884:Nuremberg rallies 4719:978-0-306-80793-0 4698:978-0-300-20489-6 4679:978-1-4087-0304-5 4624:978-0-385-35439-4 4563:978-0-385-03724-2 4537:978-0-230-27866-0 4491:978-0-7054-0990-2 4472:978-1-315-75554-0 4453:978-0-87436-198-8 4434:978-0-300-19681-8 4415:978-0-85773-313-9 4396:978-0-671-62420-0 4370:978-0-393-04800-1 4351:978-0-312-23351-8 4332:978-0-7509-4757-2 4313:978-0-8204-5909-7 4294:978-0-7864-7729-6 4275:978-1-61608-109-6 4249:978-0-85771-211-0 4230:978-0-7864-3935-5 4211:978-0-415-34441-8 4189:978-0-7524-2559-7 4095:978-0-241-95921-3 4076:978-0-393-06757-6 4057:978-0-393-04671-7 4010:978-0-306-80947-7 4003:. Da Capo Press. 3991:978-0-262-08088-0 3972:978-0-395-92503-4 3948:978-1-250-21086-9 3900:978-1-84885-277-8 3881:978-0-19-954778-4 3833:978-3-423-34191-2 3810:978-0-14-303469-8 3795:Evans, Richard J. 3786:978-0-8131-2047-8 3767:978-0-8090-9326-7 3750:Burleigh, Michael 3741:978-1-56852-036-0 3717:978-0-06-113879-9 3695:978-0-14-013724-8 3673:978-0-7425-5363-7 3635:, pp. 27–28. 3485:, pp. 33–34. 3122:, pp. 92–94. 3106:978-1-108-21041-6 3045:978-0-7486-0317-6 3020:978-0-333-40455-3 2873:The Great Courses 2821:, pp. 68–69. 2773:, pp. 26–29. 2638:, pp. 88–89. 2404:, pp. 72–74. 2222:The Great Courses 2165:978-0-275-95485-7 2113:, pp. 18–19. 1862:, pp. 84–88. 1687:Robert Vansittart 1676:, 31 January 1933 1662:wrote on 31 Jan: 1562: 1561: 1532:, Weimar Republic 1362:November election 1337:, a conservative 1187:Horst-Wessel-Lied 578:Otto von Bismarck 367: 366: 290:Wealth and income 280:Psychopathography 132:German rearmament 111:Führer of Germany 80: 79: 38:Ernst Hanfstaengl 16:(Redirected from 7325: 7282: 7281: 7242: 7233: 7230:Drang nach Osten 7068: 7049: 6958:von Sebottendorf 6754: 6745: 6734: 6714:State capitalism 6699:Social Darwinism 6678: 6669: 6551: 6542: 6523: 6514: 6488: 6457: 6454:Dolchstoßlegende 6427:Authoritarianism 6320:Nuremberg trials 6296: 6287: 6248: 6224: 6185: 6175: 6161: 6112: 6103: 6094: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6043: 6042: 6027: 6026: 5983:Jean-Marie Loret 5752:Reinhold Hanisch 5620:Wolfsschlucht II 5544: 5543: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5348: 5347: 5287:Related articles 5240:Julius Streicher 5200:Alfred Rosenberg 5160:Heinrich Himmler 5058: 5049: 5040: 5031: 5022: 5013: 5004: 4995: 4986: 4844:Beer Hall Putsch 4787: 4780: 4773: 4764: 4763: 4755: 4754:. 23 April 2020. 4723: 4702: 4683: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4641: 4628: 4604: 4567: 4555: 4541: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4513:on 17 April 2008 4509:. Archived from 4495: 4476: 4457: 4438: 4419: 4400: 4388: 4374: 4355: 4336: 4317: 4298: 4279: 4253: 4234: 4215: 4193: 4172: 4156:Replication data 4153: 4109: 4099: 4080: 4061: 4049: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4014: 3995: 3976: 3952: 3933: 3904: 3893:. Tauris Parke. 3885: 3866: 3865:. Fontana Press. 3854: 3848: 3837: 3814: 3790: 3771: 3759: 3745: 3721: 3699: 3677: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3132:King et al. 2008 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2861:Childers, Thomas 2857: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 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1031:Beer Hall Putsch 990:Benito Mussolini 979:Stoßtrupp-Hitler 931:Otto Ballerstedt 895:Bürgerbräukeller 625:Beer Hall Putsch 477:Great Depression 450:ultranationalism 410:Beer Hall Putsch 359: 352: 345: 334: 94:Beer Hall Putsch 76: 75: 73: 66: 65: 59: 52: 51: 48: 47: 21: 7333: 7332: 7328: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7308:Weimar Republic 7293: 7292: 7291: 7286: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7256:Racial theories 7239:Generalplan Ost 7186: 7180: 7160: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7124:Nazi ideologues 7106: 7105: 7104: 7066: 7061:(United States) 7060: 7047: 7012: 7006: 7003:Romani genocide 6970: 6963: 6962: 6961: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6868:Strasser (Otto) 6758: 6757: 6756: 6731:Gleichschaltung 6724:Totalitarianism 6609:One-party state 6417:Anti-liberalism 6387: 6386: 6385: 6310:Tripartite Pact 6221:Machtergreifung 6191: 6190: 6189: 6075: 6070: 6040: 6035: 6015: 5994: 5903: 5804: 5800:Private library 5787: 5781: 5717:Religious views 5684: 5633: 5627:Führersonderzug 5625:Special train ( 5615:Wolfsschlucht I 5539: 5533: 5487:Military career 5475: 5408:Political views 5380: 5375: 5345: 5340: 5282: 5244: 5230:Gregor Strasser 5135:Joseph Goebbels 5120:Roland Freisler 5105:Dietrich Eckart 5067:Notable members 5061: 4969: 4903: 4827: 4796: 4791: 4744: 4731: 4729:Further reading 4726: 4720: 4699: 4680: 4655: 4653: 4638:Die Zeit Online 4625: 4609:Ullrich, Volker 4585:10.2307/1841917 4564: 4538: 4516: 4514: 4492: 4473: 4454: 4435: 4416: 4397: 4371: 4352: 4333: 4314: 4295: 4276: 4250: 4231: 4212: 4190: 4161: 4160:Summarized by: 4107: 4096: 4077: 4058: 4029: 4027: 4011: 3992: 3973: 3949: 3901: 3882: 3846: 3834: 3811: 3787: 3768: 3742: 3718: 3696: 3674: 3657: 3652: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3552: 3541: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3433: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3298: 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2249: 2241: 2237: 2227: 2225: 2207: 2194: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2158: 2154: 2144: 2142: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2117: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2091: 2067: 2063: 2054: 2050: 2041: 2037: 2028: 2024: 2015: 2011: 2001: 1997: 1987: 1983: 1966: 1962: 1945: 1941: 1927:Battle of Ypres 1908: 1904: 1870: 1866: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1805:Gleichschaltung 1791: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1678: 1670: 1648: 1645: 1625:Kurt Schumacher 1593:Machtergreifung 1547: 1543: 1521:30 January 1933 1513: 1491:social fascists 1449:Franz von Papen 1380: 1374: 1347:Franz von Papen 1319:Franz von Papen 1280:social fascists 1230: 1222:Potsdamer Platz 1127: 1033:, an attempted 1008:Otto von Lossow 955: 926:Löwenbräukeller 921:Bavarian League 910:Dietrich Eckart 816: 809: 804: 799: 789: 765:Gottfried Feder 750:anti-capitalist 719:Verbindungsmann 643: 596: 574: 551:and the Nazis' 505:Franz von Papen 399:anti-capitalist 374:Weimar Republic 363: 329: 297: 294: 270:Military career 261: 258: 245: 242: 209: 206: 186: 183: 141: 136: 113: 108: 90: 85: 71: 69: 68: 67: 63: 62: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7331: 7321: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7288: 7287: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7269: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7234: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7213:Beefsteak Nazi 7210: 7209: 7208: 7203: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7162: 7161:German society 7156: 7155: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7107: 7103: 7102: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7063: 7056: 7051: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6993:Final Solution 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6973: 6971:and war crimes 6965: 6964: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6933:von Liebenfels 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6880: 6879: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6843:von Ribbentrop 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6755: 6746: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6670: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6569: 6564: 6562:Indoctrination 6559: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6543: 6539:Heim ins Reich 6534: 6524: 6515: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6432:Blood and soil 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6407:Anti-communism 6404: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6346:Doctors' Trial 6343: 6338: 6330:Final solution 6327: 6322: 6317: 6315:Denazification 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6288: 6279: 6274: 6272:Nuremberg Laws 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6216: 6213: 6208: 6206:Early timeline 6203: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6188: 6187: 6177: 6172:Sturmabteilung 6167: 6162: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6104: 6095: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6076: 6069: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6046: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5913: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5866: 5864:Hitler Diaries 5861: 5854: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5795:Hitler's Globe 5791: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5742:August Kubizek 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5672: 5662: 5652: 5647: 5645:Braunau am Inn 5641: 5639: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5631: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5566: 5555: 5553: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5497:Hitler cabinet 5494: 5489: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5410: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5381: 5374: 5373: 5366: 5359: 5351: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5290: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5266: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5140:Hermann Göring 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5110:Adolf Eichmann 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5071: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5050: 5041: 5032: 5023: 5014: 5005: 4996: 4987: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4854:Denazification 4851: 4846: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4822:Martin Bormann 4819: 4813: 4806: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4790: 4789: 4782: 4775: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4742: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4718: 4703: 4697: 4684: 4678: 4662: 4642: 4629: 4623: 4605: 4568: 4562: 4542: 4536: 4523: 4496: 4490: 4480:Staff (1989). 4477: 4471: 4458: 4452: 4446:. CLIO Books. 4439: 4433: 4420: 4414: 4408:. I.B.Tauris. 4401: 4395: 4375: 4369: 4356: 4350: 4337: 4331: 4318: 4312: 4299: 4293: 4280: 4274: 4258:Manvell, Roger 4254: 4248: 4242:. I.B Tauris. 4235: 4229: 4216: 4210: 4198:Kolb, Eberhard 4194: 4188: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4171:. Summer 2009. 4120:(4): 951–996. 4100: 4094: 4081: 4075: 4062: 4056: 4036: 4015: 4009: 3996: 3990: 3977: 3971: 3953: 3947: 3934: 3916:(3): 465–484. 3905: 3899: 3886: 3880: 3867: 3859:Fulbrook, Mary 3855: 3838: 3832: 3815: 3809: 3791: 3785: 3772: 3766: 3746: 3740: 3722: 3716: 3700: 3694: 3678: 3672: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3647:, p. 526. 3637: 3625: 3613: 3601: 3599:, p. 354. 3589: 3577: 3565: 3550: 3535: 3523: 3521:, p. 512. 3511: 3499: 3487: 3475: 3463: 3451: 3439: 3424: 3412: 3410:, p. 184. 3400: 3388: 3376: 3364: 3362:, p. 297. 3352: 3340: 3338:, p. 428. 3328: 3316: 3314:, p. 175. 3304: 3302:, p. 130. 3292: 3290:, p. 402. 3280: 3278:, p. 132. 3268: 3266:, p. 128. 3256: 3244: 3232: 3220: 3218:, p. 112. 3208: 3206:, p. 254. 3196: 3184: 3182:, p. 110. 3172: 3160: 3148: 3136: 3124: 3112: 3105: 3087: 3085:, p. 138. 3075: 3073:, p. 118. 3063: 3051: 3044: 3026: 3019: 3000: 2998:, p. 205. 2988: 2984:Bendersky 2007 2976: 2972:Bendersky 2007 2964: 2952: 2940: 2928: 2916: 2914:, p. 138. 2904: 2885: 2847: 2835: 2833:, p. 239. 2823: 2811: 2799: 2797:, p. 131. 2787: 2775: 2763: 2751: 2749:, p. 431. 2739: 2727: 2725:, p. 108. 2715: 2713:, p. 113. 2703: 2691: 2679: 2677:, p. 103. 2664: 2662:, p. 102. 2652: 2640: 2628: 2616: 2604: 2589: 2577: 2565: 2563:, p. 629. 2553: 2541: 2529: 2527:, p. 106. 2517: 2505: 2503:, p. 224. 2493: 2481: 2479:, p. 170. 2469: 2457: 2455:, p. 219. 2445: 2433: 2418: 2406: 2394: 2382: 2370: 2355: 2343: 2331: 2319: 2307: 2289: 2277: 2262: 2247: 2235: 2192: 2180: 2168: 2152: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2102: 2089: 2087:, p. 224. 2061: 2048: 2046:, p. 213. 2035: 2033:, p. 218. 2022: 2009: 1995: 1981: 1960: 1954:, p. 34; 1939: 1902: 1900:, p. 206. 1864: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1810:Poison Kitchen 1807: 1802: 1797: 1795:Day of Potsdam 1790: 1787: 1750:plenary powers 1738:Reichstag fire 1736:Following the 1713: 1710: 1703: 1683:Horace Rumbold 1668: 1643: 1600:Machtübernahme 1560: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1549:Hitler Cabinet 1538: 1534: 1533: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1507: 1373: 1370: 1351:Harzburg Front 1299:People's Party 1229: 1226: 1182:Friedrichshain 1126: 1123: 1115:Barmat Scandal 954: 948: 889:Sterneckerbräu 878:Sturmabteilung 857:Sterneckerbräu 790: 788: 785: 642: 639: 612:Sturmabteilung 595: 592: 573: 570: 554:Sturmabteilung 442:anti-communism 403:anti-bourgeois 365: 364: 362: 361: 354: 347: 339: 336: 335: 328: 327: 322: 317: 310: 303: 295: 293: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 259: 257: 256: 251: 243: 241: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 207: 205: 204: 203: 202: 200:Final Solution 192: 190:Nuremberg Laws 184: 182: 181: 176: 162: 157: 152: 147: 137: 135: 134: 129: 124: 122:Hitler cabinet 119: 109: 107: 106: 101: 99:Reichstag fire 96: 86: 82: 81: 78: 77: 60: 44:, 21 June 1932 42:Hermann Göring 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7330: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7285: 7275: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7189: 7183: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7167:The Wehrmacht 7165: 7163: 7157: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7101: 7100: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7064: 7062: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7009: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6966: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6853:Seyss-Inquart 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6732: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6675:Untermenschen 6671: 6668: 6667: 6666:Rassenschande 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6556: 6555:Pan-Germanism 6553: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6494:Direct action 6492: 6487: 6486: 6485:Führerprinzip 6481: 6480: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6422:Anti-pacifism 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6305:The Holocaust 6303: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6284:Kristallnacht 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6184: 6183: 6182:Schutzstaffel 6178: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6105: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6067: 6062: 6060: 6055: 6053: 6048: 6047: 6044: 6032: 6031: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5979:(half-nephew) 5978: 5975: 5973:(half-nephew) 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5961:(half-nephew) 5960: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5949:(half-sister) 5948: 5947:Angela Hitler 5945: 5943:(grandmother) 5942: 5939: 5937:(grandfather) 5936: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5772:50th birthday 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5727:Vegetarianism 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5693:Personal life 5691: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5628: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5563:Kehlsteinhaus 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5545: 5542: 5536: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5512:The Holocaust 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5492:Rise to power 5490: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5400:Führerprinzip 5397: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5372: 5367: 5365: 5360: 5358: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5235:Otto Strasser 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5205:Bernhard Rust 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5180:Josef Mengele 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5125:Wilhelm Frick 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5006: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4915:Amt Rosenberg 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908:Party offices 4906: 4900: 4899:Thule Society 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4810:Anton Drexler 4808: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4788: 4783: 4781: 4776: 4774: 4769: 4768: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4747: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4732: 4721: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4666:Weale, Adrian 4663: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4554: 4553: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4512: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4465:. Routledge. 4464: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4392: 4387: 4386: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4287:. McFarland. 4286: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4048: 4047: 4041: 4037: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3957:Hitler, Adolf 3954: 3950: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3758: 3757: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3726:Bullock, Alan 3723: 3719: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3704:Brown, Archie 3701: 3697: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3659: 3646: 3641: 3634: 3633:Hoffmann 1977 3629: 3622: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3598: 3593: 3586: 3581: 3574: 3573:Hoffmann 1977 3569: 3562: 3557: 3555: 3547: 3545: 3539: 3532: 3531:Liebmann 2008 3527: 3520: 3515: 3508: 3503: 3496: 3491: 3484: 3479: 3472: 3467: 3460: 3455: 3448: 3443: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3422:, p. 92. 3421: 3416: 3409: 3404: 3398:, p. 61. 3397: 3392: 3385: 3380: 3373: 3368: 3361: 3356: 3349: 3344: 3337: 3332: 3325: 3320: 3313: 3312:Stachura 1975 3308: 3301: 3296: 3289: 3284: 3277: 3272: 3265: 3260: 3253: 3248: 3241: 3236: 3229: 3224: 3217: 3212: 3205: 3200: 3193: 3188: 3181: 3176: 3170:, p. 92. 3169: 3164: 3158:, p. 90. 3157: 3152: 3145: 3140: 3133: 3128: 3121: 3116: 3108: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3084: 3079: 3072: 3067: 3061:, p. 55. 3060: 3059:Fulbrook 1991 3055: 3047: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3022: 3016: 3012: 3004: 2997: 2992: 2986:, p. 68. 2985: 2980: 2974:, p. 67. 2973: 2968: 2961: 2956: 2949: 2944: 2937: 2936:Burleigh 2000 2932: 2925: 2920: 2913: 2912:Nicholls 2000 2908: 2901: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2874: 2871:. Episode 4. 2870: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2844: 2839: 2832: 2827: 2820: 2815: 2809:, p. 75. 2808: 2803: 2796: 2791: 2785:, p. 21. 2784: 2779: 2772: 2767: 2761:, p. 16. 2760: 2755: 2748: 2743: 2737:, p. 21. 2736: 2731: 2724: 2719: 2712: 2707: 2700: 2695: 2688: 2683: 2676: 2671: 2669: 2661: 2656: 2649: 2644: 2637: 2632: 2625: 2624:Campbell 1998 2620: 2614:, p. 42. 2613: 2608: 2602:, p. 50. 2601: 2600:Hoffmann 2000 2596: 2594: 2586: 2581: 2574: 2569: 2562: 2557: 2550: 2545: 2539:, p. 86. 2538: 2533: 2526: 2521: 2515:, p. 76. 2514: 2509: 2502: 2497: 2490: 2485: 2478: 2473: 2467:, p. 75. 2466: 2461: 2454: 2449: 2443:, p. 82. 2442: 2437: 2431:, p. 35. 2430: 2425: 2423: 2416:, p. 82. 2415: 2410: 2403: 2398: 2392:, p. 34. 2391: 2386: 2380:, p. 37. 2379: 2378:Mitchell 2013 2374: 2368:, p. 80. 2367: 2362: 2360: 2353:, p. 79. 2352: 2347: 2341:, p. 69. 2340: 2335: 2329:, p. 75. 2328: 2323: 2317:, p. 73. 2316: 2311: 2305:, p. 28. 2304: 2302: 2296: 2294: 2287:, p. 29. 2286: 2281: 2275:, p. 27. 2274: 2272: 2266: 2260:, p. 25. 2259: 2257: 2251: 2244: 2243:Hatfield 1981 2239: 2223: 2220:. Episode 2. 2219: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2189: 2184: 2178:, p. 78. 2177: 2172: 2166: 2162: 2156: 2141: 2137: 2130: 2126: 2112: 2106: 2099: 2093: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2072: 2065: 2059:, p. 36. 2058: 2052: 2045: 2039: 2032: 2026: 2019: 2013: 2007:, p. 35. 2006: 1999: 1993:, p. xx. 1992: 1985: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1964: 1958:, p. xx. 1957: 1953: 1949: 1943: 1937:, p. 86. 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1921:northeast of 1920: 1916: 1912: 1906: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1868: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1845: 1841: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1786: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1765: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1730: 1723: 1718: 1702: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1675: 1674: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1642: 1638: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1584:Wilhelm Frick 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1510:Reichskanzler 1505: 1500: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1473:Upper Silesia 1468: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1418:Wilhelm Frick 1415: 1411: 1406: 1400: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1379: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276:Joseph Stalin 1273: 1269: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1225: 1223: 1218: 1212: 1210: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1122: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1004: 999: 995: 994:March on Rome 991: 987: 986: 985:Schutzstaffel 981: 980: 975: 971: 967: 965: 960: 953: 947: 945: 944: 938: 936: 935:Hermann Esser 932: 928: 927: 922: 917: 915: 911: 906: 904: 903: 897: 896: 891: 890: 885: 884: 879: 875: 871: 870:Ordnertruppen 867: 859: 858: 852: 848: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 826: 822: 814: 812: 807: 802: 797: 796: 795:Otto Strasser 784: 780: 778: 774: 770: 766: 757: 753: 751: 746: 742: 741:Anton Drexler 738: 734: 730: 729: 724: 720: 715: 713: 709: 704: 698: 695: 690: 688: 687:Heinrich Osel 684: 680: 675: 672: 668: 664: 663:Western Front 660: 656: 647: 638: 636: 635: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 613: 608: 604: 600: 591: 589: 585: 584: 579: 572:Early Germany 569: 567: 563: 558: 556: 555: 550: 549: 545: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 485: 483: 478: 474: 469: 467: 463: 462:United States 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 438: 436: 432: 428: 427: 422: 421: 415: 411: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 387: 385: 384: 379: 375: 371: 360: 355: 353: 348: 346: 341: 340: 338: 337: 333: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 315: 311: 309: 308: 304: 302: 299: 298: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 262: 255: 252: 250: 247: 246: 239: 238:November 1933 236: 234: 231: 229: 228:November 1932 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 210: 201: 198: 197: 196: 195:The Holocaust 193: 191: 188: 187: 180: 177: 174: 170: 166: 163: 161: 160:Eastern Front 158: 156: 155:Western Front 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 142: 140: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 114: 112: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 91: 89: 88:Rise to power 84: 83: 74: 61: 58: 54: 53: 50: 49: 43: 39: 34: 30: 19: 7201:Architecture 7149:SS personnel 7097: 7083:SUMKA (Iran) 6709:Social order 6634:Antisemitism 6587:Palingenetic 6478:Dictatorship 6447:Conspiracism 6371:Labour camps 6341:Deportations 6328: 6300:World War II 6245:Kirchenkampf 6233:Nazi Germany 6116:Hitler Youth 6080:Organisation 6028: 5977:Heinz Hitler 5967:(half-niece) 5953:Paula Hitler 5929:Klara Hitler 5923:Alois Hitler 5896: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5835: 5675:Obersalzberg 5626: 5574:Führerbunker 5573: 5551:Headquarters 5548: 5507:World War II 5502:Nazi Germany 5491: 5455:Zweites Buch 5453: 5434: 5398: 5391: 5378:Adolf Hitler 5314:Nazi Germany 5225:Albert Speer 5130:Walther Funk 5095:Rudolf Diels 5085:Kurt Daluege 5075:Artur Axmann 4974:Publications 4920:Hitler Youth 4889:Röhm scandal 4838: 4816:Adolf Hitler 4749: 4739: 4708: 4688: 4669: 4654:. 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Adolf Hitler's rise to power

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