Jews - Knowledge

10441:: "13 At first the Romans took no account of them. Soon, however, all Judaea had been stirred up, and the Jews everywhere were showing signs of disturbance, were gathering together, and giving evidence of great hostility to the Romans, partly by secret and partly by overt acts; 2 many outside nations, too, were joining them through eagerness for gain, and the whole earth, one might almost say, was being stirred up over the matter. Then, indeed, Hadrian sent against them his best generals. First of these was Julius Severus, who was dispatched from Britain, where he was governor, against the Jews. 3 Severus did not venture to attack his opponents in the open at any one point, in view of their numbers and their desperation, but by intercepting small groups, thanks to the number of his soldiers and his under-officers, and by depriving them of food and shutting them up, he was able, rather slowly, to be sure, but with comparatively little danger, to crush, exhaust and exterminate them. Very few of them in fact survived. Fifty of their most important outposts and nine hundred and eighty-five of their most famous villages were razed to the ground. Five hundred and eighty thousand men were slain in the various raids and battles, and the number of those that perished by famine, disease and fire was past finding out. 2 Thus nearly the whole of Judaea was made desolate, a result of which the people had had forewarning before the war. For the tomb of Solomon, which the Jews regard as an object of veneration, fell to pieces of itself and collapsed, and many wolves and hyenas rushed howling into their cities. 3 Many Romans, moreover, perished in this war. Therefore Hadrian in writing to the senate did not employ the opening phrase commonly affected by the emperors, 'If you and our children are in health, it is well; I and the legions are in health'" (para. 13–14). 7932: 10487:"...diaspora referred to a very specific case—that of the exile of the Jews from the Holy Land and their dispersal throughout several parts of the globe. Diaspora connoted deracination, legal disabilities, oppression, and an often painful adjustment to a hostland whose hospitality was unreliable and ephemeral. It also connoted the existence on foreign soil of an expatriate community that considered its presence to be transitory. Meanwhile, it developed a set of institutions, social patterns, and ethnonational and/or religious symbols that held it together. These included the language, religion, values, social norms, and narratives of the homeland. Gradually, this community adjusted to the hostland environment and became itself a center of cultural creation. All the while, however, it continued to cultivate the idea of return to the homeland." (p. 36). 8197: 10561:

sources note the vast number of captives sold into slavery in Palestine and shipped abroad. ... The Judaean Jewish community never recovered from the Bar Kochba war. In its wake, Jews no longer formed the majority in Palestine, and the Jewish center moved to the Galilee. Jews were also subjected to a series of religious edicts promulgated by Hadrian that were designed to uproot the nationalistic elements with the Judaean Jewish community, these proclamations remained in effect until Hadrian's death in 138. An additional, more lasting punitive measure taken by the Romans involved expunging Judaea from the provincial name, changing it from Provincia Judaea to Provincia Syria Palestina. Although such name changes occurred elsewhere, never before or after was a nation's name expunged as the result of rebellion.

10397:"...it is crucial to recognize that the Jewish conception of the Land of Israel is similar to the discourse of the Land of many (if not nearly all) "indigenous" peoples of the world. Somehow the Jews have managed to retain a sense of being rooted somewhere in the world through twenty centuries of exile from that someplace (organic metaphors are not out of place in this discourse, for they are used within the tradition itself). It is profoundly disturbing to hear Jewish attachment to the Land decried as regressive in the same discursive situations in which the attachment of native Americans or Australians to their particular rocks, trees, and deserts is celebrated as an organic connection to the Earth that "we" have lost" p. 714. 7413:

from just four female founders, who were of Middle Eastern origin. The populations of Sephardi and Mizrahi Jewish communities "showed no evidence for a narrow founder effect." Subsequent studies carried out by Feder et al. confirmed the large portion of non-local maternal origin among Ashkenazi Jews. Reflecting on their findings related to the maternal origin of Ashkenazi Jews, the authors conclude "Clearly, the differences between Jews and non-Jews are far larger than those observed among the Jewish communities. Hence, differences between the Jewish communities can be overlooked when non-Jews are included in the comparisons." A study showed that 7% of Ashkenazi Jews have the haplogroup G2c, which is mainly found in

4227: 3829: 10403:"...although the word Babylon often connotes captivity and oppression, a rereading of the Babylonian period of exile can thus be shown to demonstrate the development of a new creative energy in a challenging, pluralistic context outside the natal homeland. When the Romans destroyed the Second Temple in AD 70, it was Babylon that remained as the nerve- and brain-centre for Jewish life and thought...the crushing of the revolt of the Judaeans against the Romans and the destruction of the Second Temple by the Roman general Titus in AD 70 precisely confirmed the catastrophic tradition. Once again, Jews had been unable to sustain a national homeland and were scattered to the far corners of the world" (p. 24). 7019: 14202:

especially Iraq, whereas some converted to Christianity and others continued to live in the Holy Land, especially in Galilee and the coastal plain. During the Byzantine period, the three provinces of Palestine included more than thirty cities, namely, settlements with a bishop see. After the Muslim conquest in the 630s, most of these cities declined and eventually disappeared. As a result, in many cases the local ecclesiastical administration weakened, while in others it simply ceased to exist. Consequently, many local Christians converted to Islam. Thus, almost twelve centuries later, when the army led by Napoleon Bonaparte arrived in the Holy Land, most of the local population was Muslim.

13039:: "I am not sure I can quantify the schools, that is, tell you that the majority of biblical scholars today are maximalist or minimalist - I suppose the divide is about 50-50 - But I can tell you this: there is no doubt that the minimalists are more vocal, and they are the ones who set the agenda, publish books at a very rapid pace, organize conferences to present their views (especially in Europe) and take advantage of the popular press. The maximalists, in turn, frequently are left to respond to these diatribes, often needing to take time away from their own research to counter the views expressed in the many publications emanating from the pens of minimalist scholars." 10533:"...the Jewish nation, which from its very earliest days believed and claimed that it was the "chosen people," and hence unique. This attitude has further been buttressed by the equally traditional view, which is held not only by the Jews themselves, about the exceptional historical age of this diaspora, its singular traumatic experiences its singular ability to survive pogroms, exiles, and Holocaust, as well as its "special relations" with its ancient homeland, culminating in 1948 with the nation-state that the Jewish nation has established there... First, like many other members of established diasporas, the vast majority of Jews no longer regard themselves as being in 10538:

existential situation in their hostlands has changed. Consequently, there is both a much greater self- and collective-legitimatization to refrain from making serious plans concerning "return" or actually "making Aliyah" to Israel. This is one of the results of their wider, yet still rather problematic and sometimes painful acceptance by the societies and political systems in their host countries. It means that they, and to an extent their hosts, do not regard Jewish life within the framework of diasporic formations in these hostlands as something that they should be ashamed of, hide from others, or alter by returning to the old homeland" (p. 4).

8844: 8477: 7043: 3859: 8313: 5311: 105: 10384:"The death toll of the Great Revolt against the Roman empire amounted to about 600,000 Jews, whereas the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 caused the death of about 500,000 Jews. Massacres account for roughly 40 percent of the decrease of the Jewish population in Palestine. Moreover, some Jews migrated to Babylon after these revolts because of the worse economic conditions. After accounting for massacres and migrations, there is an additional 30 to 40 percent of the decrease in the Jewish population in Palestine (about 1–1.3 million Jews) to be explained" (p. 19). 7058: 10572:, A&C Black, 2013 p. xv n.3: 'it is argued that biblical texts of the Neo-Babylonian and the early Persian periods show a fierce adversarial relationship(s) between the Judean groups. We find no expressions of sympathy to the deported community for its dislocation, no empathic expressions towards the People Who Remained under Babylonian subjugation in Judah. The opposite is apparent: hostile, denigrating, and denunciating language characterizes the relationships between resident and exiled Judeans throughout the sixth and fifth centuries.' (p. xvii) 7572: 4716: 13058:

numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's)

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Economics, Physics, and Physiology/Medicine, the corresponding world and US percentages are 26% and 38%, respectively. Among women laureates in the four research fields, the Jewish percentages (world and US) are 33% and 50%, respectively. Of organizations awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, 22% were founded principally by Jews or by people of half-Jewish descent. Since the turn of the century (i.e., since the year 2000), Jews have been awarded 25% of all Nobel Prizes and 28% of those in the scientific research fields.

7677: 6937: 8643: 10066:"Historically, the religious and ethnic dimensions of Jewish identity have been closely interwoven. In fact, so closely bound are they, that the traditional Jewish lexicon hardly distinguishes between the two concepts. Jewish religious practice, by definition, was observed exclusively by the Jewish people, and notions of Jewish peoplehood, nation, and community were suffused with faith in the Jewish God, the practice of Jewish (religious) law and the study of ancient religious texts" 7978:, the exact figures are difficult to establish. The number of Jews in Russia varies widely according to whether a source uses census data (which requires a person to choose a single nationality among choices that include "Russian" and "Jewish") or eligibility for immigration to Israel (which requires that a person have one or more Jewish grandparents). According to the latter criteria, the heads of the Russian Jewish community assert that up to 1.5 million Russians are eligible for 8659: 8584: 20696: 6746: 7928:. Demographers disagree on whether the United States has a larger Jewish population than Israel, with many maintaining that Israel surpassed the United States in Jewish population during the 2000s, while others maintain that the United States still has the largest Jewish population in the world. Currently, a major national Jewish population survey is planned to ascertain whether or not Israel has overtaken the United States in Jewish population. 5482: 5476: 7636:. The Tel Aviv metro area has the highest percent of Jews among the total population (94.8%), followed by Jerusalem (72.3%), Haifa (73.1%), and Beersheba (60.4%), the balance mostly being Israeli Arabs. Outside Israel, the highest percent of Jews in a metropolitan area was in New York (10.8%), followed by Miami (8.7%), Philadelphia (6.8%), San Francisco (5.1%), Washington (4.7%), Los Angeles (4.7%), Toronto (4.5%), and Baltimore (4.1%). 6618:, cultural phenomena have developed that are in some sense characteristically Jewish without being at all specifically religious. Some factors in this come from within Judaism, others from the interaction of Jews or specific communities of Jews with their surroundings, and still others from the inner social and cultural dynamics of the community, as opposed to from the religion itself. This phenomenon has led to considerably different 7805: 7931: 20710: 6491: 14107:, 2009 pp. 3–4, 233–34: 'Compulsory dislocation, .…cannot have accounted for more than a fraction of the diaspora. … The vast bulk of Jews who dwelled abroad in the Second Temple Period did so voluntarily.' (2)' .Diaspora did not await the fall of Jerusalem to Roman power and destructiveness. The scattering of Jews had begun long before-occasionally through forced expulsion, much more frequently through voluntary migration.' 73: 7825: 495: 14415:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 6. "From the fourteenth and certainly by the sixteenth century, the center of European Jewry had shifted to Poland, then ... comprising the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (including today's Byelorussia), Crown Poland, Galicia, the Ukraine and stretching, at times, from the Baltic to the Black Sea, from the approaches to Berlin to a short distance from Moscow." 3685:, making the definition of who is a Jew vary slightly depending on whether a religious or national approach to identity is used. Generally, in modern secular usage, Jews include three groups: people who were born to a Jewish family regardless of whether or not they follow the religion, those who have some Jewish ancestral background or lineage (sometimes including those who do not have strictly 11064:"Judaism also contributed to the religion of Islam for Islam derives its ideas of holy text, the Qur'an, ultimately from Judaism. The dietary and legal codes of Islam are based on those of Judaism. The basic design of the mosque, the Islamic house of worship, comes from that of the early synagogues. The communal prayer services of Islam and their devotional routines resembles those of Judaism." 5488: 18010: 7424:, which look at the entire DNA mixture, have become increasingly important as the technology develops. They show that Jewish populations have tended to form relatively closely related groups in independent communities, with most in a community sharing significant ancestry in common. For Jewish populations of the diaspora, the genetic composition of 6945:

history provide the base for a Jewish collective identity. Although many of the ancient Jews were illiterate (as were their neighbors), their national narrative was reinforced through public readings. The Hebrew language also constructed and preserved national identity. Although it was not widely spoken after the 5th century BCE, Goodblatt states:

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indeed, that the price of Jewish slaves at the slave market in Hebron sank drastically to a level no greater than that for a horse. The economic structure of the country was largely destroyed. The entire spiritual and economic life of the Palestinian Jews moved to Galilee. Jerusalem was now turned into a Roman colony with the official name

4194:. The genetic composition of different Jewish groups shows that Jews share a common gene pool dating back four millennia, as a marker of their common ancestral origin. Despite their long-term separation, Jewish communities maintained their unique commonalities, propensities, and sensibilities in culture, tradition, and language. 6973:, before the onset of modernity." Agreeing with Smith, Goodblatt suggests omitting the qualifier "religious" from Smith's definition of ancient Jewish nationalism, noting that, according to Smith, a religious component in national memories and culture is common even in the modern era. This view is echoed by political scientist 18751:

At least 194 Jews and people of half- or three-quarters-Jewish ancestry have been awarded the Nobel Prize, accounting for 22% of all individual recipients worldwide between 1901 and 2015, and constituting 36% of all US recipients during the same period. In the scientific research fields of Chemistry,

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In contrast to other peoples who are masters of their national languages, Hebrew is not the 'common possession' of all Jewish people, and it mainly—if not exclusively—lives and breathes in Israel.... Although there are oases of Hebrew in certain schools, it has not become the Jewish lingua franca and

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The Jewish community strove to recover from the catastrophic results of the Bar Kokhva revolt (132–135 CE). Although some of these attempts were relatively successful, the Jews never fully recovered. During the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, many Jews emigrated to thriving centres in the diaspora,

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Shen, Peidong; Lavi, Tal; Kivisild, Toomas; Chou, Vivian; Sengun, Deniz; Gefel, Dov; Shpirer, Issac; Woolf, Eilon; Hillel, Jossi; Feldman, Marcus W.; Oefner, Peter J. (September 2004). "Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-Chromosome and

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vary widely: In the United States, it is just under 50 percent, in the United Kingdom, around 53 percent; in France; around 30 percent, and in Australia and Mexico, as low as 10 percent. In the United States, only about a third of children from intermarriages affiliate with Jewish

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wives and their children. A popular theory is that the rape of Jewish women in captivity brought about the law of Jewish identity being inherited through the maternal line, although scholars challenge this theory citing the Talmudic establishment of the law from the pre-exile period. Another argument

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A striking fact... is the high number of Laureates of the Jewish faith—over 20% of the total Nobel Prizes (138); including: 17% in Chemistry, 26% in Medicine and Physics, 40% in Economics and 11% in Peace and Literature each. These numbers are especially startling in light of the fact that only some

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Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits

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after Jupiter Capitolinus). The Jews were forbidden on pain of death to set foot in the new Roman city. Aelia thus became a completely pagan city, no doubt with the corresponding public buildings and temples... We can...be certain that a statue of Hadrian was erected in the centre of Aelia, and this

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Since the exilic era constitutes a gaping hole in the historical narrative of the Bible, historical reconstruction of this era faces almost insurmountable difficulties. Like the premonarchic period and the late Persian period, the exilic period, though set in the bright light of Ancient Near Eastern

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It is believed that Jewish nationalist sentiment in antiquity was encouraged because under foreign rule (Persians, Greeks, Romans) Jews were able to claim that they were an ancient nation. This claim was based on the preservation and reverence of their scriptures, the Hebrew language, the Temple and

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the mere presence of the language in spoken or written form could invoke the concept of a Jewish national identity. Even if one knew no Hebrew or was illiterate, one could recognize that a group of signs was in Hebrew script. … It was the language of the Israelite ancestors, the national literature,

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Throughout the 20th century, Jews, more so than any other minority, ethnic or cultural group, have been recipients of the Nobel Prize—perhaps the most distinguished award for human endeavor in the six fields for which it is given. Remarkably, Jews constitute almost one-fifth of all Nobel laureates.

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as their first language. The number of Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazic Jews in that region is comparatively low (cf. 2,905 in 1979). Both Ashkenazic and Oriental Jews have assimilated to Russian, the number of Jews speaking Russian as their first language amounting to a total of 6,564. It is reasonable

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Although Dio's figure of 985 as the number of villages destroyed during the war seems hyperbolic, all Judaean villages, without exception, excavated thus far were razed following the Bar Kochba Revolt. This evidence supports the impression of total regional destruction following the war. Historical

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was the only Arab country to see a temporary increase in its Jewish population during this period, due to an influx of refugees from other Arab countries, although by the mid-1970s the Jewish community of Lebanon had also dwindled. In the aftermath of the exodus wave from Arab states, an additional

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More than half of the Jews live in the Diaspora (see Population table). Currently, the largest Jewish community outside Israel, and either the largest or second-largest Jewish community in the world, is located in the United States, with 6 million to 7.5 million Jews by various estimates. Elsewhere

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There is no single governing body for the Jewish community, nor a single authority with responsibility for religious doctrine. Instead, a variety of secular and religious institutions at the local, national, and international levels lead various parts of the Jewish community on a variety of issues.

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Adams, Susan M.; Bosch, Elena; Balaresque, Patricia L.; Ballereau, Stéphane J.; Lee, Andrew C.; Arroyo, Eduardo; López-Parra, Ana M.; Aler, Mercedes; Grifo, Marina S. Gisbert; Brion, Maria; Carracedo, Angel; Lavinha, João; Martínez-Jarreta, Begoña; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Picornell, Antònia; Ramon,

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Behar, Doron M.; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; Rosset, Saharon; Parik, Jüri; Rootsi, Siiri; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Kutuev, Ildus; Yudkovsky, Guennady; Khusnutdinova, Elza K.; Balanovsky, Oleg; Semino, Ornella; Pereira, Luisa; Comas, David; Gurwitz, David; Bonne-Tamir, Batsheva;

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and Raphael Falk believe this indicates that many Jewish males found new mates from European and other communities in the places where they migrated in the diaspora after fleeing ancient Israel. In contrast, Behar has found evidence that about 40 percent of Ashkenazi Jews originate maternally

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The global core Jewish population was estimated at approximately 15,263,500 in 2022. When including individuals who identify as partly Jewish and anyone with one or two Jewish parents increases the estimate to 20,028,800. Adding individuals with a Jewish background but without Jewish parents, and

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equal to those born into it. However, several converts to Judaism, as well as ex-Jews, have claimed that converts are treated as second-class Jews by many born Jews. Conversion is not encouraged by mainstream Judaism, and it is considered a difficult task. A significant portion of conversions are

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para. 13–14 (Dio's passage cited separately) among other sources: "Even if Dio's figures are somewhat exaggerated, the casualties amongst the population and the destruction inflicted on the country would have been considerable. According to Jerome, many Jews were also sold into slavery, so many,

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Until the modern period, the destruction of the Temple was the most cataclysmic moment in the history of the Jewish people. Without the Temple, the Sadducees no longer had any claim to authority, and they faded away. The sage Yochanan ben Zakkai, with permission from Rome, set up the outpost of

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in their host countries.…Perceptually, as well as actually, Jews permanently reside in host countries of their own free will, as a result of inertia, or as a result of problematic conditions prevailing in other hostlands, or in Israel. It means that the basic perception of many Jews about their

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A number of modern scholars of nationalism support the existence of Jewish national identity in antiquity. One of them is David Goodblatt, who generally believes in the existence of nationalism before the modern period. In his view, the Bible, the parabiblical literature and the Jewish national

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After a century of exhaustive investigation, all respectable archaeologists have given up hope of recovering any context that would make Abraham, Isaac, or Jacob credible "historical figures" archaeological investigation of Moses and the Exodus has similarly been discarded as a fruitless

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as a national revival movement, aiming to re-establish a Jewish polity in the Land of Israel, an endeavor to restore the Jewish people back to their ancestral homeland in order to stop the exoduses and persecutions that have plagued their history. This led to waves of Jewish migration to

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Nebel, Almut; Filon, Dvora; Weiss, Deborah A.; Weale, Michael; Faerman, Marina; Oppenheim, Ariella; Thomas, Mark G. (December 2000). "High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews".

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Haber, Marc; Gauguier, Dominique; Youhanna, Sonia; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Botigué, Laura R.; Platt, Daniel E.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Comas, David; Zalloua, Pierre A. (28 February 2013).

10824:"Upon the foundation of Judaism, two civilizations centered on monotheistic religion emerged, Christianity and Islam. To these civilizations, the Jews added a leaven of astonishing creativity in business, medicine, letters, science, the arts, and a variety of other leadership roles." 9979:

any person whose religion is Judaism. In the broader sense of the term, a Jew is any person belonging to the worldwide group that constitutes, through descent or conversion, a continuation of the ancient Jewish people, who were themselves descendants of the Hebrews of the Bible (Old

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Jews probably remained in the majority in Palestine until some time after the conversion of Constantine in the fourth century. In Babylonia, there had been for many centuries a Jewish community which would have been further strengthened by those fleeing the aftermath of the Roman

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Jewish populations show a predominant amount of shared Middle Eastern ancestry. According to Behar, the most parsimonious explanation for this shared Middle Eastern ancestry is that it is "consistent with the historical formulation of the Jewish people as descending from ancient

4488:, was less prosperous and covered a smaller, mostly mountainous territory. However, while in Israel the royal succession was often decided by a military coup d'état, resulting in several dynasty changes, political stability in Judah was much greater, as it was ruled by the 16124:

Behar, Doron M.; Metspalu, Ene; Kivisild, Toomas; Rosset, Saharon; Tzur, Shay; Hadid, Yarin; Yudkovsky, Guennady; Rosengarten, Dror; Pereira, Luisa; Amorim, Antonio; Kutuev, Ildus; Gurwitz, David; Bonne-Tamir, Batsheva; Villems, Richard; Skorecki, Karl (30 April 2008).

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where, if they survived the journey, the majority of them were murdered in gas chambers. Virtually every arm of Germany's bureaucracy was involved in the logistics of the mass murder, turning the country into what one Holocaust scholar has called "a genocidal nation."

11080:, p. 40: "Hebraism, like Hellenism, has been an all-important factor in the development of Western Civilization; Judaism, as the precursor of Christianity, has indirectly had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of Western nations since the Christian era." 4788:

existed well before the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE and had been ongoing for centuries, with the dispersal driven by both forced expulsions and voluntary migrations. In Mesopotamia, a testimony to the beginnings of the Jewish community can be found in

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are sometimes included, although their style of liturgy is unique and they differ in respect to the admixture found among them to that found in Mizrahim. In addition, there is a differentiation made between Sephardi migrants who established themselves in the

12408:* "In the broader sense of the term, a Jew is any person belonging to the worldwide group that constitutes, through descent or conversion, a continuation of the ancient Jewish people, who were themselves the descendants of the Hebrews of the Old Testament." 3886:

The prehistory and ethnogenesis of the Jews are closely intertwined with archaeology, biology, historical textual records, mythology, and religious literature. The ethnic stock to which Jews originally trace their ancestry was a confederation of Iron Age

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together accounted for over 85 percent of the global Jewish population, with approximately 45.3% and 39.6% of the world's Jews, respectively. More than half (51.2%) of world Jewry resides in just ten metropolitan areas. As of 2021, these ten areas were

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For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to

4453:, where archaeological evidence shows that hundreds of small settlements were constructed between the 12th and 10th centuries BCE. The Israelites differentiated themselves from neighboring peoples through various distinct characteristics including 4915:

as Judea's Jewish population declined. Estimates often place the Babylonian Jewish community of the 3rd to 7th centuries at around one million, making it the largest Jewish diaspora community of that period. Under the political leadership of the

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were commonly used as recently as the early 20th century, most Jews lack such knowledge today and English has by and large superseded most Jewish vernaculars. The three most commonly spoken languages among Jews today are Hebrew, English, and

13363:, pp. 146–7Put simply, while Judah was still economically marginal and backward, Israel was booming. In the next chapter we will see how the northern kingdom suddenly appeared on the ancient Near Eastern stage as a major regional power 7481:. A 2001 study found that Jews were more closely related to groups of the Fertile Crescent (Kurds, Turks, and Armenians) than to their Arab neighbors, whose genetic signature was found in geographic patterns reflective of Islamic conquests. 10332:

history, remains historically obscure. Since there are very few Israelite sources, the only recourse is to try to cast some light on this darkness from the history of the surrounding empires under whose dominion Israel came in this period.

8858:, although the Jewish populations of other countries, in Europe and North America, have recently increased through immigration. In the Diaspora, in almost every country the Jewish population in general is either declining or steady, but 7710:

Between 1948 and 1958, the Jewish population rose from 800,000 to two million. Currently, Jews account for 75.4 percent of the Israeli population, or 6 million people. The early years of the State of Israel were marked by the

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Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment:: Moving Beyond the Nature ...By Committee on Assessing Interactions Among Social, Behavioral, and Genetic Factors in Health, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Institute of Medicine, Lyla M.

17915:, 2000, p. 45: "The Holocaust is commonly defined as the murder of more than 5,000,000 Jews by the Germans in World War II." However, the Holocaust usually includes all of the different victims who were systematically murdered. 8722:, as Jews were spread throughout the Roman world and, driven from land to land, settled wherever they could live freely enough to practice their religion. Over the course of the diaspora the center of Jewish life moved from 8788:

During the 19th century, France's policies of equal citizenship regardless of religion led to the immigration of Jews (especially from Eastern and Central Europe). This contributed to the arrival of millions of Jews in the

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Like many immigrant communities of the Czarist and Soviet eras in Azerbaijan, Ashkenazi Jews appear to be linguistically Russified. Most Ashkenazi Jews speak Russian as their first language with Azeri being spoken as the

6977:, who writes that "something strangely like modern nationalism is documented for many peoples in medieval times and in classical times as well," citing the ancient Jews as one of several "obvious examples", alongside the 4621:, under which the Jews once again enjoyed political independence for a period spanning from 110 to 63 BCE. Under Hasmonean rule the boundaries of their kingdom were expanded to include not only the land of the historical 4151:. Over time these nomads left the desert and settled on the central mountain range of the land of Canaan, in simple semi-nomadic settlements in which pig bones are notably absent. This population gradually shifted from a 3492:. Converts are included in the definition. But Shaye J.D. Cohen argues that "Judean" should include believers of the Judean God and allies of the Judean state. Troy W. Martin similarly argues that biblical Jewishness is 8358:

Baghdad; its enforcement was highly erratic. On the other hand, Jews rarely faced martyrdom or exile, or forced compulsion to change their religion, and they were mostly free in their choice of residence and profession.

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English is rapidly taking its place as the Jewish people's language of communication. Even Hebrew-speaking Israeli representatives tend to use English in their public appearances at international Jewish conventions.

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According to the maximalist position, the modern archaeological record independently points to a narrative which largely agrees with the biblical account. This narrative provides a testimony of the Israelites as a

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studies tend to imply a small number of founders in an old population whose members parted and followed different migration paths. In most Jewish populations, these male line ancestors appear to have been mainly

8808:, all served to fuel the movements and migrations of huge segments of Jewry from land to land and continent to continent until they arrived back in large numbers at their original historical homeland in Israel. 10094:"This identification in the Jewish attitude between the ethnic group and religious identity is so close that the reception into this religion of members not belonging to its ethnic group has become impossible." 12689:

They are rather a very specific group among the population of Palestine which bears a name that occurs here for the first time that at a much later stage in Palestine's history bears a substantially different

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Although historically, Jews have been found all over the world, in the decades since World War II and the establishment of Israel, they have increasingly concentrated in a small number of countries. In 2021,

4896:, Jews came to be persecuted by the church and the authorities, and many immigrated to communities in the diaspora. In the fourth century CE, Jews are believed to have lost their position as the majority in 3798:. Rabbi Rivon Krygier follows a similar reasoning, arguing that Jewish descent had formerly passed through the patrilineal descent and the law of matrilineal descent had its roots in the Roman legal system. 14297: 12411:"The Jewish people as a whole, initially called Hebrews (ʿIvrim), were known as Israelites (Yisreʾelim) from the time of their entrance into the Holy Land to the end of the Babylonian Exile (538 BC)." 9588:

Studies in Contemporary Jewry : Volume XVII: Who Owns Judaism? Public Religion and Private Faith in America and Israel: Volume XVII: Who Owns Judaism? Public Religion and Private Faith in America and

4853:, a large number of Jews were taken as captives, sold into slavery, or compelled to flee from the regions affected by the wars, contributing to the formation and expansion of Jewish communities across the 4155:

lifestyle to a monarchy. While the archaeological record of the ninth century BCE provides evidence for two monarchies, one in the south under a dynasty founded by a figure named David with its capital in

3333:(Jew) was used for all followers of Judaism because the survivors of the Exile (who were the former residents of the Kingdom of Judah) were the only Israelites that had kept their distinct identity as the 9584: 8687:, and were replaced by other deported populations and sent into permanent exile by Assyria, initially to the Upper Mesopotamian provinces of the Assyrian Empire. Between 10,000 and 80,000 people from the 15107:

Only a minority of the Jewish people today can actually speak Hebrew. In order for a Jew from one country to talk to another who speaks a different language, it is more common to use English than Hebrew.

10035:

a person whose religion is Judaism", "a member of the Semitic people who claim descent from the ancient Hebrew people of Israel, are spread throughout the world, and are linked by cultural or religious

8670:

policy was to deport and displace conquered peoples, and it is estimated some 4,500,000 among captive populations suffered this dislocation over three centuries of Assyrian rule. With regard to Israel,

7239:, and Middle Eastern Jewish communities that are no closer related to each other than they are to any of the earlier mentioned Jewish groups. In modern usage, however, the Mizrahim are sometimes termed 18683:

Similarly, because Jews make up less than a quarter of one percent of the world's population, it's surprising that over 20 percent of Nobel prizes have been awarded to Jews or people of Jewish descent.

8881:

to non-Jews, but many Jewish groups have tried to reach out to the assimilated Jewish communities of the Diaspora in order for them to reconnect to their Jewish roots. Additionally, while in principle

15981:

Hammer, M. F.; Redd, A. J.; Wood, E. T.; Bonner, M. R.; Jarjanazi, H.; Karafet, T.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, S.; Oppenheim, A.; Jobling, M. A.; Jenkins, T.; Ostrer, H.; Bonne-Tamir, B. (6 June 2000).

7552:, despite more closely resembling the local populations of their native countries, have also been thought to have some more remote ancient Jewish ancestry. Views on the Lemba have changed and genetic 4872:, now significantly reduced in size, made efforts to recover from the revolt's devastating effects, but never fully regained its previous strength. In the second to fourth centuries CE, the region of 15006:

of the Jews towards the late 20th century.... This phenomenon occurred despite efforts to make Hebrew a language of communication, and despite the fact that the teaching of Hebrew was considered the

11002:"The fact that Jesus and his followers who wrote the New Testament were first-century Jews, then, produces as many questions as it does answers concerning their experiences, beliefs, and practices" 8885:

favors seeking new members for the faith, this position has not translated into active proselytism, instead taking the form of an effort to reach out to non-Jewish spouses of intermarried couples.

6761:

For over sixteen centuries Hebrew was used almost exclusively as a liturgical language, and as the language in which most books had been written on Judaism, with a few speaking only Hebrew on the

9475:

Atzmon, Gil; Hao, Li; Pe'er, Itsik; Velez, Christopher; Pearlman, Alexander; Palamara, Pier Francesco; Morrow, Bernice; Friedman, Eitan; Oddoux, Carole; Burns, Edward; Ostrer, Harry (June 2010).

10181:"A person born Jewish who refutes Judaism may continue to assert a Jewish identity, and if he or she does not convert to another religion, even religious Jews will recognize the person as a Jew" 9842:"The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" 4103:

narrative, suggesting that according to the modern archaeological and historical account, the Israelites and their culture did not overtake the region by force, but instead branched out of the

5120:

who lived from the 11th to 15th centuries. Like their European counterparts, Jews in the Middle East and North Africa also faced periods of persecution and discriminatory policies, with the

10971:"During the subsequent five hundred years, under Persian, Greek and Roman domination, the Jews wrote, revised, admitted and canonized all the books now comprising the Jewish Old Testament" 15519:

The community is divided between 'native' Georgian Jews and Russian-speaking Ashkenazim who began migrating there at the beginning of the 19th century, and especially during World War II.

10019:

a member of the people and cultural community whose traditional religion is Judaism and who come from the ancient Hebrew people of Israel; a person who believes in and practises Judaism

17406: 6969:

than perhaps anywhere else in the ancient world." He adds that this observation "must make us wary of pronouncing too readily against the possibility of the nation, and even a form of

5295:

between 1881 and 1924. The Jews of Europe and the United States gained success in the fields of science, culture and the economy. Among those generally considered the most famous were

8500:

and the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews. Of the world's 16 million Jews in 1939, almost 40% were murdered in the Holocaust. The Holocaust—the state-led systematic

9585:

The Avraham Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Eli Lederhendler Stephen S. Wise Professor of American Jewish History and Institutions (2001).

5045:

Despite experiencing repeated waves of persecution, Ashkenazi Jews in Western Europe worked in a variety of fields, making an impact on their communities' economy and societies. In

4641:, were converted en masse. In 63 BCE, Judea was conquered by the Romans. From 37 BCE to 6 CE, the Romans allowed the Jews to maintain some degree of independence by installing the 16331:

Hammer, Michael F.; Behar, Doron M.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Mendez, Fernando L.; Hallmark, Brian; Erez, Tamar; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Rosset, Saharon; Skorecki, Karl (8 August 2009).

15094: 8896:) for secular Jews to become more religiously observant, though the demographic implications of the trend are unknown. Additionally, there is also a growing rate of conversion to 11756: 9756: 6570:

guides its adherents in both practice and belief, and has been called not only a religion, but also a "way of life," which has made drawing a clear distinction between Judaism,

12632:

What is generally agreed, however, is that between 1200 and 1000 B.C.E., the Israelites emerged as a distinct group of people, possibly united into tribes or a league of tribes

8484:, 1941. Before World War II, some 40 percent of the population was Jewish. By the time the Red Army retook the city on 3 July 1944, there were only a few Jewish survivors. 5163:. However, in the 12th to 15th centuries, the Iberian Peninsula witnessed a rise in antisemitism, leading to persecutions, anti-Jewish laws, massacres and forced conversions ( 4730:

The destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE brought profound changes to Judaism. With the Temple's central place in Jewish worship gone, religious practices shifted towards

9152: 7465:

origin show variable frequencies of admixture with non-Jewish historical host populations among the maternal lines. In the case of Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews (in particular

4037:

In the extra-biblical record, the Israelites become visible as a people between 1200 and 1000 BCE. There is well accepted archeological evidence referring to "Israel" in the

5381:—an extensive, organized effort with an unprecedented scope intended to annihilate the Jewish people—began, and resulted in the persecution and murder of Jews in Europe and 16602: 13575: 10166:

Jewish Survival: The Identity Problem at the Close of the Twentieth Century; [... International Workshop at Bar-Ilan University on the 18th and 19th of March, 1997]

9610:

Jewish Survival: The Identity Problem at the Close of the Twentieth Century; [... International Workshop at Bar-Ilan University on the 18th and 19th of March, 1997]

7389:. For example, Ashkenazi Jews share more common paternal lineages with other Jewish and Middle Eastern groups than with non-Jewish populations in areas where Jews lived in 18647: 18705:

That achievement is symbolized by the fact that 15 to 20 percent of Nobel Prizes have been won by Jews, who represent two tenths of one percent of the world's population.

18489:

Judaism has played a significant role in the development of Western culture because of its unique relationship with Christianity, the dominant religious force in the West

11108:

Judaism has played a significant role in the development of Western culture because of its unique relationship with Christianity, the dominant religious force in the West

4664:, a series of unsuccessful revolts against Roman rule during the first and second centuries CE, had significant and disastrous consequences for the Jewish population of 1526: 8338:

such as prohibitions against bearing arms or giving testimony in courts in cases involving Muslims. Many of the disabilities were highly symbolic. The one described by

7731:, many of whom were airlifted to Israel in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Between 1974 and 1979 nearly 227,258 immigrants arrived in Israel, about half being from the 3747:

is that the rabbis changed the law of patrilineal descent to matrilineal descent due to the widespread rape of Jewish women by Roman soldiers. Since the anti-religious

3056:

reached a peak of 16.7 million, representing around 0.7% of the world's population at that time. During World War II, approximately 6 million Jews throughout

16871: 14587:"BBC Religions/Converting to Judaism: "A person who converts to Judaism becomes a Jew in every sense of the word, and is just as Jewish as someone born into Judaism."" 4123:, one of the gods of the Canaanite pantheon. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of cultic practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite 18943: 13945: 8459:; as well as expulsions from Spain, Portugal, England, France, Germany, and other countries in which the Jews had settled. According to a 2008 study published in the 7556:

analyses in the 2000s have established a partially Middle-Eastern origin for a portion of the male Lemba population but have been unable to narrow this down further.

16594: 12598: 8334:(a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males) to the Islamic state. Dhimmis had an inferior status under Islamic rule. They had several social and legal 18723:

These accomplishments account for 20 percent of the Nobel Prizes awarded since 1901. What a feat for a people who make up only .2 percent of the world's population!

10246:, Bloomsbury Publishing, pp. 47.5 'In this sense, the emergence of ancient Israel is viewed not as the cause of the demise of Canaanite culture but as its upshot'. 7812:

greeting card from the early 1900s, Russian Jews, packs in hand, gaze at the American relatives beckoning them to the United States. Over two million Jews fled the

14339: 8892:

so there is less chance of intermarriage. As a result of the efforts by these and other Jewish groups over the past 25 years, there has been a trend (known as the

3596: 9250: 8828: 5208: 17147: 12276:

Neo-Assyrian Historical Inscriptions and Syria-Palestine: Israelite/Judean-Tyrian-Damascene Political and Commercial Relations in the Ninth-Eighth Centuries BCE

8401:

Throughout history, many rulers, empires and nations have oppressed their Jewish populations or sought to eliminate them entirely. Methods employed ranged from

7986:, the 102,000 Jews registered with the Jewish community are a slowly declining population, despite the immigration of tens of thousands of Jews from the former 6950:

and the national religion. As such it was inseparable from the national identity. Indeed its mere presence in visual or aural medium could invoke that identity.

4172:

and religion, suggesting a common origin. Archaeological finds also provide evidence for the later cooperation of these two kingdoms in their coalition against

17226: 8138:, a proportion of Jews have assimilated into the wider non-Jewish society around them, by either choice or force, ceasing to practice Judaism and losing their 4889: 2104: 7227:

The divisions between all these groups are approximate and their boundaries are not always clear. The Mizrahim for example, are a heterogeneous collection of

11431: 10390: 10287: 8749:

There were also many expulsions of Jews during the Middle Ages and Enlightenment in Europe, including: 1290, 16,000 Jews were expelled from England, see the

8727: 1759: 1454: 9258: 8263:. By that ratio, if other factors had not intervened, there would be 200 million Jews in the world today, instead of something like 13 million." 4809:

reveal the trials of a community founded by a Persian Jewish garrison at two fortresses on the frontier during the 5th-4th centuries BCE, and according to

16624:

Spurdle, AB; Jenkins, T (November 1996), "The origins of the Lemba "Black Jews" of southern Africa: evidence from p12F2 and other Y-chromosome markers.",

14535: 6788:

Despite efforts to revive Hebrew as the national language of the Jewish people, knowledge of the language is not commonly possessed by Jews worldwide and

1646: 17894: 15023: 9195: 7837: 7639:

As of 2010, there were nearly 14 million Jews around the world, roughly 0.2% of the world's population at the time. According to the 2007 estimates of

2854: 4507:

and replaced by immigrants from the same region. During the same period, and throughout the 7th century BCE, the Kingdom of Judah, now under Assyrian

10200:

But the survey also suggests that Jewish identity is changing in America, where one-in-five Jews (22%) now describe themselves as having no religion.

8521: 4049:. There is further disagreement about the earliest existence of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah and their extent and power. Historians agree that a 618: 8319:

poster showing a soldier cutting the bonds from a Jewish man, who says, "You have cut my bonds and set me free—now let me help you set others free!"

3620:

is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of

20200: 15040:

This priority given to English is related to the special relationship between Israel and the United States, and the current status of English as a

8330:, were allowed to practice their religions and administer their internal affairs, but they were subject to certain conditions. They had to pay the 3726:

and seven non-Israelite nations: "for that would turn away your children from following me, to serve other gods" – are used as a warning against

1641: 18616: 13111:, edited by Frederick E. Greenspahn, New York, USA: New York University Press, 2007, pp. 7-23. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814733080.003.0005 13067:

Rendsberg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible". In Frederick E. Greenspahn. The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship. NYU Press, pp. 3–5

11830: 10366:

Botticini, Maristella; Eckstein, Zvi (1 September 2007). "From Farmers to Merchants, Conversions and Diaspora: Human Capital and Jewish History".

7080:

population, and subsequent independent evolutions. An array of Jewish communities was established by Jewish settlers in various places around the

5400:

Before and during the Holocaust, enormous numbers of Jews immigrated to Mandatory Palestine. On 14 May 1948, upon the termination of the mandate,

4920:, who was regarded as a royal heir of the House of David, this community had an autonomous status and served as a place of refuge for the Jews of 20590: 13122: 9017:

The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure. In addition to issues with census methodology, disputes among proponents of

6857:, but these policies have also affected neighboring communities. Today, Russian is the first language for many Jewish communities in a number of 6841:. In some places, the mother language of the Jewish community differs from that of the general population or the dominant group. For example, in 1889: 17472: 15405: 13639:

Stern, Menahem. (2007). "Hasmoneans". In Skolnik, Fred (ed.). Encyclopaedia Judaica Volume 8 Gos–Hep (2nd ed.). Michigan: Thompson Gale. p. 446.

9862:

The people of Judah survived, eventually becoming known as the Jews and giving their name to Judaism, the religion of Yahweh, the Israelite God.

9477:"Abraham's Children in the Genome Era: Major Jewish Diaspora Populations Comprise Distinct Genetic Clusters with Shared Middle Eastern Ancestry" 3048:). While these three major divisions account for most of the world's Jews, there are other smaller Jewish groups outside of the three. Prior to 18552: 15841: 13268: 10903: 10014: 7782:. Some Jews have emigrated from Israel elsewhere, because of economic problems or disillusionment with political conditions and the continuing 4500: 10283: 19273: 19028: 17410: 13215: 2143: 14913: 11921:: Although culture - and Judaism is a culture (or cultures) as well as religion - can be subdivided into different analytical categories..." 16212:"Ashkenazi Jewish mtDNA haplogroup distribution varies among distinct subpopulations: lessons of population substructure in a closed group" 13618: 8158:

of Europe and America in the 19th century, accelerated the situation, encouraging Jews to increasingly participate in, and become part of,

8050: 7724: 6715: 16841: 13812: 7691:, the Jewish nation-state, is the only country in which Jews make up a majority of the citizens. Israel was established as an independent 6940:

Bible manuscript in Hebrew, 14th century. Hebrew language and alphabet were the cornerstones of the Jewish national identity in antiquity.

5151:, marked by significant intellectual and cultural contributions in fields such as philosophy, medicine, and literature by figures such as 4511:, experienced a period of prosperity and witnessed a significant population growth. This prosperity continued until the Neo-Assyrian king 3325:

geographic region dominated by gorges and ravines. In ancient times, Jewish people as a whole were called Hebrews or Israelites until the

20550: 17505: 7640: 7031: 6825:, are also widely used. Yiddish has been spoken by more Jews in history than any other language, but it is far less used today following 4963: 1128: 1091: 17834:"The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula" 17758:"The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula" 16951:, p. 247. "And most came... because of Arab persecution resulting from the very attempt to establish a Jewish state in Palestine." 15453: 13308: 8162:. The result has been a growing trend of assimilation, as Jews marry non-Jewish spouses and stop participating in the Jewish community. 6881:

today are small and dwindling, Jews there had shifted from a multilingual group to a monolingual one (or nearly so), speaking French in

6682:

For centuries, Jews worldwide have spoken the local or dominant languages of the regions they migrated to, often developing distinctive

19068: 8174:

have steady or slightly declining religiously Jewish populations as Jews continue to assimilate into the countries in which they live.

7311:

Ashkenazi Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry, with at least 70 percent of Jews worldwide (and up to 90 percent prior to

4417: 16983: 10030: 20746: 20741: 18621: 16742: 14608: 9998: 5188: 3706:

definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions. These definitions of who is a Jew date back to the codification of the

3484:. Daniel R. Schwartz distinguishes "Judean" and "Jew". Here, "Judean" refers to the inhabitants of Judea, which encompassed southern 3476:

as "Judean" in the Bible since it is more precise, denotes the community's origins and prevents readers from engaging in antisemitic

2067: 16409:

Parfitt, Tudor; Hammer, Michael F.; Skorecki, Karl; Villems, Richard (July 2010). "The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people".

15874:

Tom Garvin, “Ethnic Markers, Modern Nationalisms, and the Nightmare of History,” in Kruger, ed., ¨ Ethnicity and Nationalism, p. 67.

15798: 11769:

Jews are a distinctive nationality of which every Jew, whatever his country, his station or shade of belief, is necessarily a member

11295: 9769:

Jews are a distinctive nationality of which every Jew, whatever his country, his station or shade of belief, is necessarily a member

20806: 19097: 18429:

Danzger, M. Herbert (2008). "The 'Return' to Traditional Judaism at the End of the Twentieth Century: Cross-Cultural Comparisons".

8114: 3081: 2090: 18586:

Shatzmiller, Joseph. Doctors to Princes and Paupers: Jews, Medicine, and Medieval Society. Berkeley: U of California, 1995. Print.

15651: 12018: 10937:

Shatzmiller, Joseph. Doctors to Princes and Paupers: Jews, Medicine, and Medieval Society. Berkeley: U of California, 1995. Print.

8378:

beginning from the 15th century and especially in the early 19th century. In modern times, it has become commonplace for standard

4676:. The severely reduced Jewish population of Judaea was denied any kind of political self-government. A few generations later, the 20596: 17441: 15281: 12703: 8241: 8196: 7958:, home to between 483,000 and 500,000 Jews, the majority of whom are immigrants or refugees from North African countries such as 7662:, in 2021 there were about 6.8 million Jews in Israel, 6 million in the United States, and 2.3 million in the rest of the world. 4775: 4515: 4080:

Scholars disagree regarding the extent to which the Bible should be accepted as a historical source for early Israelite history.

1440: 18651: 16661: 5183:

in 1492, the Jews of Spain were forced to choose: convert to Christianity or be expelled. As a result, around 200,000 Jews were

20771: 20756: 19696: 19150: 17086: 7308:

after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal in the 1490s and the pre-existing Jewish communities in those regions.

5291:

The antisemitism that inflicted Jewish communities in Europe also triggered a mass exodus of more than two million Jews to the

5196: 2847: 2017: 1952: 1834: 15819:. Ethnonationalism in comparative perspective (Reprint ed.). Reno Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press. pp. 48–50. 14489: 13310:

What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel

4726:

or "captive Judea" (71 CE), representing Judea as a seated mourning woman (right), and a Jewish captive with hands tied (left)

20751: 19691: 18961: 18923: 18904: 18883: 18864: 18831: 18779: 18535: 18446: 18395: 18233: 17348: 17321: 17012: 16673: 16105: 15956: 15859: 15824: 15635: 15608: 15581: 15512: 15463: 15381: 15345: 15318: 15264: 15218: 15191: 15164: 15067: 15033: 14995: 14964: 14479:"How did Theodor Herzl, an assimilated German nationalist in the 1880s, suddenly in the 1890s become the founder of Zionism?" 14461: 14317: 14276: 14246: 14186: 14070: 14043: 14008: 13965: 13850: 13806: 13771: 13744: 13717: 13612: 13585: 13504: 13384: 13318: 13279: 12957: 12912: 12848: 12821: 12794: 12740: 12713: 12682: 12655: 12625: 12524: 12470: 12441: 12393: 12363: 12336: 12311: 12284: 12205: 12175: 12111: 12084: 12044: 11914: 11886: 11795: 11735: 11707: 11673: 11646: 11358: 11305: 11278: 11139: 11057: 11026: 10995: 10964: 10868: 10817: 10761: 10595: 10553: 10356: 10324: 10267: 10174: 10143: 10115: 10087: 10059: 9940: 9879: 9835: 9789: 9741: 9719: 9691: 9660: 9639: 9618: 9597: 9575: 9369: 9289: 9097: 6007: 5148: 5007: 4684:. Following the revolt, Jews were forbidden from residing in the vicinity of Jerusalem, and the Jewish demographic center in 3041: 1138: 18837: 18785: 16875: 8591:

Throughout Jewish history, Jews have repeatedly been directly or indirectly expelled from both their original homeland, the

6845:, the Ashkenazic majority has adopted English, while the Sephardic minority uses French as its primary language. Similarly, 3072:. Since then, the population has slowly risen again, and as of 2021, was estimated to be at 15.2 million by the demographer 20776: 20766: 15887:(2008). "On the Political Relevance of Antiquity: A Response to David Goodblatt's Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism". 10714: 8037:. A small-scale exodus had begun in many countries in the early decades of the 20th century, although the only substantial 7913: 6365: 5236: 1576: 19600: 13448:

Sargon's heir, Sennacherib (705–681), could not deal with Hezekiah's revolt until he gained control of Babylon in 702 BCE.

8053:

took place primarily from 1948. The first large-scale exoduses took place in the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily in

19711: 19706: 19130: 12222: 9966: 6846: 6410: 4436: 4046: 4011: 3900: 3823: 3021: 2952: 1844: 1661: 1651: 891: 512: 16043:

Nebel, Almut; Filon, Dvora; Brinkmann, Bernd; Majumder, Partha P.; Faerman, Marina; Oppenheim, Ariella (November 2001).

13988: 10191: 9220: 7243:

due to similar styles of liturgy, despite independent development from Sephardim proper. Thus, among Mizrahim there are

7076:

there are distinct ethnic divisions, most of which are primarily the result of geographic branching from an originating

6796:

of the Jewish diaspora. Although many Jews once had sufficient knowledge of Hebrew to study the classic literature, and

4092:

who largely reject it, and the maximalists who largely accept it, with the minimalists being the more vocal of the two.

3772:

times: first, the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures (

20523: 19400: 14156: 14144: 13434: 11487: 11464: 8509: 8461: 7643:, the world's Jewish population is 13.2 million. This statistic incorporates both practicing Jews affiliated with 4527: 2240: 2190: 2155: 1849: 1714: 1581: 13577:

A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud – A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1

13014: 9528: 8647: 7401:. This is consistent with Jewish traditions in placing most Jewish paternal origins in the region of the Middle East. 5112:

academies led the Arab and to an extant the entire Jewish world. The deans and students of said academies defined the

4041:, which dates to about 1200 BCE, and in the Mesha stele from 840 BCE. It is debated whether a period like that of the 3084:. Israel, whose population is 73.9% Jewish, is the only country where Jews comprise more than 2.5% of the population. 2991:. The Jewish diaspora is a wide dispersion of Jewish communities across the world that have maintained their sense of 20801: 19551: 19405: 18810: 18510: 18155: 18128: 18101: 18074: 17589: 17181:[Study: About 1.5 Million People with Jewish Roots Live in Russia]. Moscow Urban News Agency. 20 October 2017 17070: 16924: 15719: 15694: 15542: 14842:

Grintz, Jehoshua M. (March 1960). "Hebrew as the Spoken and Written Language in the Last Days of the Second Temple".

14823: 14798: 14765: 14702: 14671: 13088: 12878: 12837:

Lipschits, Oded (2014). "The History of Israel in the Biblical Period". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.).

12767: 12560: 12148: 12002: 11942: 11619: 11587: 11520: 11395: 10051:

Studies in Contemporary Jewry: Volume XVII: Who Owns Judaism? Public Religion and Private Faith in America and Israel

9908: 9855: 8098: 6521: 5200: 5057:

occupied prominent social and economic positions. However, Jews were frequently the subjects of discriminatory laws,

2840: 1932: 1894: 1869: 1789: 1774: 1621: 1561: 1516: 17233: 14564: 14230:

Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee

8773:, followed by expulsions in 1493 in Sicily (37,000 Jews) and Portugal in 1496. The expelled Jews fled mainly to the 5092:

During the same period, Jewish communities in the Middle East thrived under Islamic rule, especially in cities like

4135:

have largely discarded the search for evidence of the biblical narrative surrounding the patriarchs and the exodus.

20761: 19460: 19368: 14626: 14036:

Was 70 CE a Watershed in Jewish History?: On Jews and Judaism before and after the Destruction of the Second Temple

14031: 10239: 8142:. Assimilation took place in all areas, and during all time periods, with some Jewish communities, for example the 7849: 5082: 3882:, 841–840 BCE. This is "the only portrayal we have in ancient Near Eastern art of an Israelite or Judaean monarch". 2225: 2207: 2113: 2007: 1859: 1854: 1779: 1744: 1611: 11428: 8757:; in 1396, 100,000 from France; in 1421, thousands were expelled from Austria. Many of these Jews settled in 5274:, who is considered the father of political Zionism, offered his vision of a future Jewish state in his 1896 book 4880:, experiencing a cultural and demographic flourishing. It was in this period that two central rabbinic texts, the 4226: 20625: 19819: 16303: 13881:"Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account?" 10387: 8561: 7018: 4925: 4790: 4779: 4368: 2743: 2642: 2197: 2180: 2133: 2032: 1942: 1879: 1829: 1809: 1804: 1724: 1698: 1673: 1551: 1541: 1531: 1511: 1506: 14118:

Encounters by the Rivers of Babylon: Scholarly Conversations between Jews, Iranians and Babylonians in Antiquity

11418:

Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Facts On File Inc., Infobase Publishing, 2009, p. 336

10569:

Exclusive Inclusivity: Identity Conflicts Between the Exiles and the People who Remained (6th–5th Centuries BCE)

9196:"Global Jewish population hits 15.7 million ahead of new year, 46% of them in Israel | the Times of Israel" 7131:. Ashkenazim are so named in reference to their geographical origins (their ancestors’ culture coalesced in the 6965:, wrote that the Jews of the late Second Temple period provide "a closer approximation to the ideal type of the 4801:, dated to the 6th-5th centuries BCE and related to the exiles from Judea arriving after the destruction of the 20781: 19501: 19061: 16961: 14520: 9886:

Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites"

8989: 8129: 5074: 4806: 4410: 3727: 2216: 2202: 2170: 2150: 2118: 2062: 2037: 2012: 1992: 1982: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1937: 1927: 1922: 1899: 1814: 1799: 1719: 1678: 1631: 1626: 1546: 1491: 17890: 7876:, all resulted in substantial shifts in the population centers of world Jewry by the end of the 20th century. 7084:, often at great distances from one another, resulting in effective and often long-term isolation. During the 4484:, was larger and wealthier, and soon developed into a regional power. In contrast, Judah, with its capital in 2936:, although not all ethnic Jews practice it. Despite this, religious Jews regard individuals who have formally 20602: 19923: 17813: 15796:

Adam L. Porter, Illinois College, review of Goodblatt, David M., Elements of ancient Jewish nationalism, 2006

8731: 8379: 7873: 6854: 5086: 5078: 4959: 3057: 2637: 2175: 2160: 2123: 2085: 2057: 2047: 2042: 2027: 2022: 2002: 1987: 1972: 1947: 1913: 1884: 1784: 1769: 1693: 1683: 1601: 1571: 1496: 1482: 17: 14586: 10212: 4538:, putting an end to the kingdom. The majority of Jerusalem's residents, including the kingdom's elite, were 3828: 20665: 20533: 20528: 19716: 19701: 19465: 19420: 19165: 18189: 15983:"Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes" 14453:

2000 Years of Jewish History: From the Destruction of the Second Bais Hamikdash Until the Twentieth Century

13157:"Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes" 10491:

Sheffer, Gabriel (2005). "Is the Jewish Diaspora Unique? Reflections on the Diaspora's Current Situation".

10388:

Boyarin, Daniel, and Jonathan Boyarin. 2003. Diaspora: Generation and the Ground of Jewish Diaspora. p. 714

9900: 7629: 7236: 7217: 7159:. A common term for many of these non-Spanish Jews who are sometimes still broadly grouped as Sephardim is 7112:, culinary preferences, liturgical practices, religious interpretations, as well as degrees and sources of 7002: 6607: 6562:, a religious interpretation of the traditions and early history of the Jews, established the first of the 6383: 5184: 3160: 3053: 2245: 2165: 2128: 2052: 1997: 1864: 1839: 1764: 1739: 1729: 1668: 1591: 1586: 1566: 1556: 1536: 1521: 1414: 1118: 882: 877: 121: 16571: 15427: 10884: 10434: 8888:

There is also a trend of Orthodox movements reaching out to secular Jews in order to give them a stronger

8827:) and Israel. Smaller communities of Persian Jews exist in Canada and Western Europe. Similarly, when the 8362:

Notable exceptions include the massacre of Jews and forcible conversion of some Jews by the rulers of the

8061:, with up to 90 percent of these communities leaving within a few years. The peak of the exodus from 20796: 20630: 20615: 19496: 19356: 15558:

to assume that the percentage of assimilated Ashkenazim is much higher than the portion of Oriental Jews.

15131: 13564:

Yehud being the Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew Yehuda, or "Judah", and "medinata" the word for province

10400: 8723: 8680: 6754: 5808: 5412:

in the Land of Israel. Immediately afterwards, all neighboring Arab states invaded, yet the newly formed

5409: 4997: 4838: 4826: 4531: 4465: 4070: 4050: 4015: 3871: 3719: 3636:

may in itself cause offense for seeming to imply that Jew has a negative connotation when used as a noun.

3338: 2235: 2230: 2185: 2138: 1824: 1794: 1754: 1749: 1606: 912: 13952:, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 62–63, 13241: 11273:. Vol. V. Translated by Green, David E. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans. pp. 483–84. 9282:

Genes, Polymorphisms and the Making of Societies: How Genetic Behavioral Traits Influence Human Cultures

4805:, though there is ample evidence for the presence of Jews in Babylonia even from 626 BCE. In Egypt, the 3846:, and dated to c. 1900 BCE. Their nearest Biblical contemporaries were the earliest of Hebrews, such as 20584: 20478: 20129: 20023: 19731: 19664: 19225: 19115: 11847: 11843: 8965: 8961: 8371: 7720: 7601: 7205: 7151:. The diverse groups of Jews of the Middle East and North Africa are often collectively referred to as 5594: 5498: 5180: 5143:, Jews in the Iberian Peninsula faced persecutions, but their circumstances changed dramatically under 4673: 4669: 4209: 3731: 3497: 3148: 3108: 2709: 2554: 2262: 1656: 852: 842: 578: 18476: 16698: 13129: 11095: 8917: 7165:(lit. “easterners" in Hebrew). Nevertheless, Mizrahis and Sepharadim are usually ethnically distinct. 5416:

resisted. In 1949, the war ended and Israel started building the state and absorbing massive waves of

3092: 20791: 20700: 20640: 20538: 20518: 20388: 20313: 20173: 20040: 19726: 19686: 19054: 19020: 17912: 17832:

Misericordia; Skorecki, Karl; Behar, Doron M.; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A. (December 2008).

17480: 17133: 16188: 15413: 14304:, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 805, 13944:

Kerkeslager, Allen; Setzer, Claudia; Trebilco, Paul; Goodblatt, David (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.),

10674: 9923:

Few would seriously challenge the belief that most modern Jews are descended from the ancient Hebrews

8855: 7783: 7633: 7565: 6921: 6668: 5614: 5557: 5211:

awaited the Jews of Portugal a few years later. Some Jews chose to remain, and pretended to practice

5054: 4829:" in Jewish sources) and in the two centuries that followed, Jewish populations were also present in 4750:

nature. Two of the three main sects that flourished during the late Second Temple period, namely the

4403: 3774: 3686: 2823: 2516: 2367: 2308: 1199: 16462:"The origin of Eastern European Jews revealed by autosomal, sex chromosomal and mtDNA polymorphisms" 11960: 11376:"The Idea of Israel in Second Temple Judaism: A New Theory of People, Exile, and Israelite Identity" 10008: 7864:

in present-day Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus and eastern Poland), the massacre of European Jewry during

4813:

the Jewish community in Alexandria existed since the founding of the city in the 4th century BCE by

4061:

have provided strong evidence for dating the Kingdom of Judah to the 10th century BCE. In 587 BCE,

4034:, and later adding remnants of other tribes who migrated there from the northern Kingdom of Israel. 2959:

by the late 6th century BCE, with a theology considered by religious Jews to be the expression of a

20620: 20451: 19750: 19625: 19000: 17539: 17266: 17120: 14104: 12871:

The Bible unearthed : archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories

12243: 10648: 10291: 8651: 8537: 8409:; within nations, often the threat of these extreme methods was sufficient to silence dissent. The 6583: 6475: 6373: 6096: 5058: 4085: 3739: 3587: 3577: 3182: 2526: 2506: 1616: 1096: 637: 19025: 14928: 13379:. Robert G. Hoyland, H. G. M. Williamson (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 61–85. 8835:) were suddenly allowed to leave. This produced a wave of migration to Israel in the early 1990s. 8603:

and religious practice in many ways, and is thus a major element of Jewish history. The patriarch

8249: 7954:'s largest Jewish community, and the third-largest Jewish community in the world, can be found in 7057: 6651:) were composed, and the daily speech of the Jewish people for centuries. By the 5th century BCE, 5369:

as a result of racial anti-Semitic laws, economic difficulties, and the fear of an impending war.

20573: 20562: 20156: 20077: 19782: 19681: 19620: 19506: 19479: 19010: 18700: 18036: 16819: 16767: 11949:: "Although Judaism is a culture - or rather has a culture - it is eminently more than a culture" 11838: 11611: 11603: 11538:"The Covenant of Circumcision (Genesis 17:9-14) and the Situational Antitheses in Galatians 3:28" 9450: 8969: 8820: 8410: 8191: 7704: 7700: 7692: 7625: 7617: 7609: 7376: 7104:, and populational. Today, manifestations of these differences among the Jews can be observed in 7013: 6718:, and widespread emigration from other Jewish communities around the world, ancient and distinct 5624: 5524: 5204: 5192: 4981: 4869: 4692:. Similar upheavals impacted the Jewish communities in the empire's eastern provinces during the 4685: 4665: 4654: 4218: 4183: 3321:, meaning "praise", scholars generally agree that "Judah" most likely derives from the name of a 3152: 3112: 3011: 2667: 2657: 2622: 2501: 2491: 2274: 1445: 1387: 1221: 900: 857: 572: 480: 18471: 16849: 16333:"Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood" 13734: 13602: 11699: 11090: 9711: 8326:

have a complex relationship. Traditionally Jews and Christians living in Muslim lands, known as

7042: 4950:, a centerpiece of Jewish religious law, was compiled in Babylonia in the 3rd to 6th centuries. 20609: 20579: 19642: 18991: 17580: 15308: 14790: 14757: 13796: 12227: 11965: 11260: 10653: 9159: 8456: 8426: 7156: 6750: 6727: 6465: 6101: 5285: 4715: 4481: 4165: 3858: 3795: 3480:. Others disagree, believing that it erases the Jewish identity of Biblical characters such as 3136: 2786: 2521: 2435: 1501: 1053: 672: 642: 18856:

The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts

17509: 17368: 17338: 17288: 16093: 15686: 15625: 15598: 15532: 15469: 15252: 15181: 15057: 14985: 14954: 13707: 12947: 12932: 12904: 12898: 12730: 12672: 12645: 12550: 12301: 12195: 12165: 11994: 11988: 11932: 11714:"That there is a Jewish nation can hardly be denied after the creation of the State of Israel" 11636: 11268: 10954: 10406: 10257: 10077: 10049: 9825: 9726:"That there is a Jewish nation can hardly be denied after the creation of the State of Israel" 9650: 9629: 9586: 8422: 8312: 8305:, which existed until 1870, Jews were required to live only in specified neighborhoods called 4445:, which dates to around 1200 BCE. The majority of scholars agree that this text refers to the 20635: 20556: 20338: 20045: 19928: 19669: 19659: 19652: 19637: 19523: 19041: 18386: 17311: 15947: 15795: 15571: 15502: 15483: 15235: 15208: 15154: 14266: 12811: 12757: 12274: 12101: 11663: 11130: 11047: 11016: 10807: 10585: 10568: 10314: 10164: 10105: 9930: 9681: 9608: 9565: 8893: 8824: 8770: 8476: 8335: 7579: 7485: 7473:, while Mizrahi Jews show evidence of admixture with other Middle Eastern populations. Behar 6970: 6853:. Due to both Czarist and Soviet policies, Russian has superseded Yiddish as the language of 6731: 6547: 6514: 6470: 6388: 5413: 5152: 4893: 4850: 4661: 4581: 4555: 4523: 4066: 3975: 3971: 3690: 2984: 2937: 2677: 2672: 2617: 2405: 1320: 1048: 1035: 930: 647: 17532: 17259: 17113: 16898: 15678: 14782: 14101: 12784: 12074: 11904: 11876: 11725: 10985: 10740: 10445:

Safran, William (2005). "The Jewish Diaspora in a Comparative and Theoretical Perspective".

10133: 9869: 9731: 5397:

is the name given to this genocide, in which six million Jews were systematically murdered.

4649:. However, Judea eventually came directly under Roman control and was incorporated into the 3966:

are described as descending from the twelve sons of Jacob. Jacob and his family migrated to

20670: 20660: 20163: 19135: 18678: 16793: 16473: 16418: 16138: 15994: 15735: 14987:

Prophets and Profits: Managerialism and the Restructuring of Jewish Schools in South Africa

13168: 13035:, edited by Frederick E. Greenspahn, New York, USA: New York University Press, 2007, p. 7. 12022: 10688: 10024: 9148: 9079: 8874: 7655: 6924:, there is no one commonly accepted leader of all Hasidic Jews. Many Jews believe that the 6445: 6378: 5533: 5374: 4721: 4630: 4551: 4539: 4144: 3326: 3073: 2968: 2913: 2748: 2700: 2440: 2298: 1111: 976: 965: 923: 38: 18027: 17200: 14694: 14688: 12516: 9992: 5310: 4680:(132–136 CE) erupted, and its brutal suppression by the Romans led to the depopulation of 104: 8: 20786: 20318: 20286: 20212: 20121: 20067: 19674: 19474: 19208: 19173: 17017:[History of Dissident Movement in the USSR] (in Russian). Vilnius. Archived from 15760: 13461:

The Quest for the Historical Israel: Debating Archaeology and the History of Early Israel

12786:

History, Archaeology and The Bible Forty Years After "Historicity": Changing Perspectives

12599:"Israelite refugees found high office in Kingdom of Judah, seals found in Jerusalem show" 12504: 11781: 9775: 9386: 9200: 9008:

non-Jewish household members living with Jews, yields an enlarged estimate of 22,720,400.

8854:

Israel is the only country with a Jewish population that is consistently growing through

8843: 8793:. Over two million Eastern European Jews arrived in the United States from 1880 to 1925. 8762: 8758: 8672: 8418: 8275: 8183: 8166: 8155: 8150:, disappearing entirely. The advent of the Jewish Enlightenment of the 18th century (see 8125: 7917: 7716: 7613: 7132: 6962: 6958: 6640: 6563: 6400: 6091: 5864: 5700: 5362: 5300: 5246: 5168: 5160: 5070: 4814: 4802: 4638: 4606: 4535: 4496: 4104: 4089: 4074: 3912: 3520: 3076:

or less than 0.2% of the total world population in 2012. Today, over 85% of Jews live in

2801: 2496: 1174: 1041: 944: 937: 867: 755: 630: 16477: 16422: 16142: 15998: 14116:

Zadok R. Judeans in Babylonia–Updating the Dossier. in U.Gabbay and Sh.Secunda. (eds.).

13172: 12978: 12487: 12414: 8270:

Western Europe, further persecutions of Jews by Christians occurred, notably during the

20650: 20645: 20456: 20178: 20055: 20050: 20035: 20005: 19958: 19881: 19787: 19647: 19220: 19125: 19092: 18557: 18247: 18239: 17858: 17833: 17790: 17757: 17127: 17008: 16638: 16548: 16521: 16496: 16461: 16442: 16357: 16332: 16280: 16255: 16161: 16126: 16069: 16044: 15896: 15884: 15655: 14859: 14750: 14425: 14394: 13910: 13510: 12255: 11692: 11557: 11493: 11401: 11049:

Three Monotheistic Faiths – Judaism, Christianity, Islam: An Analysis and Brief History

10908: 10668: 10516: 10508: 10470: 10462: 9704: 9552: 9501: 9476: 9432: 9391: 9342: 8812: 8624: 8612: 8578: 8565: 8444: 8279: 8026: 7861: 6925: 6858: 6770: 6766: 6460: 5790: 5604: 5567: 5459: 5250: 5140: 4504: 4480:

characteristics despite a complicated relationship. Israel, with its capital mostly in

3927: 3819: 3547:

etc., but derivations of the word "Hebrew" are also in use to describe a Jew, e.g., in

3532: 3493: 3485: 3342: 2980: 2652: 2602: 2549: 2544: 2458: 2328: 1596: 1425: 1184: 1104: 958: 524: 19933: 19809: 17449: 15285: 15074:

As Stephen P. Cohen observes: 'English is the language of Jewish universal discourse.'

14627:"Paul Golin: The Complicated Relationship Between Intermarriage and Jewish Conversion" 14228: 13036: 12576: 10987:

The Reluctant Parting: How the New Testament's Jewish Writers Created a Christian Book

7571: 4696:(115–117 CE), leading to the near-total destruction of Jewish diaspora communities in 4572:

in 538 BCE, the year after he captured Babylon. The exile ended with the return under

3132: 2932:. Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly interrelated, as Judaism is an 20434: 20365: 20247: 20232: 20015: 19886: 19851: 19140: 18957: 18919: 18900: 18879: 18860: 18827: 18806: 18775: 18635:

This, in a world in which Jews number just a fraction of 1 percent of the population.

18562: 18531: 18506: 18442: 18391: 18377: 18251: 18229: 18151: 18124: 18097: 18070: 17863: 17795: 17777: 17585: 17344: 17317: 17227:"Mitgliederstatistik der jüdischen Gemeinden und Landesverbände: Zu und Abgänge 2012" 17066: 16669: 16662:"Human Genetics and Genomics and Sociocultural Beliefs and Practices in South Africa" 16643: 16553: 16501: 16434: 16362: 16285: 16233: 16166: 16101: 16074: 16022: 16017: 15982: 15952: 15938: 15855: 15820: 15715: 15690: 15679: 15631: 15604: 15577: 15538: 15508: 15459: 15377: 15341: 15314: 15260: 15214: 15187: 15160: 15063: 15029: 14991: 14960: 14819: 14794: 14783: 14761: 14698: 14667: 14457: 14370: 14313: 14272: 14242: 14192: 14182: 14152: 14076: 14066: 14039: 14004: 13961: 13914: 13902: 13846: 13802: 13777: 13767: 13740: 13713: 13672: 13608: 13581: 13500: 13430: 13390: 13380: 13314: 13275: 13246: 13196: 13191: 13156: 13084: 12953: 12908: 12874: 12844: 12817: 12790: 12763: 12736: 12709: 12678: 12651: 12621: 12556: 12520: 12466: 12459: 12437: 12389: 12359: 12332: 12307: 12280: 12259: 12201: 12171: 12144: 12107: 12080: 11998: 11938: 11910: 11882: 11801: 11791: 11785: 11731: 11703: 11669: 11642: 11615: 11583: 11516: 11483: 11460: 11405: 11391: 11354: 11301: 11274: 11189: 11135: 11121: 11053: 11022: 10991: 10960: 10913: 10864: 10813: 10591: 10549: 10520: 10474: 10352: 10320: 10263: 10170: 10139: 10111: 10083: 10055: 9936: 9914: 9904: 9875: 9851: 9831: 9795: 9785: 9779: 9737: 9715: 9687: 9656: 9635: 9614: 9593: 9571: 9506: 9424: 9365: 9334: 9326: 9285: 9093: 8929: 8921: 8704: 8466: 8363: 8355: 8323: 8291: 8229: 8001:

Prior to 1948, approximately 800,000 Jews were living in lands which now make up the

7703:(not including the Druze), most representing Arab political parties. One of Israel's 7659: 7648: 7605: 7493: 7462: 7458: 7405: 7193: 7148: 7113: 7073: 6906: 6814: 6735: 6707: 6672: 5883: 5678: 5586: 5450: 5129: 5121: 5105: 4977: 4947: 4933: 4865: 4858: 4798: 4794: 4677: 4618: 4602: 4589: 4313: 4301: 4285: 4269: 4186:

show that most Jews worldwide bear a common genetic heritage which originates in the

4081: 4062: 4027: 3908: 3888: 3832:

Egyptian depiction of the visit of Western Asiatics in colorful garments, labeled as

3761: 3309: 3104: 3096: 3031: 3007: 2925: 2796: 2738: 2718: 2535: 2095: 1734: 1194: 1065: 995: 872: 785: 652: 17090: 13514: 13486: 12759:

Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written & Archaeological Sources

12674:

Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written & Archaeological Sources

12045:"What is the source of the law that a child is Jewish only if its mother is Jewish?" 11497: 11477: 11186:

Dictionary of the Targumim, Talmud Babli, Talmud Yerushalmi and Midrashic Literature

5361:

in 1933, the situation for Jews deteriorated rapidly. Many Jews fled from Europe to

3087:

Jews have significantly influenced and contributed to the development and growth of

20500: 20468: 20429: 20400: 20383: 20333: 20134: 19943: 19876: 19829: 19777: 19745: 19736: 19721: 19595: 19570: 19546: 19430: 19361: 19278: 19145: 18949: 18434: 18221: 17853: 17845: 17785: 17769: 16633: 16543: 16533: 16491: 16481: 16446: 16426: 16385: 16352: 16344: 16275: 16267: 16223: 16184: 16156: 16146: 16064: 16056: 16045:"The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East" 16012: 16002: 15847: 14895: 14851: 14497: 14305: 14234: 13996: 13953: 13892: 13662: 13492: 13186: 13176: 12990: 12512: 11549: 11383: 10500: 10454: 10375: 9544: 9496: 9488: 9436: 9416: 9346: 9318: 9224: 9144: 9085: 8912:

Jewish individuals have played a significant role in the development and growth of

8859: 8805: 8752: 8688: 8654:. The text says: "1380 persons old and young were counted at the exit of the gate". 8256: 8237: 8018: 8014: 8005:(excluding Israel). Of these, just under two-thirds lived in the French-controlled 7829: 7517: 7367:

independent of each group's proportion within the overall world Jewish population.

7109: 7036: 6978: 6954: 6822: 6810: 6797: 6789: 6739: 6719: 6687: 6676: 6652: 6631: 6578:

rather difficult. Throughout history, in eras and places as diverse as the ancient

6555:

undertaken by children of mixed marriages, or would-be or current spouses of Jews.

6507: 6169: 6068: 5804: 5765: 5750: 5506: 5481: 5401: 5164: 4929: 4921: 4897: 4885: 4877: 4763: 4642: 4622: 4610: 4569: 4469: 4306: 4290: 4191: 4169: 4128: 4054: 4019: 3904: 3851: 3689:), and people without any Jewish ancestral background or lineage who have formally 3568: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3536: 3353:" to "Jews", regardless of their descent from Judah, although not contained in the 3281: 3252: 2976: 2944: 2766: 2647: 2607: 2571: 2269: 1819: 1330: 1086: 990: 905: 795: 587: 417: 412: 391: 360: 350: 345: 17708: 17018: 14309: 14000: 13957: 13760:

Zissu, Boaz (2018). "Interbellum Judea 70-132 CE: An Archaeological Perspective".

12647:

Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: A Textbook on History and Religion: Second Edition

12048: 11457:

A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature.

11353:. Internet Archive. Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press. p. 43. 10769: 10620: 9535:

Edgar Litt (1961). "Jewish Ethno-Religious Involvement and Political Liberalism".

8074:

peaked in the 1980s when around 80 percent of Iranian Jews left the country.

7417:

and on lower scales all major Jewish groups, Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese.

5373:

started in 1939, and by 1941, Hitler occupied almost all of Europe. Following the

4903:

The long-established Jewish community of Mesopotamia, which had been living under

20410: 20405: 20217: 20144: 19977: 19948: 19871: 19861: 19824: 19799: 19615: 19610: 19605: 19590: 19585: 19575: 19560: 19351: 19268: 19235: 19193: 19183: 19032: 18894: 18854: 18821: 18769: 18145: 18118: 18091: 18064: 16538: 16151: 15802: 15370: 15335: 14662: 14451: 14398: 14388: 14340:"Talmud and Midrash (Judaism) :: The making of the Talmuds: 3rd–6th century" 13531: 13424: 13420: 13078: 12838: 12431: 12383: 12353: 12191: 11826: 11435: 11264: 10543: 10394: 10346: 8957: 8913: 8889: 8782: 8735: 8715: 8700: 8679:, some 13,520 people. Some 27,000 Israelites, 20 to 25% of the population of the 8658: 8600: 8596: 8283: 8171: 8139: 8010: 7869: 7799: 7621: 7549: 7470: 7089: 6917: 6818: 6723: 6636: 6575: 6405: 6313: 6207: 5760: 5552: 5517: 5296: 5212: 5176: 4908: 4904: 4785: 4693: 4614: 4565: 4473: 4442: 4378: 4295: 4248: 4243: 4095:

Some of the leading minimalists reframe the biblical account as constituting the

4058: 4042: 4038: 3991: 3879: 3697: 3650: 3544: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3334: 3226: 3222: 3189: 3164: 3144: 2996: 2988: 2960: 2933: 2904: 2872: 2728: 2687: 2682: 2662: 2584: 2578: 2511: 2463: 2303: 2284: 1435: 1164: 1076: 1059: 603: 502: 476: 407: 355: 17943: 17355:

Before the 1940s only two communities, Yemen and Syria, made substantial aliyah.

17148:"Israel May Be Main Topic In Next National Jewish Population Survey of the U.S." 16127:"Counting the Founders: The Matrilineal Genetic Ancestry of the Jewish Diaspora" 15310:

Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1

13763:

Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE

10401:

Cohen, Robin (1997), Global Diasporas: An Introduction. p. 24 London: UCL Press.

9362:

Digital Samaritans: Rhetorical Delivery and Engagement in the Digital Humanities

7676: 6936: 4441:

The earliest recorded evidence of a people by the name of Israel appears in the

4084:

states that there are two approximately equal groups of scholars who debate the

3163:. In these ways, Jews have also played a significant role in the development of 20714: 20689: 20510: 20417: 20375: 20355: 20343: 20323: 20237: 20227: 20195: 20188: 20168: 20139: 20111: 20106: 20072: 19982: 19906: 19896: 19834: 19632: 19580: 19491: 19486: 19248: 19243: 19178: 19107: 18438: 18031: 18023: 18015: 17849: 17773: 15554: 14120:, Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism 160. Tübingen: MohrSiebeck. pp. 109–110. 14097: 12355:

Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanite

11752: 11348: 11181: 9752: 9492: 8953: 8949: 8933: 8897: 8882: 8774: 8636: 8592: 8553: 8549: 8529: 8513: 8493: 8436: 8225: 8221: 8135: 7998:

also live in Germany, either permanently or temporarily, for economic reasons.

7971: 7951: 7817: 7740: 7728: 7429: 7425: 7404:

Conversely, the maternal lineages of Jewish populations, studied by looking at

7390: 7272: 7189: 7121: 7105: 7092:

the communities would develop under the influence of their local environments:

7026: 7022: 6986: 6805: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6619: 6579: 6571: 6495: 6269: 6064: 5953: 5859: 5755: 5631: 5619: 5562: 5545: 5512: 5446: 5429: 5378: 5276: 5262: 5258: 5242: 5216: 5031: 5015: 4986: 4912: 4594: 4279: 4258: 4203: 4190:, and that they share certain genetic traits with other Gentile peoples of the 4023: 3765: 3655: 3646: 3540: 3448: 3423: 3381: 3358: 3297: 3140: 3128: 3016: 3000: 2992: 2964: 2828: 2627: 2482: 2362: 2341: 2318: 2313: 2291: 2279: 1874: 1355: 1289: 1254: 1232: 1169: 1007: 985: 847: 826: 802: 568: 550: 446: 381: 18978: 18953: 16348: 16271: 15156:

Contemporary Sephardic Identity in the Americas: An Interdisciplinary Approach

14238: 14196: 14080: 13897: 13880: 13394: 12489:

The History of the Jews: From the Destruction of Jerusalem to the Present Time

11893:: "Judaism is a culture and a civilization which embraces the secular as well" 11878:

Jewish Secularity: The Search for Roots and the Challenges of Relevant Meaning

11321: 11234: 11155: 10379: 10079:

Jews, Gentiles and Ethnic Reconciliation: Paul's Jewish identity and Ephesians

9958: 9871:

A Short History of the Jewish People: From Legendary Times to Modern Statehood

9652:

Jews, Gentiles and Ethnic Reconciliation: Paul's Jewish identity and Ephesians

9089: 8920:, both historically and in modern times, including through discrete trends in 8524:—remains the most notable modern-day persecution of Jews. The persecution and 7647:

and the Jewish community, and approximately 4.5 million unaffiliated and

7155:

together with Sephardim proper for liturgical reasons having to do with their

20736: 20730: 20483: 20328: 20255: 20062: 19996: 19969: 19918: 19866: 19839: 19814: 19804: 19565: 19511: 19445: 19425: 19415: 19410: 19383: 19329: 19258: 19203: 18945:

The Myth of the Twelve Tribes of Israel: New Identities Across Time and Space

18933:

Stager, Lawrence. "Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel". In

18566: 18528:

A Comparative Study of the Origins of Ethical Thought: Hellenism and Hebraism

18019: 17781: 17704: 16666:

Genomics and Society: Ethical, Legal, Cultural and Socioeconomic Implications

15951:. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 571–572. 15851: 15778: 15736:"Messiah – Key beliefs in Judaism – GCSE Religious Studies Revision – Eduqas" 15090: 14657: 14374: 14298:"The Political, Social, and Economic History of Babylonian Jewry, 224–638 CE" 13906: 13781: 13676: 11680:"The Jews are a nation and were so before there was a Jewish state of Israel" 10950: 10917: 10861:

A Comparative Study of the Origins of Ethical Thought: Hellenism and Hebraism

10458: 10122:"The Jews are a nation and were so before there was a Jewish state of Israel" 9890: 9698:"The Jews are a nation and were so before there was a Jewish state of Israel" 9631:

Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia

9330: 8973: 8925: 8867: 8676: 8642: 8632: 8557: 8497: 8414: 8395: 8339: 7921: 7865: 7763: 7748: 7744: 7592: 7575: 7513: 7466: 7332: 7316: 7280: 7276: 7260: 7252: 7244: 7169: 7127: 7061: 6830: 6826: 6793: 6782: 6774: 6711: 6703: 6611: 6321: 6236: 5745: 5645: 5609: 5475: 5394: 5292: 5271: 5267: 5232: 5050: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5023: 5019: 4992: 4971: 4911:

rule, beyond the confines of the Roman Empire, became an important center of

4842: 4731: 4585: 4495:

Around 720 BCE, Kingdom of Israel was destroyed when it was conquered by the

4253: 4173: 4100: 4031: 3967: 3963: 3903:. Modern Jews are named after and also descended from the southern Israelite 3875: 3839: 3301: 3100: 3069: 3026: 2898: 2776: 2771: 1977: 1904: 1430: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1259: 1237: 1189: 951: 790: 695: 657: 608: 340: 78: 18942:

Tobolowsky, Andrew (2022). "The Tribes That Were Not Lost: The Samaritans".

17337:

Simon, Reeva Spector; Laskier, Michael Menachem; Reguer, Sara, eds. (2003).

17178: 16715: 16228: 16211: 16210:

Feder, Jeanette; Ovadia, Ofer; Glaser, Benjamin; Mishmar, Dan (April 2007).

12995: 11805: 11742:"Jews are a people, a nation (in the original sense of the word), an ethnos" 11610:(11th ed.). Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster. 2004. p. 10504: 10150:"Jews are a people, a nation (in the original sense of the word), an ethnos" 9918: 9799: 9748:"Jews are a people, a nation (in the original sense of the word), an ethnos" 8431: 4168:. It also points to an early monarchic period in which these regions shared 3452: 20463: 20260: 20222: 20183: 19772: 19516: 19455: 19435: 19395: 19378: 19346: 19334: 19295: 19213: 19188: 18381: 18243: 18215: 17867: 17799: 17179:"Исследование: Около 1,5 млн людей с еврейскими корнями проживают в России" 16557: 16522:"Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture" 16505: 16486: 16438: 16366: 16289: 16237: 16170: 16078: 16026: 16007: 15942: 15550: 14899: 13709:

The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean

13604:

The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean

13374: 13200: 13181: 12379: 11125: 11014: 10524: 10478: 9510: 9428: 9338: 9024: 8977: 8945: 8941: 8848: 8816: 8801: 8778: 8719: 8711: 8545: 8533: 8517: 8489: 8343: 8302: 8260: 8233: 8187: 8143: 8071: 8065:

occurred in 1956. The exodus in the Maghreb countries peaked in the 1960s.

8022: 7987: 7809: 7779: 7754:

A trickle of immigrants from other communities has also arrived, including

7732: 7695:

and Jewish state on 14 May 1948. Of the 120 members in its parliament, the

7671: 7545: 7454: 7433: 7409: 7381: 7312: 7305: 7284: 7256: 7232: 7228: 7221: 7185: 7177: 7161: 6878: 6647:, "the holy tongue"), the language in which most of the Hebrew scriptures ( 6595: 6559: 6455: 6450: 6395: 6274: 6179: 6139: 6086: 6040: 5844: 5653: 5386: 5382: 5370: 5366: 5358: 5350: 5156: 5125: 5109: 5011: 5002: 4967: 4937: 4854: 4701: 4650: 4646: 4561: 4508: 4489: 4274: 4264: 4124: 3624:

as a noun, a practice that carries risks of its own. In a sentence such as

3374: 3365:. Some modern scholars disagree with the conflation, based on the works of 3293: 3156: 3124: 3120: 3061: 3049: 3045: 3036: 2979:

destruction, the movement of Jewish groups around the Mediterranean in the

2884: 2806: 2632: 2473: 2468: 2426: 2379: 1473: 1340: 1325: 1284: 1249: 862: 704: 450: 386: 18987: 16647: 16389: 15681:

Explorations in Jewish Historical Experience: The Civilizational Dimension

14521:"Stereotype and reality in the Jewish immigrant experience in Minneapolis" 14302:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

13950:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

13761: 12303:

Assyrian Reliefs from the Palace of Ashurnasirpal II: A Cultural Biography

11787:

A History of the Jewish Nation: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day

11387: 11134:. Vol. 11 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 253. 11033:"Early Christianity began as a Jewish movement in first-century Palestine" 10762:"Jewish Agency: 13.2 million Jews worldwide on eve of Rosh Hashanah, 5768" 10545:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

9781:

A History of the Jewish Nation: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day

9420: 8374:, and the forced confinement of Moroccan Jews to walled quarters known as 4793:, listing provisions allotted to the exiled Judean king and his family by 3503:

The etymological equivalent is in use in other languages, e.g., يَهُودِيّ

3488:. Meanwhile, "Jew" refers to the descendants of Israelites that adhere to 20473: 19988: 19913: 19891: 19794: 19388: 19317: 19312: 19300: 19290: 18735: 18390:. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 13. 15253:"Chapter 38: Evaluating Soviet Yiddish Language Policy Between 1917–1950" 14560: 13496: 11072: 11070: 9894: 8985: 8878: 8501: 8402: 8316: 8287: 8267: 8217: 8102: 8086: 7991: 7975: 7833: 7755: 7537: 7529: 7525: 7497: 7469:), who are closely related, the source of non-Jewish admixture is mainly 7386: 7364: 7301: 7288: 7268: 7264: 7209: 7181: 7173: 6913: 6660: 6603: 6599: 6081: 5538: 5304: 5172: 5062: 4822: 4735: 4705: 4697: 4512: 4464:

In the 10th century BCE, two neighboring Israelite kingdoms—the northern

4187: 4132: 4108: 3794:, which dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, 3786:, and in both unions the offspring are judged matrilineally. Second, the 3430: 2983:, and subsequent periods of conflict and violent dispersion, such as the 2791: 2733: 2398: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1264: 508: 18697:

The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It

18225: 16430: 15900: 13794: 13667: 13650: 13555:, ed. by Achtemeier, etc., Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1985, p. 103 11375: 10809:

The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization

10512: 10466: 8469:

population has Sephardic Jewish ancestry, indicating that the number of

8029:. Today, around 26,000 Jews live in Arab countries and around 30,000 in 7824: 7477:

have remarked on a close relationship between Ashkenazi Jews and modern

7224:, as well as various other distinct but now almost extinct communities. 5487: 5042:, and other groups also predated the arrival of the Sephardic diaspora. 4845:, and, beginning in the middle of the first century BCE, in the city of 4766:, which emerged as the prevailing form of Judaism since late antiquity. 20567: 20274: 19856: 19450: 19198: 19120: 18617:"As the Nobel Prize marks centennial, Jews constitute 1/5 of laureates" 14863: 11575: 11561: 11537: 10431:

was tantamount in itself to a desecration of Jewish Jerusalem." p. 159.

10316:

Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E.

9556: 9322: 9251:"New Poll Shows Atheism on Rise, With Jews Found to Be Least Religious" 8937: 8628: 8595:, and many of the areas in which they have settled. This experience as 8367: 8159: 8002: 7500:), which comprise up to 19.8 percent of the population of today's 7442: 7320: 7248: 7119:

Jews are often identified as belonging to one of two major groups: the

6974: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6745: 6591: 6326: 6076: 5869: 5664: 5144: 5133: 5077:(1290). As a result, Ashkenazi Jews were gradually pushed eastwards to 4739: 4709: 4576:

the Prince (so called because he was a descendant of the royal line of

4573: 4522:. Later in the same century, the Assyrians were defeated by the rising 4446: 4389: 4373: 4343: 4112: 4096: 3979: 3892: 3843: 3811: 3723: 3715: 3707: 3392: 3350: 3289: 3176: 3116: 2921: 2449: 1463: 1392: 1350: 1179: 1159: 718: 625: 545: 468: 31: 19037: 17814:"DNA study shows 20 percent of Iberian population has Jewish ancestry" 17475:[The Jews of France: The slow progression of mixed marriages] 16984:"Ethiopian-Israelis decry separation from relatives as discriminatory" 14147:. In William David Davies; Louis Finkelstein; William Horbury (eds.). 14060: 13354: 11934:

Divided Passions: Jewish Intellectuals and the Experience of Modernity

11293: 11067: 10528: 10482: 9451:"Jews Are the Genetic Brothers of Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese" 8583: 6916:

who serves as a representative of that country's Jewry. Although many

4762:

beliefs became the foundational, liturgical, and ritualistic basis of

3718:. Interpretations by Jewish sages of sections of the Tanakh – such as 3628:, which is unobjectionable, the substitution of a circumlocution like 20488: 19953: 19844: 19755: 19373: 19307: 19005: 16380:

Katsnelson, Alla (3 June 2010). "Jews worldwide share genetic ties".

15937:

Schmelz, Usiel Oscar; Della Pergola, Sergio (2007). "Demography". In

11206:

The Misunderstood Jew: The Church and the Scandal of the Jewish Jesus

9023:, secular, political, and ancestral identification factors regarding 8832: 8790: 8684: 8383: 8245: 8205: 8094: 7925: 7901: 7885: 7771: 7767: 7759: 7681: 7644: 7524:), have Sephardic Jewish ancestry within the last few centuries. The 7450: 7449:" and "the dispersion of the people of ancient Israel throughout the 7344: 7340: 7328: 7327:, Ashkenazim also represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the 7085: 7081: 7077: 6850: 6664: 6535: 6294: 5993: 5839: 5816: 5390: 4817:. By 200 BCE, there were well established Jewish communities both in 4759: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4519: 4485: 4348: 4157: 3986:, after which the Israelites conquered Canaan under Moses' successor 3791: 3735: 3674: 3582: 3477: 2972: 2612: 2597: 1687: 1635: 1397: 1345: 1335: 1016: 1012: 1002: 917: 677: 19324: 18716: 17063:

East European Jews in America, 1880–1920: Immigration and Adaptation

16659: 15010:

of the Jewish day schools and the 'nerve center' of Jewish learning.

14855: 11582:. Madison, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 131. 11553: 9548: 8564:

before being transported hundreds of kilometres by freight train to

6655:, a closely related tongue, joined Hebrew as the spoken language in 4148: 3091:

in many fields, both historically and in modern times, including in

1365: 20207: 20149: 20094: 20089: 19760: 19046: 18603:

14 million people (0.2% of the world's population) are Jewish.

17204: 16098:

Molecular Photofitting: Predicting Ancestry and Phenotype Using DNA

16060: 15210:

Institutions, Ethnicity, and Political Mobilization in South Africa

14886:

Parfitt, T. V. (1972). "The Use Of Hebrew In Palestine 1800–1822".

13401: 12620:(8th ed.). Australia: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. p. 33. 11479:

Judeans and Jews: Four Faces of Dichotomy in Ancient Jewish History

10834: 10745: 10542:

Davies, William David; Finkelstein, Louis; Katz, Steven T. (1984).

9019: 8901: 8766: 8627:, in the Biblical story (whose historicity is uncertain) undertook 8525: 8508:

of European Jews (and certain communities of North African Jews in

8505: 8470: 8406: 8271: 8151: 8082: 7995: 7909: 7804: 7597: 7541: 7509: 7478: 7421: 7414: 7292: 7213: 7197: 7136: 7093: 7050: 7046: 6587: 6539: 6351: 6336: 6299: 6289: 6284: 6149: 6035: 5988: 5974: 5831: 5780: 5599: 5572: 5117: 5101: 4917: 4830: 4810: 4634: 4458: 3978:

himself. The patriarchs' descendants were later enslaved until the

3749: 3678: 3435: 3366: 3346: 3088: 3065: 2948: 2781: 2391: 2323: 1154: 662: 613: 14816:

The Jewish Cultural Tapestry: International Jewish Folk Traditions

14215:

Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society

14149:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: The early Roman period, Volume 3

13943: 13845:. Princeton Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 21, 232. 11513:

The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties

9228: 8556:

murdered Jews and political opponents in mass shootings. Jews and

6957:, an historical sociologist considered one of the founders of the 6659:. By the 3rd century BCE, some Jews of the diaspora were speaking 4888:, were composed. However, as the Roman Empire was replaced by the 4637:, who had infiltrated southern Judea after the destruction of the 3768:

in the Bible. He brings two likely explanations for the change in

20422: 20306: 20301: 20291: 20279: 20099: 20084: 20028: 19963: 19938: 19901: 19765: 19440: 19339: 19263: 19155: 19081: 18719:

The History of the Jewish People: Ancient Israel to 1880s America

15025:

Negotiating Language Policy in Schools: Educators as Policymakers

14924: 13705: 13600: 13015:"Ancient tablets reveal life of Jews in Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon" 8904:

who make the decision to head in the direction of becoming Jews.

8870:

for religious reasons, have experienced rapid population growth.

8739: 8692: 8667: 8616: 8604: 8541: 8448: 8440: 8327: 8294:), expelled both unbaptized Sephardic Jews and the ruling Muslim 8213: 8066: 8006: 7983: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7897: 7857: 7853: 7841: 7813: 7696: 7438: 7394: 7356: 7140: 7097: 6886: 6882: 6862: 6834: 6801: 6778: 6762: 6683: 6675:. Dialects of these same languages were also used by the Jews of 6567: 6543: 6435: 6341: 6259: 6164: 6154: 6109: 5969: 5964: 5935: 5923: 5891: 5770: 5737: 5721: 5716: 5706: 5669: 5467: 5440: 5228: 5093: 5046: 4942: 4881: 4873: 4755: 4689: 4626: 4503:, a significant portion of the northern Israelite population was 4477: 4454: 4338: 4177: 4160:, and one in the north under a dynasty founded by a figure named 4116: 4007: 3947: 3931: 3847: 3815: 3787: 3769: 3743: 3742:, where Israelites returning from Babylon vow to put aside their 3702: 3682: 3666: 3496:

but instead, is based on adherence to 'covenantal circumcision' (

3489: 3419: 3285: 3218: 2956: 2929: 2757: 2723: 2592: 2386: 1375: 1370: 1242: 1133: 1028: 1024: 1020: 769: 764: 741: 723: 598: 593: 583: 561: 536: 439: 376: 18948:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 69–70, 73–75. 16743:"Percent of world Jewry living in Israel climbed to 41% in 2007" 15233: 12705:

Power and Politics in the Book of Judges: Men and Women of Valor

11874: 9567:

Religion and the Creation of Race and Ethnicity: An Introduction

9522: 9520: 4580:) and Joshua the Priest (a descendant of the line of the former 4022:. The Kingdom of Judah is described as comprising the tribes of 3764:, the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined 3385: 72: 20493: 20360: 20296: 18996: 18982: 17473:"Les juifs de France: La lente progression des mariages mixtes" 16407: 13689: 8863: 8797: 8743: 8620: 8608: 8452: 8394:, and even in the newspapers and other publications of Turkish 8375: 8351: 8306: 8244:, first by ejecting them from their homelands during the pagan 8078: 8038: 8034: 7979: 7955: 7893: 7889: 7881: 7852:

and elsewhere at the turn of the 19th century, the founding of

7787: 7736: 7712: 7688: 7588: 7521: 7501: 7489: 7446: 7360: 7352: 7348: 7336: 7324: 7101: 7065: 6966: 6931: 6894: 6842: 6838: 6648: 6615: 6440: 6331: 6279: 6264: 6254: 6249: 6222: 6217: 6200: 6174: 6159: 6144: 6119: 6114: 6030: 5983: 5958: 5940: 5854: 5849: 5826: 5785: 5775: 5711: 5688: 5683: 5417: 5405: 5354: 5254: 5113: 5066: 4940:

academies, were established in Mesopotamia, and many important

4834: 4472:—emerged. Since their inception, they shared ethnic, cultural, 4450: 4120: 3995: 3987: 3959: 3955: 3923: 3896: 3807: 3783: 3711: 3670: 3660: 3512: 3440: 3412: 3404: 3396: 3362: 3322: 3204: 3077: 2917: 2417: 2412: 2372: 2357: 1468: 1360: 780: 746: 732: 667: 494: 18093:

The Study of the Ancient Near East in the Twenty-first Century

16595:"Genetic study offers clues to history of North Africa's Jews" 16518: 15340:. University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division. 14086:

Yavneh to continue develop of Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism.

13987:

Zeev, Miriam Pucci Ben (22 June 2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.),

13651:"The Religion of Idumea and Its Relationship to Early Judaism" 13080:

What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It?

12418: 7359:(Sephardim) has led them to outnumber the Ashkenazim. Only in 4518:

in response to a rebellion in the area, ultimately halting at

3734:

says that the son in a marriage between a Hebrew woman and an

20444: 20439: 20393: 20348: 20269: 20264: 19528: 19283: 19253: 17830: 17742: 17740: 16922: 14233:. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 321–324, 362–371, 396–400, 414–416. 12244:"The Aamu of Shu in the Tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan" 11727:

The Jewish State: A Century Later, Updated With a New Preface

10135:

The Jewish State: A Century Later, Updated With a New Preface

9733:

The Jewish State: A Century Later, Updated With a New Preface

9517: 9143: 8981: 8696: 8481: 8387: 8382:

publications and pronouncements of Islamic movements such as

8347: 8331: 8295: 8170:

religious practice. The result is that most countries in the

8147: 8062: 8058: 8046: 8042: 7905: 7775: 7762:

Holocaust survivors who had settled in countries such as the

7553: 7533: 7505: 7398: 7296: 7201: 7144: 6982: 6890: 6656: 6346: 6244: 6193: 6186: 6050: 6045: 6025: 6020: 6015: 5930: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5901: 5896: 5821: 5693: 5659: 5389:

in all concentration camps combined, with one million at the

5253:

faced growing persecution, legal restrictions and widespread

5097: 4818: 4681: 4577: 4333: 4152: 4140: 4003: 3983: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3916: 3779: 3738:

man is "of the community of Israel." This is complemented by

3604:

It is widely recognized that the attributive use of the noun

3481: 3444: 3370: 3354: 3305: 1380: 809: 713: 682: 472: 17340:

The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times

15712:

From Sanctuary to Boardroom: A Jewish Approach to Leadership

15600:

Transnational Spaces and Identities in the Francophone World

15504:

DNA & Tradition: The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews

15367: 15059:

Dynamic Belonging: Contemporary Jewish Collective Identities

14789:. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. p. 14756:. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. p. 14390:

The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times

13216:"Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora" 12949:

The Pitcher is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gösta W. Ahlström

11635:

Kleinedler, Steven; Spitz, Susan; et al., eds. (2005).

10276: 7880:

in the Americas, there are also large Jewish populations in

4976:

Jewish diaspora communities are generally described to have

4592:, the former Kingdom of Judah became the province of Judah ( 3778:). Thus, a mixed marriage is forbidden as is the union of a 3315:

Though Genesis 29:35 and 49:8 connect "Judah" with the verb

3284:. It is also used to distinguish their descendants from the 3280:(Jew) was used to describe the inhabitants of the Israelite 20543: 18899:. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Vol. 287. Peeters. 18823:

Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?

16874:. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2006. Archived from 16123: 16042: 15573:

Language in Ethnicity: A View of Basic Ecological Relations

14914:"Basic Law: Israel – The Nation State Of The Jewish People" 14553: 13488:

The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah under Babylonian Rule

12873:(1st Touchstone ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. 11638:

The American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style

10411:"The Bar Kochba Revolt," (HarperPerennial, 1987) pp. 158–61 9823: 9027:

may affect the figure considerably depending on the source.

8831:, many of the Jews in the affected territory (who had been 8391: 8201: 8090: 8054: 8030: 6566:, which are now practiced by 54 percent of the world. 5945: 4846: 4609:. After several centuries under foreign imperial rule, the 4161: 3999: 3951: 3867: 3863: 3838:. The painting is from the tomb of a 12th dynasty official 3834: 97:

Enlarged population (includes anyone with a Jewish parent):

18217:

Next Year in Jerusalem: Exile and Return in Jewish History

18014: 17737: 16660:

Himla Soodyall; Jennifer G. R Kromberg (29 October 2015).

12813:

In Search of "Ancient Israel": A Study in Biblical Origins

10003:

a member of a people whose traditional religion is Judaism

6928:

will act a unifying leader for Jews and the entire world.

4499:, which came to dominate the ancient Near East. Under the 4057:

existed by c. 700 BCE at least, and recent excavations in

15846:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–12. 15118:

Hebrew, Aramaic and the rise of Yiddish. D. Katz. (1985)

14365:

Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel (1972) . Ettinger, Samuel (ed.).

13155:

Hammer, MF; Redd, AJ; Wood, ET; et al. (June 2000).

13008: 13006: 9827:

Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East

8259:, "Jews accounted for 10% of the total population of the 7363:

is the Jewish population representative of all groups, a

4127:, setting them apart from other Canaanites. According to 3994:

after the death of Joshua, then through the mediation of

3757:

interpretations of Jewish identity have been challenged.

18803:

Patterns of Political Leadership: Egypt, Israel, Lebanon

18342: 16330: 16209: 13867:

The Second Jewish Revolt: The Bar Kokhba War, 132–136 CE

13344: 13342: 12385:

The Story of the Jews: Finding the Words 1000 BC–1492 AD

12103:

Birth, Death, and Femininity: Philosophies of Embodiment

11078:

An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects

10719:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

10348:

Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1789

10162: 9896:

Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel

8819:

to flee Iran. Most found refuge in the US (particularly

5132:

issuing forced conversion decrees, causing Jews such as

3616:, is both vulgar and highly offensive. In such contexts 3597:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

3006:

In the following millennia, Jewish diaspora communities

19016: 18672: 17047: 17045: 15624:

Gottreich, Emily Benichou; Schroeter, Daniel J (2011).

15237:

World War I and the Remaking of Jewish Vilna, 1914–1918

15087:"Jewish Languages – How Do We Talk To Each Other?" 14785:

The Israeli State and Society: Boundaries and Frontiers

14364: 13766:. Joshua Schwartz, Peter J. Tomson. Brill. p. 19. 13532:"Second Temple Period (538 BCE. to 70 CE) Persian Rule" 13466: 9474: 7920:

study, about 470,000 people of Jewish heritage live in

6667:, known to Jews as Babylonia, were speaking Hebrew and 5307:

winners at this time were Jewish, as is still the case.

4849:. Later, in the first centuries CE, as a result of the 4526:, and Judah became its vassal. In 587 BCE, following a 17891:"The continuing decline of Europe's Jewish population" 17685:

Lewis (1984), pp. 17–18, 94–95; Stillman (1979), p. 27

15420: 13995:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 98, 13788: 13003: 11045: 11015:

John M. G. Barclay; John Philip McMurdo Sweet (1996).

10621:"Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews - Judaism 101 (JewFAQ)" 4598:), with a smaller territory and a reduced population. 2967:

established with the Israelites, their ancestors. The

18324: 18058: 18056: 17203:[In Russia, There Are About a Million Jews]. 15002:

It is English rather than Hebrew that emerged as the

13339: 13327: 13288: 10541: 10288:

Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs

9867: 7408:, are generally more heterogeneous. Scholars such as 7147:" in Hebrew) are named in reference their origins in 6993:

priesthood, and other traditions of their ancestors.

6686:

forms or branches that became independent languages.

3271: 3260: 18852: 18694: 17979:

The World Must Know," United States Holocaust Museum

17042: 16899:"Jewish New Year: Israel's population nears 8M mark" 16403: 16401: 16399: 15980: 15936: 15714:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 1. 15257:

Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish Languages"

14666:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 7. 13360: 12946:

Holloway, Steven W.; Handy, Lowell K. (1 May 1995).

12868: 11930: 9606: 9531:. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved on 23 December 2010. 9405: 9307: 8544:

until they died of exhaustion or disease. Where the

8380:

antisemitic themes to be conflated with anti-Zionist

8101:(70,000). There is also a 6,800-strong community in 7512:) and at least 10 percent of the population of 3919:

known to the Egyptians around the 15th century BCE.

3464: 3345:

and assimilated into other populations. The gradual

3316: 3246: 3234: 3212: 3198: 2889: 2396: 2377: 800: 18853:Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002). 18117:Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (17 May 2011). 15805:, in Journal of Hebrew Scriptures – Volume 9 (2009) 15372:

Multicultural Perspectives in Working with Families

15284:. Jewish Languages Research Website. Archived from 13859: 13795:Erwin Fahlbusch; Geoffrey William Bromiley (2005). 13037:

https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814733080.003.0005

12869:Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). 12544: 12542: 12197:

An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt

11208:. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2006, page 162 11010: 11008: 8473:may have been much higher than originally thought. 8390:, in the pronouncements of various agencies of the 7168:Smaller groups include, but are not restricted to, 5104:. In Babylonia, from the 7th to 11th centuries the 4461:, and an emphasis on genealogy and family history. 4053:existed by c. 900 BCE, there is a consensus that a 3296:, these inhabitants predominately descend from the 18472:"Judaism – The Judaic tradition | Britannica" 18053: 17612: 17610: 17600: 17598: 17336: 16925:"Israel's Jewish population passes 6 million mark" 15623: 15369: 14749: 13107:Rendsburg, Gary A.. "1 Israel Without the Bible". 13031:Rendsburg, Gary A.. "1 Israel Without the Bible". 12977:Garfinkel, Yosef; Ganor, Saar (31 December 2008). 12776: 12755: 12664: 12458: 12331:. Oxford University Press (published 8 May 2012). 11691: 11322:"Jew | History, Beliefs, & Facts | Britannica" 11259: 11235:"Jew | History, Beliefs, & Facts | Britannica" 11156:"Jew | History, Beliefs, & Facts | Britannica" 11091:"Judaism – The Judaic tradition | Britannica" 10835:"Maimonides – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" 10426:after Hadrian's family name: P. Aelius Hadrianus; 10235: 10233: 10213:"BBC - Religions - Judaism: Converting to Judaism" 9703: 8765:in 1492, the Spanish population of around 200,000 5116:in Jewish history. Following this period were the 4449:, a group that inhabited the central highlands of 4107:and culture through the development of a distinct 18062: 16396: 15530: 15179: 14181:. Leeds, UK: Arc Humanities Press. pp. 3–4. 14142: 13594: 12728: 11902: 11694:An Introduction to Judaism: A Textbook and Reader 11294:Julia Phillips Berger; Sue Parker Gerson (2006). 10365: 10041: 9706:An Introduction to Judaism: A Textbook and Reader 9627: 9563: 8530:Legislation to remove the Jews from civil society 6785:is designated as the "State language" of Israel. 6742:and many others, have largely fallen out of use. 3926:narrative, Jewish ancestry is traced back to the 2955:. Judaism emerged from the Israelite religion of 20728: 18063:Smith-Christopher, Daniel L. (14 January 2015). 16923:Harriet Sherwood in Jerusalem (1 January 2013). 16459: 15186:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 447–49. 14850:(1). The Society of Biblical Literature: 32–47. 14818:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 228. 14260: 14258: 12809: 12783:Hjelm, Ingrid; Thompson, Thomas L, eds. (2016). 12539: 12138: 12099: 11924: 11868: 11005: 10979: 10977: 10047: 9353: 7820:to the safety of the U.S. between 1881 and 1924. 4984:according to where their ancestors settled: the 4708:, including the highly influential community in 4605:until the fall of their empire in c. 333 BCE to 3014:according to where their ancestors settled: the 18896:A History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Judah 18717:Jonathan B. Krasner; Jonathan D. Sarna (2006). 18315: 18090:Cooper, Jerrold S.; Schwartz, Glenn M. (1996). 17633: 17631: 17607: 17595: 16962:"airlifted tens of thousands of Ethiopian Jews" 16617: 16586: 16254:Ostrer, Harry; Skorecki, Karl (February 2013). 15987:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 15630:. Indiana University Press. pp. 258, 270. 15569: 15451: 14145:"The Diaspora in the Roman period before AD 70" 13989:"The uprisings in the Jewish Diaspora, 116–117" 13732: 13376:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Holy Land 13274:. National Academies Press. 2006. p. 100. 12864: 12862: 12860: 12214: 12021:. Shamash.org. 4 September 2003. Archived from 11937:. Wayne State University Press. pp. 421–. 11730:. University of California Press. pp. 3–. 11665:International Relations: A Concise Introduction 11634: 11041: 11039: 10983: 10255: 10230: 10158: 10156: 10138:. University of California Press. pp. 3–. 10107:International Relations: A Concise Introduction 9928: 9736:. University of California Press. pp. 3–. 9683:International Relations: A Concise Introduction 9592:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 101–. 9470: 9468: 8540:were established in which inmates were used as 8282:, Germany, and France. Then there occurred the 6710:. Due to many factors, including the impact of 6663:. Others, such as in the Jewish communities of 4492:for the whole four centuries of its existence. 4077:and deported parts of the Judahite population. 18306: 18299: 18297: 18089: 17442:"NJPS: Defining and Calculating Intermarriage" 17391: 17389: 16872:"Population, by Religion and Population Group" 16664:. In Kumar, Dhavendra; Chadwick, Ruth (eds.). 16623: 16256:"The population genetics of the Jewish people" 16253: 16249: 16247: 16119: 16117: 16038: 16036: 15500: 15403: 15206: 15152: 14716: 14714: 14264: 13878: 13739:. Harvard University Press. pp. 223–239. 13154: 13145:Natural History 102:11 (November 1993): 12–19. 13114: 13109:The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship 13033:The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship 12976: 12637: 12433:Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People 12329:Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People 11482:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 3–10. 10097: 10075: 9932:Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People 9648: 8631:(meaning "departure" or "exit" in Greek) from 8587:Expulsions of Jews in Europe from 1100 to 1600 8093:, there are significant Jewish populations in 7892:(196,000–600,000), and smaller populations in 7135:, an area historically referred to by Jews as 5257:. Zionism emerged in the late 19th century in 4674:destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple 3753:movement of the late 18th and 19th centuries, 3591:(Jewish) is the origin of the word "Yiddish". 19062: 18553:"Tracing the Path of Jewish Medical Pioneers" 17971: 15534:Readings in the Sociology of Jewish Languages 15428:"Bukharan Jews | Jewish Virtual Library" 15279: 15120:Readings in the sociology of Jewish languages 15021: 14296:Gafni, Isaiah (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), 14268:An Introduction to Jewish-Christian Relations 14255: 13879:Raviv, Dvir; Ben David, Chaim (27 May 2021). 13607:. Oxford University Press. pp. 184–187. 13120: 12945: 12892: 12890: 12782: 12749: 12722: 12279:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 64–66. 12134: 12132: 11990:World Religions: An Introduction for Students 11689: 11655: 11018:Early Christian Thought in Its Jewish Context 10974: 10949: 10945: 10943: 10904:"Tracing the Path of Jewish Medical Pioneers" 10805: 10082:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 102–. 9701: 9655:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 102–. 9303: 9301: 8866:Jewish communities, whose members often shun 8248:and later by officially establishing them as 7053:in traditional clothing. Photo taken in 1900. 6765:. Hebrew was revived as a spoken language by 6515: 4990:(initially in the Rhineland and France), the 4411: 3970:after being invited to live with Jacob's son 3693:and therefore are followers of the religion. 3266: 3255: 2848: 18916:Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel 17654: 17652: 17628: 16942: 16734: 15576:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 70–73, 79–82. 15458:. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 135, 160. 15333: 15055: 14983: 14213:Oppenheimer, A'haron and Oppenheimer, Nili. 14034:. In Daniel R. Schwartz; Zeev Weiss (eds.). 14029: 13801:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 15–. 13726: 13706:Peter Fibiger Bang; Walter Scheidel (2013). 13601:Peter Fibiger Bang; Walter Scheidel (2013). 13491:. Penn State University Press. p. 367. 12857: 12511:, New York University Press, pp. 1–23, 12450: 12248:Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 12068: 12066: 12019:"What is the origin of Matrilineal Descent?" 11881:. University Press of America. pp. 1–. 11661: 11036: 11021:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–. 10368:Journal of the European Economic Association 10344: 10153: 10103: 9679: 9465: 9443: 9364:. University of Michigan Press. p. 69. 8769:Jews were expelled by the Spanish crown and 8675:claims he deported 80% of the population of 8417:which resulted in the massacre of Jews; the 7793: 7699:, as of 2016, 14 members of the Knesset are 6932:Theories on ancient Jewish national identity 6893:, while most North Africans continue to use 6716:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries 6702:is the Judaeo-Spanish language developed by 5385:. In Poland, three million were murdered in 5171:that same year. After the completion of the 4876:emerged as the new center of Jewish life in 3722:, which forbade intermarriage between their 3459: 3240: 3229: 3207: 3193: 103: 60: 20551:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 18876:Theodor Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism 18294: 17676:Lewis (1984), p. 52; Stillman (1979), p. 77 17538:. Jewish People Policy Planning Institute ( 17386: 17265:. Jewish People Policy Planning Institute ( 17119:. Jewish People Policy Planning Institute ( 16800:. Central Intelligence Agency. 19 June 2007 16244: 16114: 16033: 15974: 15250: 15159:. Syracuse University Press. p. xxii. 14711: 14693:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 14690:Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends 14179:The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634–1800 13526: 13524: 13373:Lemaire, André (2018). "Israel and Judah". 12803: 12299: 11875:David M. Gordis; Zachary I. Heller (2012). 11683: 11459:third edition University of Chicago Press. 11270:Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament 10959:. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 102–. 10801: 10799: 10797: 10795: 10793: 10791: 10789: 10787: 10649:"The Jewish Population of the World (2014)" 10643: 10641: 10249: 9935:. Oxford University Press. pp. 19–22. 9215: 9213: 9211: 8984:. More than 20 percent of the awarded 8342:as "most degrading" was the requirement of 7758:and others, as well as some descendants of 7641:The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute 7032:Jews Praying in the Synagogue on Yom Kippur 6690:is the Judaeo-German language developed by 4964:History of European Jews in the Middle Ages 3161:an indirect but profound influence on Islam 1092:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 19069: 19055: 18941: 18116: 17936: 17749: 17697: 17343:. Columbia University Press. p. 327. 17201:"В России проживает около миллиона иудеев" 16981: 16379: 15685:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 15676: 15627:Jewish Culture and Society in North Africa 14956:International Handbook of Jewish Education 14837: 14835: 14813: 14780: 14271:. Cambridge University Press. p. 72. 14136: 13980: 13872: 13836: 13834: 13832: 13830: 13567: 13419: 13407: 12926: 12924: 12887: 12830: 12695: 12615: 12479: 12423: 12372: 12129: 12106:. Indiana University Press. pp. 67–. 12093: 12076:Lost Jews: The Struggle for Identity Today 12072: 11723: 10940: 10131: 10125: 10054:. Oxford University Press. pp. 101–. 9959:"Jew | History, Beliefs, & Facts" 9951: 9845: 9729: 9534: 9298: 7707:judges is also an Arab citizen of Israel. 6550:typically have a status within the Jewish 6522: 6508: 4418: 4404: 3380:The English word "Jew" is a derivation of 2855: 2841: 18800: 18622:J. The Jewish News of Northern California 17857: 17789: 17649: 17310:Rosenberg, Jerry M. (28 September 2009). 17309: 17106: 17007: 16948: 16653: 16637: 16547: 16537: 16495: 16485: 16356: 16279: 16227: 16177: 16160: 16150: 16068: 16016: 16006: 15932: 15930: 15928: 15839: 15259:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 780. 15234:Andrew Noble Koss (dissertation) (2010). 14952: 13896: 13666: 13484: 13429:. Harvard University Press. p. 142. 13190: 13180: 12994: 12843:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 12836: 12502: 12351: 12063: 11896: 11717: 11346: 10738: 10715:"What Americans Know About the Holocaust" 10262:. Harvard University Press. p. 224. 9500: 8695:, but these people were then returned to 8607:is described as a migrant to the land of 8532:was enacted years before the outbreak of 6757:. The tombstones are inscribed in Hebrew. 3626:There are now several Jews on the council 19098:Index of Jewish history-related articles 18892: 18873: 18771:The Oxford History of the Biblical World 18673:Ted Falcon; David Blatner (2001). "28". 18505:. New York: Lantern Books. p. 153. 18500: 16668:. Academic Press/Elsevier. p. 316. 16183: 16091: 15883: 15779:"Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism" 15455:Muslim Attitudes towards Jews and Israel 15447: 15445: 15361: 15124: 14476: 14023: 13931:, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, ç2017, p.80 13521: 13472: 12939: 12670: 12143:. U. California Press. pp. 305–06. 11825: 11759:. University of Louisville School of Law 11751: 11698:. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 11475: 11076:Cambridge University Historical Series, 10784: 10712: 10638: 10319:Society of Biblical Lit. pp. 45ff. 10169:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 90–. 10069: 9874:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–. 9759:. University of Louisville School of Law 9751: 9710:. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 9613:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 90–. 9208: 8842: 8804:, the Holocaust, as well as the rise of 8657: 8641: 8582: 8475: 8311: 8278:—and in a series of expulsions from the 8208:with an army to destroy the Jews, 69 CE. 8195: 8115:Historical Jewish population comparisons 8017:and approximately 7 percent in the 7930: 7823: 7803: 7786:. Jewish Israeli emigrants are known as 7727:. Israel also has a large population of 7675: 7570: 7056: 7041: 7017: 6935: 6744: 5309: 5147:. During this period, they thrived in a 4714: 4530:, the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II 3857: 3827: 3669:shares some of the characteristics of a 3654: 3575:). The German word "Jude" is pronounced 3402:, which itself evolved from the earlier 30:"Jew" redirects here. For the word, see 20597:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 19234: 18615:Dobbs, Stephen Mark (12 October 2001). 18428: 17667:Lewis (1999), p. 131; (1984), pp. 8, 62 17508:. World Jewish Congress. Archived from 17446:The Jewish Federations of North America 17407:"Chinese Jews: Reverence for Ancestors" 17404: 16896: 16740: 15596: 15537:. Brill Archive. pp. 165, 169–74. 15368:Congress, E.P.; Gonzalez, M.J. (2005). 15327: 15306: 14885: 14832: 14747: 14686: 14609:"Are Converts Treated as Second Class?" 14449: 14226: 14176: 14172: 14170: 14168: 14102:Diaspora: Jews Amidst Greeks and Romans 13939: 13937: 13840: 13827: 13459:Finkelstein, Israel and Mazar, Amihai. 13372: 12921: 12503:Rendsburg, Gary A. (31 December 2022), 12456: 12163: 11608:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 11373: 10759: 10753: 10490: 10312: 10017:from the original on 13 February 2023. 9848:Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500 9387:"Studies Show Jews' Genetic Similarity" 9359: 9309:mitochondrial DNA sequence Variation". 8811:In the latest phase of migrations, the 8013:, approximately 10 percent in the 7578:is home to 960,000 Jews, making it the 5215:. These Jews would form the members of 5187:, seeking refuge in places such as the 4776:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire 4633:. In the beginning of this process the 4545: 2943:The Israelites emerged from within the 513:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 20729: 18934: 18932: 18913: 18805:. State University of New York Press. 18767: 18595: 18525: 18375: 17838:The American Journal of Human Genetics 17762:The American Journal of Human Genetics 17530: 17257: 17060: 16710: 16708: 16592: 16453: 16049:The American Journal of Human Genetics 15925: 15843:Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism 15240:. Stanford University. pp. 30–31. 14927:of the State of Israel. Archived from 14841: 14058: 13573: 13333: 13294: 13239: 12930: 12671:Thompson, Thomas L. (1 January 2000). 12555:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 174. 12548: 12429: 12378: 12326: 12300:Cohen, Ada; Kangas, Steven E. (2010). 12241: 12200:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 188. 12170:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 131. 11986: 11958: 11780: 11535: 11120:Grintz, Yehoshua M. (2007). "Jew". In 11119: 10858: 10604: 10444: 10413:: Paul Johnson analyzes Cassius Dio's 9830:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 337–. 9774: 9481:The American Journal of Human Genetics 9279: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9129: 8800:in Eastern Europe, the rise of modern 8683:, were described as being deported by 8177: 8156:emancipation of the Jewish populations 8108: 7974:has a Jewish community of 292,000. In 7860:in Imperial Russia (mostly within the 7735:. This period also saw an increase in 5284:); a year later, he presided over the 5069:, which culminated in events like the 3308:. Together the tribe of Judah and the 81:, a common symbol of the Jewish people 19050: 18819: 18788:from the original on 15 November 2020 18614: 18550: 18143: 17755: 17703: 17470: 17405:Edinger, Bernard (15 December 2005). 17089:. Fjc.ru. 24 May 2004. Archived from 16848:. Freedom House. 2009. Archived from 15814: 15709: 15442: 15313:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 1007. 15132:"Quebec Sephardim Make Breakthroughs" 14656: 14567:from the original on 24 December 2018 14518: 14295: 14032:"Sectarianism before and after 70 CE" 13759: 13648: 13348: 13306: 13076: 13012: 12896: 12701: 12485: 12220: 11757:"The Jewish Problem: How To Solve It" 11510: 11350:The people and the faith of the Bible 11216: 11214: 11200: 11198: 11113: 10901: 10760:Pfeffer, Anshel (12 September 2007). 9969:from the original on 1 September 2022 9889: 9757:"The Jewish Problem: How To Solve It" 9190: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9180: 9178: 9176: 9127: 9125: 9123: 9121: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9109: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9062: 8619:after an attempt on his life by King 8286:, when Spain and Portugal, after the 8051:exodus from Arab and Muslim countries 8009:region, 15 to 20 percent in the 7559: 7331:continents, in countries such as the 4086:historicity of the biblical narrative 3586: 3576: 3170: 2903: 19076: 17366: 16786: 15833: 15644: 15603:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 234. 14289: 14220: 14165: 13986: 13934: 13642: 13213: 12643: 12272: 12190: 11580:A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews 11574: 10885:"Broadway Musicals: A Jewish Legacy" 10713:Mitchell, Travis (22 January 2020). 10583: 9850:. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 36. 9824:Facts On File, Incorporated (2009). 9384: 9284:. Universal Publishers. p. 21. 9060: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9046: 9044: 9042: 8916:, advancing many fields of thought, 8648:expulsion of the Jews from Frankfurt 7914:History of the Jews in Latin America 6869:, as well as for Ashkenazic Jews in 4176:, and for their destructions by the 4014:ended and was split into a separate 3422:had dropped the letter "d" from the 3241: 3230: 2928:, and whose traditional religion is 115:Regions with significant populations 17944:"Ukrainian mass Jewish grave found" 17909:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust 17560:Goldenberg (2007), pp. 131, 135–36. 17479:(in French). Akadem. Archived from 17065:. New York: Routledge. p. 54. 16705: 16460:Zoossmann-Diskin, Avshalom (2010). 14629:. Huffingtonpost.com. 31 March 2011 14393:. Columbia University Press. 2002. 14052: 13946:"The Diaspora from 66 to c. 235 ce" 13753: 12933:"David, King of Judah (Not Israel)" 12517:10.18574/nyu/9780814733080.003.0005 11529: 10741:"Jews make up only 0.2% of mankind" 10587:Heritage: Civilization and the Jews 10437:Roman History: Epitome of Book LXIX 10415:Roman History: Epitome of Book LXIX 10184: 10163:Ernest Krausz; Gitta Tulea (1997). 10033:from the original on 22 July 2023. 8761:, especially Poland. Following the 8714:. The 2,000 year dispersion of the 8710:Many Jews were exiled again by the 8370:in the 12th century, as well as in 7564:For a more comprehensive list, see 7007: 6773:in 1881. It had not been used as a 5375:German invasion of the Soviet Union 4769: 4437:History of ancient Israel and Judah 4430: 3824:History of ancient Israel and Judah 3564: 3460: 3267: 3256: 3208: 3194: 3188:The term "Jew" is derived from the 3181:For a more comprehensive list, see 2876: 24: 20544:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 20524:American Jewish Historical Society 18840:from the original on 21 April 2020 18431:The Blackwell Companion to Judaism 18120:Biblical History and Israel S Past 17897:from the original on 1 April 2020. 17087:"Planting Jewish roots in Siberia" 16741:Pfeffer, Anshel (6 January 2008). 16216:European Journal of Human Genetics 15213:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 51. 13649:Levin, Yigal (24 September 2020). 12352:Killebrew, Ann E. (October 2005). 11863:The Jewish nation is a living fact 11774: 11745: 11515:. University of California Press. 11300:. Behrman House, Inc. p. 41. 11211: 11195: 10001:from the original on 6 July 2021. 9173: 9106: 8488:The persecution reached a peak in 8465:, 19.8 percent of the modern 8462:American Journal of Human Genetics 8236:(in its later phases known as the 7370: 6897:or Berber as their mother tongue. 6722:of several communities, including 6582:world, in Europe before and after 5241:In the 19th century, when Jews in 4588:circa 521–516 BCE. As part of the 3447:". The Greek term was a loan from 25: 20818: 18972: 18721:. Behrman House, Inc. p. 1. 18551:Rabin, Roni Caryn (14 May 2012). 18526:Sekine, Seizo (20 January 2005). 18376:Netzer, Amnon (2007). "Iran". In 18220:. Purdue University Press. 2019. 17232:. 4 December 2013. Archived from 16982:Goldenberg, Tia (10 March 2018). 16768:"Iran must attack Israel by 2014" 16572:"Jews Are a 'Race,' Genes Reveal" 15507:. Devora Publishing. p. 72. 15406:"The Jews who said 'no' to Putin" 15183:Canada's Jews: A People's Journey 14541:from the original on 21 July 2020 13815:from the original on 9 April 2023 13621:from the original on 9 April 2023 13242:"Tracing the Roots of Jewishness" 12735:. Psychology Press. p. 107. 11993:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 11641:. Houghton Mifflin Company. Jew. 11429:"The Vanishing Jews of Antiquity" 10902:Rabin, Roni Caryn (14 May 2012). 10859:Sekine, Seizo (20 January 2005). 9261:from the original on 19 July 2018 9039: 7912:and several other countries (see 6622:unique to their own communities. 5136:to seek safety in other regions. 4045:occurred and if there ever was a 3990:, went through the period of the 3796:offspring would follow the mother 3700:have traditionally been based on 3472:Some scholars prefer translating 3391:. The latter was loaned from the 3276:). Originally, in ancient times, 883:Historical population comparisons 20747:Ethnic groups in the Middle East 20742:Ancient peoples of the Near East 20708: 20695: 20694: 18768:Coogan, Michael D., ed. (1998). 18728: 18710: 18688: 18666: 18640: 18608: 18589: 18580: 18544: 18519: 18494: 18464: 18455: 18422: 18413: 18404: 18369: 18360: 18351: 18333: 18285: 18276: 18267: 18258: 18208: 18182: 18173: 18164: 18137: 18110: 18083: 18044: 18040:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 18008: 18002: 17993: 17984: 17962: 17927: 17918: 17901: 17883: 17874: 17824: 17806: 17728: 17719: 17688: 17679: 17670: 17661: 17640: 17619: 17616:Johnson (1987), pp. 213, 229–31. 17572: 17563: 17554: 17524: 17498: 17471:Cohen, Erik H. (November 2002). 17464: 17434: 17425: 17398: 17360: 17330: 17303: 17281: 17251: 17219: 17193: 17171: 17162: 17140: 17097: 17079: 17054: 17033: 17001: 16975: 16954: 16916: 16890: 16864: 16834: 16820:"The Electoral System in Israel" 16812: 16760: 16691: 16688:Johnson (1987), pp. 529, 560–62. 16682: 16593:Begley, Sharon (6 August 2012). 16564: 16512: 16373: 16324: 16296: 16203: 16085: 15965: 15916: 15907: 15877: 15868: 15808: 15789: 15771: 15753: 15728: 15703: 15670: 15617: 15590: 15563: 15524: 15494: 15476: 15404:Anshel Pfeffer (14 March 2014). 15397: 15300: 15273: 15244: 15227: 15200: 15173: 15146: 15112: 15079: 15049: 15015: 14977: 14946: 14906: 14879: 14870: 14807: 14774: 14752:Jewish Life and American Culture 14741: 14732: 14723: 14680: 14650: 14641: 14619: 14601: 14579: 14512: 14482: 14470: 14443: 14418: 14405: 14381: 14358: 14332: 14207: 14123: 14110: 14091: 13993:The Cambridge History of Judaism 13921: 13798:The Encyclopedia of Christianity 13699: 13683: 13633: 13580:. T & T Clark. p. 355. 13558: 13546: 13478: 13453: 13413: 13366: 13361:Finkelstein & Silberman 2002 13300: 13261: 13233: 13207: 13148: 13101: 13070: 13061: 13051: 13042: 13025: 12970: 12708:. Augsburg Fortress Publishers. 12609: 12591: 12569: 12496: 12436:. Oxford University Press, USA. 10739:Silverman, Anav (October 2012). 10351:. Cengage Learning. p. 87. 10192:"A Portrait of Jewish Americans" 9529:Ethnic minorities in English law 8960:. Jews have established various 8932:, as well as specific trends in 8907: 8510:European controlled North Africa 8290:(the Catholic Reconquest of the 8252:during the Christian Roman era. 7850:immigration to the United States 7208:, including most numerously the 7196:("Italkim" or "Bené Roma"); the 6489: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5237:History of Israel (1948–present) 5222: 5167:), and the establishment of the 4758:, eventually disappeared, while 4746:. Judaism also lost much of its 4584:) and their construction of the 4532:besieged and destroyed Jerusalem 4225: 3429:, which, like the New Testament 3060:were systematically murdered by 1527:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1441:Historical population by country 493: 71: 20807:Indigenous peoples of West Asia 18918:. Westminster John Knox Press. 18190:"The Post-Second Temple Period" 17409:. Shavei Israel. Archived from 16897:Drukman, Yaron (20 June 1995). 16092:Frudakis, Tony (19 July 2010). 15376:. Springer Publishing Company. 15337:Ukraine: A History, 4th Edition 14748:Fishman, Sylvia Barack (2000). 14426:"GAON – JewishEncyclopedia.com" 14367:Jewish society through the ages 13240:Balter, Michael (3 June 2010). 13013:Baker, Luke (3 February 2017). 12935:. The Bible and Interpretation. 12644:Noll, K. L. (7 December 2012). 12616:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2012). 12402: 12345: 12320: 12293: 12266: 12235: 12184: 12157: 12120: 12037: 12011: 11980: 11952: 11819: 11628: 11596: 11568: 11504: 11469: 11445: 11421: 11412: 11367: 11340: 11314: 11287: 11253: 11227: 11174: 11148: 11083: 11046:Dr. Andrea C. Paterson (2009). 10931: 10895: 10877: 10852: 10827: 10812:. A&C Black. pp. 21–. 10732: 10706: 10681: 10613: 10577: 10337: 10306: 10205: 9985: 9846:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2008). 9815: 9671: 9399: 9378: 9011: 8134:Since at least the time of the 8119: 7355:, the immigration of Jews from 6996: 4797:, and further evidence are the 4780:Talmudic academies in Babylonia 4601:Judea was under control of the 4208:For a chronological guide, see 3312:made up the Kingdom of Judah. 515: instead of Hebrew letters. 27:Ethnoreligious group and nation 20616:Relations with other religions 19026:Maps related to Jewish history 17313:The Rebirth of the Middle East 15062:. Bergahn Books. p. 214. 14844:Journal of Biblical Literature 14814:Lowenstein, Steven M. (2000). 14496:. 21 July 2005. Archived from 14151:. Cambridge University Press. 13736:A History of the Jewish People 13463:. Leiden: Brill, 2007. p. 166. 13426:A History of the Jewish People 13313:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 12931:Wright, Jacob L. (July 2014). 12579:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc 12552:Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls 12465:. Princeton University Press. 12273:Kuan, Jeffrey Kah-Jin (2016). 11909:. A&C Black. pp. 1–. 11542:Journal of Biblical Literature 10990:. HarperCollins. pp. 3–. 10548:. Cambridge University Press. 10284:"Knowledge Resources: Judaism" 10244:In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel 9868:Raymond P. Scheindlin (1998). 9453:. Sciencedaily.com. 9 May 2000 9385:Wade, Nicholas (9 June 2010). 9273: 9243: 9081:American Jewish Year Book 2022 9001: 8976:, provided the foundation for 8970:authorship of the Hebrew Bible 8130:Interfaith marriage in Judaism 7832:dominating the main square in 5075:expulsion of Jews from England 4953: 4742:), and communal gatherings in 4516:devastated the region of Judah 4180:and later by the Babylonians. 3942:, and the Biblical matriarchs 3891:-speaking tribes known as the 3523:, "Juif" (m.)/"Juive" (f.) in 13: 1: 20772:Ethnic groups in Central Asia 20757:Ethnic groups in North Africa 20603:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 18695:Lawrence E. Harrison (2008). 18501:Schwartz, Richard H. (2001). 18144:Dille, Sarah J. (July 2004). 18069:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 17150:Jewish Journal. 14 March 2013 15280:Anna Verschik (25 May 2007). 14494:The Jewish Agency for Israel1 14310:10.1017/chol9780521772488.033 14001:10.1017/chol9780521772488.005 13958:10.1017/chol9780521772488.004 13929:The Bar Kokhba War AD 132-136 13214:Wade, Nicholas (9 May 2000). 12979:"Khirbet Qeiyafa: Sha'arayim" 12816:. A&C Black. p. 26. 12223:"The Rulers of Foreign Lands" 12164:Mieroop, Marc Van De (2010). 11931:Paul R. Mendes-Flohr (1991). 11052:. AuthorHouse. pp. 41–. 9151:; Sheskin, Ira, eds. (2021). 8572: 8528:were accomplished in stages. 8429:, with their persecution and 8021:. A further 200,000 lived in 7874:Jewish exodus from Arab lands 7108:of each community, including 6912:Today, many countries have a 6900: 5404:declared the creation of the 5365:, the United States, and the 4960:History of the Jews in Europe 4672:(66–73 CE) culminated in the 3410:, which in turn derived from 1098:Christianity and Judaism 20752:Ethnic groups in East Africa 20534:Leo Baeck Institute New York 20529:American Sephardi Federation 18878:. Indiana University Press. 18801:Dekmejian, R. Hrair (1975). 18736:"Jewish Nobel Prize Winners" 18648:"Jewish Nobel Prize Winners" 18066:The Religion of the Landless 17291:. Jewish Community of Berlin 16716:"Jews – Pew Research Center" 16539:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316 16152:10.1371/journal.pone.0002062 15307:Ehrlich, Mark Avrum (2009). 14561:"Jewish Nobel Prize Winners" 13885:Journal of Roman Archaeology 13712:. OUP USA. pp. 184–87. 13161:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 13083:. Eerdmans. pp. 98–99. 12983:Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 12505:"1 Israel Without the Bible" 12141:The Beginnings of Jewishness 11987:Fowler, Jeaneane D. (1997). 11906:Themes and Issues in Judaism 11476:Schwartz, Daniel R. (2014). 9901:University of Michigan Press 9607:Ernest Krausz; Gitta Tulea. 9280:Kiaris, Hippokratis (2012). 9033: 8988:have gone to individuals of 8274:—when Jews all over Germany 7970:(or their descendants). The 7856:and later events, including 7003:Jewish population by country 6920:follow a certain hereditary 6849:adopted English rather than 6625: 5268:Ottoman-controlled Palestine 5049:, for example, figures like 4501:Assyrian resettlement policy 4459:prohibition on intermarriage 3901:tribal and monarchic periods 3790:may have been influenced by 3634:persons of Jewish background 3453: 3329:. After the Exile, the term 3247: 3235: 7: 20777:Ethno-cultural designations 20767:Ethnic groups in South Asia 19357:Constantinopolitan Karaites 18774:. Oxford University Press. 18503:Judaism and Global Survival 18410:Gartner (2001), pp. 400–01. 18366:Johnson (1987), pp. 529–30. 18357:Gartner (2001), pp. 357–70. 18348:Gartner (2001), pp. 213–15. 18321:Johnson (1987), pp. 229–31. 17990:de Lange (2002), pp. 41–43. 17968:Johnson (1987), pp. 493–98. 17933:Johnson (1987), pp. 490–92. 17924:Johnson (1987), pp. 484–88. 17746:Johnson (1987), pp. 364–65. 17734:Johnson (1987), pp. 259–60. 17725:Johnson (1987), pp. 226–29. 17625:Johnson (1987), pp. 243–44. 17604:Johnson (1987), pp. 207–08. 17569:Johnson (1987), pp. 164–65. 17168:Gartner (2001), pp. 410–10. 17061:Gurock, Jeffrey S. (1998). 15134:. forward.com. 2 April 2004 14990:. HSRC Press. p. 121. 14781:Kimmerling, Baruch (1996). 14687:Johnson, Lonnie R. (1996). 14217:. Mohr Siebeck, 2005, p. 2. 12756:Thomas L. Thompson (2000). 12461:A Short History of the Jews 12358:. Society of Biblical Lit. 12047:. Torah.org. Archived from 11668:. NYU Press. pp. 19–. 11408:– via Cambridge Core. 10584:Eban, Abba Solomon (1984). 10110:. NYU Press. pp. 19–. 9686:. NYU Press. pp. 19–. 9570:. NYU Press. pp. 85–. 8552:, specialized units called 8548:conquered new territory in 8240:) repeatedly repressed the 7484:The studies also show that 7110:Jewish linguistic diversity 7106:Jewish cultural expressions 6755:Old Jewish Cemetery, Prague 6546:are strongly interrelated. 5434: 5410:Jewish and democratic state 5314:Map of the Jewish diaspora: 4868:, the Jewish population in 4617:resulted in an independent 3730:between Jews and gentiles. 3640: 3465: 3317: 3272: 3261: 3213: 3199: 2890: 2397: 2378: 2105:Latin America and Caribbean 801: 61: 10: 20823: 20585:National Library of Israel 19226:Zionism, race and genetics 18874:Kornberg, Jacques (1993). 18760: 18439:10.1002/9780470758014.ch27 18312:Gartner (2001), pp. 11–12. 18170:Johnson (1987), pp. 85–86. 17850:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007 17774:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007 17014:История инакомыслия в СССР 15815:Smith, Anthony D. (1993). 15783:Bryn Mawr Classical Review 15531:Joshua A. Fishman (1985). 15430:. jewishvirtuallibrary.org 15180:Gerald Tulchinsky (2008). 15028:. Routledge. p. 185. 14888:Journal of Semitic Studies 14430:www.jewishencyclopedia.com 14411:Harshav, Benjamin (1999). 14143:E. Mary Smallwood (1984). 13574:Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). 13307:Dever, William G. (2001). 12729:Marc Zvi Brettler (2002). 12167:A History of Ancient Egypt 11903:Seth Daniel Kunin (2000). 11844:Princeton University Press 11511:Cohen, Shaye J.D. (2001). 11380:Cambridge University Press 11374:Staples, Jason A. (2021). 11188:, and the source he used: 10610:Dosick (2007), pp. 59, 60. 9628:John A. Shoup III (2011). 9564:Craig R. Prentiss (2003). 9493:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015 8962:Jewish political movements 8813:Islamic Revolution of Iran 8662:Jews fleeing pogroms, 1882 8576: 8181: 8123: 8112: 7868:, and the founding of the 7797: 7721:aftermath of the Holocaust 7669: 7563: 7374: 7291:, and various others. The 7011: 7000: 6904: 6877:. Although communities in 6629: 6592:Islamic Spain and Portugal 5444: 5438: 5427: 5423: 5245:were increasingly granted 5226: 4957: 4924:. A number of significant 4807:documents from Elephantine 4773: 4582:High Priests of the Temple 4549: 4434: 4210:Timeline of Jewish history 4207: 4201: 4197: 3998:became subject to a king, 3911:links the early Canaanite 3872:northern Kingdom of Israel 3805: 3801: 3696:Historical definitions of 3644: 3458:, corresponding to Hebrew 3357:, is made explicit in the 3339:northern Kingdom of Israel 3180: 3174: 2940:as part of the community. 2710:Jewish political movements 2407:Conversion to Judaism 29: 20683: 20539:Yeshiva University Museum 20519:Center for Jewish History 20509: 20374: 20246: 20120: 20014: 19545: 19164: 19106: 19088: 19021:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 18954:10.1017/9781009091435.003 18893:Lipiński, Edward (2020). 18598:100 Years of Nobel Prizes 17913:Columbia University Press 17584:(Houghton Mifflin, 2001) 17531:Waxman, Chaim I. (2007). 17258:Waxman, Chaim I. (2007). 17134:American Jewish Committee 16574:. Forward.com. 4 May 2012 16349:10.1007/s00439-009-0727-5 16272:10.1007/s00439-012-1235-6 16189:"Is There a Jewish Gene?" 16100:. Elsevier. p. 383. 15840:Goodblatt, David (2006). 15677:Eisenstadt, S.N. (2004). 15654:. jdc.org. Archived from 14959:. Springer. p. 428. 14729:Sharot (1997), pp. 42–43. 14720:Sharot (1997), pp. 29–30. 14177:Ehrlich, Michael (2022). 13898:10.1017/S1047759421000271 13553:Harper's Bible Dictionary 12952:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 12810:Philip R. Davies (1995). 12677:. BRILL. pp. 137ff. 12457:Brenner, Michael (2010). 12139:Shaye J.D. Cohen (1999). 12126:Dosick (2007), pp. 56–57. 12100:Robin May Schott (2010). 12079:. Springer. pp. 6–. 11347:Chouraqui, André (1975). 11222:Oxford English Dictionary 10675:American Jewish Committee 10670:American Jewish Year Book 10380:10.1162/JEEA.2007.5.5.885 10048:Eli Lederhendler (2001). 9634:. ABC-CLIO. p. 133. 9090:10.1007/978-3-031-33406-1 8856:natural population growth 8838: 8691:were similarly exiled by 8216:have experienced various 7794:Diaspora (outside Israel) 7665: 7566:Jewish population by city 7139:). Similarly, Sephardim ( 6706:Jews who migrated to the 5420:from all over the world. 3895:that inhabited a part of 3600:, fourth edition (2000), 3494:not dependent on ancestry 3361:(4th century BCE) of the 2877: 1113:Hinduism and Judaism 464: 459: 434: 429: 328: 323: 315: 307: 299: 291: 283: 275: 267: 259: 251: 243: 235: 227: 219: 211: 203: 195: 187: 179: 171: 163: 155: 147: 139: 131: 119: 114: 91: 86: 70: 56: 54: 20802:Semitic-speaking peoples 19131:Ancient Israel and Judah 19001:Jewish Agency for Israel 18461:de Lange (2002), p. 220. 17756:Adams, Susan M. (2008). 17637:Lewis (1984), pp. 10, 20 17540:Jewish Agency for Israel 17533:"Annual Assessment 2007" 17367:Congress, World Jewish. 17267:Jewish Agency for Israel 17260:"Annual Assessment 2007" 17121:Jewish Agency for Israel 17013: 16193:New York Review of Books 15852:10.1017/cbo9780511499067 15570:Harald Haarmann (1986). 14519:Lewin, Rhoda G. (1979). 14105:Harvard University Press 14059:Karesh, Sara E. (2006). 13841:Goodman, Martin (2018). 13733:Abraham Malamat (1976). 13485:Lipschits, Oded (2005). 13410:, pp. 69–70, 73–75. 12789:. Routledge. p. 4. 11959:Weiner, Rebecca (2007). 11831:"How I Became a Zionist" 11536:Martin, Troy W. (2003). 10984:Julie Galambush (2011). 10459:10.2979/ISR.2005.10.1.36 10420:Colonia Aelia Capitolina 10313:Albertz, Rainer (2003). 10256:David P Mindell (2009). 9997:. Cambridge Dictionary. 9929:Harry Ostrer MD (2012). 8995: 8392:Islamic Republic of Iran 8284:largest expulsion of all 7580:largest Jewish community 7319:). As a result of their 6584:The Age of Enlightenment 5393:camp complex alone. The 5175:and the issuance of the 4791:Joachin's ration tablets 3439:, meant both "Jew" and " 3183:List of Jewish ethnonyms 3054:global Jewish population 939:Temple in Jerusalem 632:Bar and bat mitzvah 55: 20762:Ethnic groups in Europe 19507:North African Sephardim 19480:Jewish tribes of Arabia 19011:The Jewish Encyclopedia 18820:Dever, William (2003). 18701:Oxford University Press 18596:Shalev, Baruch (2005). 18477:Encyclopædia Britannica 18339:Johnson (1987), p. 370. 18330:Johnson (1987), p. 306. 18303:Gartner (2001), p. 431. 18291:Johnson (1987), p. 460. 18282:Johnson (1987), p. 231. 18273:Johnson (1987), p. 177. 18264:Johnson (1987), p. 163. 18179:Johnson (1987), p. 147. 18037:The Jewish Encyclopedia 17880:Johnson (1987), p. 512. 17646:Lewis (1987), pp. 9, 27 17395:Johnson (1987), p. 171. 17369:"World Jewish Congress" 17103:Gartner (2001), p. 213. 16229:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201764 15801:9 February 2020 at the 15597:Gafaiti, Hafid (2009). 15501:Yaakov Kleiman (2004). 15207:Jessica Piombo (2009). 15153:Edna Aizenberg (2012). 14456:. Feldheim Publishers. 14450:Schloss, Chaim (2002). 14344:Encyclopædia Britannica 14265:Edward Kessler (2010). 14062:Encyclopedia of Judaism 13421:Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel 13077:Dever, William (2001). 12996:10.5508/jhs.2008.v8.a22 12702:Yoder, John C. (2015). 12549:Broshi, Maguen (2001). 12492:. London Society House. 12419:Encyclopædia Britannica 12242:Kamrin, Janice (2009). 11839:Einstein Papers Project 11297:Teaching Jewish History 11261:Botterweck, G. Johannes 11096:Encyclopædia Britannica 10505:10.2979/ISR.2005.10.1.1 10393:11 October 2020 at the 10076:Tet-Lim N. Yee (2005). 9649:Tet-Lim N. Yee (2005). 9153:World Jewish Population 9084:. Vol. 122. 2023. 8821:Los Angeles, California 8777:, the Netherlands, and 8623:. His descendants, the 8411:history of antisemitism 8192:Jewish military history 8167:interreligious marriage 7916:). According to a 2010 7888:(180,000–300,000), and 7701:Arab citizens of Israel 7658:, a demographer of the 7544:, and a portion of the 7377:Genetic studies on Jews 7014:Jewish ethnic divisions 6959:interdisciplinary field 6714:on European Jewry, the 6671:, the languages of the 5247:equality before the law 4946:were active there. The 4892:Byzantine Empire under 4719:A Roman coin inscribed 4184:Genetic studies on Jews 4002:, who was succeeded by 3760:According to historian 3413: 3405: 3397: 3386: 901:Twelve Tribes of Israel 20610:Holocaust Encyclopedia 20580:Jewish Virtual Library 18992:Berman Jewish DataBank 18914:McNutt, Paula (1999). 18859:. Simon and Schuster. 18419:Kaplan (2003), p. 301. 18050:Johnson (1987), p. 30. 18034:; et al. (eds.). 17999:Johnson (1987), p. 10. 17709:"Muslim Anti-Semitism" 17431:Elazar (2003), p. 434. 17129:Annual Assessment 2007 17051:Dosick (2007), p. 340. 17039:Goldstein (1995) p. 24 16487:10.1186/1745-6150-5-57 16008:10.1073/pnas.100115997 15710:Lewis, Hal M. (2006). 15022:Elana Shohamy (2010). 14876:Feldman (2006), p. 54. 14413:The Meaning of Yiddish 13182:10.1073/pnas.100115997 13121:Jared Diamond (1993). 12897:Kuhrt, Amiele (1995). 12840:The Jewish Study Bible 12486:Adams, Hannah (1840). 12430:Ostrer, Harry (2012). 12327:Ostrer, Harry (2012). 12221:Curry, Andrew (2018). 11966:Jewish Virtual Library 11690:Jacob Neusner (1991). 11434:22 August 2017 at the 10956:Jews, God, and History 10806:Jonathan Daly (2013). 10654:Jewish Virtual Library 10590:. Simon and Schuster. 9702:Jacob Neusner (1991). 9160:Berman Jewish DataBank 8918:science and technology 8851: 8829:Soviet Union collapsed 8781:, others migrating to 8663: 8655: 8588: 8485: 8455:backed by the Russian 8427:Portuguese Inquisition 8320: 8212:The Jewish people and 8209: 7990:since the fall of the 7948: 7872:, with the subsequent 7845: 7836:. An estimated 70,000 7821: 7685: 7583: 7069: 7054: 7039: 6952: 6941: 6758: 6610:, or the contemporary 5346: 5286:First Zionist Congress 4727: 4670:First Jewish-Roman War 3883: 3855: 3663: 3638: 3093:science and technology 501:This article contains 108: 37:. For other uses, see 20782:Ethnoreligious groups 20557:Encyclopaedia Judaica 20339:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 19524:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 19274:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 19042:World Jewish Congress 19031:23 March 2012 at the 18679:John Wiley & Sons 18387:Encyclopaedia Judaica 17713:Middle East Quarterly 17373:World Jewish Congress 16390:10.1038/news.2010.277 15971:Dosick (2007), p. 61. 15948:Encyclopaedia Judaica 15922:Dosick (2007), p. 59. 15913:Dosick (2007), p. 60. 15889:Jewish Social Studies 15334:Subtelny, O. (2009). 15056:Elan Ezrachi (2012). 14984:Chaya Herman (2006). 14738:Sharot (1997), p. 42. 14227:Leibner, Uzi (2009). 14030:Jodi Magness (2011). 13048:Tubb, 1998. pp. 13–14 12903:. Routledge. p. 12900:The Ancient Near East 12762:. Brill. p. 96. 12306:. UPNE. p. 127. 11662:M. Nicholson (2002). 11451:Danker, Frederick W. 11388:10.1017/9781108906524 11131:Encyclopaedia Judaica 10409:A History of the Jews 10345:Marvin Perry (2012). 10104:M. Nicholson (2002). 10013:. Oxford Dictionary. 9680:M. Nicholson (2002). 9421:10.1007/s004390000426 9360:Ridolfo, Jim (2015). 9149:Della-Pergola, Sergio 8894:Baal teshuva movement 8846: 8825:Long Island, New York 8785:and the Middle East. 8661: 8645: 8635:, as recorded in the 8586: 8577:Further information: 8479: 8447:Cossack massacres in 8315: 8250:second-class citizens 8199: 8182:Further information: 8154:) and the subsequent 7934: 7827: 7807: 7784:Arab–Israeli conflict 7737:immigration to Israel 7679: 7574: 7488:(descendants of the " 7486:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 7060: 7045: 7025:of late-19th-century 7021: 7001:Further information: 6971:religious nationalism 6947: 6939: 6748: 5313: 5227:Further information: 5153:Samuel ibn Naghrillah 4958:Further information: 4774:Further information: 4718: 4550:Further information: 4524:Neo-Babylonian Empire 4505:exiled to Mesopotamia 4435:Further information: 4067:Neo-Babylonian Empire 3915:confederation to the 3861: 3831: 3806:Further information: 3658: 3608:, in phrases such as 3602: 2920:originating from the 2899:Israeli pronunciation 1647:São Tomé and Príncipe 1642:Republic of the Congo 1036:Second Temple Judaism 907:Kingdom of Judah 878:Modern historiography 460:Related ethnic groups 333:Predominantly spoken: 107: 19136:Second Temple period 18530:. Sheed & Ward. 18433:. pp. 495–511. 17977:Berenbaum, Michael. 17715:. Middle East Forum. 17694:Lewis (1984), p. 28. 17289:"Israelis in Berlin" 17123:). 2007. p. 15. 16878:on 30 September 2007 16846:Freedom in the World 15452:Moshe Ma'oz (2011). 15251:Paul Wexler (2006). 14900:10.1093/jss/17.2.237 14647:Neusner (1991) p. 64 13869:. Brill, 2016. P471/ 13843:A History of Judaism 13515:10.5325/j.ctv1bxh5fd 13497:10.5325/j.ctv1bxh5fd 12618:Western civilization 12228:Archaeology Magazine 11782:Palmer, Edward Henry 11498:10.3138/j.ctt1287s34 11440:L.A. Review of Books 10863:. Sheed & Ward. 9776:Palmer, Edward Henry 8875:Conservative Judaism 8738:and, as a result of 8718:beginning under the 8344:distinctive clothing 7656:Sergio Della Pergola 6829:and the adoption of 4552:Second Temple period 4546:Second Temple period 4237:The Tribes of Israel 4164:with its capital in 4147:as belonging to the 4143:people known to the 3913:nomadic pastoralists 3691:converted to Judaism 3581:, the corresponding 3304:, the fourth son of 3074:Sergio Della Pergola 2969:Babylonian captivity 2945:Canaanite population 2938:converted to Judaism 2914:ethnoreligious group 2749:World Agudath Israel 1890:United Arab Emirates 977:Second Temple period 967:Babylonian captivity 122:occupied territories 39:Jew (disambiguation) 20574:Jewish Encyclopedia 20319:Hekhalot literature 20130:Religious movements 19665:Judeo-Tripolitanian 18675:Judaism for dummies 18226:10.2307/j.ctvh9w1wk 18123:. Wm. B. Eerdmans. 17893:. 9 February 2015. 17658:Lewis (1999), p.131 17581:Constantine's Sword 17114:"Annual Assessment" 17009:Alexeyeva, Lyudmila 16720:Pew Research Center 16701:. 18 December 2012. 16605:on 18 November 2015 16478:2010Sci...328.1342B 16431:10.1038/nature09103 16423:2010Natur.466..238B 16187:(6 December 2012). 16143:2008PLoSO...3.2062B 15999:2000PNAS...97.6769H 15044:for Jews worldwide. 14500:on 10 December 2018 13668:10.3390/rel11100487 13173:2000PNAS...97.6769H 13123:"Who are the Jews?" 12073:Emma Klein (2016). 12051:on 24 December 2008 11724:Alan Dowty (1998). 10566:Dalit Rom-Shiloni, 10196:Pew Research Center 10132:Alan Dowty (1998). 9730:Alan Dowty (1998). 9201:The Times of Israel 8968:, and, through the 8966:religious movements 8763:Spanish Inquisition 8759:East-Central Europe 8673:Tiglath-Pileser III 8566:extermination camps 8538:Concentration camps 8520:by Germany and its 8423:Tomás de Torquemada 8419:Spanish Inquisition 8346:, not found in the 8184:Persecution of Jews 8178:War and persecution 8126:Jewish assimilation 8109:Demographic changes 7947:on 1 September 1933 7918:Pew Research Center 7717:Holocaust survivors 7220:, most notably the 7072:Within the world's 7049:Jewish couple from 6963:nationalism studies 6792:has emerged as the 6643:of Judaism (termed 6641:liturgical language 6564:Abrahamic religions 6548:Converts to Judaism 6401:Abrahamic religions 6300:Selichot (S'lichot) 6092:Bar and bat mitzvah 5595:Principles of faith 5363:Mandatory Palestine 5301:Ludwig Wittgenstein 5185:expelled from Spain 5169:Spanish Inquisition 5161:Solomon ibn Gabirol 5071:Rhineland Massacres 4982:ethnic subdivisions 4815:Alexander the Great 4607:Alexander the Great 4497:Neo-Assyrian Empire 4455:religious practices 3928:Biblical patriarchs 3724:Israelite ancestors 3687:matrilineal descent 3292:. According to the 3012:ethnic subdivisions 2987:, gave rise to the 1042:Hellenistic Judaism 620:Land of Israel 579:Principles of faith 135:6,000,000–9,800,000 127:6,983,000–7,455,200 51: 20797:Religious identity 20715:Judaism portal 20651:Jews and Halloween 20646:Jews and Christmas 20036:Rabbinic authority 19788:Judaeo-Piedmontese 19221:Xueta Christianity 19126:Origins of Judaism 19093:Outline of Judaism 18654:on 19 October 2017 18558:The New York Times 18378:Berenbaum, Michael 17820:. 4 December 2008. 17818:The New York Times 17316:. Hamilton Books. 17239:on 4 December 2013 17207:. 26 February 2015 17093:on 27 August 2009. 16798:The World Factbook 16772:The Jerusalem Post 16626:Am. J. Hum. Genet. 15939:Berenbaum, Michael 15658:on 16 October 2013 15288:on 16 October 2014 14953:Nava Nevo (2001). 14369:. Schocken Books. 14239:20.500.12657/43969 14129:Josephus Flavius, 13220:The New York Times 12732:The Book of Judges 12025:on 18 October 1996 11853:on 5 November 2015 11564:– via JSTOR. 11427:Adele Reinhartz, 11326:www.britannica.com 11239:www.britannica.com 11160:www.britannica.com 11122:Berenbaum, Michael 10909:The New York Times 10259:The Evolving World 10198:. 1 October 2013. 9392:The New York Times 9323:10.1002/humu.20077 8852: 8664: 8656: 8625:Children of Israel 8589: 8579:Expulsions of Jews 8560:were crammed into 8486: 8445:Bohdan Chmielnicki 8321: 8280:Kingdom of England 8210: 8200:The Roman Emperor 8089:, and the rest of 8027:Republic of Turkey 7949: 7939:Youth Movement in 7862:Pale of Settlement 7846: 7822: 7725:fleeing Arab lands 7686: 7584: 7582:outside of Israel. 7560:Population centers 7070: 7055: 7040: 6942: 6889:, and the city of 6859:Post-Soviet states 6847:South African Jews 6767:Eliezer ben Yehuda 6759: 6496:Judaism portal 6461:Holocaust theology 5347: 5251:Pale of Settlement 4996:(initially in the 4926:Talmudic academies 4728: 4655:province of Judaea 4071:besieged Jerusalem 3884: 3862:Depiction of King 3856: 3820:Origins of Judaism 3664: 3171:Name and etymology 2981:Hellenistic period 2905:[jehuˈdim] 2603:Jewish Koine Greek 2145:Dominican Republic 1426:Judaism by country 1105:Jews and Christmas 960:Assyrian captivity 120:Israel (including 109: 49: 20724: 20723: 20690:extinct languages 20591:YIVO Encyclopedia 20366:Hebrew literature 20334:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 20174:Reconstructionist 19852:Judaeo-Portuguese 19541: 19540: 19497:Eastern Sephardim 19141:Synagogal Judaism 18963:978-1-316-51494-8 18925:978-0-664-22265-9 18906:978-90-429-4212-7 18885:978-0-253-33203-5 18866:978-0-7432-2338-6 18833:978-0-8028-0975-9 18781:978-0-19-513937-2 18537:978-1-4616-7459-7 18448:978-0-470-75801-4 18397:978-0-02-866097-4 18235:978-1-55753-875-8 18194:The Jewish Agency 18150:. A&C Black. 17907:Donald L Niewyk, 17452:on 12 August 2011 17413:on 3 October 2012 17350:978-0-231-50759-2 17323:978-0-7618-4846-2 17269:). pp. 40–42 17132:. Vol. 106. 16852:on 19 August 2012 16774:. 9 February 2012 16675:978-0-12-420195-8 16417:(7303): 238–242. 16384:: news.2010.277. 16185:Lewontin, Richard 16107:978-0-08-055137-1 15993:(12): 6769–6774. 15958:978-0-02-866097-4 15861:978-0-521-86202-8 15826:978-0-87417-204-1 15817:National Identity 15761:"David Goodblatt" 15637:978-0-253-00146-7 15610:978-0-8032-2465-0 15583:978-3-11-086280-5 15514:978-1-930143-89-0 15465:978-1-84519-527-4 15416:on 26 March 2014. 15383:978-0-8261-3146-1 15347:978-1-4426-9728-7 15320:978-1-85109-873-6 15266:978-3-447-05404-1 15220:978-0-230-62382-8 15193:978-0-8020-9386-8 15166:978-0-8156-5165-9 15069:978-0-85745-258-0 15035:978-1-135-14621-4 14997:978-0-7969-2114-7 14966:978-94-007-0354-4 14528:Minnesota History 14463:978-1-58330-214-9 14399:10.7312/simo10796 14319:978-0-521-77248-8 14278:978-0-521-70562-2 14248:978-3-16-151460-9 14188:978-1-64189-222-3 14072:978-1-78785-171-9 14065:. Facts On File. 14045:978-90-04-21744-7 14010:978-1-139-05513-0 13967:978-0-521-77248-8 13852:978-0-691-18127-1 13808:978-0-8028-2416-5 13773:978-90-04-34986-5 13746:978-0-674-39731-6 13719:978-0-19-518831-8 13614:978-0-19-518831-8 13587:978-0-567-08998-4 13506:978-1-57506-297-6 13386:978-0-19-872439-1 13320:978-0-8028-2126-3 13281:978-0-309-10196-7 12959:978-0-567-63671-3 12914:978-0-415-16762-8 12850:978-0-19-997846-5 12823:978-1-85075-737-5 12796:978-1-317-42815-2 12742:978-0-415-16216-6 12715:978-1-4514-9642-0 12684:978-90-04-11943-7 12657:978-0-567-44117-1 12650:. A&C Black. 12627:978-0-495-91324-5 12526:978-0-8147-3308-0 12472:978-0-691-14351-4 12443:978-0-19-970205-3 12395:978-0-06-233944-7 12388:. HarperCollins. 12365:978-1-58983-097-4 12338:978-0-19-537961-7 12313:978-1-58465-817-7 12286:978-1-4982-8143-0 12207:978-1-118-89611-2 12177:978-1-4051-6070-4 12113:978-0-253-00482-6 12086:978-1-349-24319-8 11916:978-0-304-33758-3 11888:978-0-7618-5793-8 11797:978-1-931956-69-7 11790:. Gorgias Press. 11755:(25 April 1915). 11737:978-0-520-92706-3 11709:978-0-664-25348-6 11675:978-0-8147-5822-9 11648:978-0-618-60499-9 11360:978-0-87023-172-8 11307:978-0-86705-183-4 11280:978-0-8028-2329-8 11204:Amy-Jill Levine. 11141:978-0-02-866097-4 11059:978-1-4520-3049-4 11028:978-0-521-46285-3 10997:978-0-06-210475-5 10966:978-1-101-14225-7 10870:978-1-4616-7459-7 10819:978-1-4411-1851-6 10597:978-0-671-44103-6 10555:978-0-521-77248-8 10525:Project MUSE 10479:Project MUSE 10358:978-1-111-83720-4 10326:978-1-58983-055-4 10294:on 27 August 2011 10269:978-0-674-04108-0 10176:978-1-4128-2689-1 10145:978-0-520-92706-3 10117:978-0-8147-5822-9 10089:978-1-139-44411-8 10061:978-0-19-534896-5 9942:978-0-19-997638-6 9881:978-0-19-513941-9 9837:978-1-4381-2676-0 9791:978-1-931956-69-7 9784:. Gorgias Press. 9755:(25 April 1915). 9743:978-0-520-92706-3 9721:978-0-664-25348-6 9693:978-0-8147-5822-9 9662:978-1-139-44411-8 9641:978-1-59884-363-7 9620:978-1-4128-2689-1 9599:978-0-19-534896-5 9577:978-0-8147-6700-9 9371:978-0-472-07280-4 9291:978-1-61233-093-8 9145:Dashefsky, Arnold 9099:978-3-031-33405-4 8972:and parts of the 8930:Jewish literature 8922:Jewish philosophy 8728:Iberian Peninsula 8705:Achaemenid Empire 8681:Kingdom of Israel 8666:Centuries later, 8516:of Europe during 8324:Islam and Judaism 8292:Iberian Peninsula 8242:Jewish population 8230:Early Middle Ages 7680:Jewish people in 7660:Jewish population 7494:forced to convert 7471:Southern European 7445:residents of the 7406:mitochondrial DNA 7397:, and the French 7114:genetic admixture 7074:Jewish population 6907:Jewish leadership 6815:Romance languages 6769:, who arrived in 6749:Tombstone of the 6708:Iberian peninsula 6673:Babylonian Talmud 6532: 6531: 5884:Important figures 5558:Reconstructionist 5451:Jewish secularism 5357:came to power in 5326: + 1,000,000 5181:Catholic Monarchs 5139:Initially, under 5122:Almohad Caliphate 4998:Iberian Peninsula 4980:into three major 4948:Babylonian Talmud 4866:Bar Kokhba revolt 4861:and Mesopotamia. 4851:Jewish-Roman Wars 4799:Al-Yahudu tablets 4795:Nebuchadnezzar II 4678:Bar Kokhba revolt 4662:Jewish–Roman wars 4619:Hasmonean kingdom 4560:According to the 4556:Jewish–Roman wars 4540:exiled to Babylon 4468:and the southern 4466:Kingdom of Israel 4428: 4427: 4105:Canaanite peoples 4063:Nebuchadnezzar II 4051:Kingdom of Israel 4016:Kingdom of Israel 4010:, after whom the 3922:According to the 3909:Gary A. Rendsburg 3762:Shaye J. D. Cohen 3720:Deuteronomy 7:1–5 3712:Babylonian Talmud 3588:[ˈjyːdɪʃ] 3310:tribe of Benjamin 3032:Iberian Peninsula 3010:into three major 2985:Jewish–Roman wars 2947:to establish the 2926:ancient Near East 2865: 2864: 2814: 2813: 2562: 2561: 2309:Reconstructionist 2253: 2252: 1405: 1404: 1212: 1211: 1049:Jewish–Roman wars 997:Hasmonean dynasty 913:Kingdom of Israel 817: 816: 509:rendering support 489: 488: 57:יְהוּדִים‬ 16:(Redirected from 20814: 20792:Jews and Judaism 20713: 20712: 20711: 20698: 20697: 19830:Judeo-Golpaygani 19431:Palestinian Jews 19406:Alexandrian Jews 19362:Crimean Karaites 19279:Unterlander Jews 19232: 19231: 19146:Rabbinic Judaism 19071: 19064: 19057: 19048: 19047: 19038:Official website 19017:Official website 19006:Official website 18997:Official website 18988:Official website 18967: 18938: 18929: 18910: 18889: 18870: 18849: 18847: 18845: 18816: 18797: 18795: 18793: 18755: 18754: 18748: 18746: 18732: 18726: 18725: 18714: 18708: 18707: 18692: 18686: 18685: 18670: 18664: 18663: 18661: 18659: 18650:. Archived from 18644: 18638: 18637: 18631: 18629: 18612: 18606: 18605: 18593: 18587: 18584: 18578: 18577: 18575: 18573: 18548: 18542: 18541: 18523: 18517: 18516: 18498: 18492: 18491: 18486: 18484: 18468: 18462: 18459: 18453: 18452: 18426: 18420: 18417: 18411: 18408: 18402: 18401: 18373: 18367: 18364: 18358: 18355: 18349: 18346: 18340: 18337: 18331: 18328: 18322: 18319: 18313: 18310: 18304: 18301: 18292: 18289: 18283: 18280: 18274: 18271: 18265: 18262: 18256: 18255: 18212: 18206: 18205: 18203: 18201: 18186: 18180: 18177: 18171: 18168: 18162: 18161: 18147:Mixing Metaphors 18141: 18135: 18134: 18114: 18108: 18107: 18087: 18081: 18080: 18060: 18051: 18048: 18042: 18041: 18012: 18011: 18006: 18000: 17997: 17991: 17988: 17982: 17975: 17969: 17966: 17960: 17959: 17957: 17955: 17940: 17934: 17931: 17925: 17922: 17916: 17905: 17899: 17898: 17887: 17881: 17878: 17872: 17871: 17861: 17828: 17822: 17821: 17810: 17804: 17803: 17793: 17753: 17747: 17744: 17735: 17732: 17726: 17723: 17717: 17716: 17701: 17695: 17692: 17686: 17683: 17677: 17674: 17668: 17665: 17659: 17656: 17647: 17644: 17638: 17635: 17626: 17623: 17617: 17614: 17605: 17602: 17593: 17578:Carroll, James. 17576: 17570: 17567: 17561: 17558: 17552: 17551: 17549: 17547: 17537: 17528: 17522: 17521: 17519: 17517: 17502: 17496: 17495: 17493: 17491: 17486:on 16 April 2021 17485: 17478: 17468: 17462: 17461: 17459: 17457: 17448:. Archived from 17438: 17432: 17429: 17423: 17422: 17420: 17418: 17402: 17396: 17393: 17384: 17383: 17381: 17379: 17364: 17358: 17357: 17334: 17328: 17327: 17307: 17301: 17300: 17298: 17296: 17285: 17279: 17278: 17276: 17274: 17264: 17255: 17249: 17248: 17246: 17244: 17238: 17231: 17223: 17217: 17216: 17214: 17212: 17197: 17191: 17190: 17188: 17186: 17175: 17169: 17166: 17160: 17159: 17157: 17155: 17144: 17138: 17137: 17124: 17118: 17110: 17104: 17101: 17095: 17094: 17083: 17077: 17076: 17058: 17052: 17049: 17040: 17037: 17031: 17030: 17028: 17026: 17005: 16999: 16998: 16996: 16994: 16979: 16973: 16972: 16970: 16968: 16958: 16952: 16946: 16940: 16939: 16937: 16935: 16920: 16914: 16913: 16911: 16909: 16894: 16888: 16887: 16885: 16883: 16868: 16862: 16861: 16859: 16857: 16838: 16832: 16831: 16829: 16827: 16816: 16810: 16809: 16807: 16805: 16790: 16784: 16783: 16781: 16779: 16764: 16758: 16757: 16755: 16753: 16738: 16732: 16731: 16729: 16727: 16712: 16703: 16702: 16695: 16689: 16686: 16680: 16679: 16657: 16651: 16650: 16641: 16621: 16615: 16614: 16612: 16610: 16601:. Archived from 16590: 16584: 16583: 16581: 16579: 16568: 16562: 16561: 16551: 16541: 16516: 16510: 16509: 16499: 16489: 16457: 16451: 16450: 16405: 16394: 16393: 16377: 16371: 16370: 16360: 16328: 16322: 16321: 16319: 16317: 16308: 16300: 16294: 16293: 16283: 16251: 16242: 16241: 16231: 16207: 16201: 16200: 16181: 16175: 16174: 16164: 16154: 16121: 16112: 16111: 16094:"Ashkezani Jews" 16089: 16083: 16082: 16072: 16055:(5): 1095–1112. 16040: 16031: 16030: 16020: 16010: 15978: 15972: 15969: 15963: 15962: 15934: 15923: 15920: 15914: 15911: 15905: 15904: 15885:Weitzman, Steven 15881: 15875: 15872: 15866: 15865: 15837: 15831: 15830: 15812: 15806: 15793: 15787: 15786: 15775: 15769: 15768: 15765:history.ucsd.edu 15757: 15751: 15750: 15748: 15746: 15732: 15726: 15725: 15707: 15701: 15700: 15684: 15674: 15668: 15667: 15665: 15663: 15648: 15642: 15641: 15621: 15615: 15614: 15594: 15588: 15587: 15567: 15561: 15560: 15528: 15522: 15521: 15498: 15492: 15491: 15480: 15474: 15473: 15468:. Archived from 15449: 15440: 15439: 15437: 15435: 15424: 15418: 15417: 15412:. Archived from 15401: 15395: 15394: 15392: 15390: 15375: 15365: 15359: 15358: 15356: 15354: 15331: 15325: 15324: 15304: 15298: 15297: 15295: 15293: 15282:"Jewish Russian" 15277: 15271: 15270: 15248: 15242: 15241: 15231: 15225: 15224: 15204: 15198: 15197: 15177: 15171: 15170: 15150: 15144: 15143: 15141: 15139: 15128: 15122: 15116: 15110: 15109: 15104: 15102: 15093:. Archived from 15083: 15077: 15076: 15053: 15047: 15046: 15019: 15013: 15012: 14981: 14975: 14974: 14950: 14944: 14943: 14941: 14939: 14934:on 10 April 2021 14933: 14918: 14910: 14904: 14903: 14883: 14877: 14874: 14868: 14867: 14839: 14830: 14829: 14811: 14805: 14804: 14788: 14778: 14772: 14771: 14755: 14745: 14739: 14736: 14730: 14727: 14721: 14718: 14709: 14708: 14684: 14678: 14677: 14654: 14648: 14645: 14639: 14638: 14636: 14634: 14623: 14617: 14616: 14613:InterfaithFamily 14605: 14599: 14598: 14596: 14594: 14583: 14577: 14576: 14574: 14572: 14557: 14551: 14550: 14548: 14546: 14540: 14525: 14516: 14510: 14509: 14507: 14505: 14486: 14480: 14474: 14468: 14467: 14447: 14441: 14440: 14438: 14436: 14422: 14416: 14409: 14403: 14402: 14385: 14379: 14378: 14362: 14356: 14355: 14353: 14351: 14336: 14330: 14329: 14328: 14326: 14293: 14287: 14286: 14262: 14253: 14252: 14224: 14218: 14211: 14205: 14204: 14174: 14163: 14162: 14140: 14134: 14127: 14121: 14114: 14108: 14095: 14089: 14088: 14056: 14050: 14049: 14027: 14021: 14020: 14019: 14017: 13984: 13978: 13977: 13976: 13974: 13941: 13932: 13925: 13919: 13918: 13900: 13876: 13870: 13863: 13857: 13856: 13838: 13825: 13824: 13822: 13820: 13792: 13786: 13785: 13757: 13751: 13750: 13730: 13724: 13723: 13703: 13697: 13687: 13681: 13680: 13670: 13646: 13640: 13637: 13631: 13630: 13628: 13626: 13598: 13592: 13591: 13571: 13565: 13562: 13556: 13550: 13544: 13543: 13541: 13539: 13528: 13519: 13518: 13482: 13476: 13470: 13464: 13457: 13451: 13450: 13445: 13443: 13417: 13411: 13405: 13399: 13398: 13370: 13364: 13358: 13352: 13346: 13337: 13331: 13325: 13324: 13304: 13298: 13292: 13286: 13285: 13265: 13259: 13258: 13256: 13254: 13237: 13231: 13230: 13228: 13226: 13211: 13205: 13204: 13194: 13184: 13152: 13146: 13144: 13142: 13140: 13134: 13128:. Archived from 13127: 13118: 13112: 13105: 13099: 13098: 13074: 13068: 13065: 13059: 13055: 13049: 13046: 13040: 13029: 13023: 13022: 13010: 13001: 13000: 12998: 12974: 12968: 12967: 12943: 12937: 12936: 12928: 12919: 12918: 12894: 12885: 12884: 12866: 12855: 12854: 12834: 12828: 12827: 12807: 12801: 12800: 12780: 12774: 12773: 12753: 12747: 12746: 12726: 12720: 12719: 12699: 12693: 12692: 12668: 12662: 12661: 12641: 12635: 12634: 12613: 12607: 12606: 12595: 12589: 12588: 12586: 12584: 12573: 12567: 12566: 12546: 12537: 12536: 12535: 12533: 12509:The Hebrew Bible 12500: 12494: 12493: 12483: 12477: 12476: 12464: 12454: 12448: 12447: 12427: 12421: 12406: 12400: 12399: 12376: 12370: 12369: 12349: 12343: 12342: 12324: 12318: 12317: 12297: 12291: 12290: 12270: 12264: 12263: 12239: 12233: 12232: 12218: 12212: 12211: 12192:Bard, Kathryn A. 12188: 12182: 12181: 12161: 12155: 12154: 12136: 12127: 12124: 12118: 12117: 12097: 12091: 12090: 12070: 12061: 12060: 12058: 12056: 12041: 12035: 12034: 12032: 12030: 12015: 12009: 12008: 11984: 11978: 11977: 11975: 11973: 11956: 11950: 11948: 11928: 11922: 11920: 11900: 11894: 11892: 11872: 11866: 11865: 11860: 11858: 11852: 11846:. Archived from 11835: 11829:(21 June 1921). 11827:Einstein, Albert 11823: 11817: 11816: 11814: 11812: 11778: 11772: 11771: 11766: 11764: 11749: 11743: 11741: 11721: 11715: 11713: 11697: 11687: 11681: 11679: 11659: 11653: 11652: 11632: 11626: 11625: 11600: 11594: 11593: 11572: 11566: 11565: 11533: 11527: 11526: 11508: 11502: 11501: 11473: 11467: 11449: 11443: 11425: 11419: 11416: 11410: 11409: 11371: 11365: 11364: 11344: 11338: 11337: 11335: 11333: 11318: 11312: 11311: 11291: 11285: 11284: 11265:Ringgren, Helmer 11257: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11246: 11231: 11225: 11218: 11209: 11202: 11193: 11178: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11167: 11152: 11146: 11145: 11117: 11111: 11110: 11105: 11103: 11087: 11081: 11074: 11065: 11063: 11043: 11034: 11032: 11012: 11003: 11001: 10981: 10972: 10970: 10947: 10938: 10935: 10929: 10928: 10926: 10924: 10899: 10893: 10892: 10889:DC Theatre Scene 10881: 10875: 10874: 10856: 10850: 10849: 10847: 10845: 10831: 10825: 10823: 10803: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10777: 10772:on 19 March 2009 10768:. Archived from 10757: 10751: 10750: 10736: 10730: 10729: 10727: 10725: 10710: 10704: 10703: 10701: 10699: 10685: 10679: 10678: 10665: 10663: 10661: 10645: 10636: 10635: 10633: 10631: 10617: 10611: 10608: 10602: 10601: 10581: 10575: 10563: 10532: 10486: 10383: 10362: 10341: 10335: 10334: 10310: 10304: 10303: 10301: 10299: 10290:. Archived from 10280: 10274: 10273: 10253: 10247: 10237: 10228: 10227: 10225: 10223: 10209: 10203: 10202: 10188: 10182: 10180: 10160: 10151: 10149: 10129: 10123: 10121: 10101: 10095: 10093: 10073: 10067: 10065: 10045: 10039: 10038: 10021: 10005: 9989: 9983: 9982: 9976: 9974: 9955: 9949: 9946: 9925: 9885: 9864: 9841: 9819: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9806: 9771: 9766: 9764: 9747: 9725: 9709: 9697: 9675: 9669: 9666: 9645: 9624: 9603: 9581: 9560: 9524: 9515: 9514: 9504: 9472: 9463: 9462: 9460: 9458: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9403: 9397: 9396: 9382: 9376: 9375: 9357: 9351: 9350: 9305: 9296: 9295: 9277: 9271: 9270: 9268: 9266: 9247: 9241: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9231:on 26 March 2009 9227:. Archived from 9225:Beth Hatefutsoth 9217: 9206: 9205: 9192: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9157: 9141: 9104: 9103: 9076: 9028: 9015: 9009: 9005: 8806:Arab nationalism 8796:In summary, the 8753:Statute of Jewry 8689:Kingdom of Judah 8354:but invented in 8238:Byzantine Empire 8019:Kingdom of Yemen 8015:Kingdom of Egypt 7713:mass immigration 7518:Hispanic America 7037:Maurycy Gottlieb 7008:Ethnic divisions 6979:classical Greeks 6955:Anthony D. Smith 6835:Zionist movement 6798:Jewish languages 6740:Judaeo-Malayalam 6720:Jewish languages 6694:who migrated to 6677:Syria Palaestina 6645:lashon ha-kodesh 6632:Jewish languages 6524: 6517: 6510: 6494: 6493: 6492: 5766:Aruch HaShulchan 5490: 5484: 5478: 5455: 5454: 5402:David Ben-Gurion 5343: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5282:The Jewish State 4922:Syria Palaestina 4898:Syria Palaestina 4886:Jerusalem Talmud 4878:Syria Palaestina 4770:Babylon and Rome 4764:Rabbinic Judaism 4643:Herodian dynasty 4623:kingdom of Judah 4611:Maccabean Revolt 4570:Babylonian exile 4470:Kingdom of Judah 4431:Israel and Judah 4420: 4413: 4406: 4229: 4219:Tribes of Israel 4215: 4214: 4192:Fertile Crescent 4170:material culture 4073:, destroyed the 4055:Kingdom of Judah 4020:Kingdom of Judah 3905:Kingdom of Judah 3590: 3580: 3578:[ˈjuːdə] 3566: 3559:("Ebri/Ebrani" ( 3468: 3463: 3462: 3456: 3416: 3408: 3400: 3389: 3327:Babylonian Exile 3320: 3282:kingdom of Judah 3275: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3258: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3232: 3223:Jewish languages 3216: 3211: 3210: 3202: 3197: 3196: 2953:Israel and Judah 2907: 2902: 2895: 2888: 2881: 2879: 2857: 2850: 2843: 2706: 2705: 2587: 2408: 2402: 2383: 2347: 2346: 2294: 2241:New Zealand 2193: 2156:El Salvador 2146: 2078:Northern America 2070: 1664: 1420: 1419: 1331:Crimean Karaites 1227: 1226: 1205: 1203: 1124: 1122: 1114: 1108: 1099: 1087:Rabbinic Judaism 1068: 1062: 1056: 1044: 1032: 998: 991:Maccabean Revolt 968: 961: 955: 947: 940: 934: 926: 908: 832: 831: 806: 701: 700: 633: 621: 520: 519: 497: 418:Talmudic Aramaic 413:Biblical Aramaic 87:Total population 75: 64: 58: 52: 48: 21: 20822: 20821: 20817: 20816: 20815: 20813: 20812: 20811: 20727: 20726: 20725: 20720: 20709: 20707: 20679: 20505: 20370: 20242: 20116: 20010: 19825:Judeo-Borujerdi 19800:Judeo-Malayalam 19746:Judeo-Aragonese 19717:Lishanid Noshan 19549: 19537: 19269:Oberlander Jews 19230: 19160: 19102: 19084: 19075: 19033:Wayback Machine 18975: 18970: 18964: 18926: 18907: 18886: 18867: 18843: 18841: 18834: 18813: 18791: 18789: 18782: 18763: 18758: 18744: 18742: 18734: 18733: 18729: 18715: 18711: 18703:. p. 102. 18693: 18689: 18671: 18667: 18657: 18655: 18646: 18645: 18641: 18627: 18625: 18613: 18609: 18594: 18590: 18585: 18581: 18571: 18569: 18549: 18545: 18538: 18524: 18520: 18513: 18499: 18495: 18482: 18480: 18470: 18469: 18465: 18460: 18456: 18449: 18427: 18423: 18418: 18414: 18409: 18405: 18398: 18374: 18370: 18365: 18361: 18356: 18352: 18347: 18343: 18338: 18334: 18329: 18325: 18320: 18316: 18311: 18307: 18302: 18295: 18290: 18286: 18281: 18277: 18272: 18268: 18263: 18259: 18236: 18214: 18213: 18209: 18199: 18197: 18188: 18187: 18183: 18178: 18174: 18169: 18165: 18158: 18142: 18138: 18131: 18115: 18111: 18104: 18096:. Eisenbrauns. 18088: 18084: 18077: 18061: 18054: 18049: 18045: 18032:Singer, Isidore 18024:Bacher, Wilhelm 18016:Hirsch, Emil G. 18009: 18007: 18003: 17998: 17994: 17989: 17985: 17981:, 2006, p. 103. 17976: 17972: 17967: 17963: 17953: 17951: 17948:BBC News Online 17942: 17941: 17937: 17932: 17928: 17923: 17919: 17906: 17902: 17889: 17888: 17884: 17879: 17875: 17829: 17825: 17812: 17811: 17807: 17754: 17750: 17745: 17738: 17733: 17729: 17724: 17720: 17702: 17698: 17693: 17689: 17684: 17680: 17675: 17671: 17666: 17662: 17657: 17650: 17645: 17641: 17636: 17629: 17624: 17620: 17615: 17608: 17603: 17596: 17577: 17573: 17568: 17564: 17559: 17555: 17545: 17543: 17535: 17529: 17525: 17515: 17513: 17504: 17503: 17499: 17489: 17487: 17483: 17476: 17469: 17465: 17455: 17453: 17440: 17439: 17435: 17430: 17426: 17416: 17414: 17403: 17399: 17394: 17387: 17377: 17375: 17365: 17361: 17351: 17335: 17331: 17324: 17308: 17304: 17294: 17292: 17287: 17286: 17282: 17272: 17270: 17262: 17256: 17252: 17242: 17240: 17236: 17229: 17225: 17224: 17220: 17210: 17208: 17199: 17198: 17194: 17184: 17182: 17177: 17176: 17172: 17167: 17163: 17153: 17151: 17146: 17145: 17141: 17126: 17116: 17112: 17111: 17107: 17102: 17098: 17085: 17084: 17080: 17073: 17059: 17055: 17050: 17043: 17038: 17034: 17024: 17022: 17021:on 9 March 2017 17015: 17006: 17002: 16992: 16990: 16988:Times of Israel 16980: 16976: 16966: 16964: 16960: 16959: 16955: 16947: 16943: 16933: 16931: 16921: 16917: 16907: 16905: 16895: 16891: 16881: 16879: 16870: 16869: 16865: 16855: 16853: 16840: 16839: 16835: 16825: 16823: 16818: 16817: 16813: 16803: 16801: 16792: 16791: 16787: 16777: 16775: 16766: 16765: 16761: 16751: 16749: 16739: 16735: 16725: 16723: 16714: 16713: 16706: 16697: 16696: 16692: 16687: 16683: 16676: 16658: 16654: 16622: 16618: 16608: 16606: 16591: 16587: 16577: 16575: 16570: 16569: 16565: 16532:(2): e1003316. 16517: 16513: 16458: 16454: 16406: 16397: 16378: 16374: 16329: 16325: 16315: 16313: 16311:Family Tree DNA 16306: 16302: 16301: 16297: 16252: 16245: 16208: 16204: 16182: 16178: 16122: 16115: 16108: 16090: 16086: 16041: 16034: 15979: 15975: 15970: 15966: 15959: 15935: 15926: 15921: 15917: 15912: 15908: 15882: 15878: 15873: 15869: 15862: 15838: 15834: 15827: 15813: 15809: 15803:Wayback Machine 15794: 15790: 15777: 15776: 15772: 15759: 15758: 15754: 15744: 15742: 15734: 15733: 15729: 15722: 15708: 15704: 15697: 15675: 15671: 15661: 15659: 15650: 15649: 15645: 15638: 15622: 15618: 15611: 15595: 15591: 15584: 15568: 15564: 15545: 15529: 15525: 15515: 15499: 15495: 15482: 15481: 15477: 15472:on 4 July 2014. 15466: 15450: 15443: 15433: 15431: 15426: 15425: 15421: 15402: 15398: 15388: 15386: 15384: 15366: 15362: 15352: 15350: 15348: 15332: 15328: 15321: 15305: 15301: 15291: 15289: 15278: 15274: 15267: 15249: 15245: 15232: 15228: 15221: 15205: 15201: 15194: 15178: 15174: 15167: 15151: 15147: 15137: 15135: 15130: 15129: 15125: 15117: 15113: 15100: 15098: 15097:on 7 March 2014 15085: 15084: 15080: 15070: 15054: 15050: 15036: 15020: 15016: 14998: 14982: 14978: 14967: 14951: 14947: 14937: 14935: 14931: 14916: 14912: 14911: 14907: 14884: 14880: 14875: 14871: 14856:10.2307/3264497 14840: 14833: 14826: 14812: 14808: 14801: 14779: 14775: 14768: 14746: 14742: 14737: 14733: 14728: 14724: 14719: 14712: 14705: 14685: 14681: 14674: 14663:The Jewish Mind 14655: 14651: 14646: 14642: 14632: 14630: 14625: 14624: 14620: 14607: 14606: 14602: 14592: 14590: 14585: 14584: 14580: 14570: 14568: 14559: 14558: 14554: 14544: 14542: 14538: 14523: 14517: 14513: 14503: 14501: 14488: 14487: 14483: 14475: 14471: 14464: 14448: 14444: 14434: 14432: 14424: 14423: 14419: 14410: 14406: 14387: 14386: 14382: 14363: 14359: 14349: 14347: 14338: 14337: 14333: 14324: 14322: 14320: 14294: 14290: 14279: 14263: 14256: 14249: 14225: 14221: 14212: 14208: 14189: 14175: 14166: 14159: 14141: 14137: 14128: 14124: 14115: 14111: 14096: 14092: 14073: 14057: 14053: 14046: 14028: 14024: 14015: 14013: 14011: 13985: 13981: 13972: 13970: 13968: 13942: 13935: 13926: 13922: 13877: 13873: 13864: 13860: 13853: 13839: 13828: 13818: 13816: 13809: 13793: 13789: 13774: 13758: 13754: 13747: 13731: 13727: 13720: 13704: 13700: 13688: 13684: 13647: 13643: 13638: 13634: 13624: 13622: 13615: 13599: 13595: 13588: 13572: 13568: 13563: 13559: 13551: 13547: 13537: 13535: 13530: 13529: 13522: 13507: 13483: 13479: 13471: 13467: 13458: 13454: 13441: 13439: 13437: 13418: 13414: 13408:Tobolowsky 2022 13406: 13402: 13387: 13371: 13367: 13359: 13355: 13347: 13340: 13332: 13328: 13321: 13305: 13301: 13293: 13289: 13282: 13267: 13266: 13262: 13252: 13250: 13238: 13234: 13224: 13222: 13212: 13208: 13167:(12): 6769–74. 13153: 13149: 13138: 13136: 13135:on 21 July 2011 13132: 13125: 13119: 13115: 13106: 13102: 13091: 13075: 13071: 13066: 13062: 13056: 13052: 13047: 13043: 13030: 13026: 13011: 13004: 12975: 12971: 12960: 12944: 12940: 12929: 12922: 12915: 12895: 12888: 12881: 12867: 12858: 12851: 12835: 12831: 12824: 12808: 12804: 12797: 12781: 12777: 12770: 12754: 12750: 12743: 12727: 12723: 12716: 12700: 12696: 12685: 12669: 12665: 12658: 12642: 12638: 12628: 12614: 12610: 12597: 12596: 12592: 12582: 12580: 12575: 12574: 12570: 12563: 12547: 12540: 12531: 12529: 12527: 12501: 12497: 12484: 12480: 12473: 12455: 12451: 12444: 12428: 12424: 12407: 12403: 12396: 12377: 12373: 12366: 12350: 12346: 12339: 12325: 12321: 12314: 12298: 12294: 12287: 12271: 12267: 12240: 12236: 12219: 12215: 12208: 12189: 12185: 12178: 12162: 12158: 12151: 12137: 12130: 12125: 12121: 12114: 12098: 12094: 12087: 12071: 12064: 12054: 12052: 12043: 12042: 12038: 12028: 12026: 12017: 12016: 12012: 12005: 11985: 11981: 11971: 11969: 11961:"Who is a Jew?" 11957: 11953: 11945: 11929: 11925: 11917: 11901: 11897: 11889: 11873: 11869: 11856: 11854: 11850: 11833: 11824: 11820: 11810: 11808: 11798: 11779: 11775: 11762: 11760: 11753:Brandeis, Louis 11750: 11746: 11738: 11722: 11718: 11710: 11688: 11684: 11676: 11660: 11656: 11649: 11633: 11629: 11622: 11602: 11601: 11597: 11590: 11573: 11569: 11554:10.2307/3268093 11534: 11530: 11523: 11509: 11505: 11490: 11474: 11470: 11450: 11446: 11442:, 24 June 2014. 11436:Wayback Machine 11426: 11422: 11417: 11413: 11398: 11372: 11368: 11361: 11345: 11341: 11331: 11329: 11320: 11319: 11315: 11308: 11292: 11288: 11281: 11267:, eds. (1986). 11258: 11254: 11244: 11242: 11233: 11232: 11228: 11219: 11212: 11203: 11196: 11192:13a:2 (Talmud). 11179: 11175: 11165: 11163: 11154: 11153: 11149: 11142: 11118: 11114: 11101: 11099: 11089: 11088: 11084: 11075: 11068: 11060: 11044: 11037: 11029: 11013: 11006: 10998: 10982: 10975: 10967: 10948: 10941: 10936: 10932: 10922: 10920: 10900: 10896: 10883: 10882: 10878: 10871: 10857: 10853: 10843: 10841: 10833: 10832: 10828: 10820: 10804: 10785: 10775: 10773: 10758: 10754: 10737: 10733: 10723: 10721: 10711: 10707: 10697: 10695: 10689:"The Holocaust" 10687: 10686: 10682: 10667: 10659: 10657: 10647: 10646: 10639: 10629: 10627: 10619: 10618: 10614: 10609: 10605: 10598: 10582: 10578: 10556: 10395:Wayback Machine 10359: 10342: 10338: 10327: 10311: 10307: 10297: 10295: 10282: 10281: 10277: 10270: 10254: 10250: 10238: 10231: 10221: 10219: 10211: 10210: 10206: 10190: 10189: 10185: 10177: 10161: 10154: 10146: 10130: 10126: 10118: 10102: 10098: 10090: 10074: 10070: 10062: 10046: 10042: 10023: 10022: 10007: 10006: 9991: 9990: 9986: 9972: 9970: 9957: 9956: 9952: 9943: 9911: 9882: 9858: 9838: 9820: 9816: 9804: 9802: 9792: 9762: 9760: 9753:Brandeis, Louis 9744: 9722: 9694: 9676: 9672: 9663: 9642: 9621: 9600: 9578: 9549:10.2307/2573430 9525: 9518: 9473: 9466: 9456: 9454: 9449: 9448: 9444: 9404: 9400: 9383: 9379: 9372: 9358: 9354: 9306: 9299: 9292: 9278: 9274: 9264: 9262: 9249: 9248: 9244: 9234: 9232: 9219: 9218: 9209: 9194: 9193: 9174: 9164: 9162: 9155: 9142: 9107: 9100: 9078: 9077: 9040: 9036: 9031: 9016: 9012: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8958:Jewish medicine 8936:, including in 8914:Western culture 8910: 8890:Jewish identity 8847:Praying at the 8841: 8783:Southern Europe 8771:Catholic church 8716:Jewish diaspora 8703:of the Persian 8701:Cyrus the Great 8646:Etching of the 8601:Jewish identity 8581: 8575: 8514:minority groups 8496:, which led to 8194: 8180: 8160:secular society 8140:Jewish identity 8132: 8124:Main articles: 8122: 8117: 8111: 8011:Kingdom of Iraq 7994:. Thousands of 7870:state of Israel 7802: 7800:Jewish diaspora 7796: 7674: 7668: 7569: 7562: 7550:Southern Africa 7379: 7373: 7371:Genetic studies 7192:of Greece; the 7090:Jewish diaspora 7016: 7010: 7005: 6999: 6934: 6922:Hasidic dynasty 6909: 6903: 6873:, Georgia, and 6839:State of Israel 6817:, particularly 6724:Judaeo-Georgian 6634: 6628: 6620:Jewish cultures 6576:Jewish identity 6528: 6490: 6488: 6481: 6480: 6426: 6425: 6416: 6415: 6406:Judeo-Christian 6369: 6368: 6366:Other religions 6357: 6356: 6317: 6316: 6305: 6304: 6240: 6239: 6228: 6227: 6182: 6135: 6134: 6125: 6124: 6106: 6072: 6071: 6056: 6055: 6011: 6010: 6008:Religious roles 5999: 5998: 5961: 5957: 5887: 5886: 5875: 5874: 5836: 5812: 5811: 5796: 5795: 5761:Mishnah Berurah 5741: 5740: 5729: 5728: 5703: 5656: 5649: 5648: 5637: 5636: 5590: 5589: 5578: 5577: 5509: 5502: 5501: 5453: 5443: 5437: 5432: 5426: 5406:State of Israel 5345: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5333: 5332: + 100,000 5329: 5327: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5315: 5297:Albert Einstein 5239: 5225: 5177:Alhambra Decree 5165:peaking in 1391 5073:(1066) and the 4974: 4956: 4786:Jewish diaspora 4782: 4772: 4694:Diaspora Revolt 4625:, but also the 4615:Seleucid Empire 4566:Cyrus the Great 4558: 4548: 4528:revolt in Judah 4443:Merneptah Stele 4439: 4433: 4424: 4395: 4394: 4381: 4379:Ten Lost Tribes 4364: 4363: 4354: 4353: 4329: 4328: 4319: 4318: 4298: 4282: 4261: 4239: 4238: 4213: 4206: 4200: 4059:Khirbet Qeiyafa 4047:United Monarchy 4043:Biblical judges 4039:Merneptah Stele 4012:United Monarchy 3992:Biblical judges 3958:, who lived in 3880:Shalmaneser III 3826: 3804: 3732:Leviticus 24:10 3698:Jewish identity 3653: 3651:Jewish identity 3645:Main articles: 3643: 3535:, "judío/a" in 3498:Genesis 17:9–14 3186: 3179: 3173: 3165:Western culture 3153:wrote the Bible 2989:Jewish diaspora 2977:their kingdom's 2934:ethnic religion 2897: 2883: 2861: 2816: 2815: 2703: 2693: 2692: 2683:Judeo-Malayalam 2663:Judaeo-Georgian 2583: 2574: 2564: 2563: 2464:Yiddish theatre 2406: 2344: 2334: 2333: 2292: 2265: 2255: 2254: 2191: 2144: 2068: 1662: 1446:Genetic studies 1417: 1407: 1406: 1224: 1214: 1213: 1201: 1200: 1120: 1119: 1112: 1102: 1097: 1079:and Middle Ages 1077:Rabbinic period 1064: 1058: 1051: 1039: 1010: 996: 966: 959: 950: 942: 938: 929: 924:in Judaism 921: 906: 829: 819: 818: 698: 688: 687: 631: 619: 564: 518: 517: 516: 507:Without proper 498: 485: 455: 445: 425: 422: 408:Biblical Hebrew 396: 365: 191:117,200–130,000 183:125,000–175,000 175:132,000–290,000 167:171,000–240,000 159:312,000–330,000 151:398,000–450,000 143:440,000–550,000 99: 95: 82: 66: 47: 42: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 20820: 20810: 20809: 20804: 20799: 20794: 20789: 20784: 20779: 20774: 20769: 20764: 20759: 20754: 20749: 20744: 20739: 20722: 20721: 20719: 20718: 20704: 20684: 20681: 20680: 20678: 20677: 20676: 20675: 20674: 20673: 20668: 20663: 20657:non-Christian 20655: 20654: 20653: 20648: 20643: 20638: 20633: 20628: 20613: 20606: 20599: 20594: 20587: 20582: 20577: 20570: 20565: 20560: 20553: 20548: 20547: 20546: 20541: 20536: 20531: 20526: 20515: 20513: 20507: 20506: 20504: 20503: 20498: 20497: 20496: 20491: 20481: 20476: 20471: 20466: 20461: 20460: 20459: 20449: 20448: 20447: 20442: 20432: 20427: 20426: 20425: 20415: 20414: 20413: 20403: 20398: 20397: 20396: 20391: 20380: 20378: 20372: 20371: 20369: 20368: 20363: 20358: 20356:Shulchan Aruch 20353: 20352: 20351: 20346: 20344:Sefer Yetzirah 20341: 20336: 20331: 20326: 20324:Pardes Rimonim 20321: 20314:Kabbalah texts 20311: 20310: 20309: 20304: 20299: 20294: 20284: 20283: 20282: 20277: 20272: 20258: 20252: 20250: 20244: 20243: 20241: 20240: 20235: 20230: 20225: 20220: 20215: 20210: 20205: 20204: 20203: 20198: 20193: 20192: 20191: 20181: 20176: 20171: 20166: 20161: 20160: 20159: 20154: 20153: 20152: 20147: 20126: 20124: 20118: 20117: 20115: 20114: 20109: 20107:Land of Israel 20104: 20103: 20102: 20092: 20087: 20082: 20081: 20080: 20070: 20065: 20060: 20059: 20058: 20048: 20043: 20038: 20033: 20032: 20031: 20020: 20018: 20012: 20011: 20009: 20008: 20003: 20002: 20001: 20000: 19999: 19994: 19993: 19992: 19985: 19983:Judeo-Alsatian 19975: 19974: 19973: 19966: 19961: 19956: 19936: 19931: 19926: 19921: 19916: 19911: 19910: 19909: 19904: 19894: 19889: 19884: 19879: 19874: 19869: 19864: 19859: 19854: 19849: 19848: 19847: 19842: 19837: 19835:Judeo-Hamedani 19832: 19827: 19822: 19812: 19810:Judaeo-Occitan 19807: 19802: 19797: 19792: 19791: 19790: 19780: 19775: 19770: 19769: 19768: 19763: 19758: 19751:Jewish English 19748: 19743: 19742: 19741: 19740: 19739: 19729: 19724: 19719: 19714: 19709: 19704: 19699: 19694: 19689: 19682:Judaeo-Aramaic 19679: 19678: 19677: 19672: 19670:Judeo-Tunisian 19667: 19662: 19660:Judeo-Moroccan 19657: 19656: 19655: 19653:Judeo-Baghdadi 19640: 19635: 19630: 19629: 19628: 19623: 19618: 19613: 19608: 19603: 19598: 19593: 19588: 19583: 19578: 19573: 19568: 19557: 19555: 19543: 19542: 19539: 19538: 19536: 19535: 19534: 19533: 19532: 19531: 19521: 19520: 19519: 19509: 19504: 19502:Livornese Jews 19499: 19489: 19484: 19483: 19482: 19472: 19471: 19470: 19469: 19468: 19463: 19458: 19453: 19443: 19438: 19433: 19428: 19423: 19418: 19413: 19408: 19403: 19393: 19392: 19391: 19381: 19376: 19371: 19366: 19365: 19364: 19359: 19349: 19344: 19343: 19342: 19332: 19327: 19322: 19321: 19320: 19315: 19305: 19304: 19303: 19298: 19288: 19287: 19286: 19281: 19276: 19271: 19266: 19261: 19256: 19251: 19249:Afrikaner-Jode 19240: 19238: 19229: 19228: 19223: 19218: 19217: 19216: 19206: 19201: 19196: 19191: 19186: 19181: 19176: 19170: 19168: 19162: 19161: 19159: 19158: 19153: 19148: 19143: 19138: 19133: 19128: 19123: 19118: 19112: 19110: 19104: 19103: 19101: 19100: 19095: 19089: 19086: 19085: 19074: 19073: 19066: 19059: 19051: 19045: 19044: 19035: 19023: 19014: 19003: 18994: 18985: 18974: 18973:External links 18971: 18969: 18968: 18962: 18939: 18930: 18924: 18911: 18905: 18890: 18884: 18871: 18865: 18850: 18832: 18817: 18811: 18798: 18780: 18764: 18762: 18759: 18757: 18756: 18727: 18709: 18687: 18665: 18639: 18607: 18600:. p. 57. 18588: 18579: 18543: 18536: 18518: 18511: 18493: 18463: 18454: 18447: 18421: 18412: 18403: 18396: 18368: 18359: 18350: 18341: 18332: 18323: 18314: 18305: 18293: 18284: 18275: 18266: 18257: 18234: 18207: 18181: 18172: 18163: 18156: 18136: 18129: 18109: 18102: 18082: 18075: 18052: 18043: 18020:Seligsohn, Max 18001: 17992: 17983: 17970: 17961: 17935: 17926: 17917: 17900: 17882: 17873: 17844:(6): 725–736. 17823: 17805: 17748: 17736: 17727: 17718: 17705:Lewis, Bernard 17696: 17687: 17678: 17669: 17660: 17648: 17639: 17627: 17618: 17606: 17594: 17571: 17562: 17553: 17523: 17512:on 21 May 2012 17497: 17463: 17433: 17424: 17397: 17385: 17359: 17349: 17329: 17322: 17302: 17280: 17250: 17218: 17192: 17170: 17161: 17139: 17105: 17096: 17078: 17071: 17053: 17041: 17032: 17000: 16974: 16953: 16949:Dekmejian 1975 16941: 16915: 16889: 16863: 16833: 16811: 16785: 16759: 16733: 16722:. 2 April 2015 16704: 16690: 16681: 16674: 16652: 16632:(5): 1126–33, 16616: 16585: 16563: 16511: 16466:Biology Direct 16452: 16395: 16372: 16337:Human Genetics 16323: 16295: 16266:(2): 119–127. 16260:Human Genetics 16243: 16222:(4): 498–500. 16202: 16176: 16113: 16106: 16084: 16061:10.1086/324070 16032: 15973: 15964: 15957: 15924: 15915: 15906: 15876: 15867: 15860: 15832: 15825: 15807: 15788: 15770: 15752: 15727: 15720: 15702: 15695: 15669: 15643: 15636: 15616: 15609: 15589: 15582: 15562: 15543: 15523: 15513: 15493: 15475: 15464: 15441: 15419: 15396: 15382: 15360: 15346: 15326: 15319: 15299: 15272: 15265: 15243: 15226: 15219: 15199: 15192: 15172: 15165: 15145: 15123: 15111: 15078: 15068: 15048: 15034: 15014: 14996: 14976: 14965: 14945: 14905: 14894:(2): 237–252. 14878: 14869: 14831: 14824: 14806: 14799: 14773: 14766: 14740: 14731: 14722: 14710: 14703: 14679: 14672: 14658:Patai, Raphael 14649: 14640: 14618: 14600: 14578: 14552: 14511: 14481: 14469: 14462: 14442: 14417: 14404: 14380: 14357: 14331: 14318: 14288: 14277: 14254: 14247: 14219: 14206: 14187: 14164: 14158:978-0521243773 14157: 14135: 14131:Against Appion 14122: 14109: 14098:Erich S. Gruen 14090: 14071: 14051: 14044: 14022: 14009: 13979: 13966: 13933: 13920: 13891:(2): 585–607. 13871: 13858: 13851: 13826: 13807: 13787: 13772: 13752: 13745: 13725: 13718: 13698: 13682: 13641: 13632: 13613: 13593: 13586: 13566: 13557: 13545: 13520: 13505: 13477: 13465: 13452: 13436:978-0674397316 13435: 13423:, ed. (1976). 13412: 13400: 13385: 13365: 13353: 13351:, p. 206. 13338: 13326: 13319: 13299: 13287: 13280: 13260: 13232: 13206: 13147: 13113: 13100: 13089: 13069: 13060: 13050: 13041: 13024: 13002: 12969: 12958: 12938: 12920: 12913: 12886: 12879: 12856: 12849: 12829: 12822: 12802: 12795: 12775: 12768: 12748: 12741: 12721: 12714: 12694: 12690:signification. 12683: 12663: 12656: 12636: 12626: 12608: 12590: 12568: 12561: 12538: 12525: 12495: 12478: 12471: 12449: 12442: 12422: 12413: 12412: 12401: 12394: 12371: 12364: 12344: 12337: 12319: 12312: 12292: 12285: 12265: 12234: 12213: 12206: 12183: 12176: 12156: 12149: 12128: 12119: 12112: 12092: 12085: 12062: 12036: 12010: 12003: 11979: 11951: 11943: 11923: 11915: 11895: 11887: 11867: 11818: 11796: 11773: 11744: 11736: 11716: 11708: 11682: 11674: 11654: 11647: 11627: 11620: 11595: 11588: 11567: 11548:(1): 111–125. 11528: 11521: 11503: 11489:978-1442648395 11488: 11468: 11465:978-0226039336 11444: 11438:"Marginalia", 11420: 11411: 11396: 11366: 11359: 11339: 11313: 11306: 11286: 11279: 11252: 11226: 11210: 11194: 11182:Marcus Jastrow 11173: 11147: 11140: 11112: 11082: 11066: 11058: 11035: 11027: 11004: 10996: 10973: 10965: 10939: 10930: 10894: 10876: 10869: 10851: 10826: 10818: 10783: 10752: 10731: 10705: 10680: 10637: 10625:www.jewfaq.org 10612: 10603: 10596: 10576: 10574: 10573: 10564: 10554: 10539: 10493:Israel Studies 10488: 10447:Israel Studies 10442: 10435:Cassius Dio's 10432: 10407:Johnson, Paul 10404: 10398: 10385: 10374:(5): 885–926. 10357: 10336: 10325: 10305: 10275: 10268: 10248: 10229: 10204: 10183: 10175: 10152: 10144: 10124: 10116: 10096: 10088: 10068: 10060: 10040: 9984: 9950: 9948: 9947: 9941: 9926: 9909: 9903:. p. 33. 9891:Cline, Eric H. 9887: 9880: 9865: 9856: 9843: 9836: 9814: 9812: 9811: 9790: 9772: 9749: 9742: 9727: 9720: 9699: 9692: 9670: 9668: 9667: 9661: 9646: 9640: 9625: 9619: 9604: 9598: 9582: 9576: 9561: 9532: 9516: 9487:(6): 850–859. 9464: 9442: 9415:(6): 630–641. 9409:Human Genetics 9398: 9377: 9370: 9352: 9317:(3): 248–260. 9311:Human Mutation 9297: 9290: 9272: 9242: 9207: 9172: 9105: 9098: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9029: 9010: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8990:Jewish descent 8954:Jewish cuisine 8950:Jewish theatre 8934:Jewish culture 8909: 8906: 8898:Jews by Choice 8883:Reform Judaism 8840: 8837: 8775:Ottoman Empire 8637:Book of Exodus 8593:Land of Israel 8574: 8571: 8554:Einsatzgruppen 8550:Eastern Europe 8494:Final Solution 8437:New Christians 8372:Islamic Persia 8356:early medieval 8276:were massacred 8226:Late Antiquity 8222:Jewish history 8179: 8176: 8136:Ancient Greeks 8121: 8118: 8113:Main article: 8110: 8107: 8097:(112,500) and 7976:Eastern Europe 7972:United Kingdom 7952:Western Europe 7818:Russian Empire 7798:Main article: 7795: 7792: 7741:Western Europe 7729:Ethiopian Jews 7670:Main article: 7667: 7664: 7561: 7558: 7461:and others of 7391:Eastern Europe 7387:Middle Eastern 7375:Main article: 7372: 7369: 7273:Bukharian Jews 7027:Eastern Europe 7023:Ashkenazi Jews 7012:Main article: 7009: 7006: 6998: 6995: 6933: 6930: 6905:Main article: 6902: 6899: 6696:Central Europe 6692:Ashkenazi Jews 6679:at that time. 6630:Main article: 6627: 6624: 6572:Jewish culture 6530: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6519: 6512: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6427: 6424:Related topics 6423: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6318: 6314:Major holidays 6312: 6311: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6270:Birkat Hamazon 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6204: 6197: 6190: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6136: 6133:Ritual objects 6132: 6131: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6105: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6073: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5954:Rabbinic sages 5949: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5860:Chevra kadisha 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5813: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5756:Shulchan Aruch 5753: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5632:Musar movement 5629: 5628: 5627: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5471: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5447:Jewish atheism 5439:Main article: 5436: 5433: 5430:Jewish culture 5428:Main article: 5425: 5422: 5379:Final Solution 5340: 5338: + 10,000 5334: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5277:Der Judenstaat 5263:Eastern Europe 5249:, Jews in the 5243:Western Europe 5224: 5221: 5217:Crypto-Judaism 5189:Ottoman Empire 5032:Ethiopian Jews 5016:Romaniote Jews 4955: 4952: 4928:, such as the 4857:as well as in 4771: 4768: 4595:Yehud Medinata 4590:Persian Empire 4564:, the Persian 4547: 4544: 4490:House of David 4432: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4376: 4371: 4365: 4362:Related topics 4361: 4360: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4330: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4304: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4222: 4221: 4204:Jewish history 4202:Main article: 4199: 4196: 4133:archaeologists 4065:, King of the 3938:, Isaac's son 3803: 3800: 3642: 3639: 3424:Medieval Latin 3418:which through 3382:Middle English 3359:Book of Esther 3343:been scattered 3298:tribe of Judah 3175:Main article: 3172: 3169: 3089:human progress 3022:Western Europe 2993:Jewish history 2863: 2862: 2860: 2859: 2852: 2845: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2761: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2744:Territorialism 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2713: 2712: 2704: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2628:Judaeo-Spanish 2625: 2623:Judaeo-Iranian 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2575: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2560: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2539: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2486: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2453: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2430: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2403: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2352: 2351: 2345: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2266: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2220: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2108: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2069:United Kingdom 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1917: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1502:Bilad-el-Sudan 1499: 1494: 1486: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1458: 1457: 1455:Land of Israel 1451: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1418: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1315: 1314: 1313:Related groups 1310: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1225: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1170:Jewish atheism 1167: 1162: 1157: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121:Islamic–Jewish 1116: 1109: 1094: 1089: 1081: 1080: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1046: 1033: 1005: 1000: 993: 988: 986:Yehud Medinata 980: 979: 973: 972: 971: 970: 963: 956: 948: 935: 927: 915: 910: 903: 895: 894: 892:Ancient Israel 888: 887: 886: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 848:Land of Israel 845: 837: 836: 830: 825: 824: 821: 820: 815: 814: 813: 812: 807: 803:Shulchan Aruch 798: 793: 788: 783: 775: 774: 773: 772: 767: 759: 758: 752: 751: 750: 749: 744: 736: 735: 729: 728: 727: 726: 721: 716: 708: 707: 699: 694: 693: 690: 689: 686: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 628: 623: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 581: 576: 569:God in Judaism 565: 560: 559: 556: 555: 554: 553: 548: 540: 539: 529: 528: 511:, you may see 499: 492: 491: 490: 487: 486: 484: 483: 465: 462: 461: 457: 456: 454: 453: 442: 436: 432: 431: 427: 426: 424: 423: 421: 420: 415: 410: 404: 402: 397: 395: 394: 389: 384: 379: 373: 371: 366: 364: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 337: 335: 329: 326: 325: 321: 320: 317: 313: 312: 309: 305: 304: 301: 297: 296: 293: 289: 288: 285: 281: 280: 277: 273: 272: 269: 265: 264: 261: 257: 256: 253: 249: 248: 245: 241: 240: 237: 233: 232: 229: 225: 224: 221: 217: 216: 213: 209: 208: 205: 201: 200: 199:90,000–120,000 197: 193: 192: 189: 185: 184: 181: 177: 176: 173: 169: 168: 165: 161: 160: 157: 156:United Kingdom 153: 152: 149: 145: 144: 141: 137: 136: 133: 129: 128: 125: 117: 116: 112: 111: 89: 88: 84: 83: 76: 68: 67: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20819: 20808: 20805: 20803: 20800: 20798: 20795: 20793: 20790: 20788: 20785: 20783: 20780: 20778: 20775: 20773: 20770: 20768: 20765: 20763: 20760: 20758: 20755: 20753: 20750: 20748: 20745: 20743: 20740: 20738: 20735: 20734: 20732: 20717: 20716: 20705: 20703: 20702: 20693: 20692: 20691: 20687: 20682: 20672: 20669: 20667: 20664: 20662: 20659: 20658: 20656: 20652: 20649: 20647: 20644: 20642: 20641:Protestantism 20639: 20637: 20634: 20632: 20629: 20627: 20624: 20623: 20622: 20619: 20618: 20617: 20614: 20612: 20611: 20607: 20605: 20604: 20600: 20598: 20595: 20593: 20592: 20588: 20586: 20583: 20581: 20578: 20576: 20575: 20571: 20569: 20566: 20564: 20561: 20559: 20558: 20554: 20552: 20549: 20545: 20542: 20540: 20537: 20535: 20532: 20530: 20527: 20525: 20522: 20521: 20520: 20517: 20516: 20514: 20512: 20508: 20502: 20499: 20495: 20492: 20490: 20487: 20486: 20485: 20482: 20480: 20477: 20475: 20472: 20470: 20467: 20465: 20462: 20458: 20455: 20454: 20453: 20450: 20446: 20443: 20441: 20438: 20437: 20436: 20433: 20431: 20428: 20424: 20421: 20420: 20419: 20416: 20412: 20409: 20408: 20407: 20404: 20402: 20399: 20395: 20392: 20390: 20387: 20386: 20385: 20382: 20381: 20379: 20377: 20373: 20367: 20364: 20362: 20359: 20357: 20354: 20350: 20347: 20345: 20342: 20340: 20337: 20335: 20332: 20330: 20329:Sefer HaBahir 20327: 20325: 20322: 20320: 20317: 20316: 20315: 20312: 20308: 20305: 20303: 20300: 20298: 20295: 20293: 20290: 20289: 20288: 20285: 20281: 20278: 20276: 20273: 20271: 20268: 20267: 20266: 20262: 20259: 20257: 20256:Sifrei Kodesh 20254: 20253: 20251: 20249: 20245: 20239: 20236: 20234: 20231: 20229: 20226: 20224: 20221: 20219: 20216: 20214: 20211: 20209: 20206: 20202: 20199: 20197: 20194: 20190: 20187: 20186: 20185: 20182: 20180: 20177: 20175: 20172: 20170: 20167: 20165: 20162: 20158: 20155: 20151: 20148: 20146: 20143: 20142: 20141: 20138: 20137: 20136: 20133: 20132: 20131: 20128: 20127: 20125: 20123: 20119: 20113: 20112:Who is a Jew? 20110: 20108: 20105: 20101: 20098: 20097: 20096: 20093: 20091: 20088: 20086: 20083: 20079: 20076: 20075: 20074: 20071: 20069: 20066: 20064: 20061: 20057: 20054: 20053: 20052: 20049: 20047: 20044: 20042: 20041:Chosen people 20039: 20037: 20034: 20030: 20027: 20026: 20025: 20022: 20021: 20019: 20017: 20013: 20007: 20004: 19998: 19997:Scots-Yiddish 19995: 19991: 19990: 19986: 19984: 19981: 19980: 19979: 19976: 19972: 19971: 19970:Klezmer-loshn 19967: 19965: 19962: 19960: 19957: 19955: 19952: 19951: 19950: 19947: 19946: 19945: 19942: 19941: 19940: 19937: 19935: 19932: 19930: 19927: 19925: 19922: 19920: 19917: 19915: 19912: 19908: 19905: 19903: 19900: 19899: 19898: 19895: 19893: 19890: 19888: 19885: 19883: 19880: 19878: 19875: 19873: 19870: 19868: 19865: 19863: 19860: 19858: 19855: 19853: 19850: 19846: 19843: 19841: 19840:Judeo-Shirazi 19838: 19836: 19833: 19831: 19828: 19826: 19823: 19821: 19818: 19817: 19816: 19815:Judeo-Persian 19813: 19811: 19808: 19806: 19805:Judeo-Marathi 19803: 19801: 19798: 19796: 19793: 19789: 19786: 19785: 19784: 19783:Judeo-Italian 19781: 19779: 19776: 19774: 19771: 19767: 19764: 19762: 19759: 19757: 19754: 19753: 19752: 19749: 19747: 19744: 19738: 19735: 19734: 19733: 19730: 19728: 19725: 19723: 19720: 19718: 19715: 19713: 19710: 19708: 19705: 19703: 19700: 19698: 19695: 19693: 19690: 19688: 19685: 19684: 19683: 19680: 19676: 19673: 19671: 19668: 19666: 19663: 19661: 19658: 19654: 19651: 19650: 19649: 19646: 19645: 19644: 19641: 19639: 19638:Judeo-Amazigh 19636: 19634: 19631: 19627: 19624: 19622: 19619: 19617: 19614: 19612: 19609: 19607: 19604: 19602: 19599: 19597: 19594: 19592: 19589: 19587: 19584: 19582: 19579: 19577: 19574: 19572: 19569: 19567: 19564: 19563: 19562: 19559: 19558: 19556: 19553: 19548: 19544: 19530: 19527: 19526: 19525: 19522: 19518: 19515: 19514: 19513: 19510: 19508: 19505: 19503: 19500: 19498: 19495: 19494: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19485: 19481: 19478: 19477: 19476: 19473: 19467: 19464: 19462: 19461:Hadhrami Jews 19459: 19457: 19454: 19452: 19449: 19448: 19447: 19444: 19442: 19439: 19437: 19434: 19432: 19429: 19427: 19426:Mountain Jews 19424: 19422: 19421:Egyptian Jews 19419: 19417: 19416:Bukharan Jews 19414: 19412: 19409: 19407: 19404: 19402: 19399: 19398: 19397: 19394: 19390: 19387: 19386: 19385: 19382: 19380: 19377: 19375: 19372: 19370: 19367: 19363: 19360: 19358: 19355: 19354: 19353: 19350: 19348: 19345: 19341: 19338: 19337: 19336: 19333: 19331: 19328: 19326: 19323: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19311: 19310: 19309: 19306: 19302: 19299: 19297: 19294: 19293: 19292: 19289: 19285: 19282: 19280: 19277: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19267: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19250: 19247: 19246: 19245: 19242: 19241: 19239: 19237: 19233: 19227: 19224: 19222: 19219: 19215: 19212: 19211: 19210: 19207: 19205: 19204:Lists of Jews 19202: 19200: 19197: 19195: 19192: 19190: 19187: 19185: 19182: 19180: 19177: 19175: 19172: 19171: 19169: 19167: 19163: 19157: 19154: 19152: 19149: 19147: 19144: 19142: 19139: 19137: 19134: 19132: 19129: 19127: 19124: 19122: 19119: 19117: 19114: 19113: 19111: 19109: 19105: 19099: 19096: 19094: 19091: 19090: 19087: 19083: 19079: 19072: 19067: 19065: 19060: 19058: 19053: 19052: 19049: 19043: 19039: 19036: 19034: 19030: 19027: 19024: 19022: 19018: 19015: 19013: 19012: 19007: 19004: 19002: 18998: 18995: 18993: 18989: 18986: 18984: 18980: 18977: 18976: 18965: 18959: 18955: 18951: 18947: 18946: 18940: 18936: 18935:Coogan (1998) 18931: 18927: 18921: 18917: 18912: 18908: 18902: 18898: 18897: 18891: 18887: 18881: 18877: 18872: 18868: 18862: 18858: 18857: 18851: 18839: 18835: 18829: 18825: 18824: 18818: 18814: 18812:0-87395-291-X 18808: 18804: 18799: 18787: 18783: 18777: 18773: 18772: 18766: 18765: 18753: 18741: 18737: 18731: 18724: 18720: 18713: 18706: 18702: 18698: 18691: 18684: 18680: 18676: 18669: 18653: 18649: 18643: 18636: 18624: 18623: 18618: 18611: 18604: 18599: 18592: 18583: 18568: 18564: 18560: 18559: 18554: 18547: 18539: 18533: 18529: 18522: 18514: 18512:1-930051-87-5 18508: 18504: 18497: 18490: 18479: 18478: 18473: 18467: 18458: 18450: 18444: 18440: 18436: 18432: 18425: 18416: 18407: 18399: 18393: 18389: 18388: 18383: 18382:Skolnik, Fred 18379: 18372: 18363: 18354: 18345: 18336: 18327: 18318: 18309: 18300: 18298: 18288: 18279: 18270: 18261: 18253: 18249: 18245: 18241: 18237: 18231: 18227: 18223: 18219: 18218: 18211: 18196:. 31 May 2005 18195: 18191: 18185: 18176: 18167: 18159: 18157:9780826469694 18153: 18149: 18148: 18140: 18132: 18130:9780802862600 18126: 18122: 18121: 18113: 18105: 18103:9780931464966 18099: 18095: 18094: 18086: 18078: 18076:9781608994786 18072: 18068: 18067: 18059: 18057: 18047: 18039: 18038: 18033: 18029: 18026:(1901–1906). 18025: 18021: 18017: 18005: 17996: 17987: 17980: 17974: 17965: 17950:. 5 June 2007 17949: 17945: 17939: 17930: 17921: 17914: 17910: 17904: 17896: 17892: 17886: 17877: 17869: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17851: 17847: 17843: 17839: 17835: 17827: 17819: 17815: 17809: 17801: 17797: 17792: 17787: 17783: 17779: 17775: 17771: 17768:(6): 725–36. 17767: 17763: 17759: 17752: 17743: 17741: 17731: 17722: 17714: 17710: 17707:(June 1998). 17706: 17700: 17691: 17682: 17673: 17664: 17655: 17653: 17643: 17634: 17632: 17622: 17613: 17611: 17601: 17599: 17591: 17590:0-395-77927-8 17587: 17583: 17582: 17575: 17566: 17557: 17542:). p. 61 17541: 17534: 17527: 17511: 17507: 17501: 17482: 17474: 17467: 17451: 17447: 17443: 17437: 17428: 17412: 17408: 17401: 17392: 17390: 17374: 17370: 17363: 17356: 17352: 17346: 17342: 17341: 17333: 17325: 17319: 17315: 17314: 17306: 17290: 17284: 17268: 17261: 17254: 17235: 17228: 17222: 17206: 17202: 17196: 17180: 17174: 17165: 17149: 17143: 17135: 17131: 17130: 17122: 17115: 17109: 17100: 17092: 17088: 17082: 17074: 17072:0-415-91924-X 17068: 17064: 17057: 17048: 17046: 17036: 17020: 17016: 17010: 17004: 16989: 16985: 16978: 16963: 16957: 16950: 16945: 16930: 16926: 16919: 16904: 16900: 16893: 16877: 16873: 16867: 16851: 16847: 16843: 16837: 16822:. The Knesset 16821: 16815: 16799: 16795: 16789: 16773: 16769: 16763: 16748: 16744: 16737: 16721: 16717: 16711: 16709: 16700: 16694: 16685: 16677: 16671: 16667: 16663: 16656: 16649: 16645: 16640: 16635: 16631: 16627: 16620: 16604: 16600: 16596: 16589: 16573: 16567: 16559: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16531: 16527: 16526:PLOS Genetics 16523: 16515: 16507: 16503: 16498: 16493: 16488: 16483: 16479: 16475: 16471: 16467: 16463: 16456: 16448: 16444: 16440: 16436: 16432: 16428: 16424: 16420: 16416: 16412: 16404: 16402: 16400: 16391: 16387: 16383: 16376: 16368: 16364: 16359: 16354: 16350: 16346: 16343:(5): 707–17. 16342: 16338: 16334: 16327: 16312: 16305: 16299: 16291: 16287: 16282: 16277: 16273: 16269: 16265: 16261: 16257: 16250: 16248: 16239: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16221: 16217: 16213: 16206: 16198: 16194: 16190: 16186: 16180: 16172: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16144: 16140: 16136: 16132: 16128: 16120: 16118: 16109: 16103: 16099: 16095: 16088: 16080: 16076: 16071: 16066: 16062: 16058: 16054: 16050: 16046: 16039: 16037: 16028: 16024: 16019: 16014: 16009: 16004: 16000: 15996: 15992: 15988: 15984: 15977: 15968: 15960: 15954: 15950: 15949: 15944: 15943:Skolnik, Fred 15940: 15933: 15931: 15929: 15919: 15910: 15902: 15898: 15894: 15890: 15886: 15880: 15871: 15863: 15857: 15853: 15849: 15845: 15844: 15836: 15828: 15822: 15818: 15811: 15804: 15800: 15797: 15792: 15784: 15780: 15774: 15766: 15762: 15756: 15741: 15737: 15731: 15723: 15721:0-7425-5229-2 15717: 15713: 15706: 15698: 15696:90-04-13693-2 15692: 15688: 15683: 15682: 15673: 15657: 15653: 15647: 15639: 15633: 15629: 15628: 15620: 15612: 15606: 15602: 15601: 15593: 15585: 15579: 15575: 15574: 15566: 15559: 15556: 15553:have adopted 15552: 15546: 15544:90-04-07237-3 15540: 15536: 15535: 15527: 15520: 15516: 15510: 15506: 15505: 15497: 15490: 15485: 15479: 15471: 15467: 15461: 15457: 15456: 15448: 15446: 15429: 15423: 15415: 15411: 15407: 15400: 15385: 15379: 15374: 15373: 15364: 15349: 15343: 15339: 15338: 15330: 15322: 15316: 15312: 15311: 15303: 15287: 15283: 15276: 15268: 15262: 15258: 15254: 15247: 15239: 15238: 15230: 15222: 15216: 15212: 15211: 15203: 15195: 15189: 15185: 15184: 15176: 15168: 15162: 15158: 15157: 15149: 15133: 15127: 15121: 15115: 15108: 15096: 15092: 15091:Jewish Agency 15088: 15082: 15075: 15071: 15065: 15061: 15060: 15052: 15045: 15043: 15042:lingua franca 15037: 15031: 15027: 15026: 15018: 15011: 15009: 15008:raison d'être 15005: 15004:lingua franca 14999: 14993: 14989: 14988: 14980: 14973: 14968: 14962: 14958: 14957: 14949: 14930: 14926: 14922: 14915: 14909: 14901: 14897: 14893: 14889: 14882: 14873: 14865: 14861: 14857: 14853: 14849: 14845: 14838: 14836: 14827: 14825:0-19-513425-7 14821: 14817: 14810: 14802: 14800:0-88706-849-9 14796: 14792: 14787: 14786: 14777: 14769: 14767:0-7914-4546-1 14763: 14759: 14754: 14753: 14744: 14735: 14726: 14717: 14715: 14706: 14704:0-19-510071-9 14700: 14696: 14692: 14691: 14683: 14675: 14673:0-8143-2651-X 14669: 14665: 14664: 14659: 14653: 14644: 14628: 14622: 14615:. 2 May 2011. 14614: 14610: 14604: 14588: 14582: 14566: 14563:. jinfo.org. 14562: 14556: 14537: 14533: 14529: 14522: 14515: 14499: 14495: 14491: 14490:"Chapter One" 14485: 14478: 14477:Kornberg 1993 14473: 14465: 14459: 14455: 14454: 14446: 14431: 14427: 14421: 14414: 14408: 14400: 14396: 14392: 14391: 14384: 14376: 14372: 14368: 14361: 14345: 14341: 14335: 14321: 14315: 14311: 14307: 14303: 14299: 14292: 14285: 14280: 14274: 14270: 14269: 14261: 14259: 14250: 14244: 14240: 14236: 14232: 14231: 14223: 14216: 14210: 14203: 14198: 14194: 14190: 14184: 14180: 14173: 14171: 14169: 14160: 14154: 14150: 14146: 14139: 14132: 14126: 14119: 14113: 14106: 14103: 14099: 14094: 14087: 14082: 14078: 14074: 14068: 14064: 14063: 14055: 14047: 14041: 14037: 14033: 14026: 14012: 14006: 14002: 13998: 13994: 13990: 13983: 13969: 13963: 13959: 13955: 13951: 13947: 13940: 13938: 13930: 13924: 13916: 13912: 13908: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13890: 13886: 13882: 13875: 13868: 13862: 13854: 13848: 13844: 13837: 13835: 13833: 13831: 13814: 13810: 13804: 13800: 13799: 13791: 13783: 13779: 13775: 13769: 13765: 13764: 13756: 13748: 13742: 13738: 13737: 13729: 13721: 13715: 13711: 13710: 13702: 13695: 13691: 13686: 13678: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13660: 13656: 13652: 13645: 13636: 13620: 13616: 13610: 13606: 13605: 13597: 13589: 13583: 13579: 13578: 13570: 13561: 13554: 13549: 13533: 13527: 13525: 13516: 13512: 13508: 13502: 13498: 13494: 13490: 13489: 13481: 13475:, p. 94. 13474: 13473:Lipiński 2020 13469: 13462: 13456: 13449: 13438: 13432: 13428: 13427: 13422: 13416: 13409: 13404: 13396: 13392: 13388: 13382: 13378: 13377: 13369: 13362: 13357: 13350: 13345: 13343: 13336:, p. 35. 13335: 13330: 13322: 13316: 13312: 13311: 13303: 13297:, p. 91. 13296: 13291: 13283: 13277: 13273: 13272: 13264: 13249: 13248: 13243: 13236: 13221: 13217: 13210: 13202: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13174: 13170: 13166: 13162: 13158: 13151: 13131: 13124: 13117: 13110: 13104: 13097: 13092: 13090:3-927120-37-5 13086: 13082: 13081: 13073: 13064: 13054: 13045: 13038: 13034: 13028: 13020: 13016: 13009: 13007: 12997: 12992: 12988: 12984: 12980: 12973: 12966: 12961: 12955: 12951: 12950: 12942: 12934: 12927: 12925: 12916: 12910: 12906: 12902: 12901: 12893: 12891: 12882: 12880:0-684-86912-8 12876: 12872: 12865: 12863: 12861: 12852: 12846: 12842: 12841: 12833: 12825: 12819: 12815: 12814: 12806: 12798: 12792: 12788: 12787: 12779: 12771: 12769:90-04-11943-4 12765: 12761: 12760: 12752: 12744: 12738: 12734: 12733: 12725: 12717: 12711: 12707: 12706: 12698: 12691: 12686: 12680: 12676: 12675: 12667: 12659: 12653: 12649: 12648: 12640: 12633: 12629: 12623: 12619: 12612: 12604: 12600: 12594: 12578: 12572: 12564: 12562:1-84127-201-9 12558: 12554: 12553: 12545: 12543: 12528: 12522: 12518: 12514: 12510: 12506: 12499: 12491: 12490: 12482: 12474: 12468: 12463: 12462: 12453: 12445: 12439: 12435: 12434: 12426: 12420: 12416: 12410: 12409: 12405: 12397: 12391: 12387: 12386: 12381: 12380:Schama, Simon 12375: 12367: 12361: 12357: 12356: 12348: 12340: 12334: 12330: 12323: 12315: 12309: 12305: 12304: 12296: 12288: 12282: 12278: 12277: 12269: 12261: 12257: 12253: 12249: 12245: 12238: 12230: 12229: 12224: 12217: 12209: 12203: 12199: 12198: 12193: 12187: 12179: 12173: 12169: 12168: 12160: 12152: 12150:0-585-24643-2 12146: 12142: 12135: 12133: 12123: 12115: 12109: 12105: 12104: 12096: 12088: 12082: 12078: 12077: 12069: 12067: 12050: 12046: 12040: 12024: 12020: 12014: 12006: 12004:1-898723-48-6 12000: 11996: 11992: 11991: 11983: 11968: 11967: 11962: 11955: 11946: 11944:0-8143-2030-9 11940: 11936: 11935: 11927: 11918: 11912: 11908: 11907: 11899: 11890: 11884: 11880: 11879: 11871: 11864: 11849: 11845: 11841: 11840: 11832: 11828: 11822: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11793: 11789: 11788: 11783: 11777: 11770: 11758: 11754: 11748: 11739: 11733: 11729: 11728: 11720: 11711: 11705: 11701: 11696: 11695: 11686: 11677: 11671: 11667: 11666: 11658: 11650: 11644: 11640: 11639: 11631: 11623: 11621:0-87779-809-5 11617: 11613: 11609: 11605: 11599: 11591: 11589:0-8386-3660-8 11585: 11581: 11577: 11571: 11563: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11547: 11543: 11539: 11532: 11524: 11522:9780520226937 11518: 11514: 11507: 11499: 11495: 11491: 11485: 11481: 11480: 11472: 11466: 11462: 11458: 11454: 11448: 11441: 11437: 11433: 11430: 11424: 11415: 11407: 11403: 11399: 11397:9781108906524 11393: 11389: 11385: 11381: 11377: 11370: 11362: 11356: 11352: 11351: 11343: 11328:. 3 July 2024 11327: 11323: 11317: 11309: 11303: 11299: 11298: 11290: 11282: 11276: 11272: 11271: 11266: 11262: 11256: 11241:. 3 July 2024 11240: 11236: 11230: 11223: 11217: 11215: 11207: 11201: 11199: 11191: 11187: 11183: 11177: 11162:. 3 July 2024 11161: 11157: 11151: 11143: 11137: 11133: 11132: 11127: 11126:Skolnik, Fred 11123: 11116: 11109: 11098: 11097: 11092: 11086: 11079: 11073: 11071: 11061: 11055: 11051: 11050: 11042: 11040: 11030: 11024: 11020: 11019: 11011: 11009: 10999: 10993: 10989: 10988: 10980: 10978: 10968: 10962: 10958: 10957: 10952: 10951:Max I. Dimont 10946: 10944: 10934: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10910: 10905: 10898: 10890: 10886: 10880: 10872: 10866: 10862: 10855: 10840: 10836: 10830: 10821: 10815: 10811: 10810: 10802: 10800: 10798: 10796: 10794: 10792: 10790: 10788: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10756: 10748: 10747: 10742: 10735: 10720: 10716: 10709: 10694: 10690: 10684: 10676: 10672: 10671: 10656: 10655: 10650: 10644: 10642: 10626: 10622: 10616: 10607: 10599: 10593: 10589: 10588: 10580: 10571: 10570: 10565: 10562: 10557: 10551: 10547: 10546: 10540: 10536: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10480: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10464: 10460: 10456: 10452: 10448: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10433: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10416: 10412: 10410: 10405: 10402: 10399: 10396: 10392: 10389: 10386: 10381: 10377: 10373: 10369: 10364: 10363: 10360: 10354: 10350: 10349: 10340: 10333: 10328: 10322: 10318: 10317: 10309: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10279: 10271: 10265: 10261: 10260: 10252: 10245: 10241: 10236: 10234: 10218: 10217:www.bbc.co.uk 10214: 10208: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10187: 10178: 10172: 10168: 10167: 10159: 10157: 10147: 10141: 10137: 10136: 10128: 10119: 10113: 10109: 10108: 10100: 10091: 10085: 10081: 10080: 10072: 10063: 10057: 10053: 10052: 10044: 10037: 10032: 10028: 10027: 10020: 10016: 10012: 10011: 10004: 10000: 9996: 9995: 9988: 9981: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9954: 9944: 9938: 9934: 9933: 9927: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9912: 9910:0-472-11313-5 9906: 9902: 9899:. Ann Arbor: 9898: 9897: 9892: 9888: 9883: 9877: 9873: 9872: 9866: 9863: 9859: 9857:9780495502883 9853: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9833: 9829: 9828: 9822: 9821: 9818: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9787: 9783: 9782: 9777: 9773: 9770: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9745: 9739: 9735: 9734: 9728: 9723: 9717: 9713: 9708: 9707: 9700: 9695: 9689: 9685: 9684: 9678: 9677: 9674: 9664: 9658: 9654: 9653: 9647: 9643: 9637: 9633: 9632: 9626: 9622: 9616: 9612: 9611: 9605: 9601: 9595: 9591: 9590: 9583: 9579: 9573: 9569: 9568: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9543:(4): 328–32. 9542: 9538: 9537:Social Forces 9533: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9512: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9482: 9478: 9471: 9469: 9452: 9446: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9402: 9394: 9393: 9388: 9381: 9373: 9367: 9363: 9356: 9348: 9344: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9304: 9302: 9293: 9287: 9283: 9276: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9246: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9216: 9214: 9212: 9203: 9202: 9197: 9191: 9189: 9187: 9185: 9183: 9181: 9179: 9177: 9161: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9140: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9118: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9110: 9101: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9082: 9075: 9073: 9071: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9038: 9026: 9022: 9021: 9014: 9004: 9000: 8993: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8974:New Testament 8971: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8926:Jewish ethics 8923: 8919: 8915: 8908:Contributions 8905: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8886: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8873:Orthodox and 8871: 8869: 8868:birth control 8865: 8861: 8857: 8850: 8845: 8836: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8809: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8794: 8792: 8786: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8754: 8747: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8736:United States 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8708: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8677:Lower Galilee 8674: 8669: 8660: 8653: 8649: 8644: 8640: 8638: 8634: 8633:ancient Egypt 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8585: 8580: 8570: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8522:collaborators 8519: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8498:the Holocaust 8495: 8491: 8483: 8478: 8474: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8463: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8433: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8415:First Crusade 8413:includes the 8412: 8408: 8404: 8399: 8397: 8396:Refah Partisi 8393: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8360: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8340:Bernard Lewis 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8308: 8304: 8299: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8264: 8262: 8258: 8257:James Carroll 8255:According to 8253: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8207: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8175: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8131: 8127: 8116: 8106: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8075: 8073: 8070:migration of 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 7999: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7933: 7929: 7927: 7923: 7922:Latin America 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7866:the Holocaust 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7848:The waves of 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7826: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7791: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7764:United States 7761: 7757: 7752: 7750: 7749:North America 7746: 7745:Latin America 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7708: 7706: 7705:Supreme Court 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7663: 7661: 7657: 7654:According to 7652: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7637: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7594: 7593:United States 7590: 7581: 7577: 7576:New York City 7573: 7567: 7557: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7514:Ibero-America 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7467:Moroccan Jews 7464: 7460: 7456: 7455:North African 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7422:autosomal DNA 7418: 7416: 7411: 7407: 7402: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7368: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7333:United States 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7317:the Holocaust 7314: 7309: 7307: 7303: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7281:Georgian Jews 7278: 7277:Mountain Jews 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7261:Moroccan Jews 7258: 7254: 7253:Lebanese Jews 7250: 7246: 7245:Egyptian Jews 7242: 7238: 7234: 7233:Central Asian 7230: 7229:North African 7225: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7166: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7129: 7124: 7123: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7038: 7034: 7033: 7029:portrayed in 7028: 7024: 7020: 7015: 7004: 6994: 6990: 6988: 6987:British Celts 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6938: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6908: 6898: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6831:Modern Hebrew 6828: 6827:the Holocaust 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6794:lingua franca 6791: 6786: 6784: 6783:Modern Hebrew 6780: 6776: 6775:mother tongue 6772: 6768: 6764: 6756: 6752: 6747: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6732:Judaeo-Berber 6729: 6728:Judaeo-Arabic 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6712:the Holocaust 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6633: 6623: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6612:United States 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6525: 6520: 6518: 6513: 6511: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6487: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6420: 6419: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6322:Rosh Hashanah 6320: 6319: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6129: 6128: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6009: 6003: 6002: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5746:Mishneh Torah 5744: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5431: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5377:in 1941, the 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5344: + 1,000 5312: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5293:United States 5289: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5272:Theodor Herzl 5269: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5234: 5233:The Holocaust 5230: 5223:Modern period 5220: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5141:Visigoth rule 5137: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5114:Geonic period 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5051:Isaac Judaeus 5048: 5043: 5041: 5040:Mountain Jews 5037: 5036:Bukharan Jews 5033: 5029: 5028:Egyptian Jews 5025: 5024:Yemenite Jews 5021: 5020:Tunisian Jews 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4972:Sephardi Jews 4969: 4965: 4961: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4890:Christianized 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4781: 4777: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4725: 4723: 4717: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4586:Second Temple 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4553: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4409: 4407: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4358: 4357: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4323: 4322: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4115:—religion of 4114: 4110: 4109:monolatristic 4106: 4102: 4101:national myth 4098: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3968:Ancient Egypt 3965: 3964:Twelve Tribes 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3881: 3877: 3876:Black Obelisk 3873: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3840:Khnumhotep II 3837: 3836: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3766:patrilineally 3763: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3751: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3728:intermarriage 3725: 3721: 3717: 3714:, around 200 3713: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3647:Who is a Jew? 3637: 3635: 3631: 3630:Jewish people 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3599: 3598: 3594:According to 3592: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3573:Еврей, Yevrey 3570: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3519:, "judeu" in 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3415: 3414:judieu/iudieu 3409: 3407: 3401: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3263: 3254: 3249: 3237: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3206: 3201: 3191: 3184: 3178: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3082:United States 3079: 3075: 3071: 3070:the Holocaust 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2910:Jewish people 2906: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2886: 2874: 2870: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2846: 2844: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2819: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2696: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2668:Judeo-Aramaic 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2658:Judeo-Italian 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2638:Ghardaïa Sign 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2573: 2568: 2567: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2337: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2264: 2263:Denominations 2259: 2258: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2091:United States 2089: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1577:Guinea-Bissau 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1431:Lists of Jews 1429: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1410: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1217: 1206: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1190:The Holocaust 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1117: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 983: 982: 981: 978: 975: 974: 969: 964: 962: 957: 953: 949: 946: 941: 936: 932: 928: 925: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 904: 902: 899: 898: 897: 896: 893: 890: 889: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 840: 839: 838: 834: 833: 828: 823: 822: 811: 808: 805: 804: 799: 797: 794: 792: 791:Mishneh Torah 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 778: 777: 776: 771: 768: 766: 763: 762: 761: 760: 757: 754: 753: 748: 745: 743: 740: 739: 738: 737: 734: 731: 730: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 711: 710: 709: 706: 703: 702: 697: 692: 691: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 629: 627: 624: 622: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 589: 585: 582: 580: 577: 574: 570: 567: 566: 563: 558: 557: 552: 551:Who is a Jew? 549: 547: 544: 543: 542: 541: 538: 534: 531: 530: 526: 522: 521: 514: 510: 506: 504: 496: 482: 478: 474: 470: 467: 466: 463: 458: 452: 448: 443: 441: 438: 437: 433: 428: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 405: 403: 401: 398: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 374: 372: 370: 367: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 341:Modern Hebrew 339: 338: 336: 334: 331: 330: 327: 322: 319:10,000–11,000 318: 314: 311:10,300–14,000 310: 306: 303:12,900–16,000 302: 298: 295:14,300–17,500 294: 290: 287:14,900–20,000 286: 282: 279:15,800–20,000 278: 274: 271:16,300–20,000 270: 266: 263:18,800–22,000 262: 258: 255:27,000–34,000 254: 250: 247:28,800–35,000 246: 242: 239:29,700–43,000 238: 234: 231:40,000–45,000 230: 226: 223:40,000–90,000 222: 218: 215:46,500–75,000 214: 210: 207:51,000–75,000 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 132:United States 130: 126: 123: 118: 113: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 85: 80: 79:Star of David 74: 69: 63: 53: 44: 40: 36: 34: 19: 18:Jewish people 20706: 20699: 20685: 20608: 20601: 20589: 20572: 20555: 20389:perspectives 20223:Samaritanism 20184:Neo-Hasidism 20164:Conservative 20078:Names of God 19987: 19968: 19778:Judaeo-Greek 19773:Judeo-Gascon 19712:Lishán Didán 19707:Lishana Deni 19675:Judeo-Yemeni 19643:Judeo-Arabic 19517:Meshuchrarim 19436:Persian Jews 19369:Kurdish Jews 19347:Kaifeng Jews 19296:Beta Abraham 19259:Galitzianers 19214:Antisemitism 19189:Israeli Jews 19174:Assimilation 19077: 19009: 18944: 18915: 18895: 18875: 18855: 18842:. Retrieved 18826:. Eerdmans. 18822: 18802: 18790:. Retrieved 18770: 18750: 18743:. Retrieved 18739: 18730: 18722: 18718: 18712: 18704: 18696: 18690: 18682: 18674: 18668: 18656:. Retrieved 18652:the original 18642: 18633: 18626:. Retrieved 18620: 18610: 18601: 18597: 18591: 18582: 18570:. Retrieved 18556: 18546: 18527: 18521: 18502: 18496: 18488: 18481:. Retrieved 18475: 18466: 18457: 18430: 18424: 18415: 18406: 18385: 18371: 18362: 18353: 18344: 18335: 18326: 18317: 18308: 18287: 18278: 18269: 18260: 18216: 18210: 18198:. Retrieved 18193: 18184: 18175: 18166: 18146: 18139: 18119: 18112: 18092: 18085: 18065: 18046: 18035: 18004: 17995: 17986: 17978: 17973: 17964: 17952:. Retrieved 17947: 17938: 17929: 17920: 17908: 17903: 17885: 17876: 17841: 17837: 17826: 17817: 17808: 17765: 17761: 17751: 17730: 17721: 17712: 17699: 17690: 17681: 17672: 17663: 17642: 17621: 17579: 17574: 17565: 17556: 17544:. Retrieved 17526: 17514:. Retrieved 17510:the original 17500: 17488:. Retrieved 17481:the original 17466: 17454:. Retrieved 17450:the original 17445: 17436: 17427: 17415:. Retrieved 17411:the original 17400: 17376:. Retrieved 17372: 17362: 17354: 17339: 17332: 17312: 17305: 17293:. Retrieved 17283: 17271:. Retrieved 17253: 17241:. Retrieved 17234:the original 17221: 17209:. Retrieved 17195: 17183:. Retrieved 17173: 17164: 17152:. Retrieved 17142: 17128: 17108: 17099: 17091:the original 17081: 17062: 17056: 17035: 17023:. Retrieved 17019:the original 17003: 16991:. Retrieved 16987: 16977: 16965:. Retrieved 16956: 16944: 16932:. Retrieved 16928: 16918: 16906:. Retrieved 16902: 16892: 16880:. Retrieved 16876:the original 16866: 16854:. Retrieved 16850:the original 16845: 16836: 16824:. Retrieved 16814: 16802:. Retrieved 16797: 16788: 16776:. Retrieved 16771: 16762: 16750:. Retrieved 16746: 16736: 16724:. Retrieved 16719: 16693: 16684: 16665: 16655: 16629: 16625: 16619: 16607:. Retrieved 16603:the original 16598: 16588: 16576:. Retrieved 16566: 16529: 16525: 16514: 16469: 16465: 16455: 16414: 16410: 16381: 16375: 16340: 16336: 16326: 16314:. Retrieved 16310: 16298: 16263: 16259: 16219: 16215: 16205: 16196: 16192: 16179: 16137:(4): e2062. 16134: 16130: 16097: 16087: 16052: 16048: 15990: 15986: 15976: 15967: 15946: 15918: 15909: 15892: 15888: 15879: 15870: 15842: 15835: 15816: 15810: 15791: 15782: 15773: 15764: 15755: 15743:. Retrieved 15740:BBC Bitesize 15739: 15730: 15711: 15705: 15680: 15672: 15660:. Retrieved 15656:the original 15646: 15626: 15619: 15599: 15592: 15572: 15565: 15551:Tadzhikistan 15548: 15533: 15526: 15518: 15503: 15496: 15487: 15484:"Azerbaijan" 15478: 15470:the original 15454: 15432:. Retrieved 15422: 15414:the original 15409: 15399: 15387:. Retrieved 15371: 15363: 15351:. Retrieved 15336: 15329: 15309: 15302: 15290:. Retrieved 15286:the original 15275: 15256: 15246: 15236: 15229: 15209: 15202: 15182: 15175: 15155: 15148: 15136:. Retrieved 15126: 15119: 15114: 15106: 15099:. Retrieved 15095:the original 15081: 15073: 15058: 15051: 15041: 15039: 15024: 15017: 15007: 15003: 15001: 14986: 14979: 14970: 14955: 14948: 14936:. Retrieved 14929:the original 14920: 14908: 14891: 14887: 14881: 14872: 14847: 14843: 14815: 14809: 14784: 14776: 14751: 14743: 14734: 14725: 14689: 14682: 14661: 14652: 14643: 14631:. Retrieved 14621: 14612: 14603: 14591:. Retrieved 14581: 14569:. Retrieved 14555: 14543:. Retrieved 14531: 14527: 14514: 14504:21 September 14502:. Retrieved 14498:the original 14493: 14484: 14472: 14452: 14445: 14433:. Retrieved 14429: 14420: 14412: 14407: 14389: 14383: 14366: 14360: 14348:. Retrieved 14343: 14334: 14325:10 September 14323:, retrieved 14301: 14291: 14282: 14267: 14229: 14222: 14214: 14209: 14200: 14178: 14148: 14138: 14130: 14125: 14117: 14112: 14093: 14084: 14061: 14054: 14035: 14025: 14014:, retrieved 13992: 13982: 13973:10 September 13971:, retrieved 13949: 13928: 13923: 13888: 13884: 13874: 13866: 13861: 13842: 13817:. Retrieved 13797: 13790: 13762: 13755: 13735: 13728: 13708: 13701: 13693: 13685: 13658: 13654: 13644: 13635: 13623:. Retrieved 13603: 13596: 13576: 13569: 13560: 13552: 13548: 13536:. Retrieved 13487: 13480: 13468: 13460: 13455: 13447: 13440:. Retrieved 13425: 13415: 13403: 13375: 13368: 13356: 13329: 13309: 13302: 13290: 13269: 13263: 13251:. Retrieved 13245: 13235: 13223:. Retrieved 13219: 13209: 13164: 13160: 13150: 13137:. Retrieved 13130:the original 13116: 13108: 13103: 13094: 13079: 13072: 13063: 13053: 13044: 13032: 13027: 13018: 12986: 12982: 12972: 12963: 12948: 12941: 12899: 12870: 12839: 12832: 12812: 12805: 12785: 12778: 12758: 12751: 12731: 12724: 12704: 12697: 12688: 12673: 12666: 12646: 12639: 12631: 12617: 12611: 12602: 12593: 12581:. Retrieved 12571: 12551: 12530:, retrieved 12508: 12498: 12488: 12481: 12460: 12452: 12432: 12425: 12404: 12384: 12374: 12354: 12347: 12328: 12322: 12302: 12295: 12275: 12268: 12254:(3): 22–36. 12251: 12247: 12237: 12226: 12216: 12196: 12186: 12166: 12159: 12140: 12122: 12102: 12095: 12075: 12053:. Retrieved 12049:the original 12039: 12027:. Retrieved 12023:the original 12013: 11989: 11982: 11970:. Retrieved 11964: 11954: 11933: 11926: 11905: 11898: 11877: 11870: 11862: 11855:. Retrieved 11848:the original 11837: 11821: 11809:. Retrieved 11786: 11776: 11768: 11761:. Retrieved 11747: 11726: 11719: 11693: 11685: 11664: 11657: 11637: 11630: 11607: 11598: 11579: 11570: 11545: 11541: 11531: 11512: 11506: 11478: 11471: 11456: 11452: 11447: 11439: 11423: 11414: 11379: 11369: 11349: 11342: 11330:. Retrieved 11325: 11316: 11296: 11289: 11269: 11255: 11243:. Retrieved 11238: 11229: 11221: 11205: 11185: 11176: 11164:. Retrieved 11159: 11150: 11129: 11115: 11107: 11100:. Retrieved 11094: 11085: 11077: 11048: 11017: 10986: 10955: 10933: 10921:. Retrieved 10907: 10897: 10888: 10879: 10860: 10854: 10842:. Retrieved 10838: 10829: 10808: 10774:. Retrieved 10770:the original 10765: 10755: 10744: 10734: 10722:. Retrieved 10718: 10708: 10696:. Retrieved 10692: 10683: 10669: 10658:. Retrieved 10652: 10628:. Retrieved 10624: 10615: 10606: 10586: 10579: 10567: 10559: 10544: 10534: 10496: 10492: 10453:(1): 36–60. 10450: 10446: 10436: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10414: 10408: 10371: 10367: 10347: 10339: 10330: 10315: 10308: 10296:. Retrieved 10292:the original 10278: 10258: 10251: 10243: 10222:29 September 10220:. Retrieved 10216: 10207: 10199: 10195: 10186: 10165: 10134: 10127: 10106: 10099: 10078: 10071: 10050: 10043: 10034: 10025: 10018: 10009: 10002: 9993: 9987: 9978: 9971:. Retrieved 9962: 9953: 9931: 9922: 9895: 9870: 9861: 9847: 9826: 9817: 9803:. Retrieved 9780: 9768: 9761:. Retrieved 9732: 9705: 9682: 9673: 9651: 9630: 9609: 9587: 9566: 9540: 9536: 9484: 9480: 9455:. Retrieved 9445: 9412: 9408: 9401: 9390: 9380: 9361: 9355: 9314: 9310: 9281: 9275: 9263:. Retrieved 9254: 9245: 9233:. Retrieved 9229:the original 9199: 9163:. Retrieved 9080: 9025:who is a Jew 9018: 9013: 9003: 8978:Christianity 8946:Jewish humor 8942:Jewish music 8911: 8887: 8872: 8853: 8849:Western Wall 8817:Iranian Jews 8815:caused many 8810: 8802:antisemitism 8795: 8787: 8779:North Africa 8750: 8748: 8720:Roman Empire 8712:Roman Empire 8709: 8665: 8590: 8542:slave labour 8534:World War II 8518:World War II 8512:) and other 8490:Nazi Germany 8487: 8460: 8435:against the 8430: 8405:to outright 8400: 8361: 8336:disabilities 8322: 8303:Papal States 8300: 8265: 8261:Roman Empire 8254: 8234:Roman Empire 8218:persecutions 8211: 8188:Antisemitism 8164: 8144:Kaifeng Jews 8133: 8120:Assimilation 8099:South Africa 8076: 8072:Iranian Jews 8057:, Yemen and 8023:Pahlavi Iran 8000: 7988:Soviet Union 7950: 7878: 7847: 7810:Rosh Hashana 7780:South Africa 7753: 7733:Soviet Union 7709: 7687: 7672:Israeli Jews 7653: 7649:secular Jews 7638: 7622:Philadelphia 7585: 7546:Lemba people 7483: 7474: 7419: 7410:Harry Ostrer 7403: 7399:Rhine Valley 7380: 7313:World War II 7310: 7306:North Africa 7285:Iranian Jews 7257:Kurdish Jews 7240: 7226: 7222:Kaifeng Jews 7218:Chinese Jews 7206:African Jews 7194:Italian Jews 7186:Bene Ephraim 7178:Bnei Menashe 7172:such as the 7167: 7160: 7157:prayer rites 7152: 7126: 7120: 7118: 7071: 7030: 6997:Demographics 6991: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6918:Hasidic Jews 6910: 6879:North Africa 6855:Russian Jews 6787: 6760: 6681: 6644: 6635: 6596:North Africa 6560:Hebrew Bible 6557: 6551: 6533: 6456:Anti-Judaism 6451:Antisemitism 6430: 6396:Samaritanism 6374:Christianity 6275:Shehecheyanu 6206: 6199: 6192: 6185: 6180:Four species 6087:Pidyon haben 6041:Rosh yeshiva 5952: 5845:Beth midrash 5791:Noahide laws 5534:Conservative 5399: 5387:gas chambers 5383:North Africa 5371:World War II 5367:Soviet Union 5351:Adolf Hitler 5348: 5320: Israel 5290: 5281: 5275: 5240: 5209:similar fate 5193:North Africa 5157:Judah Halevi 5145:Islamic rule 5138: 5126:North Africa 5091: 5063:blood libels 5044: 5012:North Africa 5001: 4991: 4985: 4975: 4968:Mizrahi Jews 4941: 4913:Jewish study 4902: 4863: 4855:Roman Empire 4803:First Temple 4783: 4729: 4722:Ivdaea Capta 4720: 4659: 4651:Roman Empire 4647:vassal kings 4639:First Temple 4613:against the 4600: 4593: 4562:Book of Ezra 4559: 4536:First Temple 4494: 4463: 4440: 4384: 4327:Other tribes 4182: 4137: 4125:ethnic group 4119:centered on 4113:monotheistic 4099:' inspiring 4094: 4079: 4075:First Temple 4036: 4030:, partially 3924:Hebrew Bible 3921: 3885: 3833: 3773: 3759: 3754: 3748: 3701: 3695: 3665: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3603: 3595: 3593: 3572: 3552: 3539:, "jood" in 3527:, "jøde" in 3515:, "Jude" in 3508: 3504: 3502: 3473: 3471: 3451: 3434: 3426: 3411: 3403: 3395: 3384: 3379: 3375:Apostle Paul 3349:shift from " 3330: 3314: 3294:Hebrew Bible 3277: 3225:include the 3187: 3157:Christianity 3137:architecture 3086: 3062:Nazi Germany 3050:World War II 3046:North Africa 3035: 3025: 3015: 3005: 2951:kingdoms of 2942: 2909: 2891: 2868: 2866: 2807:Post-Zionism 2678:Judeo-Berber 2673:Judeo-Arabic 2633:Judeo-Gascon 2380:Pidyon haben 2299:Conservative 1845:Saudi Arabia 1663:South Africa 1652:Sierra Leone 1474:Israeli Jews 1388:Mosaic Arabs 1341:Kaifeng Jews 1202:Arab–Israeli 1175:Emancipation 1054:Great Revolt 863:Anti-Judaism 858:Antisemitism 853:Name "Judea" 648:Baal teshuva 532: 500: 451:Christianity 399: 387:Judeo-Arabic 368: 332: 204:South Africa 110:(2022, est.) 100: 96: 93:15.2 million 92: 46:Ethnic group 43: 32: 20631:Catholicism 20213:Hellenistic 20051:Eschatology 19989:Lachoudisch 19914:Lotegorisch 19892:Lachoudisch 19882:Koiné Greek 19795:Judeo-Latin 19732:Palestinian 19626:Palestinian 19475:Mustaʿravim 19401:Afghan Jews 19389:Berber Jews 19313:Bene Israel 19301:Falash Mura 19291:Beta Israel 19209:Persecution 19151:Middle Ages 18658:25 November 18244:j.ctvh9w1wk 18200:10 December 17506:"Australia" 17125:, based on 16993:20 February 14938:3 September 14921:The Knesset 14589:. Bbc.co.uk 14016:8 September 13661:(10): 487. 13534:. Biu.ac.il 13334:McNutt 1999 13295:Stager 1998 11576:Falk, Avner 10698:10 November 10693:HISTORY.com 10666:, based on 10630:12 December 10499:(1): 1–35. 10439:para. 13–14 10298:22 November 10029:. Collins. 9980:Testament). 9265:25 December 9165:4 September 8986:Nobel Prize 8879:proselytism 8877:discourage 8599:has shaped 8546:Third Reich 8502:persecution 8432:autos-da-fé 8366:dynasty in 8317:World War I 8288:Reconquista 8220:throughout 8103:New Zealand 8087:Middle East 7992:Berlin Wall 7935:The Jewish 7884:(315,000), 7834:Birobidzhan 7756:Indian Jews 7614:Los Angeles 7538:Beta Israel 7530:Cochin Jews 7526:Bene Israel 7498:Catholicism 7492:" who were 7420:Studies of 7365:melting pot 7302:Middle East 7289:Afghan Jews 7269:Syrian Jews 7265:Libyan Jews 7210:Beta Israel 7182:Cochin Jews 7174:Bene Israel 7170:Indian Jews 7035:(1878), by 6914:Chief Rabbi 6600:Middle East 6534:The Jewish 6140:Sefer Torah 6102:Bereavement 6082:Zeved habat 5865:Holy Temple 5805:Holy cities 5539:Conservadox 5305:Nobel Prize 5213:Catholicism 5201:Netherlands 5173:Reconquista 5059:segregation 5055:Armentarius 5008:Middle East 5000:), and the 4954:Middle Ages 4894:Constantine 4823:Mesopotamia 4738:(including 4736:Torah study 4688:shifted to 4631:Transjordan 4603:Achaemenids 4513:Sennacherib 4188:Middle East 4111:—and later 4090:minimalists 3899:during the 3740:Ezra 10:2–3 3565:عبری/عبرانی 3543:, "żyd" in 3203:, with the 3042:Middle East 3034:), and the 2802:Revisionist 2792:Neo-Zionism 2399:Zeved habat 2192:Puerto Rico 2018:Netherlands 1850:South Korea 1835:Philippines 1715:Afghanistan 1582:Ivory Coast 1356:Crypto-Jews 1321:Bnei Anusim 1300:Bene Israel 1265:Beta Israel 1222:Communities 1129:Middle Ages 868:Persecution 643:Bereavement 503:Hebrew text 369:Historical: 260:Switzerland 236:Netherlands 20787:Israelites 20731:Categories 20626:Anabaptism 20568:Jew (word) 20435:Leadership 20248:Literature 20233:Secularism 20179:Humanistic 20046:Conversion 20016:Philosophy 19857:Judeo-Urdu 19621:Babylonian 19466:Saada Jews 19451:Adeni Jews 19244:Ashkenazim 19199:Samaritans 19166:Population 19121:Israelites 17954:10 October 17490:12 October 17295:11 October 17211:28 October 17185:28 October 16752:10 October 16609:12 October 15895:(3): 168. 14534:(7): 259. 14350:28 October 14197:1302180905 14081:1162305378 13819:16 January 13696:Bk.16.2.34 13625:16 January 13442:12 October 13395:1017604304 13349:Dever 2003 13225:10 October 13139:8 November 12532:7 December 11453:"Ioudaios" 10776:24 January 10724:16 January 10428:Capitolina 9963:Britannica 9158:(Report). 8938:Jewish art 8833:refuseniks 8742:, back to 8629:the Exodus 8573:Migrations 8443:Jews; the 8425:) and the 8368:Al-Andalus 8041:came from 8003:Arab world 7693:democratic 7645:synagogues 7630:Washington 7321:emigration 7249:Iraqi Jews 7204:; various 7190:Romaniotes 7122:Ashkenazim 7064:Jew blows 6975:Tom Garvin 6901:Leadership 6875:Tajikistan 6871:Azerbaijan 6867:Uzbekistan 6861:, such as 6327:Yom Kippur 5870:Tabernacle 5615:Chosenness 5587:Philosophy 5568:Humanistic 5445:See also: 5149:golden age 5134:Maimonides 4987:Ashkenazim 4907:and later 4864:After the 4831:Asia Minor 4744:synagogues 4740:Oral Torah 4710:Alexandria 4574:Zerubbabel 4568:ended the 4474:linguistic 4447:Israelites 4390:Samaritans 4374:Israelites 4097:Israelites 3934:, his son 3893:Israelites 3844:Beni Hasan 3812:Israelites 3708:Oral Torah 3614:Jew ethics 3610:Jew lawyer 3585:"jüdisch" 3521:Portuguese 3511:(pl.), in 3393:Old French 3351:Israelites 3347:ethnonymic 3335:ten tribes 3290:Samaritans 3251:) and the 3177:Jew (word) 3159:, and had 3155:, founded 3109:governance 3105:literature 3097:philosophy 3017:Ashkenazim 2975:following 2922:Israelites 2787:Maximalism 2739:Secularism 2719:Autonomism 2536:Literature 2329:Humanistic 1933:Azerbaijan 1895:Uzbekistan 1870:Tajikistan 1790:Kyrgyzstan 1775:Kazakhstan 1622:Mozambique 1597:Madagascar 1517:Cape Verde 1469:New Yishuv 1464:Old Yishuv 1415:Population 1393:Subbotniks 1351:Samaritans 1290:Romanyotim 1233:Ashkenazim 1180:Old Yishuv 1160:Sabbateans 1147:Modern era 1139:Golden Age 1066:Bar Kokhba 786:Beit Yosef 653:Philosophy 469:Samaritans 447:Irreligion 435:Majority: 101:20 million 20688:indicate 20636:Mormonism 20621:Christian 20501:Symbolism 20489:Synagogue 20469:Mythology 20430:Education 20401:Astronomy 20384:Astrology 20201:relations 20006:Zarphatic 19954:Galitzish 19756:Yeshivish 19633:Catalanic 19596:Samaritan 19571:Ashkenazi 19552:Diasporic 19547:Languages 19492:Sephardim 19487:Romaniote 19374:Krymchaks 19308:Desi Jews 19184:Buddhists 18740:Jinfo.org 18572:20 August 18567:0362-4331 18483:20 August 18252:263234025 17782:0002-9297 17378:20 August 17243:20 August 16472:(1): 57. 16304:"Sign In" 15745:20 August 15652:"Tunisia" 14660:(1996) . 14633:2 October 14593:2 October 14571:7 October 14545:10 August 14375:581911264 14038:. Brill. 13915:236389017 13907:1047-7594 13782:988856967 13694:Geography 13677:2077-1444 13655:Religions 13271:Hernandez 13253:4 October 12260:199601200 12055:9 January 12029:9 January 11972:6 October 11784:(2002) . 11604:"Yiddish" 11406:235573883 11382:: 25–53. 11102:20 August 10923:20 August 10918:0362-4331 10844:26 August 10521:143958201 10475:144379115 9973:20 August 9778:(2002) . 9331:1059-7794 9034:Citations 8791:New World 8767:Sephardic 8724:Babylonia 8693:Babylonia 8685:Sargon II 8471:conversos 8403:expulsion 8384:Hezbollah 8266:Later in 8246:Roman era 8224:. During 8206:Vespasian 8165:Rates of 8095:Australia 7926:Caribbean 7902:Venezuela 7886:Argentina 7772:Australia 7768:Argentina 7760:Ashkenazi 7723:and Jews 7682:Jerusalem 7606:Jerusalem 7451:Old World 7443:Israelite 7430:Sephardic 7426:Ashkenazi 7345:Australia 7341:Argentina 7329:New World 7237:Caucasian 7153:Sephardim 7143:meaning " 7133:Rhineland 7128:Sephardim 7094:political 7086:millennia 7082:Old World 7078:Israelite 6851:Afrikaans 6771:Palestine 6704:Sephardic 6684:dialectal 6665:Asoristan 6626:Languages 6446:Criticism 6411:Pluralism 6389:Mormonism 6295:Kol Nidre 6069:education 5994:Acharonim 5840:Synagogue 5817:Jerusalem 5499:Movements 5395:Holocaust 5391:Auschwitz 5106:Pumbedita 5083:Lithuania 4993:Sephardim 4978:coalesced 4934:Pumbedita 4839:Macedonia 4827:Babylonia 4760:Pharisaic 4752:Sadducees 4748:sectarian 4520:Jerusalem 4509:vassalage 4486:Jerusalem 4478:religious 4349:Jerahmeel 4178:Assyrians 4158:Jerusalem 4145:Egyptians 4131:, modern 4082:Rendsburg 4006:and then 3874:, on the 3792:Roman law 3710:into the 3675:ethnicity 3583:adjective 3533:Norwegian 3486:Palestine 3478:eisegesis 3387:Gyw, Iewe 3337:from the 3323:Levantine 3221:in other 3209:יְהוּדִים 3068:known as 3027:Sephardim 3008:coalesced 2973:Judahites 2885:ISO 259-2 2878:יְהוּדִים 2797:Religious 2653:Zarphatic 2643:Bukharian 2613:Judeo-Tat 2598:Yeshivish 2572:Languages 2527:Sephardic 2517:Israelite 2507:Ethiopian 2497:Ashkenazi 2436:Religious 2226:Australia 2208:Venezuela 2114:Argentina 2096:Greenland 2008:Lithuania 1860:Sri Lanka 1855:Singapore 1780:Kurdistan 1745:Indonesia 1735:Hong Kong 1688:Abayudaya 1612:Mauritius 1346:Igbo Jews 1336:Krymchaks 1255:Sephardim 1123:relations 1017:Sadducees 1013:Pharisees 1003:Sanhedrin 918:Jerusalem 678:Synagogue 546:Etymology 477:Assyrians 444:Minority: 324:Languages 188:Australia 164:Argentina 59:‎ ( 20701:Category 20671:Hinduism 20661:Buddhism 20563:Genetics 20479:Politics 20452:Marriage 20411:Holidays 20406:Calendar 20287:Rabbinic 20263:/Hebrew 20208:Haymanot 20135:Orthodox 20122:Branches 20095:Kabbalah 20090:Haskalah 20068:Holiness 19944:dialects 19924:Shassagh 19887:Krymchak 19867:Kayliñña 19761:Yinglish 19737:Galilean 19727:Talmudic 19722:Biblical 19697:Betanure 19616:Biblical 19611:Mishnaic 19606:Medieval 19591:Tiberian 19586:Yemenite 19576:Sephardi 19512:Paradesi 19456:Ḥabbanim 19446:Teimanim 19411:Baghdadi 19384:Maghrebi 19352:Karaites 19330:Gruzínim 19318:Kochinim 19236:Diaspora 19194:Karaites 19179:Atheists 19116:Timeline 19029:Archived 18838:Archived 18786:Archived 18745:16 March 18384:(eds.). 18028:"NIMROD" 17895:Archived 17868:19061982 17800:19061982 17205:Interfax 17154:12 April 17011:(1983). 16934:12 April 16929:Guardian 16908:12 April 16903:Ynetnews 16882:7 August 16842:"Israel" 16826:8 August 16794:"Israel" 16726:28 March 16578:12 April 16558:23468648 16506:20925954 16439:20531471 16367:19669163 16290:23052947 16238:17245410 16171:18446216 16131:PLOS ONE 16079:11573163 16027:10801975 15945:(eds.). 15901:40207028 15799:Archived 15662:12 March 15549:Jews in 15434:12 March 15389:12 March 15353:12 March 15138:12 March 14565:Archived 14536:Archived 14284:revolts. 13927:Powell, 13865:Mor, M. 13813:Archived 13619:Archived 13538:15 March 13201:10801975 13096:pursuit. 12382:(2014). 12194:(2015). 11806:51578088 11578:(1996). 11432:Archived 11128:(eds.). 10953:(2004). 10746:ynetnews 10513:30245752 10467:30245753 10391:Archived 10242:(2005), 10240:John Day 10031:Archived 10015:Archived 9999:Archived 9967:Archived 9919:54913803 9893:(2004). 9800:51578088 9511:20560205 9457:12 April 9429:11153918 9339:15300852 9259:Archived 9020:halakhic 8902:gentiles 8860:Orthodox 8668:Assyrian 8617:Chaldees 8597:refugees 8526:genocide 8506:genocide 8480:Jews in 8421:(led by 8407:genocide 8272:Crusades 8268:medieval 8228:and the 8172:Diaspora 8152:Haskalah 8083:Americas 8077:Outside 8025:and the 7996:Israelis 7924:and the 7910:Colombia 7840:live in 7808:In this 7684:, Israel 7602:New York 7598:Tel Aviv 7591:and the 7542:Ethiopia 7510:Portugal 7479:Italians 7415:Pashtuns 7293:Teimanim 7241:Sephardi 7214:Ethiopia 7198:Teimanim 7162:Mizrahim 7137:Ashkenaz 7125:and the 7098:cultural 7062:Yemenite 7051:Sarajevo 7047:Sephardi 6981:and the 6837:and the 6736:Krymchak 6598:and the 6588:Haskalah 6580:Hellenic 6540:religion 6538:and the 6476:Muhammad 6379:Hinduism 6352:Hanukkah 6290:Tachanun 6285:Havdalah 6150:Tefillin 6097:Marriage 5989:Rishonim 5975:Savoraim 5832:Tiberias 5781:Tzedakah 5701:Rabbinic 5600:Kabbalah 5573:Haymanot 5507:Orthodox 5460:a series 5458:Part of 5435:Religion 5353:and the 5118:Rishonim 5102:Damascus 5003:Mizrahim 4930:Nehardea 4918:exilarch 4909:Sasanian 4905:Parthian 4884:and the 4811:Josephus 4635:Idumeans 4534:and the 4314:Benjamin 4302:Manasseh 4286:Issachar 4270:Naphtali 4028:Benjamin 3930:such as 3866:, tenth 3775:Kil'ayim 3770:Mishnaic 3755:halakhic 3750:Haskalah 3736:Egyptian 3703:halakhic 3681:, and a 3679:religion 3641:Identity 3509:al-yahūd 3474:Ioudaios 3461:יְהוּדִי 3454:*yahūdāy 3443:" / "of 3436:Ioudaios 3367:Josephus 3288:and the 3286:gentiles 3265:(plural 3239:(plural 3219:Endonyms 3195:יְהוּדִי 3149:religion 3145:medicine 3113:business 3066:genocide 3037:Mizrahim 2997:identity 2961:covenant 2949:Iron Age 2824:Category 2782:Kahanism 2729:Feminism 2701:Politics 2585:Biblical 2555:American 2502:Bukharan 2492:American 2392:Shidduch 2368:Clothing 2324:Haymanot 2270:Orthodox 2198:Suriname 2181:Paraguay 2134:Colombia 2033:Portugal 1943:Bulgaria 1880:Thailand 1830:Pakistan 1810:Mongolia 1805:Malaysia 1725:Cambodia 1699:Zimbabwe 1674:Tanzania 1552:Eswatini 1542:Ethiopia 1532:Djibouti 1512:Cameroon 1507:Botswana 1436:Diaspora 1398:Noahides 1371:Marranos 1295:Cochinim 1280:Bukharim 1270:Gruzinim 1260:Teimanim 1250:Mizrahim 1238:Galician 1204:conflict 1165:Hasidism 1155:Haskalah 1060:Diaspora 931:timeline 843:Timeline 756:Rabbinic 663:Kabbalah 638:Marriage 614:Tzedakah 604:Holidays 562:Religion 525:a series 523:Part of 430:Religion 20686:Italics 20511:Studies 20457:Divorce 20423:Kashrut 20418:Cuisine 20376:Culture 20307:Midrash 20302:Tosefta 20292:Mishnah 20280:Ketuvim 20275:Nevi'im 20238:Schisms 20228:Science 20218:Karaite 20189:Renewal 20150:Litvaks 20145:Hasidic 20100:Sefirot 20085:Halakha 20056:Messiah 20029:Mitzvah 20024:Beliefs 19978:Western 19964:Poylish 19959:Litvish 19949:Eastern 19939:Yiddish 19934:Shuadit 19919:Qwareña 19907:Tetuani 19902:Haketia 19877:Knaanic 19872:Kivruli 19820:Bukhori 19766:Heblish 19702:Hulaulá 19692:Barzani 19648:Yahudic 19581:Mizrahi 19441:Urfalim 19396:Mizrahi 19340:Neofiti 19335:Italkim 19264:Lita'im 19156:Zionism 19108:History 19082:Judaism 19040:of the 19019:of the 18999:of the 18990:of the 18844:4 April 18792:4 April 18761:Sources 18628:3 April 17859:2668061 17791:2668061 17516:2 April 17456:2 April 17417:2 April 17136:. 2006. 17025:5 April 16856:5 April 16804:20 July 16778:3 April 16747:Haaretz 16648:8900243 16639:1914832 16599:Reuters 16549:3585000 16497:2964539 16474:Bibcode 16447:4307824 16419:Bibcode 16358:2771134 16316:1 April 16281:3543766 16162:2323359 16139:Bibcode 16070:1274378 15995:Bibcode 15555:Tadzhik 15489:second. 15410:Haaretz 15292:1 April 15101:5 April 14925:Knesset 14864:3264497 14435:23 June 13247:Science 13169:Bibcode 13019:Reuters 12603:Haaretz 12583:1 April 12577:"Judah" 11857:5 April 11811:2 April 11763:2 April 11562:3268093 11220:"Jew", 11190:Megilla 10839:utm.edu 10766:Haaretz 10660:30 June 9805:2 April 9763:2 April 9557:2573430 9502:3032072 9437:8136092 9347:1571356 9255:Haaretz 9235:2 April 9221:"Links" 8798:pogroms 8740:Zionism 8734:to the 8726:to the 8615:of the 8605:Abraham 8562:ghettos 8467:Iberian 8453:Pogroms 8449:Ukraine 8441:Marrano 8376:mellahs 8364:Almohad 8328:dhimmis 8307:ghettos 8301:In the 8214:Judaism 8067:Lebanon 8007:Maghreb 7984:Germany 7968:Tunisia 7964:Morocco 7960:Algeria 7945:Estonia 7941:Tallinn 7937:Zionist 7898:Uruguay 7858:pogroms 7854:Zionism 7842:Siberia 7830:menorah 7816:of the 7814:pogroms 7719:in the 7697:Knesset 7634:Chicago 7463:Iberian 7459:Italian 7434:Mizrahi 7395:Germany 7357:Algeria 7141:Sefarad 7102:natural 7088:of the 6983:Gaulish 6926:Messiah 6887:Morocco 6883:Algeria 6863:Ukraine 6833:by the 6823:Spanish 6813:. 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