Just war theory - Knowledge

40: 79: 2780:'s attitude towards war. The document offers criteria of distinguishing between an aggressive war, which is unacceptable, and a justified war, attributing the highest moral and sacred value of military acts of bravery to a true believer who participates in a justified war. Additionally, the document considers the just war criteria as developed in Western Christianity to be eligible for Russian Orthodoxy; therefore, the justified war theory in Western theology is also applicable to the Russian Orthodox Church. 3005:

has inherited some elements (the criteria of legitimate authority, just cause, right intention) from the older war theory that first evolved around AD 400, it has rejected two premises that underpinned all medieval just wars, including crusades: first, that violence could be employed on behalf of Christ's intentions for mankind and could even be directly authorized by him; and second, that it was a morally neutral force that drew whatever ethical coloring it had from the intentions of the perpetrators.

2791:, they will continue to accompany it. While recognizing war as evil, the Russian Orthodox Church does not prohibit its members from participating in hostilities if there is the security of their neighbours and the restoration of trampled justice at stake. War is considered to be necessary but undesirable. It is also stated that the Russian Orthodox Church has had profound respect for soldiers who gave their lives to protect the life and security of their neighbours. 6617: 3054:

proportionality criteria. One cannot invade if there is no chance of actually winning. However, wars are fought with imperfect knowledge, so one must simply be able to make a logical case that one can win; there is no way to know this in advance. These criteria move the conversation from moral and theoretical grounds to practical grounds. Essentially, this is meant to gather coalition building and win approval of other state actors.

2149:. Egyptian ethics of war usually centered on three main ideas, these including the cosmological role of Egypt, the pharaoh as a divine office and executor of the will of the gods, and the superiority of the Egyptian state and population over all other states and peoples. Egyptian political theology held that the pharaoh had the exclusive legitimacy in justly initiating a war, usually claimed to carry out the will of the gods. 2428:

greatest extent possible, and always justified. In terms of the traditional notion of jus in bello (justice in war, or the moral considerations which ought to constrain the use of violence in war), war is a coping mechanism for righteous combatants who, by divine edict, have no choice but to subject themselves to their political masters and seek to ensure that they execute their war-fighting duty as justly as possible.

2591:. Secondly, the war needs to be waged for just cause, on account of some wrong the attacked have committed. Thirdly, warriors must have the right intent, namely to promote good and to avoid evil. Aquinas came to the conclusion that a just war could be offensive and that injustice should not be tolerated so as to avoid war. Nevertheless, Aquinas argued that violence must only be used as a last resort. On the 2101:) dealing with the morality of post-war settlement and reconstruction. The just war theory postulates the belief that war, while it is terrible but less so with the right conduct, is not always the worst option. The just war theory presents a justfiable means of war with justice being an objective of armed conflict. Important responsibilities, undesirable outcomes, or preventable atrocities may justify war. 4562: 2157:, claimed, "I was nursed to be a conqueror...his son and his protector, he gave me to conquer what he conquered." Later pharaohs also considered their sonship of the god Amun-Re as granting them absolute ability to declare war on the deity's behalf. Pharaohs often visited temples prior to initiating campaigns, where the pharaoh was believed to receive their commands of war from the deities. For example, 4358: 5032: 2974:

practice would be sheer deception of the common people, of philistines, of ignorant people, by the astute slaveowners. Precisely in this way are the present-day imperialist bourgeoisie deceiving the peoples by means of "national ideology" and the term "defense of the fatherland" in the present war between slave-owners for fortifying and strengthening slavery.

3047:) are typically considered as violations of this criterion. The importance of this condition is key. Plainly, we cannot have a genuine process of judging a just war within a system that represses the process of genuine justice. A just war must be initiated by a political authority within a political system that allows distinctions of justice". 2595:, violence was only justified to the extent it was necessary. Soldiers needed to avoid cruelty and a just war was limited by the conduct of just combatants. Aquinas argued that it was only in the pursuit of justice, that the good intention of a moral act could justify negative consequences, including the killing of the innocent during a war. 2672:, took the lead in collaborating with a large number of other religious leaders, including some with whom he had differed in the past, to write a rebuttal of the Germans' contentions. Both German and British theologians based themselves on the just war theory, each group seeking to prove that it applied to the war waged by its own side. 2722:

that "it is one thing to wage a war of self-defense; it is quite another to seek to impose domination on another nation. The possession of war potential does not justify the use of force for political or military objectives. Nor does the mere fact that war has unfortunately broken out mean that all is fair between the warring parties".

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The principle of last resort stipulates that all non-violent options must first be exhausted before the use of force can be justified. Diplomatic options, sanctions, and other non-military methods must be attempted or validly ruled out before the engagement of hostilities. Further, in regard to the

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But picture to yourselves a slave-owner who owned 100 slaves warring against a slave-owner who owned 200 slaves for a more "just" distribution of slaves. Clearly, the application of the term "defensive" war, or war "for the defense of the fatherland" in such a case would be historically false, and in

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Just-war theorists combine a moral abhorrence towards war with a readiness to accept that war may sometimes be necessary. The criteria of the just-war tradition act as an aid in determining whether resorting to arms is morally permissible. Just-war theories aim "to distinguish between justifiable and

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issued a letter that all Catholics were to support the war because "Our Lord Jesus Christ does not stand for peace at any price... If by Pacifism is meant the teaching that the use of force is never justifiable, then, however well meant, it is mistaken, and it is hurtful to the life of our country."

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Peace, as taught by Sacred Scripture and the experience of men itself, is more than just the absence of war. And the Christian is aware that on earth a human society that is completely and always peaceful is, unfortunately, an utopia and that the ideologies which present it as easily attainable only

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to justify the pursuit of labelled terrorist for the safety of the government's state in a modern context. The actual fault lies with the aggressor and so by being the aggressor, they forfeit their rights for honourable treatment by their actions. That theory is used to justify the actions taken by

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The consensus among Christians on the use of violence has changed radically since the crusades were fought. The just war theory prevailing for most of the last two centuries—that violence is an evil that can, in certain situations, be condoned as the lesser of evils—is relatively young. Although it

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If this responsibility justifies the possession of sufficient means to exercise this right to defense, States still have the obligation to do everything possible "to ensure that the conditions of peace exist, not only within their own territory but throughout the world". It is important to remember

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The Just War theory, with some amendments, is still used by Christians today as a guide to whether or not a war can be justified. War may be necessary and right, even though it may not be good. In the case of a country that has been invaded by an occupying force, war may be the only way to restore

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standard (proposing that a war need only to serve a nation's interests to be justifiable). In many cases, philosophers state that individuals do not need to be plagued by a guilty conscience if they are required to fight. A few philosophers ennoble the virtues of the soldier while they also declare

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The reason for going to war needs to be just and cannot, therefore, be solely for recapturing things taken or punishing people who have done wrong; innocent life must be in imminent danger and intervention must be to protect life. A contemporary view of just cause was expressed in 1993 when the US

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According to this principle, there must be good grounds for concluding that aims of the just war are achievable. This principle emphasizes that mass violence must not be undertaken if it is unlikely to secure the just cause. This criterion is to avoid invasion for invasion's sake and links to the

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book 22 sections 69–76, Augustine argues that Christians, as part of a government, need not be ashamed of protecting peace and punishing wickedness when they are forced to do so by a government. Augustine asserted that was a personal and philosophical stance: "What is here required is not a bodily

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The historical aspect, or the "just war tradition", deals with the historical body of rules or agreements that have applied in various wars across the ages. The just war tradition also considers the writings of various philosophers and lawyers through history, and examines both their philosophical

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International legitimacy for the use of armed force, on the basis of rigorous assessment and with well-founded motivations, can only be given by the decision of a competent body that identifies specific situations as threats to peace and authorizes an intrusion into the sphere of autonomy usually

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that called war a last resort requiring conduct that would allow the restoration of peace. Aristotle argues that the cultivation of a military is necessary and good for the purpose of self-defense, not for conquering: "The proper object of practising military training is not in order that men may

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governs the justice of war termination and peace agreements, as well as the prosecution of war criminals, and publicly labelled terrorists. The idea has largely been added to help decide what to do if there are prisoners that have been taken during battle. It is, through government labelling and

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In terms of the traditional notion of jus ad bellum (justice of war, that is, the circumstances in which wars can be justly fought), war is a coping mechanism for righteous sovereigns who would ensure that their violent international encounters are minimal, a reflection of the Divine Will to the

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They who have waged war in obedience to the divine command, or in conformity with His laws, have represented in their persons the public justice or the wisdom of government, and in this capacity have put to death wicked men; such persons have by no means violated the commandment, "Thou shalt not

2279:. War was justified only as a last resort and only by the rightful sovereign; however, questioning the decision of the emperor concerning the necessity of a military action was not permissible. The success of a military campaign was sufficient proof that the campaign had been righteous. 2726:

The Charter of the United Nations ... is based on a generalized prohibition of a recourse to force to resolve disputes between States, with the exception of two cases: legitimate defence and measures taken by the Security Council within the area of its responsibilities for maintaining

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cited a presumptive moral imperative prohibiting violence against all innocent people as the prima facie basis for questioning whether the norms of just war theories could adequately serve as a rational moral justification for military conflict within the nuclear age.

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Just war conduct should be governed by the principle of proportionality. Combatants must make sure that the harm caused to civilians or civilian property is not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated by an attack on a

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describes a war that is fought for just, righteous or religious reasons, especially in defence of one's own beliefs. Though some core tenets in the Sikh religion are understood to emphasise peace and nonviolence, especially before the 1606 execution of

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Only duly constituted public authorities may wage war. "A just war must be initiated by a political authority within a political system that allows distinctions of justice. Dictatorships (e.g. Hitler's regime) or deceptive military actions (e.g. the

3161:, and the harm caused to civilians or civilian property must be proportional and not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated. This principle is meant to limit excessive and unnecessary death and destruction. 2095:("right conduct in war"). The first group of criteria concerns the morality of going to war, and the second group of criteria concerns the moral conduct within war. There have been calls for the inclusion of a third category of just war theory ( 2410:

But, say they, the wise man will wage Just Wars. As if he would not all the rather lament the necessity of just wars, if he remembers that he is a man; for if they were not just he would not wage them, and would therefore be delivered from all

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Don Hubert and Thomas G. Weiss et al. "The Responsibility to Protect: Supplementary Volume to the Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty". (Canada: International Development Research Centre,

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Rock SR. On War and Morality. By Robert L. Holmes. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989. 320p. Review of the book "On War and Morality" by Robert L. Holmes on Cambridege.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review

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Japan did not develop its own doctrine of just war but between the 5th and the 7th centuries drew heavily from Chinese philosophy, and especially Confucian views. As part of the Japanese campaign to take the northeastern island

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Nonetheless, he asserted, peacefulness in the face of a grave wrong that could be stopped by only violence would be a sin. Defense of one's self or others could be a necessity, especially when it is authorized by a legitimate

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unjustifiable uses of organized armed forces"; they attempt "to conceive of how the use of arms might be restrained, made more humane, and ultimately directed towards the aim of establishing lasting peace and justice".

2181:, signifying order and justice, was central to the Egyptian notion of just war and its ability to guarantee Egypt virtually no limits on what it could take, do, or use to guarantee the ambitions of the state. 3124:

targets. Moreover, combatants are not permitted to attack enemy combatants who have surrendered, or who have been captured, or who are injured and not presenting an immediate lethal threat, or who are

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amount of harm—proportionally—the principle of last resort would support using small intervention forces first and then escalating rather than starting a war with massive force such as

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Just war conduct should be governed by the principle of military necessity. An attack or action must be intended to help in the defeat of the enemy; it must be an attack on a

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Catholic Conference said: "Force may be used only to correct a grave, public evil, i.e., aggression or massive violation of the basic human rights of whole populations."

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to wage war, and he set out criteria for a just war. According to Aquinas, three requirements must be met. Firstly, the war must be waged upon the command of a rightful

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progressed and Egypt heightened its territorial ambition, so did the invocation of just war aid the justification of these efforts. The universal principle of

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Padre E. C. Crosse and 'the Devonshire Epitaph': The Astonishing Story of One Man at the Battle of the Somme (with Antecedents to Today's 'Just War' Dialogue)

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held that individuals should not resort immediately to violence, but God has given the sword to government for a good reason (based upon Romans 13:4). In

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war exists when a people tries to ward off the threat of coercive domination by another people, or to overthrow an already-existing domination. A war is

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Cian O'Driscoll, "Rewriting the Just War Tradition: Just War in Classical Greek Political Thought and Practice," International Studies Quarterly (2015).

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famously preached a Lenten sermon before Henry VIII, who was preparing for a war, quoting Cicero "Better an unjust peace rather than the justest war."

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visions of war's ethical limits and whether their thoughts have contributed to the body of conventions that have evolved to guide war and warfare.

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Just war conduct should be governed by the principle of distinction. The acts of war should be directed towards enemy combatants, and not towards

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Therefore, engaging in a preventive war without clear proof that an attack is imminent cannot fail to raise serious moral and juridical questions.

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standard (proposing that there has never been nor can there ever be a justifiable basis for war) or they may be inclined toward a more permissive

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In recent years, some theorists, such as Gary Bass, Louis Iasiello and Brian Orend, have proposed a third category within the just war theory.

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Enemy combatants who surrendered or who are captured no longer pose a threat. It is therefore wrong to torture them or otherwise mistreat them.

7291: 2994:, on the other hand, when a people try to impose domination on another people or try to retain an already-existing coercive rule over them." 2214:) asks if the suffering caused by war can ever be justified. A long discussion then ensues between the siblings, establishing criteria like 7495: 7469: 6386: 3207:

concerns justice after a war, including peace treaties, reconstruction, environmental remediation, war crimes trials, and war reparations.

5121:, 2007). Discusses the contemporary relevance of just war theory. Offers an annotated bibliography of current writings on just war theory. 2943:

The just war tradition addresses the morality of the use of force in two parts: when it is right to resort to armed force (the concern of

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While not breaking down the conditions necessary for war to be just, Augustine nonetheless originated the very phrase itself in his work

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In the twenty-first century there has been significant debate between traditional just war theorists, who largely support the existing

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claimed that "I went north because I was strong (enough) to attack the Asiatics through the command of Amon, the just of counsels." A

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Those wars are unjust which are undertaken without cause. For aside from vengeance or to fight off enemies no just war can be waged.

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caught in circumstances that they did not create. The prohibited acts include bombing civilian residential areas that include no

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were, as a matter of course, judged according to the norms (as established in Aquinas' just war theory) by philosophers such as

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A History of the Parish of Trinity Church in the City of New York: The rectorship of Dr. William Thomas Manning 1908 to 1921

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In every case, exercising the right to self-defence must respect "the traditional limits of necessity and proportionality".

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enslave those who do not deserve slavery, but in order that first they may themselves avoid becoming enslaved to others" (

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theory, codified as a set of rules, which today still encompass the points commonly debated, with some modifications.

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nourish vain hopes. The cause of peace will not go forward by denying the possibility and the obligation to defend it.

2256:, military force may be justified if all peaceful means to settle a conflict have been exhausted, thus resulting in a 7615: 7373: 7037: 6695: 5534: 5240: 5214: 5068: 4867: 4734: 4159: 4134: 4092: 4067: 3667: 3618: 3586: 3559: 2906: 2173:"provides an unequivocal statement of the pharaoh's divine mandate to wage war on his enemies." As the period of the 1434: 7452: 7442: 7057: 5446: 2686: 2291:

people, who were likened to "bandits" and "wild-hearted wolf cubs" and accused of invading Japan's frontier lands.

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has been added to deal with the fact that some hostile actions may take place outside a traditional battlefield.

2841:. The just war tradition, which was well established by the 19th century, found its practical application in the 1857: 1495: 1282: 127: 7400: 6740: 6690: 6402: 4238: 3139: 2694:

The damage inflicted by the aggressor on the nation or community of nations must be lasting, grave and certain.

1621: 5368:(Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007). Covers the basics and some of the most controversial current debates. 4751: 7540: 7415: 7002: 6219: 5636: 2714: 2038: 1485: 3917: 2473: 2460: 7146: 7067: 7047: 6830: 6750: 6735: 6700: 6466: 6426: 6339: 5338: 4666: 4208:

Mews, Stuart. "Davidson, Randall Thomas, Baron Davidson of Lambeth (1848–1930), Archbishop of Canterbury",

3260: 2495: 1975: 679: 439: 4781: 3719: 2358:, the "law of nations", the customary moral obligations regarded as innate and universal to human beings. 7490: 7314: 7032: 6715: 6098: 5171: 2129: 1985: 1172: 974: 845: 383: 2902: 7579: 7558: 7405: 7383: 7082: 7042: 6760: 6680: 6394: 5192: 4407: 3250: 3158: 3146: 3109: 1449: 4811: 3403: 7457: 7410: 7378: 7072: 7017: 6585: 5050: 4828:(1978). "Just-War Theories: The Bases, Interrelations, Priorities, and Functions of Their Criteria". 4653: 1559: 1067: 416: 290: 144: 7625: 7610: 7333: 7266: 7136: 7116: 7099: 6755: 6601: 6088: 5745: 5501: 4261: 2669: 2516:

has had a lasting impact on later generations of thinkers and was part of an emerging consensus in

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who reject many traditional assumptions, although not necessarily advocating a change in the law.

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Cox, Rory (2017). "Expanding the History of the Just War: The Ethics of War in Ancient Egypt".

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Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India

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All other means of putting an end to it must have been shown to be impractical or ineffective.

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Combatants may not use weapons or other methods of warfare that are considered evil, such as

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on just war. In the 13th century Aquinas reflected in detail on peace and war. Aquinas was a

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and contemplated the teachings of the Bible on peace and war in combination with ideas from

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The use of arms must not produce evils and disorders graver than the evil to be eliminated.

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wrote numerous works on peace which criticized Just War theory as a smokescreen and added

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Nájera, Luna. "Myth and Prophecy in Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda's Crusading "Exhortación"

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In the same document, it is stated that wars have accompanied human history since the

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Guthrie, Charles; Quinlan, Michael (2007). "III: The Structure of the Tradition".

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No war is undertaken by a good state except on behalf of good faith or for safety.

6790: 6620: 6354: 6093: 6048: 6008: 5956: 5901: 5891: 5815: 5790: 5772: 5725: 5616: 5549: 5544: 5432: 5330: 5258:, March 2022); applies the concept to Russia's February 2022 invasion of Ukraine. 5143: 4825: 4262:"Just-War Theory, Catholic Morality, And The Response To International Terrorism" 4042: 3994: 3879: 3129: 3066: 2983: 2834: 2681: 2661: 2537: 2521: 2517: 2379: 2154: 2097: 2068: 1815: 1800: 1674: 1616: 1272: 1267: 1157: 1147: 1062: 1037: 979: 820: 750: 740: 592: 577: 500: 472: 272: 252: 100: 7339: 7158: 6921: 6891: 6795: 6785: 6770: 6725: 6666: 6590: 6344: 6244: 6229: 6204: 6199: 6083: 5973: 5911: 5830: 5820: 5810: 5720: 5601: 5596: 5581: 5521: 5506: 5481: 5371: 4841: 4522: 4480: 4438: 4362: 3695:

Rory Cox, "The Ethics of War up to Thomas Aquinas" in (eds. Lazar & Frowe)

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elaborates on the just war doctrine in paragraphs 500 to 501, while citing the

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A 2017 study found that the just war tradition can be traced as far back as to

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cannot attack cavalry, only other chariots; no attacking people in distress),

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priests. More broadly, conventions of war and treaty-making were part of the

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action, but an inward disposition. The sacred seat of virtue is the heart."

2230:(no attacking out of rage), and fair treatment of captives and the wounded. 7239: 7077: 6931: 6869: 6835: 6805: 6555: 6498: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6294: 6264: 5998: 5871: 5805: 5800: 5735: 5591: 5576: 5098: 4720:

Opyt kritiko-istoricheskogo issledovaniya zakonov isskusstva vedeniya voyny

2951: 2929: 2921: 2866: 2830: 2751: 2643: 2327: 2304: 2272: 2166: 2024: 1950: 1930: 1925: 1820: 1765: 1399: 1394: 1217: 1132: 880: 614: 515: 312: 216: 4926:

Humanitarian Military Intervention: The Conditions for Success and Failure

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Critico-historical research into the laws of the art of the conduct of war

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that aims to ensure that a war is morally justifiable through a series of

7249: 6986: 6951: 6916: 6896: 6810: 6254: 6058: 5835: 5496: 5421:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with John Keane and Niall Ferguson (3 June 1999) 5276: 5220: 5198: 4021: 3973: 3760: 3653: 3526: 3230: 3174: 2882: 2784: 2592: 2354: 2198: 2109: 1935: 1686: 1651: 1490: 1177: 1142: 855: 798: 701: 485: 206: 201: 4350: 4333: 4006: 7281: 7093: 6971: 6956: 6946: 6765: 6314: 6284: 6279: 6259: 6209: 6120: 5978: 5921: 5881: 5876: 5646: 5569: 5118: 4723:Опыт критико-исторического исследования законов искусства ведения войны 4574: 4549: 4507: 4465: 3781: 3535: 2788: 2615: 2608: 2245: 2150: 2125: 1892: 1862: 1584: 953: 2799:

The just war theory, propounded by the medieval Christian philosopher

2299:

The notion of just war in Europe originates and is developed first in

2287:, Japanese military action was portrayed as an effort to "pacify" the 2104:

Opponents of the just war theory may either be inclined to a stricter

7219: 6705: 6530: 6442: 6174: 6154: 6053: 5963: 5936: 5916: 5861: 5730: 5539: 3795: 3180: 3133: 3113: 3092: 3014:

The just war theory has two sets of criteria, the first establishing

2588: 2525: 2311: 1882: 1706: 1656: 1606: 1596: 1591: 1456: 1247: 1242: 1207: 649: 335: 302: 191: 5341:'s theories of war in relation to the war against the Ottoman Turks. 5106: 4541: 4499: 4457: 7308: 6961: 6560: 6525: 6159: 6144: 6068: 6063: 6028: 6018: 5931: 5866: 5840: 5157:

Why we fight: the origins, nature, and management of human conflict

3117: 2870: 2827: 2642:

A leading humanist writer after the Reformation was legal theorist

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and other times, severely disrupting the conduct of wars. The 1179

2253: 2190: 2105: 2076: 2064: 1897: 1872: 1505: 1137: 1112: 730: 285: 159: 30:"Just war" redirects here. For the 1996 science fiction novel, see 3425: 2271:

produced a massive body of work on warfare, much of it during the

6184: 6073: 6038: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5896: 5886: 5396: 4608:"Francisco de Vitoria on the Ius Gentium and the American Indios" 2234: 2210: 1907: 1867: 1631: 1465: 1461: 808: 793: 669: 330: 325: 295: 234: 196: 5290:(Washington, D.C., Catholic University of America Press, 2023). 4670: 4000: 3873:

Christians and War: Augustine of Hippo and the "Just War theory"

7229: 7179: 6926: 6856: 6169: 6110: 6043: 5968: 5845: 5455: 5346:

The ethics of war and peace: Religious and secular perspectives

5225:

The Rosicrucian Philosophy in Questions and Answers – Volume II

5166:

Crawford, Neta. "Just War Theory and the US Countertenor War",

5113:

Brough, Michael W., John W. Lango, Harry van der Linden, eds.,

4642: 4038: 3990: 3737: 2566:. Other significant influences on Aquinas just war theory were 2491: 2349: 2288: 2284: 2170: 2158: 1414: 815: 632: 368: 6966: 6149: 6139: 5097:(2006). Showing the Catholic view in three points, including 4361:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

4357: 3636:"A Confucian Contribution to the Catholic Just War Tradition" 2949:) and what is acceptable in using such force (the concern of 2529: 2483: 2332: 2219: 2162: 890: 426: 421: 3221:

anyone fighting in a war to treat prisoners outside of war.

3120:

against civilians or prisoners of war (POWs), and attacking

2803:, was developed further by legal scholars in the context of 6411:

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

6189: 6105: 5951: 5946: 5906: 3861:

The Stoic Tradition from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages

3839: 3608: 2962:

theorized on the advantages and potential benefits of war.

2487: 2366:

Christian theory of the Just War begins around the time of

2178: 186: 181: 3346:

Just War: The Just War Tradition: Ethics in Modern Warfare

2774:

Basis of the Social Concept of the Russian Orthodox Church

2079:

and policymakers. The criteria are split into two groups:

6115: 5424: 3895: 3283:

De officiis. With an English translation by Walter Miller

2754:

in an address to a group of soldiers said the following:

2584: 2208:

or "righteous war"). In it, one of five ruling brothers (

59: 5089:"The Just War Theory: A Traditional Catholic Moral View" 3581:. London & New York: I.B.Tauris. pp. 3–4, 252. 3368: 2314:

who first introduced the concept and terminology to the

2202:, offers the first written discussions of a "just war" ( 5252:

Russia's Recent Invasion of Ukraine and Just War Theory

4717: 4523:"Reviewed work: On War and Morality., Robert L. Holmes" 3684:

The Greco-Roman Roots of the Western Just War Tradition

5335:

Bulletin for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies

5288:

Justice after War: Jus Post Bellum in the 21st Century

5006:

Justice after War: Jus Post Bellum in the 21st Century

4439:"Reviewed work: On War and Morality, Robert L. Holmes" 4363:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

3659:

Samurai, Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan

3452:"Just War Theory: Revisionists Versus Traditionalists" 3018:(the right to go to war), and the second establishing 2598: 2540:

and other philosophers whose writings are part of the

4149: 4124: 4810:. Catholic Education Resource Center. Archived from 4082: 4057: 3369:

Andersen-Rodgers, David; Crawford, Kerry F. (2023).

3286:. Robarts - University of Toronto. London Heinemann. 7277:

Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)

4824: 4605: 3828:

War and imperialism in Republican Rome, 327-70 B.C.

2113:their apprehensions for war itself. A few, such as 6841:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom 5217:. A defence of an updated form of just war theory. 5136: 4583:The Encyclopedia of War from Ancient Egypt to Iraq 4226: 2117:, argue for insurrection against oppressive rule. 5131: 5126:Just war thinkers from Cicero to the 21st century 4286:"Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church" 3816:The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic 2675: 2652:re-considered Just War and fighting wars justly. 7602: 4882: 3915: 3195: 46:was the first clear advocate of just-war theory. 6661: 4421: 4233:(2 ed.). Liberia Editrice Vaticana. 2000. 3491:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 3296: 3280:Cicero, Marcus Tullius; Miller, Walter (1913). 2743:Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church 2710:Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church 5361:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). 4779: 3343: 2498:adopted a version of it for the whole church. 7292:Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces 6647: 5440: 4331: 3646: 3613:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 99–100. 3549: 3297:Fellmeth, Aaron X.; Horwitz, Maurice (2009). 2032: 6387:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel 4981:Studies in Moral philosophy: Just War Theory 4695:. Eppc.org. 1 September 1998. Archived from 4280: 4278: 4062:. Cambridge University Press. p. viii. 4037:. The text seems from a missing fragment of 3279: 2837:were most influential in the formation of a 2544:. Aquinas' views on war drew heavily on the 5283:), an extended critique of just war theory. 4978: 4900:"War (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)" 4585:. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 345. 4087:. Cambridge University Press. p. vii. 3633: 3339: 3337: 2845:(1899 and 1907) and in the founding of the 2700:There must be serious prospects of success. 2553: 2545: 2477: 2464: 2088: 2080: 27:Doctrine about when a war is ethically just 6654: 6640: 5447: 5433: 5003: 4007:Augustine: Political and Social Philosophy 3989:The text seems from a missing fragment of 3822:(Goettingen 1949), pp. 22ff; P. Catalano, 2917:criticized the conquest of America by the 2853:declared war on Germany in 1917, Cardinal 2763: 2558:had been republished with commentary from 2294: 2039: 2025: 7245:Global Day of Action on Military Spending 5069:Learn how and when to remove this message 5008:. Catholic University of American Press. 4818: 4400: 4349: 4275: 3534: 3467: 2893:The first work dedicated specifically to 2583:Aquinas asserted that it is not always a 2448: 2128:and develop arguments to support it, and 4332:Knorre, Boris; Zygmont, Aleksei (2019). 4305: 4154:. Oxford University Press. p. 115. 4129:. Oxford University Press. p. 114. 3826:(Torino 1965), pp. 14ff.; W. V. Harris, 3824:Linee del sistema sovrannazionale romano 3334: 1003:List of military strategies and concepts 38: 6419:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 4923: 4210:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3489:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3393: 2501: 2338:religious pollution and divine disfavor 14: 7603: 7577: 6977:Soviet influence on the peace movement 5124:Brunsletter, D., & D. O'Driscoll, 4749: 4436: 4150:Seth Lazar; Helen Frowe, eds. (2018). 4125:Seth Lazar; Helen Frowe, eds. (2018). 3940: 3938: 3800:Roman Imperialism in the Late Republic 3652: 3609:Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). 3602: 2969:defined only three types of just war. 2958:In 1869 the Russian military theorist 2924:on the basis of just-war theory. With 2905:(1360–1431), who justified war by the 2067:, also referred to as a tradition, of 7164:World March for Peace and Nonviolence 6635: 5428: 5410:Catholic Teaching Concerning Just War 5318:McMahan, Jeff. "Just Cause for War," 5270:Khawaja, Irfan. Review of Larry May, 4573: 4488:The American Political Science Review 4306:Saunders, William (19 October 2000). 4174: 4053: 4051: 4009:, §3-c "War and Peace – The Just War" 3717: 3508: 3506: 3482: 3469:10.1146/annurev-polisci-060314-112706 3449: 3087:Once war has begun, just war theory ( 2794: 2432: 7321:Third Party Non-violent Intervention 5159:(University Press of America, 2013) 5025: 4478: 4152:The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of War 4127:The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of War 4019: 3971: 3818:(London 1925), pp. 33ff.; M. Kaser, 3697:The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of War 3574: 3568: 3311:10.1093/acref/9780195369380.001.0001 6435:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 5402:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5348:(Princeton University Press, 1998) 4924:Seybolt, Taylor B. (January 2007). 4892: 4752:"Just Wars in the Light of Marxism" 4729:]. Рипол Классик. p. 1ff. 4669:. JustWarTheory.com. Archived from 4520: 4394: 4107: 3935: 3916:Robert L. Holmes (September 2001). 3552:Just War in Comparative Perspective 3512: 3430:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3303:Guide to Latin in International Law 2599:Renaissance and Christian Humanists 24: 7578:Holmes, Robert L. (14 July 2014). 7546:Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir 7443:Anti-war protests in Russia (2014) 6731:Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp 5366:On the Ethics of War and Terrorism 5267:(Princeton University Press, 1989. 5081: 4954:Ethics & International Affairs 4403:"Ben Salmon and the Army of Peace" 4312:Catholic Education Resource Center 4048: 3503: 3456:Annual Review of Political Science 3126:parachuting from disabled aircraft 2932:, just war theory was replaced by 2655: 2472:Starting in the 11th Century, the 2374: 2361: 2082: 25: 7647: 7038:International Day of Non-Violence 6696:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions 5389: 5378:, (Yale University Press, 2004). 5115:Rethinking the Just War Tradition 4805: 4764: 4022:"Cicero's Philosophy of Just War" 3974:"Cicero's Philosophy of Just War" 3640:Journal of Interreligious Studies 3402:. Britannica Blog. Archived from 3394:McHenry, Robert (22 March 2010). 3371:Human security: theory and action 2776:is crucial for understanding the 2336:("wrong, forbidden"), and risked 2090: 7448:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 6616: 6615: 5320:Ethics and International Affairs 5110:. A critique of just war theory. 5030: 4718:Genrikh Antonovich Leer (1869). 4356: 4229:Catechism of the Catholic Church 4018:Etymologies 18.1.2-3, quoted in 3611:Historical Dictionary of Sikhism 3396:"William James on Peace and War" 3216:public opinion, that people use 3025: 2687:Catechism of the Catholic Church 2226:(no poisoned or barbed arrows), 2140: 77: 7571: 6821:Social Democratic Party (Japan) 4997: 4972: 4942: 4917: 4856: 4799: 4773: 4758: 4743: 4711: 4685: 4659: 4636: 4599: 4567: 4556: 4514: 4472: 4430: 4415: 4376:"Social Concepts, Chapter VIII" 4368: 4325: 4299: 4254: 4219: 4202: 4168: 4143: 4118: 4101: 4085:Thomas Aquinas on War and Peace 4076: 4060:Thomas Aquinas on War and Peace 4012: 3964: 3909: 3884: 3866: 3845: 3833: 3805: 3730: 3711: 3702: 3689: 3676: 3627: 3543: 3515:International Studies Quarterly 3080: 7621:Catholic theology and doctrine 7584:. Princeton University Press. 6741:List of pacifist organisations 6403:The Theory of Moral Sentiments 5773:Value monism – Value pluralism 5189:Just War Theory: A Reappraisal 4956:. 12 June 2015. Archived from 4401:John Dear (23 February 2010). 4308:"The Church's Just War Theory" 3476: 3443: 3418: 3387: 3362: 3348:. Bloomsbury. pp. 11–15. 3290: 3273: 2676:Contemporary Catholic doctrine 2508:Thomas Aquinas § Just war 13: 1: 5151:: 721 – via HeinOnline. 5053:and help improve the section. 4693:"Home > Publications >" 4650:: What the Public Should Know 4083:Gregory M. Reichberg (2017). 4058:Gregory M. Reichberg (2017). 3970:City of God, 22.6, quoted in 3802:(Ithaca 1968, 2nd ed.), p.11. 3662:. Routledge. pp. 21–22. 3266: 3159:legitimate military objective 3147:legitimate military objective 2715:Charter of the United Nations 2680:The just war doctrine of the 2344:) thus required a ritualized 2263: 2072: 7147:World Peace Bell Association 7048:Dialogue Among Civilizations 6751:New Socialist Party of Japan 6736:Iraq War resisters in Canada 6701:Coalition of Women for Peace 6467:On the Genealogy of Morality 6427:Critique of Practical Reason 4979:Thom Brooks (October 2012). 4769:. Marxists Internet Archive. 4754:. Marxists Internet Archive. 4606:Victor M. Salas Jr. (2012). 3261:Moral equality of combatants 3022:(right conduct within war). 2897:was the 15th-century sermon 2861:Armed conflicts such as the 2496:Third Council of the Lateran 7: 7315:The whole world is watching 7083:Peace & Love (festival) 7033:Imagine Piano Peace Project 5176:Elshtain, Jean Bethke, ed. 5101:'s position concerning war. 4928:. Oxford University Press. 4045:, by the Laelius character. 3997:, by the Laelius character. 3575:Syan, Hardip Singh (2013). 3305:. Oxford University Press. 3224: 3110:legitimate military targets 3045:1968 US bombing of Cambodia 3009: 2986:(1926-1995) stated that "a 2087:("right to go to war") and 1496:Military–industrial complex 975:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 7652: 7438:2011 intervention in Libya 7058:List of places named Peace 7043:International Day of Peace 6761:Peace and conflict studies 6681:Anti-nuclear organizations 6395:A Treatise of Human Nature 5454: 5300:MacDonald, David Roberts. 5193:Edinburgh University Press 4842:10.1177/004056397803900302 4767:"Socialism and War, ch. 1" 4654:W. W. Norton & Company 4408:National Catholic Reporter 3830:(Oxford 1979), pp. 161 ff. 3748:De provinciis consularibus 3251:Peace and conflict studies 3095:are to act or should act: 3031: 2638:(Dulce bellum inexpertis). 2505: 2452: 2415:Augustine further taught: 2135: 29: 7636:Christianity and violence 7554: 7483: 7348: 7172: 7073:Nobel Peace Prize Concert 7068:Mother's Day Proclamation 7018:Dances of Universal Peace 6995: 6849: 6831:The Women's Peace Crusade 6673: 6611: 6518: 6363: 6129: 5854: 5783: 5645: 5520: 5462: 5337:, 35:1 (2011). Discusses 4808:"Rethinking the Crusades" 4479:Rock, Stephen R. (1989). 4437:Meyers, Diana T. (1992). 2885:. Other scholars such as 2384:Contra Faustum Manichaeum 2169:at the Temple of Amun at 1560:Loss-of-strength gradient 417:Combat information center 7616:Catholic social teaching 7334:Violence begets violence 7267:Non-aggression principle 7137:The Non-Violence Project 7117:Promoting Enduring Peace 7100:Promoting Enduring Peace 6756:Pacifist Socialist Party 5746:Universal prescriptivism 5168:Perspectives on Politics 4722: 4446:The Philosophical Review 4422:C. T. Bridgeman (1962). 3878:28 November 2006 at the 2903:Stanisław of Skarbimierz 2670:Archbishop of Canterbury 2660:At the beginning of the 2562:and the Dominican friar 2184: 1878:Military science fiction 1363:Technology and equipment 784:List of military tactics 7428:Military action in Iran 7063:Monuments and memorials 7013:Concert Yutel for Peace 6816:React, Include, Recycle 6746:List of peace activists 6711:Conscientious objectors 5535:Artificial intelligence 5272:War Crimes and Just War 5256:"Global Policy Journal" 5004:David Kwon (May 2023). 4214:Oxford University Press 3724:Perseus Digital Library 3241:Democratic peace theory 2960:Genrikh Antonovich Leer 2843:Hague Peace Conferences 2778:Russian Orthodox Church 2764:Russian Orthodox Church 2512:The just war theory by 2295:Ancient Greece and Rome 1946:Wartime sexual violence 1702:Full-spectrum dominance 1513:Supply-chain management 7349:Opposition to specific 7304:Swords to ploughshares 7298:Soldiers are murderers 6691:Anti-war organizations 5359:The Just War Revisited 5245:Rosicrucian Fellowship 4983:. Brill. p. 187. 4177:"John Colet of Oxford" 3863:(Brill, 1980), p. 150. 3743:Divinatio in Caecilium 3550:Paul Robinson (2017). 3050:Probability of success 3007: 2976: 2851:United States Congress 2761: 2748: 2649:De jura belli ac pacis 2630:The Complaint of Peace 2554: 2546: 2478: 2465: 2455:Peace and Truce of God 2449:Peace and Truce of God 2446: 2430: 2423:J. Mark Mattox writes, 2421: 2413: 2398: 2089: 2081: 2060: 1858:Awards and decorations 1831:Peace through strength 1806:Low-intensity conflict 1440:Conscientious objector 1313:Area of responsibility 47: 7351:wars or their aspects 7272:Nonviolent resistance 7122:Show of Peace Concert 6887:Anti-nuclear movement 6459:The Methods of Ethics 5697:Divine command theory 5692:Ideal observer theory 5329:11 March 2011 at the 5233:World War I reference 5229:The Philosophy of War 5187:Evans, Mark (editor) 4175:MacKenzie, Kathleen. 3922:ChristianityToday.com 3892:"What is a just war?" 3754:VII 14, 3; IX 19, 1; 3112:, committing acts of 3002: 2971: 2756: 2719: 2605:Renaissance humanists 2506:Further information: 2442: 2425: 2417: 2408: 2393: 450:Torpedo data computer 440:Ship gun fire-control 42: 7433:Sri Lankan Civil War 7327:Turn the other cheek 7142:University for Peace 7053:List of peace prizes 6576:Political philosophy 5107:Taking War Seriously 5104:Blattberg, Charles. 4780:Murray N. Rothbard. 4615:Ave Maria Law Review 4521:Lee, Steven (1992). 4020:Lockwood, Thornton. 3972:Lockwood, Thornton. 3842:1.32; 31.8.3; 36.3.9 3820:Das altroemische Ius 3812:William Warde Fowler 3634:Kwon, David (2023). 3483:Lazar, Seth (2020). 3450:Lazar, Seth (2017). 3400:blogs.britannica.com 2998:Jonathan Riley-Smith 2915:Francisco de Vitoria 2813:Francisco de Vitoria 2736:reserved to a State. 2622:Erasmus of Rotterdam 2502:Saint Thomas Aquinas 1976:Military occupations 1811:Military engineering 1713:Unrestricted Warfare 1570:Force multiplication 468:Military manoeuvrers 7581:On War and Morality 7475:Nuclear disarmament 7458:in Russian Far East 7215:Department of Peace 7200:Counter-recruitment 7195:Conflict resolution 7185:Central Park be-ins 7173:Slogans and tactics 7152:Japanese Peace Bell 6942:Non-interventionism 6937:Modern-war pacifism 6875:Christian anarchism 6546:Evolutionary ethics 6507:Reasons and Persons 6483:A Theory of Justice 5637:Uncertain sentience 5344:Nardin, Terry, ed. 5265:On War and Morality 5205:(London, New York: 4870:on 7 September 2013 4830:Theological Studies 4826:Childress, James F. 4806:Smith, Jonathan R. 4750:Wollenberg, Erich. 4667:"JustWarTheory.com" 4351:10.3390/rel11010002 3091:) also directs how 3039:Competent authority 2849:in 1920. After the 2787:, and according to 2564:Raymond of Penafort 1662:Penal military unit 1647:Rules of engagement 1323:Command and control 948:Operations research 412:Director (military) 402:Fire-control system 172:Command and control 53:Part of a series on 7369:American Civil War 7261:Make love, not war 7235:Economic sanctions 7190:Civil disobedience 7023:Festival for Peace 6996:Media and cultural 6982:Testimony of peace 6902:Christian pacifism 6541:Ethics in religion 6536:Descriptive ethics 6371:Nicomachean Ethics 5412:at Catholicism.org 5180:(NYU Press, 1992) 5155:Churchman, David. 5128:(Routledge, 2017). 4904:plato.stanford.edu 4624:on 9 December 2021 4577:(1 October 2009). 3774:Isidore of Seville 3756:Pro rege Deiotauro 3720:"Politics, Book 7" 3527:10.1093/isq/sqx009 3406:on 31 October 2015 3236:Christian pacifism 3189:biological weapons 3164:Fair treatment of 3153:Military necessity 2980:anarcho-capitalist 2965:The Soviet leader 2879:Elizabeth Anscombe 2839:just war tradition 2795:Just war tradition 2684:found in the 1992 2568:Alexander of Hales 2438:Isidore of Seville 2433:Isidore of Seville 2368:Augustine of Hippo 2277:Warring States era 2269:Chinese philosophy 1771:Counter-insurgency 1692:Command of the sea 1637:Jewish laws on war 1612:Geneva Conventions 1148:Divide and conquer 943:Military operation 908:Tactical objective 407:Fire-control radar 384:Electronic-warfare 48: 7591:978-1-4008-6014-2 7567: 7566: 7470:Military taxation 7340:War tax resisters 6907:Deterrence theory 6686:Anti-war movement 6629: 6628: 6596:Social philosophy 6581:Population ethics 6571:Philosophy of law 6551:History of ethics 6034:Political freedom 5711:Euthyphro dilemma 5502:Suffering-focused 5397:"Just war theory" 5384:978-0-300-10978-8 5376:Arguing about War 5355:O'Donovan, Oliver 5314:978-1-929569-45-8 5296:978-0-813236-51-3 5262:Holmes, Robert L. 5087:Benson, Richard. 5079: 5078: 5071: 4935:978-0-19-925243-5 4864:"Just War Theory" 4765:Lenin, Vladimir. 4592:978-1-4053-4778-5 4108:Aquinas, Thomas. 3918:"A Time For War?" 3786:Libro I regolarum 3686:, Routledge 2010. 3682:Gregory Raymond, 3426:"Just War Theory" 3380:978-1-5381-5992-7 3320:978-0-19-536938-0 3256:Right of conquest 3246:Deterrence theory 2934:international law 2907:Kingdom of Poland 2863:Spanish Civil War 2847:League of Nations 2826:, as well as the 2805:international law 2626:extra limitations 2555:Decretum Gratiani 2548:Decretum Gratiani 2275:, especially the 2049: 2048: 1941:Horses in warfare 1888:Anti-war movement 1791:Gunboat diplomacy 1781:Disaster response 1729:Philosophy of war 1724:Principles of war 1697:Deterrence theory 1642:Right of conquest 1565:Lanchester's laws 1333:Principles of war 1023:Counter-offensive 1008:Military campaign 913:Target saturation 836:Counterinsurgency 445:Gun data computer 379:Close air support 341:Aircraft carriers 16:(Redirected from 7643: 7596: 7595: 7575: 7394:list of protests 7255:Lesson of Munich 7210:Demilitarisation 7088:Peace journalism 6882:Anti-imperialism 6865:Anarcho-pacifism 6801:Peace psychology 6781:Peace conference 6776:Peace commission 6721:Culture of Peace 6656: 6649: 6642: 6633: 6632: 6619: 6618: 6566:Moral psychology 6511: 6503: 6495: 6491:Practical Ethics 6487: 6479: 6475:Principia Ethica 6471: 6463: 6455: 6447: 6439: 6431: 6423: 6415: 6407: 6399: 6391: 6383: 6379:Ethics (Spinoza) 6375: 6014:Moral imperative 5472:Consequentialism 5449: 5442: 5435: 5426: 5425: 5406: 5364:Steinhoff, Uwe. 5306:Cloverdale Books 5199:Fotion, Nicholas 5152: 5140: 5074: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5054: 5049:Please read the 5045:may need cleanup 5034: 5033: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4896: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4866:. 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Archived from 3942: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3888: 3882: 3870: 3864: 3857:Marcia L. Colish 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3809: 3803: 3768:XI 37; XIII 35; 3734: 3728: 3727: 3715: 3709: 3706: 3700: 3693: 3687: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3510: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3341: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3277: 3166:prisoners of war 2926:Alberico Gentili 2911:Teutonic Knights 2899:De bellis justis 2887:Robert L. Holmes 2875:Jacques Maritain 2824:Francisco Suárez 2809:Cardinal Cajetan 2746: 2666:Randall Davidson 2580:Summa Theologica 2572:Henry of Segusio 2560:Pope Innocent IV 2557: 2551: 2481: 2468: 2340:. A "just war" ( 2303:and then in the 2094: 2086: 2041: 2034: 2027: 1796:Humanitarian aid 1734:Security dilemma 1555:Power projection 1338:Economy of force 1318:Chain of command 1033:Defence in depth 1018:Commerce raiding 841:Defeat in detail 177:Defense ministry 81: 72: 71: 62: 50: 49: 32:Just War (novel) 21: 7651: 7650: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7641: 7640: 7626:Just war theory 7611:Military ethics 7601: 7600: 7599: 7592: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7563: 7550: 7479: 7423:Afghanistan War 7374:Second Boer War 7350: 7344: 7168: 6991: 6845: 6791:Peace education 6674:Peace advocates 6669: 6660: 6630: 6625: 6607: 6514: 6509: 6501: 6493: 6485: 6477: 6469: 6461: 6453: 6445: 6437: 6429: 6421: 6413: 6405: 6397: 6389: 6381: 6373: 6359: 6132: 6125: 6049:Self-discipline 6009:Moral hierarchy 5957:Problem of evil 5902:Double standard 5892:Culture of life 5850: 5779: 5726:Non-cognitivism 5641: 5516: 5458: 5453: 5395: 5392: 5372:Walzer, Michael 5331:Wayback Machine 5250:Gutbrod, Hans. 5178:Just war theory 5144:UCLA Law Review 5084: 5082:Further reading 5075: 5064: 5058: 5055: 5048: 5041:Further reading 5035: 5031: 5024: 5023: 5016: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4977: 4973: 4963: 4961: 4960:on 21 June 2015 4948: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4922: 4918: 4908: 4906: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4883: 4873: 4871: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4823: 4819: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4786:lewrockwell.com 4778: 4774: 4763: 4759: 4748: 4744: 4737: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4700: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4676: 4674: 4673:on 6 March 2019 4665: 4664: 4660: 4641: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4610: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4579:"Ethics of War" 4572: 4568: 4561: 4557: 4542:10.2307/2216042 4525: 4519: 4515: 4500:10.2307/1961738 4483: 4477: 4473: 4458:10.2307/2185583 4441: 4435: 4431: 4420: 4416: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4207: 4203: 4193: 4191: 4179: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4148: 4144: 4137: 4123: 4119: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4056: 4049: 4043:On the Republic 4030: 4028: 4017: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3995:On the Republic 3982: 3980: 3969: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3952:on 25 July 2013 3944: 3943: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3914: 3910: 3900: 3898: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3880:Wayback Machine 3871: 3867: 3850: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3810: 3806: 3772:II 31; III 35; 3735: 3731: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3694: 3690: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3654:Friday, Karl F. 3651: 3647: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3607: 3603: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3548: 3544: 3511: 3504: 3494: 3492: 3481: 3477: 3448: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3342: 3335: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3299:"Bellum iustum" 3295: 3291: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3227: 3218:jus post bellum 3213:Jus post bellum 3209:Jus post bellum 3205:Jus post bellum 3201: 3198:Jus post bellum 3140:Proportionality 3130:airborne forces 3085: 3067:nuclear warfare 3036: 3030: 3012: 2984:Murray Rothbard 2835:Luigi Taparelli 2833:and the lawyer 2797: 2772:section in the 2766: 2747: 2740: 2682:Catholic Church 2678: 2662:First World War 2658: 2656:First World War 2635:Treatise on War 2601: 2538:Saint Augustine 2522:Dominican friar 2518:Medieval Europe 2510: 2504: 2457: 2451: 2435: 2403:The City of God 2380:Saint Augustine 2377: 2375:Saint Augustine 2371:justice. 2364: 2362:Christian views 2297: 2266: 2216:proportionality 2187: 2155:Twelfth Dynasty 2143: 2138: 2098:jus post bellum 2069:military ethics 2053:just war theory 2045: 2016: 2015: 1966: 1956: 1955: 1921: 1913: 1912: 1853: 1843: 1842: 1816:Multilateralism 1801:Law enforcement 1761: 1751: 1750: 1719:Just war theory 1677: 1667: 1666: 1617:Geneva Protocol 1587: 1577: 1576: 1550: 1540: 1539: 1481: 1471: 1470: 1378: 1368: 1367: 1308: 1298: 1297: 1263: 1253: 1252: 1183:Network-centric 1103: 1093: 1092: 1000: 990: 989: 938: 928: 927: 876:Rapid dominance 781: 771: 770: 726:Electromagnetic 635: 625: 624: 611: 564: 512: 488: 478: 477: 473:Combat training 454: 431: 397:Combat systems: 393: 355: 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1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1379: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1309: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1264: 1261:Administrative 1259: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1188:New generation 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1163:Fleet in being 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1104: 1101:Grand strategy 1099: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1088:Scorched earth 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1001: 996: 995: 992: 991: 988: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 965:Deep operation 962: 957: 950: 945: 939: 934: 933: 930: 929: 926: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 894: 893: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 812: 811: 806: 801: 791: 782: 777: 776: 773: 772: 769: 768: 766:Unconventional 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 714: 712:Disinformation 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 683: 682: 677: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 636: 631: 630: 627: 626: 623: 622: 617: 610: 609: 608: 607: 606: 605: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 563: 562: 561: 560: 559: 558: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 511: 510: 509: 508: 503: 498: 489: 484: 483: 480: 479: 476: 475: 470: 465: 463:Basic training 460: 453: 452: 447: 442: 437: 430: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 392: 391: 389:Reconnaissance 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 354: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 316: 315: 310: 308:Special forces 305: 300: 299: 298: 288: 283: 276: 275: 270: 265: 263:Reconnaissance 260: 255: 250: 245: 238: 237: 228: 223: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 163: 158: 157: 154: 153: 150: 149: 148: 147: 142: 132: 131: 130: 125: 115: 114: 113: 106:Post-classical 103: 98: 92: 87: 86: 83: 82: 74: 73: 55: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7648: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7593: 7587: 7583: 7582: 7574: 7570: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7541:United States 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7482: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7401:War on Terror 7399: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7364: 7360: 7357:War of 1812 ( 7356: 7355: 7353: 7347: 7341: 7338: 7335: 7331: 7328: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7316: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7299: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7287:Peacebuilding 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7262: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7225:Draft evasion 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7205:De-escalation 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7171: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7153: 7150: 7149: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7107:Peace One Day 7105: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7095: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6994: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6912:Direct action 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6870:Anarcho-punks 6868: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6836:War resisters 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6657: 6652: 6650: 6645: 6643: 6638: 6637: 6634: 6622: 6614: 6613: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6508: 6505: 6500: 6497: 6492: 6489: 6484: 6481: 6476: 6473: 6468: 6465: 6460: 6457: 6452: 6449: 6444: 6441: 6436: 6433: 6428: 6425: 6420: 6417: 6412: 6409: 6404: 6401: 6396: 6393: 6388: 6385: 6380: 6377: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6362: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6128: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6004:Moral courage 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5942:Good and evil 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5927:Family values 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5741:Quasi-realism 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5565:Environmental 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5519: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5487:Particularism 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5450: 5445: 5443: 5438: 5436: 5431: 5430: 5427: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5286:Kwon, David. 5285: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5246: 5242: 5241:0-911274-90-1 5238: 5235:, ed. 1918), 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5215:0-8264-9260-6 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5139: 5135:(2002–2003). 5134: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5117:(Albany, NY: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5073: 5070: 5062: 5052: 5051:editing guide 5046: 5042: 5037: 5028: 5027: 5017: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4992: 4986: 4982: 4975: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4885: 4869: 4865: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4768: 4761: 4753: 4746: 4738: 4736:9785458055901 4732: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4699:on 9 May 2009 4698: 4694: 4688: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4655: 4651: 4649: 4648:Crimes of War 4644: 4639: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4602: 4594: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4425: 4418: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4397: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4287: 4281: 4279: 4263: 4257: 4242: 4236: 4231: 4230: 4222: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4163: 4161:9780199943418 4157: 4153: 4146: 4138: 4136:9780199943418 4132: 4128: 4121: 4113: 4112: 4104: 4096: 4094:9781107019904 4090: 4086: 4079: 4071: 4069:9781107019904 4065: 4061: 4054: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4027: 4023: 4015: 4008: 4003: 3996: 3992: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3951: 3947: 3946:"City of God" 3941: 3939: 3923: 3919: 3912: 3897: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3869: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3841: 3836: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3770:De re publica 3767: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3736:Livy 9.1.10; 3733: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3705: 3698: 3692: 3685: 3679: 3671: 3669:9781134330225 3665: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3622: 3620:9781442236011 3616: 3612: 3605: 3590: 3588:9781780762500 3584: 3580: 3579: 3571: 3563: 3561:9781351924528 3557: 3554:. Routledge. 3553: 3546: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3509: 3507: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3431: 3427: 3421: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3382: 3376: 3372: 3365: 3357: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3338: 3322: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3285: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132:, or who are 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3034:Jus ad bellum 3028: 3027:Jus ad bellum 3023: 3021: 3017: 3016:jus ad bellum 3006: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2956: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2947: 2946:jus ad bellum 2941: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2922:conquistadors 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2856: 2855:James Gibbons 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2811:, the jurist 2810: 2806: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2770:War and Peace 2760: 2755: 2753: 2745: 2744: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2688: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2581: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2543: 2542:Western canon 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2467: 2462: 2459:The medieval 2456: 2445: 2441: 2439: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2405: 2404: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2372: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2342:bellum iustum 2339: 2335: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2206: 2205:dharma-yuddha 2201: 2200: 2195: 2192: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2147:Ancient Egypt 2141:Ancient Egypt 2133: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2085: 2084: 2083:jus ad bellum 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2061:bellum iustum 2058: 2054: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2019: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1959: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1868:Warrior caste 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1847: 1846: 1839: 1838:Show of force 1836: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1826:Peacebuilding 1824: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1755: 1754: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1682:Air supremacy 1680: 1679: 1676: 1671: 1670: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1622:Islamic rules 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1602:Court-martial 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1581: 1580: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1501:Arms industry 1499: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1475: 1474: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1372: 1371: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1302: 1301: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1257: 1256: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1118:Broken-backed 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1097: 1096: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1004: 999: 994: 993: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 960:Expeditionary 958: 956: 955: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 940: 937: 932: 931: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 892: 889: 888: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 831:Counterattack 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 796: 795: 792: 790: 787: 786: 785: 780: 775: 774: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 756:Psychological 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 692:Combined arms 690: 688: 685: 681: 678: 676: 673: 672: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 637: 634: 629: 628: 621: 618: 616: 613: 612: 604: 601: 600: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 570: 569: 566: 565: 557: 554: 553: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 531:Fortification 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 518: 517: 514: 513: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 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6556:Human rights 6499:After Virtue 6225:Schopenhauer 5999:Moral agency 5872:Common sense 5768:Universalism 5736:Expressivism 5716:Intuitionism 5687:Subjectivism 5632:Terraforming 5607:Professional 5418: 5400: 5375: 5365: 5358: 5345: 5334: 5319: 5301: 5287: 5275: 5271: 5264: 5251: 5232: 5224: 5221:Heindel, Max 5202: 5188: 5177: 5170:1(1), 2003. 5167: 5156: 5148: 5142: 5133:Butler, Paul 5125: 5114: 5105: 5099:John Paul II 5092: 5065: 5056: 5044: 5005: 4999: 4980: 4974: 4962:. 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