10441:: "13 At first the Romans took no account of them. Soon, however, all Judaea had been stirred up, and the Jews everywhere were showing signs of disturbance, were gathering together, and giving evidence of great hostility to the Romans, partly by secret and partly by overt acts; 2 many outside nations, too, were joining them through eagerness for gain, and the whole earth, one might almost say, was being stirred up over the matter. Then, indeed, Hadrian sent against them his best generals. First of these was Julius Severus, who was dispatched from Britain, where he was governor, against the Jews. 3 Severus did not venture to attack his opponents in the open at any one point, in view of their numbers and their desperation, but by intercepting small groups, thanks to the number of his soldiers and his under-officers, and by depriving them of food and shutting them up, he was able, rather slowly, to be sure, but with comparatively little danger, to crush, exhaust and exterminate them. Very few of them in fact survived. Fifty of their most important outposts and nine hundred and eighty-five of their most famous villages were razed to the ground. Five hundred and eighty thousand men were slain in the various raids and battles, and the number of those that perished by famine, disease and fire was past finding out. 2 Thus nearly the whole of Judaea was made desolate, a result of which the people had had forewarning before the war. For the tomb of Solomon, which the Jews regard as an object of veneration, fell to pieces of itself and collapsed, and many wolves and hyenas rushed howling into their cities. 3 Many Romans, moreover, perished in this war. Therefore Hadrian in writing to the senate did not employ the opening phrase commonly affected by the emperors, 'If you and our children are in health, it is well; I and the legions are in health'" (para. 13–14).
7932:
10487:"...diaspora referred to a very specific case—that of the exile of the Jews from the Holy Land and their dispersal throughout several parts of the globe. Diaspora connoted deracination, legal disabilities, oppression, and an often painful adjustment to a hostland whose hospitality was unreliable and ephemeral. It also connoted the existence on foreign soil of an expatriate community that considered its presence to be transitory. Meanwhile, it developed a set of institutions, social patterns, and ethnonational and/or religious symbols that held it together. These included the language, religion, values, social norms, and narratives of the homeland. Gradually, this community adjusted to the hostland environment and became itself a center of cultural creation. All the while, however, it continued to cultivate the idea of return to the homeland." (p. 36).
8197:
10561:
sources note the vast number of captives sold into slavery in
Palestine and shipped abroad. ... The Judaean Jewish community never recovered from the Bar Kochba war. In its wake, Jews no longer formed the majority in Palestine, and the Jewish center moved to the Galilee. Jews were also subjected to a series of religious edicts promulgated by Hadrian that were designed to uproot the nationalistic elements with the Judaean Jewish community, these proclamations remained in effect until Hadrian's death in 138. An additional, more lasting punitive measure taken by the Romans involved expunging Judaea from the provincial name, changing it from Provincia Judaea to Provincia Syria Palestina. Although such name changes occurred elsewhere, never before or after was a nation's name expunged as the result of rebellion.
10397:"...it is crucial to recognize that the Jewish conception of the Land of Israel is similar to the discourse of the Land of many (if not nearly all) "indigenous" peoples of the world. Somehow the Jews have managed to retain a sense of being rooted somewhere in the world through twenty centuries of exile from that someplace (organic metaphors are not out of place in this discourse, for they are used within the tradition itself). It is profoundly disturbing to hear Jewish attachment to the Land decried as regressive in the same discursive situations in which the attachment of native Americans or Australians to their particular rocks, trees, and deserts is celebrated as an organic connection to the Earth that "we" have lost" p. 714.
7413:
from just four female founders, who were of Middle
Eastern origin. The populations of Sephardi and Mizrahi Jewish communities "showed no evidence for a narrow founder effect." Subsequent studies carried out by Feder et al. confirmed the large portion of non-local maternal origin among Ashkenazi Jews. Reflecting on their findings related to the maternal origin of Ashkenazi Jews, the authors conclude "Clearly, the differences between Jews and non-Jews are far larger than those observed among the Jewish communities. Hence, differences between the Jewish communities can be overlooked when non-Jews are included in the comparisons." A study showed that 7% of Ashkenazi Jews have the haplogroup G2c, which is mainly found in
4227:
3829:
10403:"...although the word Babylon often connotes captivity and oppression, a rereading of the Babylonian period of exile can thus be shown to demonstrate the development of a new creative energy in a challenging, pluralistic context outside the natal homeland. When the Romans destroyed the Second Temple in AD 70, it was Babylon that remained as the nerve- and brain-centre for Jewish life and thought...the crushing of the revolt of the Judaeans against the Romans and the destruction of the Second Temple by the Roman general Titus in AD 70 precisely confirmed the catastrophic tradition. Once again, Jews had been unable to sustain a national homeland and were scattered to the far corners of the world" (p. 24).
7019:
14202:
especially Iraq, whereas some converted to
Christianity and others continued to live in the Holy Land, especially in Galilee and the coastal plain. During the Byzantine period, the three provinces of Palestine included more than thirty cities, namely, settlements with a bishop see. After the Muslim conquest in the 630s, most of these cities declined and eventually disappeared. As a result, in many cases the local ecclesiastical administration weakened, while in others it simply ceased to exist. Consequently, many local Christians converted to Islam. Thus, almost twelve centuries later, when the army led by Napoleon Bonaparte arrived in the Holy Land, most of the local population was Muslim.
13039:: "I am not sure I can quantify the schools, that is, tell you that the majority of biblical scholars today are maximalist or minimalist - I suppose the divide is about 50-50 - But I can tell you this: there is no doubt that the minimalists are more vocal, and they are the ones who set the agenda, publish books at a very rapid pace, organize conferences to present their views (especially in Europe) and take advantage of the popular press. The maximalists, in turn, frequently are left to respond to these diatribes, often needing to take time away from their own research to counter the views expressed in the many publications emanating from the pens of minimalist scholars."
10533:"...the Jewish nation, which from its very earliest days believed and claimed that it was the "chosen people," and hence unique. This attitude has further been buttressed by the equally traditional view, which is held not only by the Jews themselves, about the exceptional historical age of this diaspora, its singular traumatic experiences its singular ability to survive pogroms, exiles, and Holocaust, as well as its "special relations" with its ancient homeland, culminating in 1948 with the nation-state that the Jewish nation has established there... First, like many other members of established diasporas, the vast majority of Jews no longer regard themselves as being in
10538:
existential situation in their hostlands has changed. Consequently, there is both a much greater self- and collective-legitimatization to refrain from making serious plans concerning "return" or actually "making Aliyah" to Israel. This is one of the results of their wider, yet still rather problematic and sometimes painful acceptance by the societies and political systems in their host countries. It means that they, and to an extent their hosts, do not regard Jewish life within the framework of diasporic formations in these hostlands as something that they should be ashamed of, hide from others, or alter by returning to the old homeland" (p. 4).
8844:
8477:
7043:
3859:
8313:
5311:
105:
10384:"The death toll of the Great Revolt against the Roman empire amounted to about 600,000 Jews, whereas the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 caused the death of about 500,000 Jews. Massacres account for roughly 40 percent of the decrease of the Jewish population in Palestine. Moreover, some Jews migrated to Babylon after these revolts because of the worse economic conditions. After accounting for massacres and migrations, there is an additional 30 to 40 percent of the decrease in the Jewish population in Palestine (about 1–1.3 million Jews) to be explained" (p. 19).
7058:
10572:, A&C Black, 2013 p. xv n.3: 'it is argued that biblical texts of the Neo-Babylonian and the early Persian periods show a fierce adversarial relationship(s) between the Judean groups. We find no expressions of sympathy to the deported community for its dislocation, no empathic expressions towards the People Who Remained under Babylonian subjugation in Judah. The opposite is apparent: hostile, denigrating, and denunciating language characterizes the relationships between resident and exiled Judeans throughout the sixth and fifth centuries.' (p. xvii)
7572:
4716:
13058:
numerous common points between
Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's)
3656:
18752:
Economics, Physics, and
Physiology/Medicine, the corresponding world and US percentages are 26% and 38%, respectively. Among women laureates in the four research fields, the Jewish percentages (world and US) are 33% and 50%, respectively. Of organizations awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, 22% were founded principally by Jews or by people of half-Jewish descent. Since the turn of the century (i.e., since the year 2000), Jews have been awarded 25% of all Nobel Prizes and 28% of those in the scientific research fields.
7677:
6937:
8643:
10066:"Historically, the religious and ethnic dimensions of Jewish identity have been closely interwoven. In fact, so closely bound are they, that the traditional Jewish lexicon hardly distinguishes between the two concepts. Jewish religious practice, by definition, was observed exclusively by the Jewish people, and notions of Jewish peoplehood, nation, and community were suffused with faith in the Jewish God, the practice of Jewish (religious) law and the study of ancient religious texts"
7978:, the exact figures are difficult to establish. The number of Jews in Russia varies widely according to whether a source uses census data (which requires a person to choose a single nationality among choices that include "Russian" and "Jewish") or eligibility for immigration to Israel (which requires that a person have one or more Jewish grandparents). According to the latter criteria, the heads of the Russian Jewish community assert that up to 1.5 million Russians are eligible for
8659:
8584:
20713:
6746:
7928:. Demographers disagree on whether the United States has a larger Jewish population than Israel, with many maintaining that Israel surpassed the United States in Jewish population during the 2000s, while others maintain that the United States still has the largest Jewish population in the world. Currently, a major national Jewish population survey is planned to ascertain whether or not Israel has overtaken the United States in Jewish population.
5482:
5476:
7636:. The Tel Aviv metro area has the highest percent of Jews among the total population (94.8%), followed by Jerusalem (72.3%), Haifa (73.1%), and Beersheba (60.4%), the balance mostly being Israeli Arabs. Outside Israel, the highest percent of Jews in a metropolitan area was in New York (10.8%), followed by Miami (8.7%), Philadelphia (6.8%), San Francisco (5.1%), Washington (4.7%), Los Angeles (4.7%), Toronto (4.5%), and Baltimore (4.1%).
6618:, cultural phenomena have developed that are in some sense characteristically Jewish without being at all specifically religious. Some factors in this come from within Judaism, others from the interaction of Jews or specific communities of Jews with their surroundings, and still others from the inner social and cultural dynamics of the community, as opposed to from the religion itself. This phenomenon has led to considerably different
7805:
7931:
20727:
6491:
14107:, 2009 pp. 3–4, 233–34: 'Compulsory dislocation, .…cannot have accounted for more than a fraction of the diaspora. … The vast bulk of Jews who dwelled abroad in the Second Temple Period did so voluntarily.' (2)' .Diaspora did not await the fall of Jerusalem to Roman power and destructiveness. The scattering of Jews had begun long before-occasionally through forced expulsion, much more frequently through voluntary migration.'
73:
7825:
495:
14415:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 6. "From the fourteenth and certainly by the sixteenth century, the center of European Jewry had shifted to Poland, then ... comprising the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (including today's Byelorussia), Crown Poland, Galicia, the Ukraine and stretching, at times, from the Baltic to the Black Sea, from the approaches to Berlin to a short distance from Moscow."
3685:, making the definition of who is a Jew vary slightly depending on whether a religious or national approach to identity is used. Generally, in modern secular usage, Jews include three groups: people who were born to a Jewish family regardless of whether or not they follow the religion, those who have some Jewish ancestral background or lineage (sometimes including those who do not have strictly
11064:"Judaism also contributed to the religion of Islam for Islam derives its ideas of holy text, the Qur'an, ultimately from Judaism. The dietary and legal codes of Islam are based on those of Judaism. The basic design of the mosque, the Islamic house of worship, comes from that of the early synagogues. The communal prayer services of Islam and their devotional routines resembles those of Judaism."
5488:
18010:
7424:, which look at the entire DNA mixture, have become increasingly important as the technology develops. They show that Jewish populations have tended to form relatively closely related groups in independent communities, with most in a community sharing significant ancestry in common. For Jewish populations of the diaspora, the genetic composition of
6945:
history provide the base for a Jewish collective identity. Although many of the ancient Jews were illiterate (as were their neighbors), their national narrative was reinforced through public readings. The Hebrew language also constructed and preserved national identity. Although it was not widely spoken after the 5th century BCE, Goodblatt states:
10418:
indeed, that the price of Jewish slaves at the slave market in Hebron sank drastically to a level no greater than that for a horse. The economic structure of the country was largely destroyed. The entire spiritual and economic life of the
Palestinian Jews moved to Galilee. Jerusalem was now turned into a Roman colony with the official name
4194:. The genetic composition of different Jewish groups shows that Jews share a common gene pool dating back four millennia, as a marker of their common ancestral origin. Despite their long-term separation, Jewish communities maintained their unique commonalities, propensities, and sensibilities in culture, tradition, and language.
6973:, before the onset of modernity." Agreeing with Smith, Goodblatt suggests omitting the qualifier "religious" from Smith's definition of ancient Jewish nationalism, noting that, according to Smith, a religious component in national memories and culture is common even in the modern era. This view is echoed by political scientist
18751:
At least 194 Jews and people of half- or three-quarters-Jewish ancestry have been awarded the Nobel Prize, accounting for 22% of all individual recipients worldwide between 1901 and 2015, and constituting 36% of all US recipients during the same period. In the scientific research fields of
Chemistry,
14971:
In contrast to other peoples who are masters of their national languages, Hebrew is not the 'common possession' of all Jewish people, and it mainly—if not exclusively—lives and breathes in Israel.... Although there are oases of Hebrew in certain schools, it has not become the Jewish lingua franca and
14201:
The Jewish community strove to recover from the catastrophic results of the Bar Kokhva revolt (132–135 CE). Although some of these attempts were relatively successful, the Jews never fully recovered. During the Late Roman and
Byzantine periods, many Jews emigrated to thriving centres in the diaspora,
9308:
Shen, Peidong; Lavi, Tal; Kivisild, Toomas; Chou, Vivian; Sengun, Deniz; Gefel, Dov; Shpirer, Issac; Woolf, Eilon; Hillel, Jossi; Feldman, Marcus W.; Oefner, Peter J. (September 2004). "Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of
Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-Chromosome and
8169:
vary widely: In the United States, it is just under 50 percent, in the United
Kingdom, around 53 percent; in France; around 30 percent, and in Australia and Mexico, as low as 10 percent. In the United States, only about a third of children from intermarriages affiliate with Jewish
3746:
wives and their children. A popular theory is that the rape of Jewish women in captivity brought about the law of Jewish identity being inherited through the maternal line, although scholars challenge this theory citing the Talmudic establishment of the law from the pre-exile period. Another argument
18602:
A striking fact... is the high number of Laureates of the Jewish faith—over 20% of the total Nobel Prizes (138); including: 17% in Chemistry, 26% in Medicine and Physics, 40% in Economics and 11% in Peace and Literature each. These numbers are especially startling in light of the fact that only some
13057:
Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits
10430:
after Jupiter Capitolinus). The Jews were forbidden on pain of death to set foot in the new Roman city. Aelia thus became a completely pagan city, no doubt with the corresponding public buildings and temples... We can...be certain that a statue of Hadrian was erected in the centre of Aelia, and this
10331:
Since the exilic era constitutes a gaping hole in the historical narrative of the Bible, historical reconstruction of this era faces almost insurmountable difficulties. Like the premonarchic period and the late Persian period, the exilic period, though set in the bright light of Ancient Near Eastern
6992:
It is believed that Jewish nationalist sentiment in antiquity was encouraged because under foreign rule (Persians, Greeks, Romans) Jews were able to claim that they were an ancient nation. This claim was based on the preservation and reverence of their scriptures, the Hebrew language, the Temple and
6949:
the mere presence of the language in spoken or written form could invoke the concept of a Jewish national identity. Even if one knew no Hebrew or was illiterate, one could recognize that a group of signs was in Hebrew script. … It was the language of the Israelite ancestors, the national literature,
18634:
Throughout the 20th century, Jews, more so than any other minority, ethnic or cultural group, have been recipients of the Nobel Prize—perhaps the most distinguished award for human endeavor in the six fields for which it is given. Remarkably, Jews constitute almost one-fifth of all Nobel laureates.
15557:
as their first language. The number of Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazic Jews in that region is comparatively low (cf. 2,905 in 1979). Both Ashkenazic and Oriental Jews have assimilated to Russian, the number of Jews speaking Russian as their first language amounting to a total of 6,564. It is reasonable
10560:
Although Dio's figure of 985 as the number of villages destroyed during the war seems hyperbolic, all Judaean villages, without exception, excavated thus far were razed following the Bar Kochba Revolt. This evidence supports the impression of total regional destruction following the war. Historical
8069:
was the only Arab country to see a temporary increase in its Jewish population during this period, due to an influx of refugees from other Arab countries, although by the mid-1970s the Jewish community of Lebanon had also dwindled. In the aftermath of the exodus wave from Arab states, an additional
7879:
More than half of the Jews live in the Diaspora (see Population table). Currently, the largest Jewish community outside Israel, and either the largest or second-largest Jewish community in the world, is located in the United States, with 6 million to 7.5 million Jews by various estimates. Elsewhere
6911:
There is no single governing body for the Jewish community, nor a single authority with responsibility for religious doctrine. Instead, a variety of secular and religious institutions at the local, national, and international levels lead various parts of the Jewish community on a variety of issues.
17831:
Adams, Susan M.; Bosch, Elena; Balaresque, Patricia L.; Ballereau, Stéphane J.; Lee, Andrew C.; Arroyo, Eduardo; López-Parra, Ana M.; Aler, Mercedes; Grifo, Marina S. Gisbert; Brion, Maria; Carracedo, Angel; Lavinha, João; Martínez-Jarreta, Begoña; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Picornell, Antònia; Ramon,
16408:
Behar, Doron M.; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; Rosset, Saharon; Parik, Jüri; Rootsi, Siiri; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Kutuev, Ildus; Yudkovsky, Guennady; Khusnutdinova, Elza K.; Balanovsky, Oleg; Semino, Ornella; Pereira, Luisa; Comas, David; Gurwitz, David; Bonne-Tamir, Batsheva;
7412:
and Raphael Falk believe this indicates that many Jewish males found new mates from European and other communities in the places where they migrated in the diaspora after fleeing ancient Israel. In contrast, Behar has found evidence that about 40 percent of Ashkenazi Jews originate maternally
9007:
The global core Jewish population was estimated at approximately 15,263,500 in 2022. When including individuals who identify as partly Jewish and anyone with one or two Jewish parents increases the estimate to 20,028,800. Adding individuals with a Jewish background but without Jewish parents, and
6554:
equal to those born into it. However, several converts to Judaism, as well as ex-Jews, have claimed that converts are treated as second-class Jews by many born Jews. Conversion is not encouraged by mainstream Judaism, and it is considered a difficult task. A significant portion of conversions are
10417:
para. 13–14 (Dio's passage cited separately) among other sources: "Even if Dio's figures are somewhat exaggerated, the casualties amongst the population and the destruction inflicted on the country would have been considerable. According to Jerome, many Jews were also sold into slavery, so many,
14085:
Until the modern period, the destruction of the Temple was the most cataclysmic moment in the history of the Jewish people. Without the Temple, the Sadducees no longer had any claim to authority, and they faded away. The sage Yochanan ben Zakkai, with permission from Rome, set up the outpost of
10537:
in their host countries.…Perceptually, as well as actually, Jews permanently reside in host countries of their own free will, as a result of inertia, or as a result of problematic conditions prevailing in other hostlands, or in Israel. It means that the basic perception of many Jews about their
6944:
A number of modern scholars of nationalism support the existence of Jewish national identity in antiquity. One of them is David Goodblatt, who generally believes in the existence of nationalism before the modern period. In his view, the Bible, the parabiblical literature and the Jewish national
13095:
After a century of exhaustive investigation, all respectable archaeologists have given up hope of recovering any context that would make Abraham, Isaac, or Jacob credible "historical figures" archaeological investigation of Moses and the Exodus has similarly been discarded as a fruitless
5265:
as a national revival movement, aiming to re-establish a Jewish polity in the Land of Israel, an endeavor to restore the Jewish people back to their ancestral homeland in order to stop the exoduses and persecutions that have plagued their history. This led to waves of Jewish migration to
9406:
Nebel, Almut; Filon, Dvora; Weiss, Deborah A.; Weale, Michael; Faerman, Marina; Oppenheim, Ariella; Thomas, Mark G. (December 2000). "High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews".
16519:
Haber, Marc; Gauguier, Dominique; Youhanna, Sonia; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Botigué, Laura R.; Platt, Daniel E.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Comas, David; Zalloua, Pierre A. (28 February 2013).
10824:"Upon the foundation of Judaism, two civilizations centered on monotheistic religion emerged, Christianity and Islam. To these civilizations, the Jews added a leaven of astonishing creativity in business, medicine, letters, science, the arts, and a variety of other leadership roles."
9979:
any person whose religion is Judaism. In the broader sense of the term, a Jew is any person belonging to the worldwide group that constitutes, through descent or conversion, a continuation of the ancient Jewish people, who were themselves descendants of the Hebrews of the Bible (Old
14283:
Jews probably remained in the majority in Palestine until some time after the conversion of Constantine in the fourth century. In Babylonia, there had been for many centuries a Jewish community which would have been further strengthened by those fleeing the aftermath of the Roman
7436:
Jewish populations show a predominant amount of shared Middle Eastern ancestry. According to Behar, the most parsimonious explanation for this shared Middle Eastern ancestry is that it is "consistent with the historical formulation of the Jewish people as descending from ancient
4488:, was less prosperous and covered a smaller, mostly mountainous territory. However, while in Israel the royal succession was often decided by a military coup d'état, resulting in several dynasty changes, political stability in Judah was much greater, as it was ruled by the
16124:
Behar, Doron M.; Metspalu, Ene; Kivisild, Toomas; Rosset, Saharon; Tzur, Shay; Hadid, Yarin; Yudkovsky, Guennady; Rosengarten, Dror; Pereira, Luisa; Amorim, Antonio; Kutuev, Ildus; Gurwitz, David; Bonne-Tamir, Batsheva; Villems, Richard; Skorecki, Karl (30 April 2008).
8568:
where, if they survived the journey, the majority of them were murdered in gas chambers. Virtually every arm of Germany's bureaucracy was involved in the logistics of the mass murder, turning the country into what one Holocaust scholar has called "a genocidal nation."
11080:, p. 40: "Hebraism, like Hellenism, has been an all-important factor in the development of Western Civilization; Judaism, as the precursor of Christianity, has indirectly had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of Western nations since the Christian era."
4788:
existed well before the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE and had been ongoing for centuries, with the dispersal driven by both forced expulsions and voluntary migrations. In Mesopotamia, a testimony to the beginnings of the Jewish community can be found in
7299:
are sometimes included, although their style of liturgy is unique and they differ in respect to the admixture found among them to that found in Mizrahim. In addition, there is a differentiation made between Sephardi migrants who established themselves in the
12408:* "In the broader sense of the term, a Jew is any person belonging to the worldwide group that constitutes, through descent or conversion, a continuation of the ancient Jewish people, who were themselves the descendants of the Hebrews of the Old Testament."
3886:
The prehistory and ethnogenesis of the Jews are closely intertwined with archaeology, biology, historical textual records, mythology, and religious literature. The ethnic stock to which Jews originally trace their ancestry was a confederation of Iron Age
7595:
together accounted for over 85 percent of the global Jewish population, with approximately 45.3% and 39.6% of the world's Jews, respectively. More than half (51.2%) of world Jewry resides in just ten metropolitan areas. As of 2021, these ten areas were
12964:
For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to
4453:, where archaeological evidence shows that hundreds of small settlements were constructed between the 12th and 10th centuries BCE. The Israelites differentiated themselves from neighboring peoples through various distinct characteristics including
4915:
as Judea's Jewish population declined. Estimates often place the Babylonian Jewish community of the 3rd to 7th centuries at around one million, making it the largest Jewish diaspora community of that period. Under the political leadership of the
6808:
were commonly used as recently as the early 20th century, most Jews lack such knowledge today and English has by and large superseded most Jewish vernaculars. The three most commonly spoken languages among Jews today are Hebrew, English, and
13363:, pp. 146–7Put simply, while Judah was still economically marginal and backward, Israel was booming. In the next chapter we will see how the northern kingdom suddenly appeared on the ancient Near Eastern stage as a major regional power
7481:. A 2001 study found that Jews were more closely related to groups of the Fertile Crescent (Kurds, Turks, and Armenians) than to their Arab neighbors, whose genetic signature was found in geographic patterns reflective of Islamic conquests.
10332:
history, remains historically obscure. Since there are very few Israelite sources, the only recourse is to try to cast some light on this darkness from the history of the surrounding empires under whose dominion Israel came in this period.
8858:, although the Jewish populations of other countries, in Europe and North America, have recently increased through immigration. In the Diaspora, in almost every country the Jewish population in general is either declining or steady, but
7710:
Between 1948 and 1958, the Jewish population rose from 800,000 to two million. Currently, Jews account for 75.4 percent of the Israeli population, or 6 million people. The early years of the State of Israel were marked by the
15086:
13270:
Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment:: Moving Beyond the Nature ...By Committee on Assessing Interactions Among Social, Behavioral, and Genetic Factors in Health, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Institute of Medicine, Lyla M.
17915:, 2000, p. 45: "The Holocaust is commonly defined as the murder of more than 5,000,000 Jews by the Germans in World War II." However, the Holocaust usually includes all of the different victims who were systematically murdered.
8722:, as Jews were spread throughout the Roman world and, driven from land to land, settled wherever they could live freely enough to practice their religion. Over the course of the diaspora the center of Jewish life moved from
8788:
During the 19th century, France's policies of equal citizenship regardless of religion led to the immigration of Jews (especially from Eastern and Central Europe). This contributed to the arrival of millions of Jews in the
15488:
Like many immigrant communities of the Czarist and Soviet eras in Azerbaijan, Ashkenazi Jews appear to be linguistically Russified. Most Ashkenazi Jews speak Russian as their first language with Azeri being spoken as the
6977:, who writes that "something strangely like modern nationalism is documented for many peoples in medieval times and in classical times as well," citing the ancient Jews as one of several "obvious examples", alongside the
4621:, under which the Jews once again enjoyed political independence for a period spanning from 110 to 63 BCE. Under Hasmonean rule the boundaries of their kingdom were expanded to include not only the land of the historical
4151:. Over time these nomads left the desert and settled on the central mountain range of the land of Canaan, in simple semi-nomadic settlements in which pig bones are notably absent. This population gradually shifted from a
3492:. Converts are included in the definition. But Shaye J.D. Cohen argues that "Judean" should include believers of the Judean God and allies of the Judean state. Troy W. Martin similarly argues that biblical Jewishness is
8358:
Baghdad; its enforcement was highly erratic. On the other hand, Jews rarely faced martyrdom or exile, or forced compulsion to change their religion, and they were mostly free in their choice of residence and profession.
14972:
English is rapidly taking its place as the Jewish people's language of communication. Even Hebrew-speaking Israeli representatives tend to use English in their public appearances at international Jewish conventions.
4138:
According to the maximalist position, the modern archaeological record independently points to a narrative which largely agrees with the biblical account. This narrative provides a testimony of the Israelites as a
7384:
studies tend to imply a small number of founders in an old population whose members parted and followed different migration paths. In most Jewish populations, these male line ancestors appear to have been mainly
8808:, all served to fuel the movements and migrations of huge segments of Jewry from land to land and continent to continent until they arrived back in large numbers at their original historical homeland in Israel.
10094:"This identification in the Jewish attitude between the ethnic group and religious identity is so close that the reception into this religion of members not belonging to its ethnic group has become impossible."
12689:
They are rather a very specific group among the population of Palestine which bears a name that occurs here for the first time that at a much later stage in Palestine's history bears a substantially different
7586:
Although historically, Jews have been found all over the world, in the decades since World War II and the establishment of Israel, they have increasingly concentrated in a small number of countries. In 2021,
4896:, Jews came to be persecuted by the church and the authorities, and many immigrated to communities in the diaspora. In the fourth century CE, Jews are believed to have lost their position as the majority in
3798:. Rabbi Rivon Krygier follows a similar reasoning, arguing that Jewish descent had formerly passed through the patrilineal descent and the law of matrilineal descent had its roots in the Roman legal system.
14297:
12411:"The Jewish people as a whole, initially called Hebrews (ʿIvrim), were known as Israelites (Yisreʾelim) from the time of their entrance into the Holy Land to the end of the Babylonian Exile (538 BC)."
9588:
Studies in Contemporary Jewry : Volume XVII: Who Owns Judaism? Public Religion and Private Faith in America and Israel: Volume XVII: Who Owns Judaism? Public Religion and Private Faith in America and
4853:, a large number of Jews were taken as captives, sold into slavery, or compelled to flee from the regions affected by the wars, contributing to the formation and expansion of Jewish communities across the
4155:
lifestyle to a monarchy. While the archaeological record of the ninth century BCE provides evidence for two monarchies, one in the south under a dynasty founded by a figure named David with its capital in
3333:(Jew) was used for all followers of Judaism because the survivors of the Exile (who were the former residents of the Kingdom of Judah) were the only Israelites that had kept their distinct identity as the
9584:
8687:, and were replaced by other deported populations and sent into permanent exile by Assyria, initially to the Upper Mesopotamian provinces of the Assyrian Empire. Between 10,000 and 80,000 people from the
15107:
Only a minority of the Jewish people today can actually speak Hebrew. In order for a Jew from one country to talk to another who speaks a different language, it is more common to use English than Hebrew.
10035:
a person whose religion is Judaism", "a member of the Semitic people who claim descent from the ancient Hebrew people of Israel, are spread throughout the world, and are linked by cultural or religious
8670:
policy was to deport and displace conquered peoples, and it is estimated some 4,500,000 among captive populations suffered this dislocation over three centuries of Assyrian rule. With regard to Israel,
7239:, and Middle Eastern Jewish communities that are no closer related to each other than they are to any of the earlier mentioned Jewish groups. In modern usage, however, the Mizrahim are sometimes termed
18683:
Similarly, because Jews make up less than a quarter of one percent of the world's population, it's surprising that over 20 percent of Nobel prizes have been awarded to Jews or people of Jewish descent.
8881:
to non-Jews, but many Jewish groups have tried to reach out to the assimilated Jewish communities of the Diaspora in order for them to reconnect to their Jewish roots. Additionally, while in principle
15981:
Hammer, M. F.; Redd, A. J.; Wood, E. T.; Bonner, M. R.; Jarjanazi, H.; Karafet, T.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, S.; Oppenheim, A.; Jobling, M. A.; Jenkins, T.; Ostrer, H.; Bonne-Tamir, B. (6 June 2000).
7552:, despite more closely resembling the local populations of their native countries, have also been thought to have some more remote ancient Jewish ancestry. Views on the Lemba have changed and genetic
4872:, now significantly reduced in size, made efforts to recover from the revolt's devastating effects, but never fully regained its previous strength. In the second to fourth centuries CE, the region of
15006:
of the Jews towards the late 20th century.... This phenomenon occurred despite efforts to make Hebrew a language of communication, and despite the fact that the teaching of Hebrew was considered the
11002:"The fact that Jesus and his followers who wrote the New Testament were first-century Jews, then, produces as many questions as it does answers concerning their experiences, beliefs, and practices"
8885:
favors seeking new members for the faith, this position has not translated into active proselytism, instead taking the form of an effort to reach out to non-Jewish spouses of intermarried couples.
6761:
For over sixteen centuries Hebrew was used almost exclusively as a liturgical language, and as the language in which most books had been written on Judaism, with a few speaking only Hebrew on the
9475:
Atzmon, Gil; Hao, Li; Pe'er, Itsik; Velez, Christopher; Pearlman, Alexander; Palamara, Pier Francesco; Morrow, Bernice; Friedman, Eitan; Oddoux, Carole; Burns, Edward; Ostrer, Harry (June 2010).
10181:"A person born Jewish who refutes Judaism may continue to assert a Jewish identity, and if he or she does not convert to another religion, even religious Jews will recognize the person as a Jew"
9842:"The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history"
4103:
narrative, suggesting that according to the modern archaeological and historical account, the Israelites and their culture did not overtake the region by force, but instead branched out of the
5120:
who lived from the 11th to 15th centuries. Like their European counterparts, Jews in the Middle East and North Africa also faced periods of persecution and discriminatory policies, with the
10971:"During the subsequent five hundred years, under Persian, Greek and Roman domination, the Jews wrote, revised, admitted and canonized all the books now comprising the Jewish Old Testament"
15519:
The community is divided between 'native' Georgian Jews and Russian-speaking Ashkenazim who began migrating there at the beginning of the 19th century, and especially during World War II.
10019:
a member of the people and cultural community whose traditional religion is Judaism and who come from the ancient Hebrew people of Israel; a person who believes in and practises Judaism
17406:
6969:
than perhaps anywhere else in the ancient world." He adds that this observation "must make us wary of pronouncing too readily against the possibility of the nation, and even a form of
5295:
between 1881 and 1924. The Jews of Europe and the United States gained success in the fields of science, culture and the economy. Among those generally considered the most famous were
8500:
and the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews. Of the world's 16 million Jews in 1939, almost 40% were murdered in the Holocaust. The Holocaust—the state-led systematic
9585:
The Avraham Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Eli Lederhendler Stephen S. Wise Professor of American Jewish History and Institutions (2001).
5045:
Despite experiencing repeated waves of persecution, Ashkenazi Jews in Western Europe worked in a variety of fields, making an impact on their communities' economy and societies. In
4641:, were converted en masse. In 63 BCE, Judea was conquered by the Romans. From 37 BCE to 6 CE, the Romans allowed the Jews to maintain some degree of independence by installing the
18990:
16331:
Hammer, Michael F.; Behar, Doron M.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Mendez, Fernando L.; Hallmark, Brian; Erez, Tamar; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Rosset, Saharon; Skorecki, Karl (8 August 2009).
15094:
8896:) for secular Jews to become more religiously observant, though the demographic implications of the trend are unknown. Additionally, there is also a growing rate of conversion to
11756:
9756:
6570:
guides its adherents in both practice and belief, and has been called not only a religion, but also a "way of life," which has made drawing a clear distinction between Judaism,
12632:
What is generally agreed, however, is that between 1200 and 1000 B.C.E., the Israelites emerged as a distinct group of people, possibly united into tribes or a league of tribes
8484:, 1941. Before World War II, some 40 percent of the population was Jewish. By the time the Red Army retook the city on 3 July 1944, there were only a few Jewish survivors.
5163:. However, in the 12th to 15th centuries, the Iberian Peninsula witnessed a rise in antisemitism, leading to persecutions, anti-Jewish laws, massacres and forced conversions (
4730:
The destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE brought profound changes to Judaism. With the Temple's central place in Jewish worship gone, religious practices shifted towards
9152:
7465:
origin show variable frequencies of admixture with non-Jewish historical host populations among the maternal lines. In the case of Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews (in particular
4037:
In the extra-biblical record, the Israelites become visible as a people between 1200 and 1000 BCE. There is well accepted archeological evidence referring to "Israel" in the
5381:—an extensive, organized effort with an unprecedented scope intended to annihilate the Jewish people—began, and resulted in the persecution and murder of Jews in Europe and
16602:
13575:
10166:
Jewish Survival: The Identity Problem at the Close of the Twentieth Century; [... International Workshop at Bar-Ilan University on the 18th and 19th of March, 1997]
9610:
Jewish Survival: The Identity Problem at the Close of the Twentieth Century; [... International Workshop at Bar-Ilan University on the 18th and 19th of March, 1997]
7389:. For example, Ashkenazi Jews share more common paternal lineages with other Jewish and Middle Eastern groups than with non-Jewish populations in areas where Jews lived in
18647:
18705:
That achievement is symbolized by the fact that 15 to 20 percent of Nobel Prizes have been won by Jews, who represent two tenths of one percent of the world's population.
18489:
Judaism has played a significant role in the development of Western culture because of its unique relationship with Christianity, the dominant religious force in the West
11108:
Judaism has played a significant role in the development of Western culture because of its unique relationship with Christianity, the dominant religious force in the West
4664:, a series of unsuccessful revolts against Roman rule during the first and second centuries CE, had significant and disastrous consequences for the Jewish population of
1526:
8338:
such as prohibitions against bearing arms or giving testimony in courts in cases involving Muslims. Many of the disabilities were highly symbolic. The one described by
7731:, many of whom were airlifted to Israel in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Between 1974 and 1979 nearly 227,258 immigrants arrived in Israel, about half being from the
3747:
is that the rabbis changed the law of patrilineal descent to matrilineal descent due to the widespread rape of Jewish women by Roman soldiers. Since the anti-religious
3056:
reached a peak of 16.7 million, representing around 0.7% of the world's population at that time. During World War II, approximately 6 million Jews throughout
16871:
14587:"BBC Religions/Converting to Judaism: "A person who converts to Judaism becomes a Jew in every sense of the word, and is just as Jewish as someone born into Judaism.""
4123:, one of the gods of the Canaanite pantheon. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of cultic practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite
18943:
13945:
8459:; as well as expulsions from Spain, Portugal, England, France, Germany, and other countries in which the Jews had settled. According to a 2008 study published in the
7556:
analyses in the 2000s have established a partially Middle-Eastern origin for a portion of the male Lemba population but have been unable to narrow this down further.
16594:
12598:
8334:(a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males) to the Islamic state. Dhimmis had an inferior status under Islamic rule. They had several social and legal
18723:
These accomplishments account for 20 percent of the Nobel Prizes awarded since 1901. What a feat for a people who make up only .2 percent of the world's population!
10246:, Bloomsbury Publishing, pp. 47.5 'In this sense, the emergence of ancient Israel is viewed not as the cause of the demise of Canaanite culture but as its upshot'.
7812:
greeting card from the early 1900s, Russian Jews, packs in hand, gaze at the American relatives beckoning them to the United States. Over two million Jews fled the
14339:
8892:
so there is less chance of intermarriage. As a result of the efforts by these and other Jewish groups over the past 25 years, there has been a trend (known as the
3596:
9250:
8828:
5208:
17147:
12276:
Neo-Assyrian Historical Inscriptions and Syria-Palestine: Israelite/Judean-Tyrian-Damascene Political and Commercial Relations in the Ninth-Eighth Centuries BCE
8401:
Throughout history, many rulers, empires and nations have oppressed their Jewish populations or sought to eliminate them entirely. Methods employed ranged from
7986:, the 102,000 Jews registered with the Jewish community are a slowly declining population, despite the immigration of tens of thousands of Jews from the former
6950:
and the national religion. As such it was inseparable from the national identity. Indeed its mere presence in visual or aural medium could invoke that identity.
4172:
and religion, suggesting a common origin. Archaeological finds also provide evidence for the later cooperation of these two kingdoms in their coalition against
17226:
8138:, a proportion of Jews have assimilated into the wider non-Jewish society around them, by either choice or force, ceasing to practice Judaism and losing their
4889:
2104:
7227:
The divisions between all these groups are approximate and their boundaries are not always clear. The Mizrahim for example, are a heterogeneous collection of
11431:
10390:
10287:
8749:
There were also many expulsions of Jews during the Middle Ages and Enlightenment in Europe, including: 1290, 16,000 Jews were expelled from England, see the
8727:
1759:
1454:
9258:
8263:. By that ratio, if other factors had not intervened, there would be 200 million Jews in the world today, instead of something like 13 million."
4809:
reveal the trials of a community founded by a Persian Jewish garrison at two fortresses on the frontier during the 5th-4th centuries BCE, and according to
16624:
Spurdle, AB; Jenkins, T (November 1996), "The origins of the Lemba "Black Jews" of southern Africa: evidence from p12F2 and other Y-chromosome markers.",
14535:
6788:
Despite efforts to revive Hebrew as the national language of the Jewish people, knowledge of the language is not commonly possessed by Jews worldwide and
1646:
17894:
15023:
9195:
7837:
7639:
As of 2010, there were nearly 14 million Jews around the world, roughly 0.2% of the world's population at the time. According to the 2007 estimates of
2854:
4507:
and replaced by immigrants from the same region. During the same period, and throughout the 7th century BCE, the Kingdom of Judah, now under Assyrian
10200:
But the survey also suggests that Jewish identity is changing in America, where one-in-five Jews (22%) now describe themselves as having no religion.
8521:
4049:. There is further disagreement about the earliest existence of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah and their extent and power. Historians agree that a
618:
8319:
poster showing a soldier cutting the bonds from a Jewish man, who says, "You have cut my bonds and set me free—now let me help you set others free!"
3620:
is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of
20217:
15040:
This priority given to English is related to the special relationship between Israel and the United States, and the current status of English as a
8330:, were allowed to practice their religions and administer their internal affairs, but they were subject to certain conditions. They had to pay the
3726:
and seven non-Israelite nations: "for that would turn away your children from following me, to serve other gods" – are used as a warning against
1641:
18616:
13111:, edited by Frederick E. Greenspahn, New York, USA: New York University Press, 2007, pp. 7-23. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814733080.003.0005
13067:
Rendsberg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible". In Frederick E. Greenspahn. The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship. NYU Press, pp. 3–5
11830:
10366:
Botticini, Maristella; Eckstein, Zvi (1 September 2007). "From Farmers to Merchants, Conversions and Diaspora: Human Capital and Jewish History".
7080:
population, and subsequent independent evolutions. An array of Jewish communities was established by Jewish settlers in various places around the
5400:
Before and during the Holocaust, enormous numbers of Jews immigrated to Mandatory Palestine. On 14 May 1948, upon the termination of the mandate,
4920:, who was regarded as a royal heir of the House of David, this community had an autonomous status and served as a place of refuge for the Jews of
20607:
13122:
9017:
The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure. In addition to issues with census methodology, disputes among proponents of
6857:, but these policies have also affected neighboring communities. Today, Russian is the first language for many Jewish communities in a number of
6841:. In some places, the mother language of the Jewish community differs from that of the general population or the dominant group. For example, in
1889:
17472:
15405:
13639:
Stern, Menahem. (2007). "Hasmoneans". In Skolnik, Fred (ed.). Encyclopaedia Judaica Volume 8 Gos–Hep (2nd ed.). Michigan: Thompson Gale. p. 446.
9862:
The people of Judah survived, eventually becoming known as the Jews and giving their name to Judaism, the religion of Yahweh, the Israelite God.
9477:"Abraham's Children in the Genome Era: Major Jewish Diaspora Populations Comprise Distinct Genetic Clusters with Shared Middle Eastern Ancestry"
3048:). While these three major divisions account for most of the world's Jews, there are other smaller Jewish groups outside of the three. Prior to
18552:
15841:
13268:
10903:
10014:
7782:. Some Jews have emigrated from Israel elsewhere, because of economic problems or disillusionment with political conditions and the continuing
4500:
10283:
19290:
19045:
17410:
13215:
2143:
14913:
11921:: Although culture - and Judaism is a culture (or cultures) as well as religion - can be subdivided into different analytical categories..."
16212:"Ashkenazi Jewish mtDNA haplogroup distribution varies among distinct subpopulations: lessons of population substructure in a closed group"
13618:
8158:
of Europe and America in the 19th century, accelerated the situation, encouraging Jews to increasingly participate in, and become part of,
8050:
7724:
6715:
16841:
13812:
7691:, the Jewish nation-state, is the only country in which Jews make up a majority of the citizens. Israel was established as an independent
6940:
Bible manuscript in Hebrew, 14th century. Hebrew language and alphabet were the cornerstones of the Jewish national identity in antiquity.
5151:, marked by significant intellectual and cultural contributions in fields such as philosophy, medicine, and literature by figures such as
4511:, experienced a period of prosperity and witnessed a significant population growth. This prosperity continued until the Neo-Assyrian king
3325:
geographic region dominated by gorges and ravines. In ancient times, Jewish people as a whole were called Hebrews or Israelites until the
20567:
17505:
7640:
7031:
6825:, are also widely used. Yiddish has been spoken by more Jews in history than any other language, but it is far less used today following
4963:
1128:
1091:
17834:"The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula"
17758:"The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula"
16951:, p. 247. "And most came... because of Arab persecution resulting from the very attempt to establish a Jewish state in Palestine."
15453:
13308:
8162:. The result has been a growing trend of assimilation, as Jews marry non-Jewish spouses and stop participating in the Jewish community.
6881:
today are small and dwindling, Jews there had shifted from a multilingual group to a monolingual one (or nearly so), speaking French in
6682:
For centuries, Jews worldwide have spoken the local or dominant languages of the regions they migrated to, often developing distinctive
19085:
8174:
have steady or slightly declining religiously Jewish populations as Jews continue to assimilate into the countries in which they live.
7311:
Ashkenazi Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry, with at least 70 percent of Jews worldwide (and up to 90 percent prior to
4417:
16983:
10030:
20763:
20758:
18621:
16742:
14608:
9998:
5188:
3706:
definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions. These definitions of who is a Jew date back to the codification of the
3484:. Daniel R. Schwartz distinguishes "Judean" and "Jew". Here, "Judean" refers to the inhabitants of Judea, which encompassed southern
3476:
as "Judean" in the Bible since it is more precise, denotes the community's origins and prevents readers from engaging in antisemitic
2067:
16409:
Parfitt, Tudor; Hammer, Michael F.; Skorecki, Karl; Villems, Richard (July 2010). "The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people".
15874:
Tom Garvin, “Ethnic Markers, Modern Nationalisms, and the Nightmare of History,” in Kruger, ed., ¨ Ethnicity and Nationalism, p. 67.
15798:
11769:
Jews are a distinctive nationality of which every Jew, whatever his country, his station or shade of belief, is necessarily a member
11295:
9769:
Jews are a distinctive nationality of which every Jew, whatever his country, his station or shade of belief, is necessarily a member
20823:
19114:
18429:
Danzger, M. Herbert (2008). "The 'Return' to Traditional Judaism at the End of the Twentieth Century: Cross-Cultural Comparisons".
8114:
3081:
2090:
18586:
Shatzmiller, Joseph. Doctors to Princes and Paupers: Jews, Medicine, and Medieval Society. Berkeley: U of California, 1995. Print.
15651:
12018:
10937:
Shatzmiller, Joseph. Doctors to Princes and Paupers: Jews, Medicine, and Medieval Society. Berkeley: U of California, 1995. Print.
8378:
beginning from the 15th century and especially in the early 19th century. In modern times, it has become commonplace for standard
4676:. The severely reduced Jewish population of Judaea was denied any kind of political self-government. A few generations later, the
20613:
17441:
15281:
12703:
8241:
8196:
7958:, home to between 483,000 and 500,000 Jews, the majority of whom are immigrants or refugees from North African countries such as
7662:, in 2021 there were about 6.8 million Jews in Israel, 6 million in the United States, and 2.3 million in the rest of the world.
4775:
4515:
4080:
Scholars disagree regarding the extent to which the Bible should be accepted as a historical source for early Israelite history.
1440:
18651:
16661:
5183:
in 1492, the Jews of Spain were forced to choose: convert to Christianity or be expelled. As a result, around 200,000 Jews were
20788:
20773:
19713:
19167:
17086:
7308:
after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal in the 1490s and the pre-existing Jewish communities in those regions.
5291:
The antisemitism that inflicted Jewish communities in Europe also triggered a mass exodus of more than two million Jews to the
5196:
2847:
2017:
1952:
1834:
15819:. Ethnonationalism in comparative perspective (Reprint ed.). Reno Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press. pp. 48–50.
14489:
13310:
What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel
4726:
or "captive Judea" (71 CE), representing Judea as a seated mourning woman (right), and a Jewish captive with hands tied (left)
20768:
19708:
18961:
18923:
18904:
18883:
18864:
18831:
18779:
18535:
18446:
18395:
18233:
17348:
17321:
17012:
16673:
16105:
15956:
15859:
15824:
15635:
15608:
15581:
15512:
15463:
15381:
15345:
15318:
15264:
15218:
15191:
15164:
15067:
15033:
14995:
14964:
14479:"How did Theodor Herzl, an assimilated German nationalist in the 1880s, suddenly in the 1890s become the founder of Zionism?"
14461:
14317:
14276:
14246:
14186:
14070:
14043:
14008:
13965:
13850:
13806:
13771:
13744:
13717:
13612:
13585:
13504:
13384:
13318:
13279:
12957:
12912:
12848:
12821:
12794:
12740:
12713:
12682:
12655:
12625:
12524:
12470:
12441:
12393:
12363:
12336:
12311:
12284:
12205:
12175:
12111:
12084:
12044:
11914:
11886:
11795:
11735:
11707:
11673:
11646:
11358:
11305:
11278:
11139:
11057:
11026:
10995:
10964:
10868:
10817:
10761:
10595:
10553:
10356:
10324:
10267:
10174:
10143:
10115:
10087:
10059:
9940:
9879:
9835:
9789:
9741:
9719:
9691:
9660:
9639:
9618:
9597:
9575:
9369:
9289:
9097:
6007:
5148:
5007:
4684:. Following the revolt, Jews were forbidden from residing in the vicinity of Jerusalem, and the Jewish demographic center in
3041:
1138:
18837:
18785:
16875:
8591:
Throughout Jewish history, Jews have repeatedly been directly or indirectly expelled from both their original homeland, the
6845:, the Ashkenazic majority has adopted English, while the Sephardic minority uses French as its primary language. Similarly,
3072:. Since then, the population has slowly risen again, and as of 2021, was estimated to be at 15.2 million by the demographer
20793:
20783:
15887:(2008). "On the Political Relevance of Antiquity: A Response to David Goodblatt's Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism".
10714:
8037:. A small-scale exodus had begun in many countries in the early decades of the 20th century, although the only substantial
7913:
6365:
5236:
1576:
19617:
13448:
Sargon's heir, Sennacherib (705–681), could not deal with Hezekiah's revolt until he gained control of Babylon in 702 BCE.
8053:
took place primarily from 1948. The first large-scale exoduses took place in the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily in
19728:
19723:
19147:
12222:
9966:
6846:
6410:
4436:
4046:
4011:
3900:
3823:
3021:
2952:
1844:
1661:
1651:
891:
512:
16043:
Nebel, Almut; Filon, Dvora; Brinkmann, Bernd; Majumder, Partha P.; Faerman, Marina; Oppenheim, Ariella (November 2001).
13988:
10191:
9220:
7243:
due to similar styles of liturgy, despite independent development from Sephardim proper. Thus, among Mizrahim there are
7076:
there are distinct ethnic divisions, most of which are primarily the result of geographic branching from an originating
6796:
of the Jewish diaspora. Although many Jews once had sufficient knowledge of Hebrew to study the classic literature, and
4092:
who largely reject it, and the maximalists who largely accept it, with the minimalists being the more vocal of the two.
3772:
times: first, the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures (
20540:
19417:
14156:
14144:
13434:
11487:
11464:
8509:
8461:
7643:, the world's Jewish population is 13.2 million. This statistic incorporates both practicing Jews affiliated with
4527:
2240:
2190:
2155:
1849:
1714:
1581:
13577:
A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud – A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1
13014:
9528:
8647:
7401:. This is consistent with Jewish traditions in placing most Jewish paternal origins in the region of the Middle East.
5112:
academies led the Arab and to an extant the entire Jewish world. The deans and students of said academies defined the
4041:, which dates to about 1200 BCE, and in the Mesha stele from 840 BCE. It is debated whether a period like that of the
3084:. Israel, whose population is 73.9% Jewish, is the only country where Jews comprise more than 2.5% of the population.
2991:. The Jewish diaspora is a wide dispersion of Jewish communities across the world that have maintained their sense of
20818:
19568:
19422:
18810:
18510:
18155:
18128:
18101:
18074:
17589:
17181:[Study: About 1.5 Million People with Jewish Roots Live in Russia]. Moscow Urban News Agency. 20 October 2017
17070:
16924:
15719:
15694:
15542:
14842:
Grintz, Jehoshua M. (March 1960). "Hebrew as the Spoken and Written Language in the Last Days of the Second Temple".
14823:
14798:
14765:
14702:
14671:
13088:
12878:
12837:
Lipschits, Oded (2014). "The History of Israel in the Biblical Period". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.).
12767:
12560:
12148:
12002:
11942:
11619:
11587:
11520:
11395:
10051:
Studies in Contemporary Jewry: Volume XVII: Who Owns Judaism? Public Religion and Private Faith in America and Israel
9908:
9855:
8098:
6521:
5200:
5057:
occupied prominent social and economic positions. However, Jews were frequently the subjects of discriminatory laws,
2840:
1932:
1894:
1869:
1789:
1774:
1621:
1561:
1516:
17233:
14564:
14230:
Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee
8773:, followed by expulsions in 1493 in Sicily (37,000 Jews) and Portugal in 1496. The expelled Jews fled mainly to the
5092:
During the same period, Jewish communities in the Middle East thrived under Islamic rule, especially in cities like
4135:
have largely discarded the search for evidence of the biblical narrative surrounding the patriarchs and the exodus.
20778:
19477:
19385:
14626:
14036:
Was 70 CE a Watershed in Jewish History?: On Jews and Judaism before and after the Destruction of the Second Temple
14031:
10239:
8142:. Assimilation took place in all areas, and during all time periods, with some Jewish communities, for example the
7849:
5082:
3882:, 841–840 BCE. This is "the only portrayal we have in ancient Near Eastern art of an Israelite or Judaean monarch".
2225:
2207:
2113:
2007:
1859:
1854:
1779:
1744:
1611:
17:
11428:
8757:; in 1396, 100,000 from France; in 1421, thousands were expelled from Austria. Many of these Jews settled in
5274:, who is considered the father of political Zionism, offered his vision of a future Jewish state in his 1896 book
4880:, experiencing a cultural and demographic flourishing. It was in this period that two central rabbinic texts, the
4226:
20642:
19836:
16303:
13881:"Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account?"
10387:
8561:
7018:
4925:
4790:
4779:
4368:
2743:
2642:
2197:
2180:
2133:
2032:
1942:
1879:
1829:
1809:
1804:
1724:
1698:
1673:
1551:
1541:
1531:
1511:
1506:
14118:
Encounters by the Rivers of Babylon: Scholarly Conversations between Jews, Iranians and Babylonians in Antiquity
11418:
Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Facts On File Inc., Infobase Publishing, 2009, p. 336
10569:
Exclusive Inclusivity: Identity Conflicts Between the Exiles and the People who Remained (6th–5th Centuries BCE)
9196:"Global Jewish population hits 15.7 million ahead of new year, 46% of them in Israel | the Times of Israel"
7131:. Ashkenazim are so named in reference to their geographical origins (their ancestors’ culture coalesced in the
6965:, wrote that the Jews of the late Second Temple period provide "a closer approximation to the ideal type of the
4801:, dated to the 6th-5th centuries BCE and related to the exiles from Judea arriving after the destruction of the
20798:
19518:
19078:
16961:
14520:
9886:
Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites"
8989:
8129:
5074:
4806:
4410:
3727:
2216:
2202:
2170:
2150:
2118:
2062:
2037:
2012:
1992:
1982:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1937:
1927:
1922:
1899:
1814:
1799:
1719:
1678:
1631:
1626:
1546:
1491:
17890:
7876:, all resulted in substantial shifts in the population centers of world Jewry by the end of the 20th century.
7084:, often at great distances from one another, resulting in effective and often long-term isolation. During the
4484:, was larger and wealthier, and soon developed into a regional power. In contrast, Judah, with its capital in
2936:, although not all ethnic Jews practice it. Despite this, religious Jews regard individuals who have formally
20619:
19940:
17813:
15796:
Adam L. Porter, Illinois College, review of Goodblatt, David M., Elements of ancient Jewish nationalism, 2006
8731:
8379:
7873:
6854:
5086:
5078:
4959:
3057:
2637:
2175:
2160:
2123:
2085:
2057:
2047:
2042:
2027:
2022:
2002:
1987:
1972:
1947:
1913:
1884:
1784:
1769:
1693:
1683:
1601:
1571:
1496:
1482:
14586:
10212:
4538:, putting an end to the kingdom. The majority of Jerusalem's residents, including the kingdom's elite, were
3828:
20682:
20550:
20545:
19733:
19718:
19482:
19437:
19182:
18189:
15983:"Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes"
14453:
2000 Years of Jewish History: From the Destruction of the Second Bais Hamikdash Until the Twentieth Century
13157:"Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes"
10491:
Sheffer, Gabriel (2005). "Is the Jewish Diaspora Unique? Reflections on the Diaspora's Current Situation".
10388:
Boyarin, Daniel, and Jonathan Boyarin. 2003. Diaspora: Generation and the Ground of Jewish Diaspora. p. 714
9900:
7629:
7236:
7217:
7159:. A common term for many of these non-Spanish Jews who are sometimes still broadly grouped as Sephardim is
7112:, culinary preferences, liturgical practices, religious interpretations, as well as degrees and sources of
7002:
6607:
6562:, a religious interpretation of the traditions and early history of the Jews, established the first of the
6383:
5184:
3160:
3053:
2245:
2165:
2128:
2052:
1997:
1864:
1839:
1764:
1739:
1729:
1668:
1591:
1586:
1566:
1556:
1536:
1521:
1414:
1118:
882:
877:
121:
16571:
15427:
10884:
10434:
8888:
There is also a trend of Orthodox movements reaching out to secular Jews in order to give them a stronger
8827:) and Israel. Smaller communities of Persian Jews exist in Canada and Western Europe. Similarly, when the
8362:
Notable exceptions include the massacre of Jews and forcible conversion of some Jews by the rulers of the
8061:, with up to 90 percent of these communities leaving within a few years. The peak of the exodus from
20813:
20647:
20632:
19513:
19373:
15558:
to assume that the percentage of assimilated Ashkenazim is much higher than the portion of Oriental Jews.
15131:
13564:
Yehud being the Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew Yehuda, or "Judah", and "medinata" the word for province
10400:
8723:
8680:
6754:
5808:
5412:
in the Land of Israel. Immediately afterwards, all neighboring Arab states invaded, yet the newly formed
5409:
4997:
4838:
4826:
4531:
4465:
4070:
4050:
4015:
3871:
3719:
3636:
may in itself cause offense for seeming to imply that Jew has a negative connotation when used as a noun.
3338:
2235:
2230:
2185:
2138:
1824:
1794:
1754:
1749:
1606:
912:
13952:, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 62–63,
13241:
11273:. Vol. V. Translated by Green, David E. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans. pp. 483–84.
9282:
Genes, Polymorphisms and the Making of Societies: How Genetic Behavioral Traits Influence Human Cultures
4805:, though there is ample evidence for the presence of Jews in Babylonia even from 626 BCE. In Egypt, the
3846:, and dated to c. 1900 BCE. Their nearest Biblical contemporaries were the earliest of Hebrews, such as
20601:
20495:
20146:
20040:
19748:
19681:
19242:
19132:
11847:
11843:
8965:
8961:
8371:
7720:
7601:
7205:
7151:. The diverse groups of Jews of the Middle East and North Africa are often collectively referred to as
5594:
5498:
5180:
5143:, Jews in the Iberian Peninsula faced persecutions, but their circumstances changed dramatically under
4673:
4669:
4209:
3731:
3497:
3148:
3108:
2709:
2554:
2262:
1656:
852:
842:
578:
18476:
16698:
13129:
11095:
8917:
7165:(lit. “easterners" in Hebrew). Nevertheless, Mizrahis and Sepharadim are usually ethnically distinct.
5416:
resisted. In 1949, the war ended and Israel started building the state and absorbing massive waves of
3092:
20808:
20717:
20657:
20555:
20535:
20405:
20330:
20190:
20057:
19743:
19703:
19071:
19037:
17912:
17832:
Misericordia; Skorecki, Karl; Behar, Doron M.; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A. (December 2008).
17480:
17133:
16188:
15413:
14304:, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 805,
13944:
Kerkeslager, Allen; Setzer, Claudia; Trebilco, Paul; Goodblatt, David (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.),
10674:
9923:
Few would seriously challenge the belief that most modern Jews are descended from the ancient Hebrews
8855:
7783:
7633:
7565:
6921:
6668:
5614:
5557:
5211:
awaited the Jews of Portugal a few years later. Some Jews chose to remain, and pretended to practice
5054:
4829:" in Jewish sources) and in the two centuries that followed, Jewish populations were also present in
4750:
nature. Two of the three main sects that flourished during the late Second Temple period, namely the
4403:
3774:
3686:
2823:
2516:
2367:
2308:
1199:
16462:"The origin of Eastern European Jews revealed by autosomal, sex chromosomal and mtDNA polymorphisms"
11960:
11376:"The Idea of Israel in Second Temple Judaism: A New Theory of People, Exile, and Israelite Identity"
10008:
7864:
in present-day Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus and eastern Poland), the massacre of European Jewry during
4813:
the Jewish community in Alexandria existed since the founding of the city in the 4th century BCE by
4061:
have provided strong evidence for dating the Kingdom of Judah to the 10th century BCE. In 587 BCE,
4034:, and later adding remnants of other tribes who migrated there from the northern Kingdom of Israel.
2959:
by the late 6th century BCE, with a theology considered by religious Jews to be the expression of a
20637:
20468:
19767:
19642:
19017:
17539:
17266:
17120:
14104:
12871:
The Bible unearthed : archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories
12243:
10648:
10291:
8651:
8537:
8409:; within nations, often the threat of these extreme methods was sufficient to silence dissent. The
6583:
6475:
6373:
6096:
5058:
4085:
3739:
3587:
3577:
3182:
2526:
2506:
1616:
1096:
637:
19042:
14928:
13379:. Robert G. Hoyland, H. G. M. Williamson (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 61–85.
8835:) were suddenly allowed to leave. This produced a wave of migration to Israel in the early 1990s.
8603:
and religious practice in many ways, and is thus a major element of Jewish history. The patriarch
8249:
7954:'s largest Jewish community, and the third-largest Jewish community in the world, can be found in
7057:
6651:) were composed, and the daily speech of the Jewish people for centuries. By the 5th century BCE,
5369:
as a result of racial anti-Semitic laws, economic difficulties, and the fear of an impending war.
20590:
20579:
20173:
20094:
19799:
19698:
19637:
19523:
19496:
19027:
18700:
18036:
16819:
16767:
11949:: "Although Judaism is a culture - or rather has a culture - it is eminently more than a culture"
11838:
11611:
11603:
11538:"The Covenant of Circumcision (Genesis 17:9-14) and the Situational Antitheses in Galatians 3:28"
9450:
8969:
8820:
8410:
8191:
7704:
7700:
7692:
7625:
7617:
7609:
7376:
7104:, and populational. Today, manifestations of these differences among the Jews can be observed in
7013:
6718:, and widespread emigration from other Jewish communities around the world, ancient and distinct
5624:
5524:
5204:
5192:
4981:
4869:
4692:. Similar upheavals impacted the Jewish communities in the empire's eastern provinces during the
4685:
4665:
4654:
4218:
4183:
3321:, meaning "praise", scholars generally agree that "Judah" most likely derives from the name of a
3152:
3112:
3011:
2667:
2657:
2622:
2501:
2491:
2274:
1445:
1387:
1221:
900:
857:
572:
480:
18471:
16849:
16333:"Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood"
13734:
13602:
11699:
11090:
9711:
8326:
have a complex relationship. Traditionally Jews and Christians living in Muslim lands, known as
7042:
4950:, a centerpiece of Jewish religious law, was compiled in Babylonia in the 3rd to 6th centuries.
20626:
20596:
19659:
19008:
17580:
15308:
14790:
14757:
13796:
12227:
11965:
11260:
10653:
9159:
8456:
8426:
7156:
6750:
6727:
6465:
6101:
5285:
4715:
4481:
4165:
3858:
3795:
3480:. Others disagree, believing that it erases the Jewish identity of Biblical characters such as
3136:
2786:
2521:
2435:
1501:
1053:
672:
642:
18856:
The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts
17509:
17368:
17338:
17288:
16093:
15686:
15625:
15598:
15532:
15469:
15252:
15181:
15057:
14985:
14954:
13707:
12947:
12932:
12904:
12898:
12730:
12672:
12645:
12550:
12301:
12195:
12165:
11994:
11988:
11932:
11714:"That there is a Jewish nation can hardly be denied after the creation of the State of Israel"
11636:
11268:
10954:
10406:
10257:
10077:
10049:
9825:
9726:"That there is a Jewish nation can hardly be denied after the creation of the State of Israel"
9650:
9629:
9586:
8422:
8312:
8305:, which existed until 1870, Jews were required to live only in specified neighborhoods called
4445:, which dates to around 1200 BCE. The majority of scholars agree that this text refers to the
20652:
20573:
20355:
20062:
19945:
19686:
19676:
19669:
19654:
19540:
19058:
18386:
17311:
15947:
15795:
15571:
15502:
15483:
15235:
15208:
15154:
14266:
12811:
12757:
12274:
12101:
11663:
11130:
11047:
11016:
10807:
10585:
10568:
10314:
10164:
10105:
9930:
9681:
9608:
9565:
8893:
8824:
8770:
8476:
8335:
7579:
7485:
7473:, while Mizrahi Jews show evidence of admixture with other Middle Eastern populations. Behar
6970:
6853:. Due to both Czarist and Soviet policies, Russian has superseded Yiddish as the language of
6731:
6547:
6514:
6470:
6388:
5413:
5152:
4893:
4850:
4661:
4581:
4555:
4523:
4066:
3975:
3971:
3690:
2984:
2937:
2677:
2672:
2617:
2405:
1320:
1048:
1035:
930:
647:
17532:
17259:
17113:
16898:
15678:
14782:
14101:
12784:
12074:
11904:
11876:
11725:
10985:
10740:
10445:
Safran, William (2005). "The Jewish Diaspora in a Comparative and Theoretical Perspective".
10133:
9869:
9731:
5397:
is the name given to this genocide, in which six million Jews were systematically murdered.
4649:. However, Judea eventually came directly under Roman control and was incorporated into the
3966:
are described as descending from the twelve sons of Jacob. Jacob and his family migrated to
20687:
20677:
20180:
19152:
18678:
16793:
16473:
16418:
16138:
15994:
15735:
14987:
Prophets and Profits: Managerialism and the Restructuring of Jewish Schools in South Africa
13168:
13035:, edited by Frederick E. Greenspahn, New York, USA: New York University Press, 2007, p. 7.
12022:
10688:
10024:
9148:
9079:
8874:
7655:
6924:, there is no one commonly accepted leader of all Hasidic Jews. Many Jews believe that the
6445:
6378:
5533:
5374:
4721:
4630:
4551:
4539:
4144:
3326:
3073:
2968:
2913:
2748:
2700:
2440:
2298:
1111:
976:
965:
923:
38:
18027:
17200:
14694:
14688:
12516:
9992:
5310:
4680:(132–136 CE) erupted, and its brutal suppression by the Romans led to the depopulation of
104:
8:
20803:
20335:
20303:
20229:
20138:
20084:
19691:
19491:
19225:
19190:
17017:[History of Dissident Movement in the USSR] (in Russian). Vilnius. Archived from
15760:
13461:
The Quest for the Historical Israel: Debating Archaeology and the History of Early Israel
12786:
History, Archaeology and The Bible Forty Years After "Historicity": Changing Perspectives
12599:"Israelite refugees found high office in Kingdom of Judah, seals found in Jerusalem show"
12504:
11781:
9775:
9386:
9200:
9008:
non-Jewish household members living with Jews, yields an enlarged estimate of 22,720,400.
8854:
Israel is the only country with a Jewish population that is consistently growing through
8843:
8793:. Over two million Eastern European Jews arrived in the United States from 1880 to 1925.
8762:
8758:
8672:
8418:
8275:
8183:
8166:
8155:
8150:, disappearing entirely. The advent of the Jewish Enlightenment of the 18th century (see
8125:
7917:
7716:
7613:
7132:
6962:
6958:
6640:
6563:
6400:
6091:
5864:
5700:
5362:
5300:
5246:
5168:
5160:
5070:
4814:
4802:
4638:
4606:
4535:
4496:
4104:
4089:
4074:
3912:
3520:
3076:
or less than 0.2% of the total world population in 2012. Today, over 85% of Jews live in
2801:
2496:
1174:
1041:
944:
937:
867:
755:
630:
16477:
16422:
16142:
15998:
14116:
Zadok R. Judeans in Babylonia–Updating the Dossier. in U.Gabbay and Sh.Secunda. (eds.).
13172:
12978:
12487:
12414:
8270:
Western Europe, further persecutions of Jews by Christians occurred, notably during the
20667:
20662:
20473:
20195:
20072:
20067:
20052:
20022:
19975:
19898:
19804:
19664:
19237:
19142:
19109:
18557:
18247:
18239:
17858:
17833:
17790:
17757:
17127:
17008:
16638:
16548:
16521:
16496:
16461:
16442:
16357:
16332:
16280:
16255:
16161:
16126:
16069:
16044:
15896:
15884:
15655:
14859:
14750:
14425:
14394:
13910:
13510:
12255:
11692:
11557:
11493:
11401:
11049:
Three Monotheistic Faiths – Judaism, Christianity, Islam: An Analysis and Brief History
10908:
10668:
10516:
10508:
10470:
10462:
9704:
9552:
9501:
9476:
9432:
9391:
9342:
8812:
8624:
8612:
8578:
8565:
8444:
8279:
8026:
7861:
6925:
6858:
6770:
6766:
6460:
5790:
5604:
5567:
5459:
5250:
5140:
4504:
4480:
characteristics despite a complicated relationship. Israel, with its capital mostly in
3927:
3819:
3547:
etc., but derivations of the word "Hebrew" are also in use to describe a Jew, e.g., in
3532:
3493:
3485:
3342:
2980:
2652:
2602:
2549:
2544:
2458:
2328:
1596:
1425:
1184:
1104:
958:
524:
19950:
19826:
17449:
15285:
15074:
As Stephen P. Cohen observes: 'English is the language of Jewish universal discourse.'
14627:"Paul Golin: The Complicated Relationship Between Intermarriage and Jewish Conversion"
14228:
13036:
12576:
10987:
The Reluctant Parting: How the New Testament's Jewish Writers Created a Christian Book
7571:
4696:(115–117 CE), leading to the near-total destruction of Jewish diaspora communities in
4572:
in 538 BCE, the year after he captured Babylon. The exile ended with the return under
3132:
2932:. Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly interrelated, as Judaism is an
20451:
20382:
20264:
20249:
20032:
19903:
19868:
19157:
18957:
18919:
18900:
18879:
18860:
18827:
18806:
18775:
18635:
This, in a world in which Jews number just a fraction of 1 percent of the population.
18562:
18531:
18506:
18442:
18391:
18377:
18251:
18229:
18151:
18124:
18097:
18070:
17863:
17795:
17777:
17585:
17344:
17317:
17227:"Mitgliederstatistik der jüdischen Gemeinden und Landesverbände: Zu und Abgänge 2012"
17066:
16669:
16662:"Human Genetics and Genomics and Sociocultural Beliefs and Practices in South Africa"
16643:
16553:
16501:
16434:
16362:
16285:
16233:
16166:
16101:
16074:
16022:
16017:
15982:
15952:
15938:
15855:
15820:
15715:
15690:
15679:
15631:
15604:
15577:
15538:
15508:
15459:
15377:
15341:
15314:
15260:
15214:
15187:
15160:
15063:
15029:
14991:
14960:
14819:
14794:
14783:
14761:
14698:
14667:
14457:
14370:
14313:
14272:
14242:
14192:
14182:
14152:
14076:
14066:
14039:
14004:
13961:
13914:
13902:
13846:
13802:
13777:
13767:
13740:
13713:
13672:
13608:
13581:
13500:
13430:
13390:
13380:
13314:
13275:
13246:
13196:
13191:
13156:
13084:
12953:
12908:
12874:
12844:
12817:
12790:
12763:
12736:
12709:
12678:
12651:
12621:
12556:
12520:
12466:
12459:
12437:
12389:
12359:
12332:
12307:
12280:
12259:
12201:
12171:
12144:
12107:
12080:
11998:
11938:
11910:
11882:
11801:
11791:
11785:
11731:
11703:
11669:
11642:
11615:
11583:
11516:
11483:
11460:
11405:
11391:
11354:
11301:
11274:
11189:
11135:
11121:
11053:
11022:
10991:
10960:
10913:
10864:
10813:
10591:
10549:
10520:
10474:
10352:
10320:
10263:
10170:
10139:
10111:
10083:
10055:
9936:
9914:
9904:
9875:
9851:
9831:
9795:
9785:
9779:
9737:
9715:
9687:
9656:
9635:
9614:
9593:
9571:
9506:
9424:
9365:
9334:
9326:
9285:
9093:
8929:
8921:
8704:
8466:
8363:
8355:
8323:
8291:
8229:
8001:
Prior to 1948, approximately 800,000 Jews were living in lands which now make up the
7703:(not including the Druze), most representing Arab political parties. One of Israel's
7659:
7648:
7605:
7493:
7462:
7458:
7405:
7193:
7148:
7113:
7073:
6906:
6814:
6735:
6707:
6672:
5883:
5678:
5586:
5450:
5129:
5121:
5105:
4977:
4947:
4933:
4865:
4858:
4798:
4794:
4677:
4618:
4602:
4589:
4313:
4301:
4285:
4269:
4186:
show that most Jews worldwide bear a common genetic heritage which originates in the
4081:
4062:
4027:
3908:
3888:
3832:
Egyptian depiction of the visit of Western Asiatics in colorful garments, labeled as
3761:
3309:
3104:
3096:
3031:
3007:
2925:
2796:
2738:
2718:
2535:
2095:
1734:
1194:
1065:
995:
872:
785:
652:
17090:
13514:
13486:
12759:
Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written & Archaeological Sources
12674:
Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written & Archaeological Sources
12045:"What is the source of the law that a child is Jewish only if its mother is Jewish?"
11497:
11477:
11186:
Dictionary of the Targumim, Talmud Babli, Talmud Yerushalmi and Midrashic Literature
5361:
in 1933, the situation for Jews deteriorated rapidly. Many Jews fled from Europe to
3087:
Jews have significantly influenced and contributed to the development and growth of
20517:
20485:
20446:
20417:
20400:
20350:
20151:
19960:
19893:
19846:
19794:
19762:
19753:
19738:
19612:
19587:
19563:
19447:
19378:
19295:
19162:
18949:
18434:
18221:
17853:
17845:
17785:
17769:
16633:
16543:
16533:
16491:
16481:
16446:
16426:
16385:
16352:
16344:
16275:
16267:
16223:
16184:
16156:
16146:
16064:
16056:
16045:"The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East"
16012:
16002:
15847:
14895:
14851:
14497:
14305:
14234:
13996:
13953:
13892:
13662:
13492:
13186:
13176:
12990:
12512:
11549:
11383:
10500:
10454:
10375:
9544:
9496:
9488:
9436:
9416:
9346:
9318:
9224:
9144:
9085:
8912:
Jewish individuals have played a significant role in the development and growth of
8859:
8805:
8752:
8688:
8654:. The text says: "1380 persons old and young were counted at the exit of the gate".
8256:
8237:
8018:
8014:
8005:(excluding Israel). Of these, just under two-thirds lived in the French-controlled
7829:
7517:
7367:
independent of each group's proportion within the overall world Jewish population.
7109:
7036:
6978:
6954:
6822:
6810:
6797:
6789:
6739:
6719:
6687:
6676:
6652:
6631:
6578:
rather difficult. Throughout history, in eras and places as diverse as the ancient
6555:
undertaken by children of mixed marriages, or would-be or current spouses of Jews.
6507:
6169:
6068:
5804:
5765:
5750:
5506:
5481:
5401:
5164:
4929:
4921:
4897:
4885:
4877:
4763:
4642:
4622:
4610:
4569:
4469:
4306:
4290:
4191:
4169:
4128:
4054:
4019:
3904:
3851:
3689:), and people without any Jewish ancestral background or lineage who have formally
3568:
3560:
3556:
3548:
3536:
3353:" to "Jews", regardless of their descent from Judah, although not contained in the
3281:
3252:
2976:
2944:
2766:
2647:
2607:
2571:
2269:
1819:
1330:
1086:
990:
905:
795:
587:
417:
412:
391:
360:
350:
345:
17708:
17018:
14309:
14000:
13957:
13760:
Zissu, Boaz (2018). "Interbellum Judea 70-132 CE: An Archaeological Perspective".
12647:
Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: A Textbook on History and Religion: Second Edition
12048:
11457:
A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature.
11353:. Internet Archive. Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press. p. 43.
10769:
10620:
9535:
Edgar Litt (1961). "Jewish Ethno-Religious Involvement and Political Liberalism".
8074:
peaked in the 1980s when around 80 percent of Iranian Jews left the country.
7417:
and on lower scales all major Jewish groups, Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese.
5373:
started in 1939, and by 1941, Hitler occupied almost all of Europe. Following the
4903:
The long-established Jewish community of Mesopotamia, which had been living under
20427:
20422:
20234:
20161:
19994:
19965:
19888:
19878:
19841:
19816:
19632:
19627:
19622:
19607:
19602:
19592:
19577:
19368:
19285:
19252:
19210:
19200:
19049:
18985:
18894:
18854:
18821:
18769:
18145:
18118:
18091:
18064:
16538:
16151:
15802:
15370:
15335:
14662:
14451:
14398:
14388:
14340:"Talmud and Midrash (Judaism) :: The making of the Talmuds: 3rd–6th century"
13531:
13424:
13420:
13078:
12838:
12431:
12383:
12353:
12191:
11826:
11435:
11264:
10543:
10394:
10346:
8957:
8913:
8889:
8782:
8735:
8715:
8700:
8679:, some 13,520 people. Some 27,000 Israelites, 20 to 25% of the population of the
8658:
8600:
8596:
8283:
8171:
8139:
8010:
7869:
7799:
7621:
7549:
7470:
7089:
6917:
6818:
6723:
6636:
6575:
6405:
6313:
6207:
5760:
5552:
5517:
5296:
5212:
5176:
4908:
4904:
4785:
4693:
4614:
4565:
4473:
4442:
4378:
4295:
4248:
4243:
4095:
Some of the leading minimalists reframe the biblical account as constituting the
4058:
4042:
4038:
3991:
3879:
3697:
3650:
3544:
3528:
3524:
3516:
3334:
3226:
3222:
3189:
3164:
3144:
2996:
2988:
2960:
2933:
2904:
2872:
2728:
2687:
2682:
2662:
2584:
2578:
2511:
2463:
2303:
2284:
1435:
1164:
1076:
1059:
603:
502:
476:
407:
355:
17943:
17355:
Before the 1940s only two communities, Yemen and Syria, made substantial aliyah.
17148:"Israel May Be Main Topic In Next National Jewish Population Survey of the U.S."
16127:"Counting the Founders: The Matrilineal Genetic Ancestry of the Jewish Diaspora"
15310:
Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1
13763:
Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE
10401:
Cohen, Robin (1997), Global Diasporas: An Introduction. p. 24 London: UCL Press.
9362:
Digital Samaritans: Rhetorical Delivery and Engagement in the Digital Humanities
7676:
6936:
4441:
The earliest recorded evidence of a people by the name of Israel appears in the
4084:
states that there are two approximately equal groups of scholars who debate the
3163:. In these ways, Jews have also played a significant role in the development of
20731:
20706:
20527:
20434:
20392:
20372:
20360:
20340:
20254:
20244:
20212:
20205:
20185:
20156:
20128:
20123:
20089:
19999:
19923:
19913:
19851:
19649:
19597:
19508:
19503:
19265:
19260:
19195:
19124:
18438:
18031:
18023:
18015:
17849:
17773:
15554:
14120:, Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism 160. Tübingen: MohrSiebeck. pp. 109–110.
14097:
12355:
Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanite
11752:
11348:
11181:
9752:
9492:
8953:
8949:
8933:
8897:
8882:
8774:
8636:
8592:
8553:
8549:
8529:
8513:
8493:
8436:
8225:
8221:
8135:
7998:
also live in Germany, either permanently or temporarily, for economic reasons.
7971:
7951:
7817:
7740:
7728:
7429:
7425:
7404:
Conversely, the maternal lineages of Jewish populations, studied by looking at
7390:
7272:
7189:
7121:
7105:
7092:
the communities would develop under the influence of their local environments:
7026:
7022:
6986:
6805:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6619:
6579:
6571:
6495:
6269:
6064:
5953:
5859:
5755:
5631:
5619:
5562:
5545:
5512:
5446:
5429:
5378:
5276:
5262:
5258:
5242:
5216:
5031:
5015:
4986:
4912:
4594:
4279:
4258:
4203:
4190:, and that they share certain genetic traits with other Gentile peoples of the
4023:
3765:
3655:
3646:
3540:
3448:
3423:
3381:
3358:
3297:
3140:
3128:
3016:
3000:
2992:
2964:
2828:
2627:
2482:
2362:
2341:
2318:
2313:
2291:
2279:
1874:
1355:
1289:
1254:
1232:
1169:
1007:
985:
847:
826:
802:
568:
550:
446:
381:
18995:
18953:
16348:
16271:
15156:
Contemporary Sephardic Identity in the Americas: An Interdisciplinary Approach
14238:
14196:
14080:
13897:
13880:
13394:
12489:
The History of the Jews: From the Destruction of Jerusalem to the Present Time
11893:: "Judaism is a culture and a civilization which embraces the secular as well"
11878:
Jewish Secularity: The Search for Roots and the Challenges of Relevant Meaning
11321:
11234:
11155:
10379:
10079:
Jews, Gentiles and Ethnic Reconciliation: Paul's Jewish identity and Ephesians
9958:
9871:
A Short History of the Jewish People: From Legendary Times to Modern Statehood
9652:
Jews, Gentiles and Ethnic Reconciliation: Paul's Jewish identity and Ephesians
9089:
8920:, both historically and in modern times, including through discrete trends in
8524:—remains the most notable modern-day persecution of Jews. The persecution and
7647:
and the Jewish community, and approximately 4.5 million unaffiliated and
7155:
together with Sephardim proper for liturgical reasons having to do with their
20753:
20747:
20500:
20345:
20272:
20079:
20013:
19986:
19935:
19883:
19856:
19831:
19821:
19582:
19528:
19462:
19442:
19432:
19427:
19400:
19346:
19275:
19220:
18980:
18945:
The Myth of the Twelve Tribes of Israel: New Identities Across Time and Space
18933:
Stager, Lawrence. "Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel". In
18566:
18528:
A Comparative Study of the Origins of Ethical Thought: Hellenism and Hebraism
18019:
17781:
17704:
16666:
Genomics and Society: Ethical, Legal, Cultural and Socioeconomic Implications
15951:. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 571–572.
15851:
15778:
15736:"Messiah – Key beliefs in Judaism – GCSE Religious Studies Revision – Eduqas"
15090:
14657:
14374:
14298:"The Political, Social, and Economic History of Babylonian Jewry, 224–638 CE"
13906:
13781:
13676:
11680:"The Jews are a nation and were so before there was a Jewish state of Israel"
10950:
10917:
10861:
A Comparative Study of the Origins of Ethical Thought: Hellenism and Hebraism
10458:
10122:"The Jews are a nation and were so before there was a Jewish state of Israel"
9890:
9698:"The Jews are a nation and were so before there was a Jewish state of Israel"
9631:
Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia
9330:
8973:
8925:
8867:
8676:
8642:
8632:
8557:
8497:
8414:
8395:
8339:
7921:
7865:
7763:
7748:
7744:
7592:
7575:
7513:
7466:
7332:
7316:
7280:
7276:
7260:
7252:
7244:
7169:
7127:
7061:
6830:
6826:
6793:
6782:
6774:
6711:
6703:
6611:
6321:
6236:
5745:
5645:
5609:
5475:
5394:
5292:
5271:
5267:
5232:
5050:
5039:
5035:
5027:
5023:
5019:
4992:
4971:
4911:
rule, beyond the confines of the Roman Empire, became an important center of
4842:
4731:
4585:
4495:
Around 720 BCE, Kingdom of Israel was destroyed when it was conquered by the
4253:
4173:
4100:
4031:
3967:
3963:
3903:. Modern Jews are named after and also descended from the southern Israelite
3875:
3839:
3301:
3100:
3069:
3026:
2898:
2776:
2771:
1977:
1904:
1430:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1259:
1237:
1189:
951:
790:
695:
657:
608:
340:
78:
18942:
Tobolowsky, Andrew (2022). "The Tribes That Were Not Lost: The Samaritans".
17337:
Simon, Reeva Spector; Laskier, Michael Menachem; Reguer, Sara, eds. (2003).
17178:
16715:
16228:
16211:
16210:
Feder, Jeanette; Ovadia, Ofer; Glaser, Benjamin; Mishmar, Dan (April 2007).
12995:
11805:
11742:"Jews are a people, a nation (in the original sense of the word), an ethnos"
11610:(11th ed.). Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster. 2004. p.
10504:
10150:"Jews are a people, a nation (in the original sense of the word), an ethnos"
9918:
9799:
9748:"Jews are a people, a nation (in the original sense of the word), an ethnos"
8431:
4168:. It also points to an early monarchic period in which these regions shared
3452:
20480:
20277:
20239:
20200:
19789:
19533:
19472:
19452:
19412:
19395:
19363:
19351:
19312:
19230:
19205:
18381:
18243:
18215:
17867:
17799:
17179:"Исследование: Около 1,5 млн людей с еврейскими корнями проживают в России"
16557:
16522:"Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture"
16505:
16486:
16438:
16366:
16289:
16237:
16170:
16078:
16026:
16007:
15942:
15550:
14899:
13709:
The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean
13604:
The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean
13374:
13200:
13181:
12379:
11125:
11014:
10524:
10478:
9510:
9428:
9338:
9024:
8977:
8945:
8941:
8848:
8816:
8801:
8778:
8719:
8711:
8545:
8533:
8517:
8489:
8343:
8302:
8260:
8233:
8187:
8143:
8071:
8065:
occurred in 1956. The exodus in the Maghreb countries peaked in the 1960s.
8022:
7987:
7809:
7779:
7754:
A trickle of immigrants from other communities has also arrived, including
7732:
7695:
and Jewish state on 14 May 1948. Of the 120 members in its parliament, the
7671:
7545:
7454:
7433:
7409:
7381:
7312:
7305:
7284:
7256:
7232:
7228:
7221:
7185:
7177:
7161:
6878:
6647:, "the holy tongue"), the language in which most of the Hebrew scriptures (
6595:
6559:
6455:
6450:
6395:
6274:
6179:
6139:
6086:
6040:
5844:
5653:
5386:
5382:
5370:
5366:
5358:
5350:
5156:
5125:
5109:
5011:
5002:
4967:
4937:
4854:
4701:
4650:
4646:
4561:
4508:
4489:
4274:
4264:
4124:
3624:
as a noun, a practice that carries risks of its own. In a sentence such as
3374:
3365:. Some modern scholars disagree with the conflation, based on the works of
3293:
3156:
3124:
3120:
3061:
3049:
3045:
3036:
2979:
destruction, the movement of Jewish groups around the Mediterranean in the
2884:
2806:
2632:
2473:
2468:
2426:
2379:
1473:
1340:
1325:
1284:
1249:
862:
704:
450:
386:
19004:
16647:
16389:
15681:
Explorations in Jewish Historical Experience: The Civilizational Dimension
14521:"Stereotype and reality in the Jewish immigrant experience in Minneapolis"
14302:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period
13950:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period
13761:
12303:
Assyrian Reliefs from the Palace of Ashurnasirpal II: A Cultural Biography
11787:
A History of the Jewish Nation: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day
11387:
11134:. Vol. 11 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 253.
11033:"Early Christianity began as a Jewish movement in first-century Palestine"
10762:"Jewish Agency: 13.2 million Jews worldwide on eve of Rosh Hashanah, 5768"
10545:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period
9781:
A History of the Jewish Nation: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day
9420:
8374:, and the forced confinement of Moroccan Jews to walled quarters known as
4793:, listing provisions allotted to the exiled Judean king and his family by
3503:
The etymological equivalent is in use in other languages, e.g., يَهُودِيّ
3488:. Meanwhile, "Jew" refers to the descendants of Israelites that adhere to
20490:
20005:
19930:
19908:
19811:
19405:
19334:
19329:
19317:
19307:
18735:
18390:. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 13.
15253:"Chapter 38: Evaluating Soviet Yiddish Language Policy Between 1917–1950"
14560:
13496:
11072:
11070:
9894:
8985:
8878:
8501:
8402:
8316:
8287:
8267:
8217:
8102:
8086:
7991:
7975:
7833:
7755:
7537:
7529:
7525:
7497:
7469:), who are closely related, the source of non-Jewish admixture is mainly
7386:
7364:
7301:
7288:
7268:
7264:
7209:
7181:
7173:
6913:
6660:
6603:
6599:
6081:
5538:
5304:
5172:
5062:
4822:
4735:
4705:
4697:
4512:
4464:
In the 10th century BCE, two neighboring Israelite kingdoms—the northern
4187:
4132:
4108:
3794:, which dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage,
3786:, and in both unions the offspring are judged matrilineally. Second, the
3430:
2983:, and subsequent periods of conflict and violent dispersion, such as the
2791:
2733:
2398:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1264:
508:
18697:
The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It
18225:
16430:
15900:
13794:
13667:
13650:
13555:, ed. by Achtemeier, etc., Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1985, p. 103
11375:
10809:
The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization
10512:
10466:
8469:
population has Sephardic Jewish ancestry, indicating that the number of
8029:. Today, around 26,000 Jews live in Arab countries and around 30,000 in
7824:
7477:
have remarked on a close relationship between Ashkenazi Jews and modern
7224:, as well as various other distinct but now almost extinct communities.
5487:
5042:, and other groups also predated the arrival of the Sephardic diaspora.
4845:, and, beginning in the middle of the first century BCE, in the city of
4766:, which emerged as the prevailing form of Judaism since late antiquity.
20584:
20291:
19873:
19467:
19215:
19137:
18617:"As the Nobel Prize marks centennial, Jews constitute 1/5 of laureates"
14863:
11575:
11561:
11537:
10431:
was tantamount in itself to a desecration of Jewish Jerusalem." p. 159.
10316:
Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E.
9556:
9322:
9251:"New Poll Shows Atheism on Rise, With Jews Found to Be Least Religious"
8937:
8628:
8595:, and many of the areas in which they have settled. This experience as
8367:
8159:
8002:
7500:), which comprise up to 19.8 percent of the population of today's
7442:
7320:
7248:
7119:
Jews are often identified as belonging to one of two major groups: the
6974:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6745:
6591:
6326:
6076:
5869:
5664:
5144:
5133:
5077:(1290). As a result, Ashkenazi Jews were gradually pushed eastwards to
4739:
4709:
4576:
the Prince (so called because he was a descendant of the royal line of
4573:
4522:. Later in the same century, the Assyrians were defeated by the rising
4446:
4389:
4373:
4343:
4112:
4096:
3979:
3892:
3843:
3811:
3723:
3715:
3707:
3392:
3350:
3289:
3176:
3116:
2921:
2449:
1463:
1392:
1350:
1179:
1159:
718:
625:
545:
468:
31:
19054:
17814:"DNA study shows 20 percent of Iberian population has Jewish ancestry"
17475:[The Jews of France: The slow progression of mixed marriages]
16984:"Ethiopian-Israelis decry separation from relatives as discriminatory"
14147:. In William David Davies; Louis Finkelstein; William Horbury (eds.).
14060:
13354:
11934:
Divided Passions: Jewish Intellectuals and the Experience of Modernity
11293:
11067:
10528:
10482:
9451:"Jews Are the Genetic Brothers of Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese"
8583:
6916:
who serves as a representative of that country's Jewry. Although many
4762:
beliefs became the foundational, liturgical, and ritualistic basis of
3718:. Interpretations by Jewish sages of sections of the Tanakh – such as
3628:, which is unobjectionable, the substitution of a circumlocution like
20505:
19970:
19861:
19772:
19390:
19324:
19022:
16380:
Katsnelson, Alla (3 June 2010). "Jews worldwide share genetic ties".
15937:
Schmelz, Usiel Oscar; Della Pergola, Sergio (2007). "Demography". In
11206:
The Misunderstood Jew: The Church and the Scandal of the Jewish Jesus
9023:, secular, political, and ancestral identification factors regarding
8832:
8790:
8684:
8383:
8245:
8205:
8094:
7925:
7901:
7885:
7771:
7767:
7759:
7681:
7644:
7524:), have Sephardic Jewish ancestry within the last few centuries. The
7450:
7449:" and "the dispersion of the people of ancient Israel throughout the
7344:
7340:
7328:
7327:, Ashkenazim also represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the
7085:
7081:
7077:
6850:
6664:
6535:
6294:
5993:
5839:
5816:
5390:
4817:. By 200 BCE, there were well established Jewish communities both in
4759:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4519:
4485:
4348:
4157:
3986:, after which the Israelites conquered Canaan under Moses' successor
3791:
3735:
3674:
3582:
3477:
2972:
2612:
2597:
1687:
1635:
1397:
1345:
1335:
1016:
1012:
1002:
917:
677:
19341:
18716:
17063:
East European Jews in America, 1880–1920: Immigration and Adaptation
16659:
15010:
of the Jewish day schools and the 'nerve center' of Jewish learning.
14855:
11582:. Madison, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 131.
11553:
9548:
8564:
before being transported hundreds of kilometres by freight train to
6655:, a closely related tongue, joined Hebrew as the spoken language in
4148:
3091:
in many fields, both historically and in modern times, including in
1365:
20224:
20166:
20111:
20106:
19777:
19063:
18603:
14 million people (0.2% of the world's population) are Jewish.
17204:
16098:
Molecular Photofitting: Predicting Ancestry and Phenotype Using DNA
16060:
15210:
Institutions, Ethnicity, and Political Mobilization in South Africa
14886:
Parfitt, T. V. (1972). "The Use Of Hebrew In Palestine 1800–1822".
13401:
12620:(8th ed.). Australia: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. p. 33.
11479:
Judeans and Jews: Four Faces of Dichotomy in Ancient Jewish History
10834:
10745:
10542:
Davies, William David; Finkelstein, Louis; Katz, Steven T. (1984).
9019:
8901:
8766:
8627:, in the Biblical story (whose historicity is uncertain) undertook
8525:
8508:
of European Jews (and certain communities of North African Jews in
8505:
8470:
8406:
8271:
8151:
8082:
7995:
7909:
7804:
7597:
7541:
7509:
7478:
7421:
7414:
7292:
7213:
7197:
7136:
7093:
7050:
7046:
6587:
6539:
6351:
6336:
6299:
6289:
6284:
6149:
6035:
5988:
5974:
5831:
5780:
5599:
5572:
5117:
5101:
4917:
4830:
4810:
4634:
4458:
3978:
himself. The patriarchs' descendants were later enslaved until the
3749:
3678:
3435:
3366:
3346:
3088:
3065:
2948:
2781:
2391:
2323:
1154:
662:
613:
14816:
The Jewish Cultural Tapestry: International Jewish Folk Traditions
14215:
Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society
14149:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: The early Roman period, Volume 3
13943:
13845:. Princeton Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 21, 232.
11513:
The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties
9228:
8556:
murdered Jews and political opponents in mass shootings. Jews and
6957:, an historical sociologist considered one of the founders of the
6659:. By the 3rd century BCE, some Jews of the diaspora were speaking
4888:, were composed. However, as the Roman Empire was replaced by the
4637:, who had infiltrated southern Judea after the destruction of the
3768:
in the Bible. He brings two likely explanations for the change in
20439:
20323:
20318:
20308:
20296:
20116:
20101:
20045:
19980:
19955:
19918:
19782:
19457:
19356:
19280:
19172:
19098:
18719:
The History of the Jewish People: Ancient Israel to 1880s America
15025:
Negotiating Language Policy in Schools: Educators as Policymakers
14924:
13705:
13600:
13015:"Ancient tablets reveal life of Jews in Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon"
8904:
who make the decision to head in the direction of becoming Jews.
8870:
for religious reasons, have experienced rapid population growth.
8739:
8692:
8667:
8616:
8604:
8541:
8448:
8440:
8327:
8294:), expelled both unbaptized Sephardic Jews and the ruling Muslim
8213:
8066:
8006:
7983:
7967:
7963:
7959:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7897:
7857:
7853:
7841:
7813:
7696:
7438:
7394:
7356:
7140:
7097:
6886:
6882:
6862:
6834:
6801:
6778:
6762:
6683:
6675:. Dialects of these same languages were also used by the Jews of
6567:
6543:
6435:
6341:
6259:
6164:
6154:
6109:
5969:
5964:
5935:
5923:
5891:
5770:
5737:
5721:
5716:
5706:
5669:
5467:
5440:
5228:
5093:
5046:
4942:
4881:
4873:
4755:
4689:
4626:
4503:, a significant portion of the northern Israelite population was
4477:
4454:
4338:
4177:
4160:, and one in the north under a dynasty founded by a figure named
4116:
4007:
3947:
3931:
3847:
3815:
3787:
3769:
3743:
3742:, where Israelites returning from Babylon vow to put aside their
3702:
3682:
3666:
3496:
but instead, is based on adherence to 'covenantal circumcision' (
3489:
3419:
3285:
3218:
2956:
2929:
2757:
2723:
2592:
2386:
1375:
1370:
1242:
1133:
1028:
1024:
1020:
769:
764:
741:
723:
598:
593:
583:
561:
536:
439:
376:
18948:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 69–70, 73–75.
16743:"Percent of world Jewry living in Israel climbed to 41% in 2007"
15233:
12705:
Power and Politics in the Book of Judges: Men and Women of Valor
11874:
9567:
Religion and the Creation of Race and Ethnicity: An Introduction
9522:
9520:
4580:) and Joshua the Priest (a descendant of the line of the former
4022:. The Kingdom of Judah is described as comprising the tribes of
3764:, the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined
3385:
72:
20510:
20377:
20313:
19013:
18999:
17473:"Les juifs de France: La lente progression des mariages mixtes"
16407:
13689:
8863:
8797:
8743:
8620:
8608:
8452:
8394:, and even in the newspapers and other publications of Turkish
8375:
8351:
8306:
8244:, first by ejecting them from their homelands during the pagan
8078:
8038:
8034:
7979:
7955:
7893:
7889:
7881:
7852:
and elsewhere at the turn of the 19th century, the founding of
7787:
7736:
7712:
7688:
7588:
7521:
7501:
7489:
7446:
7360:
7352:
7348:
7336:
7324:
7101:
7065:
6966:
6931:
6894:
6842:
6838:
6648:
6615:
6440:
6331:
6279:
6264:
6254:
6249:
6222:
6217:
6200:
6174:
6159:
6144:
6119:
6114:
6030:
5983:
5958:
5940:
5854:
5849:
5826:
5785:
5775:
5711:
5688:
5683:
5417:
5405:
5354:
5254:
5113:
5066:
4940:
academies, were established in Mesopotamia, and many important
4834:
4472:—emerged. Since their inception, they shared ethnic, cultural,
4450:
4120:
3995:
3987:
3959:
3955:
3923:
3896:
3807:
3783:
3711:
3670:
3660:
3512:
3440:
3412:
3404:
3396:
3362:
3322:
3204:
3077:
2917:
2417:
2412:
2372:
2357:
1468:
1360:
780:
746:
732:
667:
494:
18093:
The Study of the Ancient Near East in the Twenty-first Century
16595:"Genetic study offers clues to history of North Africa's Jews"
16518:
15340:. University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division.
14086:
Yavneh to continue develop of Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism.
13987:
Zeev, Miriam Pucci Ben (22 June 2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.),
13651:"The Religion of Idumea and Its Relationship to Early Judaism"
13080:
What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It?
12418:
7359:(Sephardim) has led them to outnumber the Ashkenazim. Only in
4518:
in response to a rebellion in the area, ultimately halting at
3734:
says that the son in a marriage between a Hebrew woman and an
20461:
20456:
20410:
20365:
20286:
20281:
19545:
19300:
19270:
17830:
17742:
17740:
16922:
14233:. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 321–324, 362–371, 396–400, 414–416.
12244:"The Aamu of Shu in the Tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan"
11727:
The Jewish State: A Century Later, Updated With a New Preface
10135:
The Jewish State: A Century Later, Updated With a New Preface
9733:
The Jewish State: A Century Later, Updated With a New Preface
9517:
9143:
8981:
8696:
8481:
8387:
8382:
publications and pronouncements of Islamic movements such as
8347:
8331:
8295:
8170:
religious practice. The result is that most countries in the
8147:
8062:
8058:
8046:
8042:
7905:
7775:
7762:
Holocaust survivors who had settled in countries such as the
7553:
7533:
7505:
7398:
7296:
7201:
7144:
6982:
6890:
6656:
6346:
6244:
6193:
6186:
6050:
6045:
6025:
6020:
6015:
5930:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5901:
5896:
5821:
5693:
5659:
5389:
in all concentration camps combined, with one million at the
5253:
faced growing persecution, legal restrictions and widespread
5097:
4818:
4681:
4577:
4333:
4152:
4140:
4003:
3983:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3916:
3779:
3738:
man is "of the community of Israel." This is complemented by
3604:
It is widely recognized that the attributive use of the noun
3481:
3444:
3370:
3354:
3305:
1380:
809:
713:
682:
472:
17340:
The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times
15712:
From Sanctuary to Boardroom: A Jewish Approach to Leadership
15600:
Transnational Spaces and Identities in the Francophone World
15504:
DNA & Tradition: The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews
15367:
15059:
Dynamic Belonging: Contemporary Jewish Collective Identities
14789:. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. p.
14756:. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. p.
14390:
The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times
13216:"Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora"
12949:
The Pitcher is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gösta W. Ahlström
11635:
Kleinedler, Steven; Spitz, Susan; et al., eds. (2005).
10276:
7880:
in the Americas, there are also large Jewish populations in
4976:
Jewish diaspora communities are generally described to have
4592:, the former Kingdom of Judah became the province of Judah (
3778:). Thus, a mixed marriage is forbidden as is the union of a
3315:
Though Genesis 29:35 and 49:8 connect "Judah" with the verb
3284:. It is also used to distinguish their descendants from the
3280:(Jew) was used to describe the inhabitants of the Israelite
20560:
18899:. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Vol. 287. Peeters.
18823:
Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?
16874:. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2006. Archived from
16123:
16042:
15573:
Language in Ethnicity: A View of Basic Ecological Relations
14914:"Basic Law: Israel – The Nation State Of The Jewish People"
14553:
13488:
The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah under Babylonian Rule
12873:(1st Touchstone ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster.
11638:
The American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style
10411:"The Bar Kochba Revolt," (HarperPerennial, 1987) pp. 158–61
9823:
9027:
may affect the figure considerably depending on the source.
8831:, many of the Jews in the affected territory (who had been
8391:
8201:
8090:
8054:
8030:
6566:, which are now practiced by 54 percent of the world.
5945:
4846:
4609:. After several centuries under foreign imperial rule, the
4161:
3999:
3951:
3867:
3863:
3838:. The painting is from the tomb of a 12th dynasty official
3834:
97:
Enlarged population (includes anyone with a Jewish parent):
18217:
Next Year in Jerusalem: Exile and Return in Jewish History
18014:
17737:
16660:
Himla Soodyall; Jennifer G. R Kromberg (29 October 2015).
12813:
In Search of "Ancient Israel": A Study in Biblical Origins
10003:
a member of a people whose traditional religion is Judaism
6928:
will act a unifying leader for Jews and the entire world.
4499:, which came to dominate the ancient Near East. Under the
4057:
existed by c. 700 BCE at least, and recent excavations in
15846:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–12.
15118:
Hebrew, Aramaic and the rise of Yiddish. D. Katz. (1985)
14365:
Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel (1972) . Ettinger, Samuel (ed.).
13155:
Hammer, MF; Redd, AJ; Wood, ET; et al. (June 2000).
13008:
13006:
9827:
Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East
8259:, "Jews accounted for 10% of the total population of the
7363:
is the Jewish population representative of all groups, a
4127:, setting them apart from other Canaanites. According to
3994:
after the death of Joshua, then through the mediation of
3757:
interpretations of Jewish identity have been challenged.
18803:
Patterns of Political Leadership: Egypt, Israel, Lebanon
18342:
16330:
16209:
13867:
The Second Jewish Revolt: The Bar Kokhba War, 132–136 CE
13344:
13342:
12385:
The Story of the Jews: Finding the Words 1000 BC–1492 AD
12103:
Birth, Death, and Femininity: Philosophies of Embodiment
11078:
An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects
10719:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
10348:
Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1789
10162:
9896:
Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel
8819:
to flee Iran. Most found refuge in the US (particularly
5132:
issuing forced conversion decrees, causing Jews such as
3616:, is both vulgar and highly offensive. In such contexts
3597:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
3006:
In the following millennia, Jewish diaspora communities
19033:
18672:
17047:
17045:
15624:
Gottreich, Emily Benichou; Schroeter, Daniel J (2011).
15237:
World War I and the Remaking of Jewish Vilna, 1914–1918
15087:"Jewish Languages – How Do We Talk To Each Other?"
14785:
The Israeli State and Society: Boundaries and Frontiers
14364:
13766:. Joshua Schwartz, Peter J. Tomson. Brill. p. 19.
13532:"Second Temple Period (538 BCE. to 70 CE) Persian Rule"
13466:
9474:
7920:
study, about 470,000 people of Jewish heritage live in
6667:, known to Jews as Babylonia, were speaking Hebrew and
5307:
winners at this time were Jewish, as is still the case.
4849:. Later, in the first centuries CE, as a result of the
4526:, and Judah became its vassal. In 587 BCE, following a
17891:"The continuing decline of Europe's Jewish population"
17685:
Lewis (1984), pp. 17–18, 94–95; Stillman (1979), p. 27
15420:
13995:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 98,
13788:
13003:
11045:
11015:
John M. G. Barclay; John Philip McMurdo Sweet (1996).
10621:"Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews - Judaism 101 (JewFAQ)"
4598:), with a smaller territory and a reduced population.
2967:
established with the Israelites, their ancestors. The
18324:
18058:
18056:
17203:[In Russia, There Are About a Million Jews].
15002:
It is English rather than Hebrew that emerged as the
13339:
13327:
13288:
10541:
10288:
Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs
9867:
7408:, are generally more heterogeneous. Scholars such as
7147:" in Hebrew) are named in reference their origins in
6993:
priesthood, and other traditions of their ancestors.
6686:
forms or branches that became independent languages.
3271:
3260:
18852:
18694:
17979:
The World Must Know," United States Holocaust Museum
17042:
16899:"Jewish New Year: Israel's population nears 8M mark"
16403:
16401:
16399:
15980:
15936:
15714:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 1.
15257:
Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish Languages"
14666:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 7.
13360:
12946:
Holloway, Steven W.; Handy, Lowell K. (1 May 1995).
12868:
11930:
9606:
9531:. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved on 23 December 2010.
9405:
9307:
8544:
until they died of exhaustion or disease. Where the
8380:
antisemitic themes to be conflated with anti-Zionist
8101:(70,000). There is also a 6,800-strong community in
7512:) and at least 10 percent of the population of
3919:
known to the Egyptians around the 15th century BCE.
3464:
3345:
and assimilated into other populations. The gradual
3316:
3246:
3234:
3212:
3198:
2889:
2396:
2377:
800:
18853:Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002).
18117:Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (17 May 2011).
15805:, in Journal of Hebrew Scriptures – Volume 9 (2009)
15372:
Multicultural Perspectives in Working with Families
15284:. Jewish Languages Research Website. Archived from
13859:
13795:Erwin Fahlbusch; Geoffrey William Bromiley (2005).
13037:
https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814733080.003.0005
12869:Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001).
12544:
12542:
12197:
An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt
11208:. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2006, page 162
11010:
11008:
8473:may have been much higher than originally thought.
8390:, in the pronouncements of various agencies of the
7168:Smaller groups include, but are not restricted to,
5104:. In Babylonia, from the 7th to 11th centuries the
4461:, and an emphasis on genealogy and family history.
4053:existed by c. 900 BCE, there is a consensus that a
3296:, these inhabitants predominately descend from the
18472:"Judaism – The Judaic tradition | Britannica"
18053:
17612:
17610:
17600:
17598:
17336:
16925:"Israel's Jewish population passes 6 million mark"
15623:
15369:
14749:
13107:Rendsburg, Gary A.. "1 Israel Without the Bible".
13031:Rendsburg, Gary A.. "1 Israel Without the Bible".
12977:Garfinkel, Yosef; Ganor, Saar (31 December 2008).
12776:
12755:
12664:
12458:
12331:. Oxford University Press (published 8 May 2012).
11691:
11322:"Jew | History, Beliefs, & Facts | Britannica"
11259:
11235:"Jew | History, Beliefs, & Facts | Britannica"
11156:"Jew | History, Beliefs, & Facts | Britannica"
11091:"Judaism – The Judaic tradition | Britannica"
10835:"Maimonides – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
10426:after Hadrian's family name: P. Aelius Hadrianus;
10235:
10233:
10213:"BBC - Religions - Judaism: Converting to Judaism"
9703:
8765:in 1492, the Spanish population of around 200,000
5116:in Jewish history. Following this period were the
4449:, a group that inhabited the central highlands of
4107:and culture through the development of a distinct
18062:
16396:
15530:
15179:
14181:. Leeds, UK: Arc Humanities Press. pp. 3–4.
14142:
13594:
12728:
11902:
11694:An Introduction to Judaism: A Textbook and Reader
11294:Julia Phillips Berger; Sue Parker Gerson (2006).
10365:
10041:
9706:An Introduction to Judaism: A Textbook and Reader
9627:
9563:
8530:Legislation to remove the Jews from civil society
6785:is designated as the "State language" of Israel.
6742:and many others, have largely fallen out of use.
3926:narrative, Jewish ancestry is traced back to the
2955:. Judaism emerged from the Israelite religion of
20745:
18063:Smith-Christopher, Daniel L. (14 January 2015).
16923:Harriet Sherwood in Jerusalem (1 January 2013).
16459:
15186:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 447–49.
14850:(1). The Society of Biblical Literature: 32–47.
14818:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 228.
14260:
14258:
12809:
12783:Hjelm, Ingrid; Thompson, Thomas L, eds. (2016).
12539:
12138:
12099:
11924:
11868:
11005:
10979:
10977:
10047:
9353:
7820:to the safety of the U.S. between 1881 and 1924.
4984:according to where their ancestors settled: the
4708:, including the highly influential community in
4605:until the fall of their empire in c. 333 BCE to
3014:according to where their ancestors settled: the
18896:A History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Judah
18717:Jonathan B. Krasner; Jonathan D. Sarna (2006).
18315:
18090:Cooper, Jerrold S.; Schwartz, Glenn M. (1996).
17633:
17631:
17607:
17595:
16962:"airlifted tens of thousands of Ethiopian Jews"
16617:
16586:
16254:Ostrer, Harry; Skorecki, Karl (February 2013).
15987:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
15630:. Indiana University Press. pp. 258, 270.
15569:
15451:
14145:"The Diaspora in the Roman period before AD 70"
13989:"The uprisings in the Jewish Diaspora, 116–117"
13732:
13376:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Holy Land
13274:. National Academies Press. 2006. p. 100.
12864:
12862:
12860:
12214:
12021:. Shamash.org. 4 September 2003. Archived from
11937:. Wayne State University Press. pp. 421–.
11730:. University of California Press. pp. 3–.
11665:International Relations: A Concise Introduction
11634:
11041:
11039:
10983:
10255:
10230:
10158:
10156:
10138:. University of California Press. pp. 3–.
10107:International Relations: A Concise Introduction
9928:
9736:. University of California Press. pp. 3–.
9683:International Relations: A Concise Introduction
9592:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 101–.
9470:
9468:
8540:were established in which inmates were used as
8282:, Germany, and France. Then there occurred the
6710:. Due to many factors, including the impact of
6663:. Others, such as in the Jewish communities of
4492:for the whole four centuries of its existence.
4077:and deported parts of the Judahite population.
18306:
18299:
18297:
18089:
17442:"NJPS: Defining and Calculating Intermarriage"
17391:
17389:
16872:"Population, by Religion and Population Group"
16664:. In Kumar, Dhavendra; Chadwick, Ruth (eds.).
16623:
16256:"The population genetics of the Jewish people"
16253:
16249:
16247:
16119:
16117:
16038:
16036:
15500:
15403:
15206:
15152:
14716:
14714:
14264:
13878:
13739:. Harvard University Press. pp. 223–239.
13154:
13145:Natural History 102:11 (November 1993): 12–19.
13114:
13109:The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship
13033:The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship
12976:
12637:
12433:Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People
12329:Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People
11482:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 3–10.
10097:
10075:
9932:Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People
9648:
8631:(meaning "departure" or "exit" in Greek) from
8587:Expulsions of Jews in Europe from 1100 to 1600
8093:, there are significant Jewish populations in
7892:(196,000–600,000), and smaller populations in
7135:, an area historically referred to by Jews as
5257:. Zionism emerged in the late 19th century in
4674:destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple
3753:movement of the late 18th and 19th centuries,
3591:(Jewish) is the origin of the word "Yiddish".
19079:
18553:"Tracing the Path of Jewish Medical Pioneers"
17971:
15534:Readings in the Sociology of Jewish Languages
15428:"Bukharan Jews | Jewish Virtual Library"
15279:
15120:Readings in the sociology of Jewish languages
15021:
14296:Gafni, Isaiah (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.),
14268:An Introduction to Jewish-Christian Relations
14255:
13879:Raviv, Dvir; Ben David, Chaim (27 May 2021).
13607:. Oxford University Press. pp. 184–187.
13120:
12945:
12892:
12890:
12782:
12749:
12722:
12279:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 64–66.
12134:
12132:
11990:World Religions: An Introduction for Students
11689:
11655:
11018:Early Christian Thought in Its Jewish Context
10974:
10949:
10945:
10943:
10904:"Tracing the Path of Jewish Medical Pioneers"
10805:
10082:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 102–.
9701:
9655:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 102–.
9303:
9301:
8866:Jewish communities, whose members often shun
8248:and later by officially establishing them as
7053:in traditional clothing. Photo taken in 1900.
6765:. Hebrew was revived as a spoken language by
6515:
4990:(initially in the Rhineland and France), the
4411:
3970:after being invited to live with Jacob's son
3693:and therefore are followers of the religion.
3266:
3255:
2848:
18916:Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel
17654:
17652:
17628:
16942:
16734:
15576:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 70–73, 79–82.
15458:. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 135, 160.
15333:
15055:
14983:
14213:Oppenheimer, A'haron and Oppenheimer, Nili.
14034:. In Daniel R. Schwartz; Zeev Weiss (eds.).
14029:
13801:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 15–.
13726:
13706:Peter Fibiger Bang; Walter Scheidel (2013).
13601:Peter Fibiger Bang; Walter Scheidel (2013).
13491:. Penn State University Press. p. 367.
12857:
12511:, New York University Press, pp. 1–23,
12450:
12248:Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections
12068:
12066:
12019:"What is the origin of Matrilineal Descent?"
11881:. University Press of America. pp. 1–.
11661:
11036:
11021:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–.
10368:Journal of the European Economic Association
10344:
10153:
10103:
9679:
9465:
9443:
9364:. University of Michigan Press. p. 69.
8769:Jews were expelled by the Spanish crown and
8675:claims he deported 80% of the population of
8417:which resulted in the massacre of Jews; the
7793:
7699:, as of 2016, 14 members of the Knesset are
6932:Theories on ancient Jewish national identity
6893:, while most North Africans continue to use
6716:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
6702:is the Judaeo-Spanish language developed by
5385:. In Poland, three million were murdered in
5171:that same year. After the completion of the
4876:emerged as the new center of Jewish life in
3722:, which forbade intermarriage between their
3459:
3240:
3229:
3207:
3193:
103:
60:
20568:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
18876:Theodor Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism
18294:
17676:Lewis (1984), p. 52; Stillman (1979), p. 77
17538:. Jewish People Policy Planning Institute (
17386:
17265:. Jewish People Policy Planning Institute (
17119:. Jewish People Policy Planning Institute (
16800:. Central Intelligence Agency. 19 June 2007
16244:
16114:
16033:
15974:
15250:
15159:. Syracuse University Press. p. xxii.
14711:
14693:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.
14690:Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends
14179:The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634–1800
13526:
13524:
13373:Lemaire, André (2018). "Israel and Judah".
12803:
12299:
11875:David M. Gordis; Zachary I. Heller (2012).
11683:
11459:third edition University of Chicago Press.
11270:Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament
10959:. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 102–.
10801:
10799:
10797:
10795:
10793:
10791:
10789:
10787:
10649:"The Jewish Population of the World (2014)"
10643:
10641:
10249:
9935:. Oxford University Press. pp. 19–22.
9215:
9213:
9211:
8984:. More than 20 percent of the awarded
8342:as "most degrading" was the requirement of
7758:and others, as well as some descendants of
7641:The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute
7032:Jews Praying in the Synagogue on Yom Kippur
6690:is the Judaeo-German language developed by
4964:History of European Jews in the Middle Ages
3161:an indirect but profound influence on Islam
1092:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
19086:
19072:
18941:
18116:
17936:
17749:
17697:
17343:. Columbia University Press. p. 327.
17201:"В России проживает около миллиона иудеев"
16981:
16379:
15685:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p.
15676:
15627:Jewish Culture and Society in North Africa
14956:International Handbook of Jewish Education
14837:
14835:
14813:
14780:
14271:. Cambridge University Press. p. 72.
14136:
13980:
13872:
13836:
13834:
13832:
13830:
13567:
13419:
13407:
12926:
12924:
12887:
12830:
12695:
12615:
12479:
12423:
12372:
12129:
12106:. Indiana University Press. pp. 67–.
12093:
12076:Lost Jews: The Struggle for Identity Today
12072:
11723:
10940:
10131:
10125:
10054:. Oxford University Press. pp. 101–.
9959:"Jew | History, Beliefs, & Facts"
9951:
9845:
9729:
9534:
9298:
7707:judges is also an Arab citizen of Israel.
6550:typically have a status within the Jewish
6522:
6508:
4418:
4404:
3380:The English word "Jew" is a derivation of
2855:
2841:
18800:
18622:J. The Jewish News of Northern California
17857:
17789:
17649:
17310:Rosenberg, Jerry M. (28 September 2009).
17309:
17106:
17007:
16948:
16653:
16637:
16547:
16537:
16495:
16485:
16356:
16279:
16227:
16177:
16160:
16150:
16068:
16016:
16006:
15932:
15930:
15928:
15839:
15259:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 780.
15234:Andrew Noble Koss (dissertation) (2010).
14952:
13896:
13666:
13484:
13429:. Harvard University Press. p. 142.
13190:
13180:
12994:
12843:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
12836:
12502:
12351:
12063:
11896:
11717:
11346:
10738:
10715:"What Americans Know About the Holocaust"
10262:. Harvard University Press. p. 224.
9500:
8695:, but these people were then returned to
8607:is described as a migrant to the land of
8532:was enacted years before the outbreak of
6757:. The tombstones are inscribed in Hebrew.
3626:There are now several Jews on the council
19115:Index of Jewish history-related articles
18989:) is being considered for deletion. See
18892:
18873:
18771:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
18673:Ted Falcon; David Blatner (2001). "28".
18505:. New York: Lantern Books. p. 153.
18500:
16668:. Academic Press/Elsevier. p. 316.
16183:
16091:
15883:
15779:"Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism"
15455:Muslim Attitudes towards Jews and Israel
15447:
15445:
15361:
15124:
14476:
14023:
13931:, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, ç2017, p.80
13521:
13472:
12939:
12670:
12143:. U. California Press. pp. 305–06.
11825:
11759:. University of Louisville School of Law
11751:
11698:. Westminster John Knox Press. pp.
11475:
11076:Cambridge University Historical Series,
10784:
10712:
10638:
10319:Society of Biblical Lit. pp. 45ff.
10169:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 90–.
10069:
9874:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–.
9759:. University of Louisville School of Law
9751:
9710:. Westminster John Knox Press. pp.
9613:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 90–.
9208:
8842:
8804:, the Holocaust, as well as the rise of
8657:
8641:
8582:
8475:
8311:
8278:—and in a series of expulsions from the
8208:with an army to destroy the Jews, 69 CE.
8195:
8115:Historical Jewish population comparisons
8017:and approximately 7 percent in the
7930:
7823:
7803:
7786:. Jewish Israeli emigrants are known as
7727:. Israel also has a large population of
7675:
7570:
7056:
7041:
7017:
6935:
6744:
5309:
5147:. During this period, they thrived in a
4714:
4530:, the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II
3857:
3827:
3669:shares some of the characteristics of a
3654:
3575:). The German word "Jude" is pronounced
3402:, which itself evolved from the earlier
30:"Jew" redirects here. For the word, see
20614:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
19251:
18615:Dobbs, Stephen Mark (12 October 2001).
18428:
17667:Lewis (1999), p. 131; (1984), pp. 8, 62
17508:. World Jewish Congress. Archived from
17446:The Jewish Federations of North America
17407:"Chinese Jews: Reverence for Ancestors"
17404:
16896:
16740:
15596:
15537:. Brill Archive. pp. 165, 169–74.
15368:Congress, E.P.; Gonzalez, M.J. (2005).
15327:
15306:
14885:
14832:
14747:
14686:
14609:"Are Converts Treated as Second Class?"
14449:
14226:
14176:
14172:
14170:
14168:
14102:Diaspora: Jews Amidst Greeks and Romans
13939:
13937:
13840:
13827:
13459:Finkelstein, Israel and Mazar, Amihai.
13372:
12921:
12503:Rendsburg, Gary A. (31 December 2022),
12456:
12163:
11608:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
11373:
10759:
10753:
10490:
10312:
10017:from the original on 13 February 2023.
9848:Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500
9387:"Studies Show Jews' Genetic Similarity"
9359:
9309:mitochondrial DNA sequence Variation".
8811:In the latest phase of migrations, the
8013:, approximately 10 percent in the
7578:is home to 960,000 Jews, making it the
5215:. These Jews would form the members of
5187:, seeking refuge in places such as the
4776:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire
4633:. In the beginning of this process the
4545:
2943:The Israelites emerged from within the
513:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
20746:
18934:
18932:
18913:
18805:. State University of New York Press.
18767:
18595:
18525:
18375:
17838:The American Journal of Human Genetics
17762:The American Journal of Human Genetics
17530:
17257:
17060:
16710:
16708:
16592:
16453:
16049:The American Journal of Human Genetics
15925:
15843:Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism
15240:. Stanford University. pp. 30–31.
14927:of the State of Israel. Archived from
14841:
14058:
13573:
13333:
13294:
13239:
12930:
12671:Thompson, Thomas L. (1 January 2000).
12555:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 174.
12548:
12429:
12378:
12326:
12300:Cohen, Ada; Kangas, Steven E. (2010).
12241:
12200:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 188.
12170:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 131.
11986:
11958:
11780:
11535:
11120:Grintz, Yehoshua M. (2007). "Jew". In
11119:
10858:
10604:
10444:
10413:: Paul Johnson analyzes Cassius Dio's
9830:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 337–.
9774:
9481:The American Journal of Human Genetics
9279:
9139:
9137:
9135:
9133:
9131:
9129:
8800:in Eastern Europe, the rise of modern
8683:, were described as being deported by
8177:
8156:emancipation of the Jewish populations
8108:
7974:has a Jewish community of 292,000. In
7860:in Imperial Russia (mostly within the
7735:. This period also saw an increase in
5284:); a year later, he presided over the
5069:, which culminated in events like the
3308:. Together the tribe of Judah and the
81:, a common symbol of the Jewish people
19067:
18819:
18788:from the original on 15 November 2020
18614:
18550:
18143:
17755:
17703:
17470:
17405:Edinger, Bernard (15 December 2005).
17089:. Fjc.ru. 24 May 2004. Archived from
16848:. Freedom House. 2009. Archived from
15814:
15709:
15442:
15313:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 1007.
15132:"Quebec Sephardim Make Breakthroughs"
14656:
14567:from the original on 24 December 2018
14518:
14295:
14032:"Sectarianism before and after 70 CE"
13759:
13648:
13348:
13306:
13076:
13012:
12896:
12701:
12485:
12220:
11757:"The Jewish Problem: How To Solve It"
11510:
11350:The people and the faith of the Bible
11216:
11214:
11200:
11198:
11113:
10901:
10760:Pfeffer, Anshel (12 September 2007).
9969:from the original on 1 September 2022
9889:
9757:"The Jewish Problem: How To Solve It"
9190:
9188:
9186:
9184:
9182:
9180:
9178:
9176:
9127:
9125:
9123:
9121:
9119:
9117:
9115:
9113:
9111:
9109:
9074:
9072:
9070:
9068:
9066:
9064:
9062:
8619:after an attempt on his life by King
8286:, when Spain and Portugal, after the
8051:exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
8009:region, 15 to 20 percent in the
7559:
7331:continents, in countries such as the
4086:historicity of the biblical narrative
3586:
3576:
3170:
2903:
19093:
17366:
16786:
15833:
15644:
15603:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 234.
14289:
14220:
14165:
13986:
13934:
13642:
13213:
12643:
12272:
12190:
11580:A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews
11574:
10885:"Broadway Musicals: A Jewish Legacy"
10713:Mitchell, Travis (22 January 2020).
10583:
9850:. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 36.
9824:Facts On File, Incorporated (2009).
9384:
9284:. Universal Publishers. p. 21.
9060:
9058:
9056:
9054:
9052:
9050:
9048:
9046:
9044:
9042:
8916:, advancing many fields of thought,
8648:expulsion of the Jews from Frankfurt
7914:History of the Jews in Latin America
6869:, as well as for Ashkenazic Jews in
4176:, and for their destructions by the
4014:ended and was split into a separate
3422:had dropped the letter "d" from the
3241:
3230:
2928:, and whose traditional religion is
115:Regions with significant populations
17944:"Ukrainian mass Jewish grave found"
17909:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust
17560:Goldenberg (2007), pp. 131, 135–36.
17479:(in French). Akadem. Archived from
17065:. New York: Routledge. p. 54.
16705:
16460:Zoossmann-Diskin, Avshalom (2010).
14629:. Huffingtonpost.com. 31 March 2011
14393:. Columbia University Press. 2002.
14052:
13946:"The Diaspora from 66 to c. 235 ce"
13753:
12933:"David, King of Judah (Not Israel)"
12517:10.18574/nyu/9780814733080.003.0005
11529:
10741:"Jews make up only 0.2% of mankind"
10587:Heritage: Civilization and the Jews
10437:Roman History: Epitome of Book LXIX
10415:Roman History: Epitome of Book LXIX
10184:
10163:Ernest Krausz; Gitta Tulea (1997).
10033:from the original on 22 July 2023.
8761:, especially Poland. Following the
8714:. The 2,000 year dispersion of the
8710:Many Jews were exiled again by the
8370:in the 12th century, as well as in
7564:For a more comprehensive list, see
7007:
6773:in 1881. It had not been used as a
5375:German invasion of the Soviet Union
4769:
4437:History of ancient Israel and Judah
4430:
3824:History of ancient Israel and Judah
3564:
3460:
3267:
3256:
3208:
3194:
3188:The term "Jew" is derived from the
3181:For a more comprehensive list, see
2876:
24:
20561:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
20541:American Jewish Historical Society
18840:from the original on 21 April 2020
18431:The Blackwell Companion to Judaism
18120:Biblical History and Israel S Past
17897:from the original on 1 April 2020.
17087:"Planting Jewish roots in Siberia"
16741:Pfeffer, Anshel (6 January 2008).
16216:European Journal of Human Genetics
15213:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 51.
13649:Levin, Yigal (24 September 2020).
12352:Killebrew, Ann E. (October 2005).
11863:The Jewish nation is a living fact
11774:
11745:
11515:. University of California Press.
11300:. Behrman House, Inc. p. 41.
11211:
11195:
10001:from the original on 6 July 2021.
9173:
9106:
8488:The persecution reached a peak in
8465:, 19.8 percent of the modern
8462:American Journal of Human Genetics
8236:(in its later phases known as the
7370:
6897:or Berber as their mother tongue.
6722:of several communities, including
6582:world, in Europe before and after
5241:In the 19th century, when Jews in
4588:circa 521–516 BCE. As part of the
3447:". The Greek term was a loan from
25:
20835:
18993:to help reach a consensus. ›
18972:
18721:. Behrman House, Inc. p. 1.
18551:Rabin, Roni Caryn (14 May 2012).
18526:Sekine, Seizo (20 January 2005).
18376:Netzer, Amnon (2007). "Iran". In
18220:. Purdue University Press. 2019.
17232:. 4 December 2013. Archived from
16982:Goldenberg, Tia (10 March 2018).
16768:"Iran must attack Israel by 2014"
16572:"Jews Are a 'Race,' Genes Reveal"
15507:. Devora Publishing. p. 72.
15406:"The Jews who said 'no' to Putin"
15183:Canada's Jews: A People's Journey
14541:from the original on 21 July 2020
13815:from the original on 9 April 2023
13621:from the original on 9 April 2023
13242:"Tracing the Roots of Jewishness"
12735:. Psychology Press. p. 107.
11993:. Sussex Academic Press. p.
11641:. Houghton Mifflin Company. Jew.
11429:"The Vanishing Jews of Antiquity"
10902:Rabin, Roni Caryn (14 May 2012).
10859:Sekine, Seizo (20 January 2005).
9261:from the original on 19 July 2018
9039:
7912:and several other countries (see
6622:unique to their own communities.
5136:to seek safety in other regions.
4045:occurred and if there ever was a
3990:, went through the period of the
3796:offspring would follow the mother
3700:have traditionally been based on
3472:Some scholars prefer translating
3391:. The latter was loaned from the
3276:). Originally, in ancient times,
883:Historical population comparisons
20764:Ethnic groups in the Middle East
20759:Ancient peoples of the Near East
20725:
20712:
20711:
18768:Coogan, Michael D., ed. (1998).
18728:
18710:
18688:
18666:
18640:
18608:
18589:
18580:
18544:
18519:
18494:
18464:
18455:
18422:
18413:
18404:
18369:
18360:
18351:
18333:
18285:
18276:
18267:
18258:
18208:
18182:
18173:
18164:
18137:
18110:
18083:
18044:
18040:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
18008:
18002:
17993:
17984:
17962:
17927:
17918:
17901:
17883:
17874:
17824:
17806:
17728:
17719:
17688:
17679:
17670:
17661:
17640:
17619:
17616:Johnson (1987), pp. 213, 229–31.
17572:
17563:
17554:
17524:
17498:
17471:Cohen, Erik H. (November 2002).
17464:
17434:
17425:
17398:
17360:
17330:
17303:
17281:
17251:
17219:
17193:
17171:
17162:
17140:
17097:
17079:
17054:
17033:
17001:
16975:
16954:
16916:
16890:
16864:
16834:
16820:"The Electoral System in Israel"
16812:
16760:
16691:
16688:Johnson (1987), pp. 529, 560–62.
16682:
16593:Begley, Sharon (6 August 2012).
16564:
16512:
16373:
16324:
16296:
16203:
16085:
15965:
15916:
15907:
15877:
15868:
15808:
15789:
15771:
15753:
15728:
15703:
15670:
15617:
15590:
15563:
15524:
15494:
15476:
15404:Anshel Pfeffer (14 March 2014).
15397:
15300:
15273:
15244:
15227:
15200:
15173:
15146:
15112:
15079:
15049:
15015:
14977:
14946:
14906:
14879:
14870:
14807:
14774:
14752:Jewish Life and American Culture
14741:
14732:
14723:
14680:
14650:
14641:
14619:
14601:
14579:
14512:
14482:
14470:
14443:
14418:
14405:
14381:
14358:
14332:
14207:
14123:
14110:
14091:
13993:The Cambridge History of Judaism
13921:
13798:The Encyclopedia of Christianity
13699:
13683:
13633:
13580:. T & T Clark. p. 355.
13558:
13546:
13478:
13453:
13413:
13366:
13361:Finkelstein & Silberman 2002
13300:
13261:
13233:
13207:
13148:
13101:
13070:
13061:
13051:
13042:
13025:
12970:
12708:. Augsburg Fortress Publishers.
12609:
12591:
12569:
12496:
12436:. Oxford University Press, USA.
10739:Silverman, Anav (October 2012).
10351:. Cengage Learning. p. 87.
10192:"A Portrait of Jewish Americans"
9529:Ethnic minorities in English law
8960:. Jews have established various
8932:, as well as specific trends in
8907:
8510:European controlled North Africa
8290:(the Catholic Reconquest of the
8252:during the Christian Roman era.
7850:immigration to the United States
7208:, including most numerously the
7196:("Italkim" or "Bené Roma"); the
6489:
5486:
5480:
5474:
5237:History of Israel (1948–present)
5222:
5167:), and the establishment of the
4758:, eventually disappeared, while
4746:. Judaism also lost much of its
4584:) and their construction of the
4532:besieged and destroyed Jerusalem
4225:
3429:, which, like the New Testament
3060:were systematically murdered by
1527:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1441:Historical population by country
493:
71:
20824:Indigenous peoples of West Asia
18918:. Westminster John Knox Press.
18190:"The Post-Second Temple Period"
17409:. Shavei Israel. Archived from
16897:Drukman, Yaron (20 June 1995).
16092:Frudakis, Tony (19 July 2010).
15376:. Springer Publishing Company.
15337:Ukraine: A History, 4th Edition
14748:Fishman, Sylvia Barack (2000).
14426:"GAON – JewishEncyclopedia.com"
14367:Jewish society through the ages
13240:Balter, Michael (3 June 2010).
13013:Baker, Luke (3 February 2017).
12935:. The Bible and Interpretation.
12644:Noll, K. L. (7 December 2012).
12616:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2012).
12402:
12345:
12320:
12293:
12266:
12235:
12184:
12157:
12120:
12037:
12011:
11980:
11952:
11819:
11628:
11596:
11568:
11504:
11469:
11445:
11421:
11412:
11367:
11340:
11314:
11287:
11253:
11227:
11174:
11148:
11083:
11046:Dr. Andrea C. Paterson (2009).
10931:
10895:
10877:
10852:
10827:
10812:. A&C Black. pp. 21–.
10732:
10706:
10681:
10613:
10577:
10337:
10306:
10205:
9985:
9846:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2008).
9815:
9671:
9399:
9378:
9011:
8134:Since at least the time of the
8119:
7355:, the immigration of Jews from
6996:
4797:, and further evidence are the
4780:Talmudic academies in Babylonia
4601:Judea was under control of the
4208:For a chronological guide, see
3312:made up the Kingdom of Judah.
515: instead of Hebrew letters.
27:Ethnoreligious group and nation
20633:Relations with other religions
19043:Maps related to Jewish history
17313:The Rebirth of the Middle East
15062:. Bergahn Books. p. 214.
14844:Journal of Biblical Literature
14814:Lowenstein, Steven M. (2000).
14496:. 21 July 2005. Archived from
14151:. Cambridge University Press.
13736:A History of the Jewish People
13463:. Leiden: Brill, 2007. p. 166.
13426:A History of the Jewish People
13313:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
12931:Wright, Jacob L. (July 2014).
12579:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
12552:Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls
12465:. Princeton University Press.
12273:Kuan, Jeffrey Kah-Jin (2016).
11909:. A&C Black. pp. 1–.
11542:Journal of Biblical Literature
10990:. HarperCollins. pp. 3–.
10548:. Cambridge University Press.
10284:"Knowledge Resources: Judaism"
10244:In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel
9868:Raymond P. Scheindlin (1998).
9453:. Sciencedaily.com. 9 May 2000
9385:Wade, Nicholas (9 June 2010).
9273:
9243:
9081:American Jewish Year Book 2022
9001:
8976:, provided the foundation for
8970:authorship of the Hebrew Bible
8130:Interfaith marriage in Judaism
7832:dominating the main square in
5075:expulsion of Jews from England
4953:
4742:), and communal gatherings in
4516:devastated the region of Judah
4180:and later by the Babylonians.
3942:, and the Biblical matriarchs
3891:-speaking tribes known as the
3523:, "Juif" (m.)/"Juive" (f.) in
13:
1:
20789:Ethnic groups in Central Asia
20774:Ethnic groups in North Africa
20620:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
18978:
18695:Lawrence E. Harrison (2008).
18501:Schwartz, Richard H. (2001).
18144:Dille, Sarah J. (July 2004).
18069:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
17150:Jewish Journal. 14 March 2013
15280:Anna Verschik (25 May 2007).
14494:The Jewish Agency for Israel1
14310:10.1017/chol9780521772488.033
14001:10.1017/chol9780521772488.005
13958:10.1017/chol9780521772488.004
13929:The Bar Kokhba War AD 132-136
13214:Wade, Nicholas (9 May 2000).
12979:"Khirbet Qeiyafa: Sha'arayim"
12816:. A&C Black. p. 26.
12223:"The Rulers of Foreign Lands"
12164:Mieroop, Marc Van De (2010).
11931:Paul R. Mendes-Flohr (1991).
11052:. AuthorHouse. pp. 41–.
9151:; Sheskin, Ira, eds. (2021).
8572:
8528:were accomplished in stages.
8429:, with their persecution and
8021:. A further 200,000 lived in
7874:Jewish exodus from Arab lands
7108:of each community, including
6912:Today, many countries have a
6900:
5404:declared the creation of the
5365:, the United States, and the
4960:History of the Jews in Europe
4672:(66–73 CE) culminated in the
3410:, which in turn derived from
1098:Christianity and Judaism
20769:Ethnic groups in East Africa
20551:Leo Baeck Institute New York
20546:American Sephardi Federation
18878:. Indiana University Press.
18801:Dekmejian, R. Hrair (1975).
18736:"Jewish Nobel Prize Winners"
18648:"Jewish Nobel Prize Winners"
18066:The Religion of the Landless
17291:. Jewish Community of Berlin
16716:"Jews – Pew Research Center"
16539:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316
16152:10.1371/journal.pone.0002062
15307:Ehrlich, Mark Avrum (2009).
14561:"Jewish Nobel Prize Winners"
13885:Journal of Roman Archaeology
13712:. OUP USA. pp. 184–87.
13161:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
13083:. Eerdmans. pp. 98–99.
12983:Journal of Hebrew Scriptures
12505:"1 Israel Without the Bible"
12141:The Beginnings of Jewishness
11987:Fowler, Jeaneane D. (1997).
11906:Themes and Issues in Judaism
11476:Schwartz, Daniel R. (2014).
9901:University of Michigan Press
9607:Ernest Krausz; Gitta Tulea.
9280:Kiaris, Hippokratis (2012).
9033:
8988:have gone to individuals of
8274:—when Jews all over Germany
7970:(or their descendants). The
7856:and later events, including
7003:Jewish population by country
6920:follow a certain hereditary
6849:adopted English rather than
6625:
5268:Ottoman-controlled Palestine
5049:, for example, figures like
4501:Assyrian resettlement policy
4459:prohibition on intermarriage
3901:tribal and monarchic periods
3790:may have been influenced by
3634:persons of Jewish background
3453:
3329:. After the Exile, the term
3247:
3235:
7:
20794:Ethno-cultural designations
20784:Ethnic groups in South Asia
19374:Constantinopolitan Karaites
18774:. Oxford University Press.
18503:Judaism and Global Survival
18410:Gartner (2001), pp. 400–01.
18366:Johnson (1987), pp. 529–30.
18357:Gartner (2001), pp. 357–70.
18348:Gartner (2001), pp. 213–15.
18321:Johnson (1987), pp. 229–31.
17990:de Lange (2002), pp. 41–43.
17968:Johnson (1987), pp. 493–98.
17933:Johnson (1987), pp. 490–92.
17924:Johnson (1987), pp. 484–88.
17746:Johnson (1987), pp. 364–65.
17734:Johnson (1987), pp. 259–60.
17725:Johnson (1987), pp. 226–29.
17625:Johnson (1987), pp. 243–44.
17604:Johnson (1987), pp. 207–08.
17569:Johnson (1987), pp. 164–65.
17168:Gartner (2001), pp. 410–10.
17061:Gurock, Jeffrey S. (1998).
15134:. forward.com. 2 April 2004
14990:. HSRC Press. p. 121.
14781:Kimmerling, Baruch (1996).
14687:Johnson, Lonnie R. (1996).
14217:. Mohr Siebeck, 2005, p. 2.
12756:Thomas L. Thompson (2000).
12461:A Short History of the Jews
12358:. Society of Biblical Lit.
12047:. Torah.org. Archived from
11668:. NYU Press. pp. 19–.
11408:– via Cambridge Core.
10584:Eban, Abba Solomon (1984).
10110:. NYU Press. pp. 19–.
9686:. NYU Press. pp. 19–.
9570:. NYU Press. pp. 85–.
8552:, specialized units called
8548:conquered new territory in
8240:) repeatedly repressed the
7484:The studies also show that
7110:Jewish linguistic diversity
7106:Jewish cultural expressions
6755:Old Jewish Cemetery, Prague
6546:are strongly interrelated.
5434:
5410:Jewish and democratic state
5314:Map of the Jewish diaspora:
4868:, the Jewish population in
4617:resulted in an independent
3730:between Jews and gentiles.
3640:
3465:
3317:
3272:
3261:
3213:
3199:
2890:
2397:
2378:
2105:Latin America and Caribbean
801:
61:
10:
20840:
20602:National Library of Israel
19243:Zionism, race and genetics
18874:Kornberg, Jacques (1993).
18760:
18439:10.1002/9780470758014.ch27
18312:Gartner (2001), pp. 11–12.
18170:Johnson (1987), pp. 85–86.
17850:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007
17774:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007
17014:История инакомыслия в СССР
15815:Smith, Anthony D. (1993).
15783:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
15531:Joshua A. Fishman (1985).
15430:. jewishvirtuallibrary.org
15180:Gerald Tulchinsky (2008).
15028:. Routledge. p. 185.
14888:Journal of Semitic Studies
14430:www.jewishencyclopedia.com
14411:Harshav, Benjamin (1999).
14143:E. Mary Smallwood (1984).
13574:Grabbe, Lester L. (2004).
13307:Dever, William G. (2001).
12729:Marc Zvi Brettler (2002).
12167:A History of Ancient Egypt
11903:Seth Daniel Kunin (2000).
11844:Princeton University Press
11511:Cohen, Shaye J.D. (2001).
11380:Cambridge University Press
11374:Staples, Jason A. (2021).
11188:, and the source he used:
10610:Dosick (2007), pp. 59, 60.
9628:John A. Shoup III (2011).
9564:Craig R. Prentiss (2003).
9493:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015
8962:Jewish political movements
8813:Islamic Revolution of Iran
8662:Jews fleeing pogroms, 1882
8576:
8181:
8123:
8112:
7868:, and the founding of the
7797:
7721:aftermath of the Holocaust
7669:
7563:
7374:
7291:, and various others. The
7011:
7000:
6904:
6877:. Although communities in
6629:
6592:Islamic Spain and Portugal
5444:
5438:
5427:
5423:
5245:were increasingly granted
5226:
4957:
4924:. A number of significant
4807:documents from Elephantine
4773:
4582:High Priests of the Temple
4549:
4434:
4210:Timeline of Jewish history
4207:
4201:
4197:
3998:became subject to a king,
3911:links the early Canaanite
3872:northern Kingdom of Israel
3805:
3801:
3696:Historical definitions of
3644:
3458:, corresponding to Hebrew
3357:, is made explicit in the
3339:northern Kingdom of Israel
3180:
3174:
2940:as part of the community.
2710:Jewish political movements
2407:Conversion to Judaism
29:
20700:
20556:Yeshiva University Museum
20536:Center for Jewish History
20526:
20391:
20263:
20137:
20031:
19562:
19181:
19123:
19105:
19038:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
18954:10.1017/9781009091435.003
18893:Lipiński, Edward (2020).
18598:100 Years of Nobel Prizes
17913:Columbia University Press
17584:(Houghton Mifflin, 2001)
17531:Waxman, Chaim I. (2007).
17258:Waxman, Chaim I. (2007).
17134:American Jewish Committee
16574:. Forward.com. 4 May 2012
16349:10.1007/s00439-009-0727-5
16272:10.1007/s00439-012-1235-6
16189:"Is There a Jewish Gene?"
16100:. Elsevier. p. 383.
15840:Goodblatt, David (2006).
15677:Eisenstadt, S.N. (2004).
15654:. jdc.org. Archived from
14959:. Springer. p. 428.
14729:Sharot (1997), pp. 42–43.
14720:Sharot (1997), pp. 29–30.
14177:Ehrlich, Michael (2022).
13898:10.1017/S1047759421000271
13553:Harper's Bible Dictionary
12952:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
12810:Philip R. Davies (1995).
12677:. BRILL. pp. 137ff.
12457:Brenner, Michael (2010).
12139:Shaye J.D. Cohen (1999).
12126:Dosick (2007), pp. 56–57.
12100:Robin May Schott (2010).
12079:. Springer. pp. 6–.
11347:Chouraqui, André (1975).
11222:Oxford English Dictionary
10675:American Jewish Committee
10670:American Jewish Year Book
10380:10.1162/JEEA.2007.5.5.885
10048:Eli Lederhendler (2001).
9634:. ABC-CLIO. p. 133.
9090:10.1007/978-3-031-33406-1
8856:natural population growth
8838:
8691:were similarly exiled by
8216:have experienced various
7794:Diaspora (outside Israel)
7665:
7566:Jewish population by city
7139:). Similarly, Sephardim (
6706:Jews who migrated to the
5420:from all over the world.
3895:that inhabited a part of
3600:, fourth edition (2000),
3494:not dependent on ancestry
3361:(4th century BCE) of the
2877:
1113:Hinduism and Judaism
464:
459:
434:
429:
328:
323:
315:
307:
299:
291:
283:
275:
267:
259:
251:
243:
235:
227:
219:
211:
203:
195:
187:
179:
171:
163:
155:
147:
139:
131:
119:
114:
91:
86:
70:
56:
54:
20819:Semitic-speaking peoples
19148:Ancient Israel and Judah
19018:Jewish Agency for Israel
18991:templates for discussion
18461:de Lange (2002), p. 220.
17756:Adams, Susan M. (2008).
17637:Lewis (1984), pp. 10, 20
17540:Jewish Agency for Israel
17533:"Annual Assessment 2007"
17367:Congress, World Jewish.
17267:Jewish Agency for Israel
17260:"Annual Assessment 2007"
17121:Jewish Agency for Israel
17013:
16193:New York Review of Books
15852:10.1017/cbo9780511499067
15570:Harald Haarmann (1986).
14519:Lewin, Rhoda G. (1979).
14105:Harvard University Press
14059:Karesh, Sara E. (2006).
13841:Goodman, Martin (2018).
13733:Abraham Malamat (1976).
13485:Lipschits, Oded (2005).
13410:, pp. 69–70, 73–75.
12789:. Routledge. p. 4.
11959:Weiner, Rebecca (2007).
11831:"How I Became a Zionist"
11536:Martin, Troy W. (2003).
10984:Julie Galambush (2011).
10459:10.2979/ISR.2005.10.1.36
10420:Colonia Aelia Capitolina
10313:Albertz, Rainer (2003).
10256:David P Mindell (2009).
9997:. Cambridge Dictionary.
9929:Harry Ostrer MD (2012).
8995:
8392:Islamic Republic of Iran
8284:largest expulsion of all
7580:largest Jewish community
7319:). As a result of their
6584:The Age of Enlightenment
5393:camp complex alone. The
5175:and the issuance of the
4791:Joachin's ration tablets
3439:, meant both "Jew" and "
3183:List of Jewish ethnonyms
3054:global Jewish population
939:Temple in Jerusalem
632:Bar and bat mitzvah
55:
20779:Ethnic groups in Europe
19524:North African Sephardim
19497:Jewish tribes of Arabia
19028:The Jewish Encyclopedia
18820:Dever, William (2003).
18701:Oxford University Press
18596:Shalev, Baruch (2005).
18477:Encyclopædia Britannica
18339:Johnson (1987), p. 370.
18330:Johnson (1987), p. 306.
18303:Gartner (2001), p. 431.
18291:Johnson (1987), p. 460.
18282:Johnson (1987), p. 231.
18273:Johnson (1987), p. 177.
18264:Johnson (1987), p. 163.
18179:Johnson (1987), p. 147.
18037:The Jewish Encyclopedia
17880:Johnson (1987), p. 512.
17646:Lewis (1987), pp. 9, 27
17395:Johnson (1987), p. 171.
17369:"World Jewish Congress"
17103:Gartner (2001), p. 213.
16229:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201764
15801:9 February 2020 at the
15597:Gafaiti, Hafid (2009).
15501:Yaakov Kleiman (2004).
15207:Jessica Piombo (2009).
15153:Edna Aizenberg (2012).
14456:. Feldheim Publishers.
14450:Schloss, Chaim (2002).
14344:Encyclopædia Britannica
14265:Edward Kessler (2010).
14062:Encyclopedia of Judaism
13421:Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel
13077:Dever, William (2001).
12996:10.5508/jhs.2008.v8.a22
12702:Yoder, John C. (2015).
12549:Broshi, Maguen (2001).
12492:. London Society House.
12419:Encyclopædia Britannica
12242:Kamrin, Janice (2009).
11839:Einstein Papers Project
11297:Teaching Jewish History
11261:Botterweck, G. Johannes
11096:Encyclopædia Britannica
10505:10.2979/ISR.2005.10.1.1
10393:11 October 2020 at the
10076:Tet-Lim N. Yee (2005).
9649:Tet-Lim N. Yee (2005).
9153:World Jewish Population
9084:. Vol. 122. 2023.
8821:Los Angeles, California
8777:, the Netherlands, and
8623:. His descendants, the
8411:history of antisemitism
8192:Jewish military history
8167:interreligious marriage
7916:). According to a 2010
7888:(180,000–300,000), and
7701:Arab citizens of Israel
7658:, a demographer of the
7544:, and a portion of the
7377:Genetic studies on Jews
7014:Jewish ethnic divisions
6959:interdisciplinary field
6714:on European Jewry, the
6671:, the languages of the
5247:equality before the law
4946:were active there. The
4892:Byzantine Empire under
4719:A Roman coin inscribed
4184:Genetic studies on Jews
4002:, who was succeeded by
3760:According to historian
3413:
3405:
3397:
3386:
901:Twelve Tribes of Israel
20627:Holocaust Encyclopedia
20597:Jewish Virtual Library
19009:Berman Jewish DataBank
18914:McNutt, Paula (1999).
18859:. Simon and Schuster.
18419:Kaplan (2003), p. 301.
18050:Johnson (1987), p. 30.
18034:; et al. (eds.).
17999:Johnson (1987), p. 10.
17709:"Muslim Anti-Semitism"
17431:Elazar (2003), p. 434.
17129:Annual Assessment 2007
17051:Dosick (2007), p. 340.
17039:Goldstein (1995) p. 24
16487:10.1186/1745-6150-5-57
16008:10.1073/pnas.100115997
15710:Lewis, Hal M. (2006).
15022:Elana Shohamy (2010).
14876:Feldman (2006), p. 54.
14413:The Meaning of Yiddish
13182:10.1073/pnas.100115997
13121:Jared Diamond (1993).
12897:Kuhrt, Amiele (1995).
12840:The Jewish Study Bible
12486:Adams, Hannah (1840).
12430:Ostrer, Harry (2012).
12327:Ostrer, Harry (2012).
12221:Curry, Andrew (2018).
11966:Jewish Virtual Library
11690:Jacob Neusner (1991).
11434:22 August 2017 at the
10956:Jews, God, and History
10806:Jonathan Daly (2013).
10654:Jewish Virtual Library
10590:. Simon and Schuster.
9702:Jacob Neusner (1991).
9160:Berman Jewish DataBank
8918:science and technology
8851:
8829:Soviet Union collapsed
8781:, others migrating to
8663:
8655:
8588:
8485:
8455:backed by the Russian
8427:Portuguese Inquisition
8320:
8212:The Jewish people and
8209:
7990:since the fall of the
7948:
7872:, with the subsequent
7845:
7836:. An estimated 70,000
7821:
7685:
7583:
7069:
7054:
7039:
6952:
6941:
6758:
6610:, or the contemporary
5346:
5286:First Zionist Congress
4727:
4670:First Jewish-Roman War
3883:
3855:
3663:
3638:
3093:science and technology
501:This article contains
108:
37:. For other uses, see
20799:Ethnoreligious groups
20574:Encyclopaedia Judaica
20356:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
19541:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
19291:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
19059:World Jewish Congress
19048:23 March 2012 at the
18679:John Wiley & Sons
18387:Encyclopaedia Judaica
17713:Middle East Quarterly
17373:World Jewish Congress
16390:10.1038/news.2010.277
15971:Dosick (2007), p. 61.
15948:Encyclopaedia Judaica
15922:Dosick (2007), p. 59.
15913:Dosick (2007), p. 60.
15889:Jewish Social Studies
15334:Subtelny, O. (2009).
15056:Elan Ezrachi (2012).
14984:Chaya Herman (2006).
14738:Sharot (1997), p. 42.
14227:Leibner, Uzi (2009).
14030:Jodi Magness (2011).
13048:Tubb, 1998. pp. 13–14
12903:. Routledge. p.
12900:The Ancient Near East
12762:. Brill. p. 96.
12306:. UPNE. p. 127.
11662:M. Nicholson (2002).
11451:Danker, Frederick W.
11388:10.1017/9781108906524
11131:Encyclopaedia Judaica
10409:A History of the Jews
10345:Marvin Perry (2012).
10104:M. Nicholson (2002).
10013:. Oxford Dictionary.
9680:M. Nicholson (2002).
9421:10.1007/s004390000426
9360:Ridolfo, Jim (2015).
9149:Della-Pergola, Sergio
8894:Baal teshuva movement
8846:
8825:Long Island, New York
8785:and the Middle East.
8661:
8645:
8635:, as recorded in the
8586:
8577:Further information:
8479:
8447:Cossack massacres in
8315:
8250:second-class citizens
8199:
8182:Further information:
8154:) and the subsequent
7934:
7827:
7807:
7784:Arab–Israeli conflict
7737:immigration to Israel
7679:
7574:
7488:(descendants of the "
7486:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
7060:
7045:
7025:of late-19th-century
7021:
7001:Further information:
6971:religious nationalism
6947:
6939:
6748:
5313:
5227:Further information:
5153:Samuel ibn Naghrillah
4958:Further information:
4774:Further information:
4718:
4550:Further information:
4524:Neo-Babylonian Empire
4505:exiled to Mesopotamia
4435:Further information:
4067:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3915:confederation to the
3861:
3831:
3806:Further information:
3658:
3608:, in phrases such as
3602:
2920:originating from the
2899:Israeli pronunciation
1647:São Tomé and Príncipe
1642:Republic of the Congo
1036:Second Temple Judaism
907:Kingdom of Judah
878:Modern historiography
460:Related ethnic groups
333:Predominantly spoken:
107:
19153:Second Temple period
18530:. Sheed & Ward.
18433:. pp. 495–511.
17977:Berenbaum, Michael.
17715:. Middle East Forum.
17694:Lewis (1984), p. 28.
17289:"Israelis in Berlin"
17123:). 2007. p. 15.
16878:on 30 September 2007
16846:Freedom in the World
15452:Moshe Ma'oz (2011).
15251:Paul Wexler (2006).
14900:10.1093/jss/17.2.237
14647:Neusner (1991) p. 64
13869:. Brill, 2016. P471/
13843:A History of Judaism
13515:10.5325/j.ctv1bxh5fd
13497:10.5325/j.ctv1bxh5fd
12618:Western civilization
12228:Archaeology Magazine
11782:Palmer, Edward Henry
11498:10.3138/j.ctt1287s34
11440:L.A. Review of Books
10863:. Sheed & Ward.
9776:Palmer, Edward Henry
8875:Conservative Judaism
8738:and, as a result of
8718:beginning under the
8344:distinctive clothing
7656:Sergio Della Pergola
6829:and the adoption of
4552:Second Temple period
4546:Second Temple period
4237:The Tribes of Israel
4164:with its capital in
4147:as belonging to the
4143:people known to the
3913:nomadic pastoralists
3691:converted to Judaism
3581:, the corresponding
3304:, the fourth son of
3074:Sergio Della Pergola
2969:Babylonian captivity
2945:Canaanite population
2938:converted to Judaism
2914:ethnoreligious group
2749:World Agudath Israel
1890:United Arab Emirates
977:Second Temple period
967:Babylonian captivity
122:occupied territories
39:Jew (disambiguation)
20591:Jewish Encyclopedia
20336:Hekhalot literature
20147:Religious movements
19682:Judeo-Tripolitanian
18675:Judaism for dummies
18226:10.2307/j.ctvh9w1wk
18123:. Wm. B. Eerdmans.
17893:. 9 February 2015.
17658:Lewis (1999), p.131
17581:Constantine's Sword
17114:"Annual Assessment"
17009:Alexeyeva, Lyudmila
16720:Pew Research Center
16701:. 18 December 2012.
16605:on 18 November 2015
16478:2010Sci...328.1342B
16431:10.1038/nature09103
16423:2010Natur.466..238B
16187:(6 December 2012).
16143:2008PLoSO...3.2062B
15999:2000PNAS...97.6769H
15044:for Jews worldwide.
14500:on 10 December 2018
13668:10.3390/rel11100487
13173:2000PNAS...97.6769H
13123:"Who are the Jews?"
12073:Emma Klein (2016).
12051:on 24 December 2008
11724:Alan Dowty (1998).
10566:Dalit Rom-Shiloni,
10196:Pew Research Center
10132:Alan Dowty (1998).
9730:Alan Dowty (1998).
9201:The Times of Israel
8968:, and, through the
8966:religious movements
8763:Spanish Inquisition
8759:East-Central Europe
8673:Tiglath-Pileser III
8566:extermination camps
8538:Concentration camps
8520:by Germany and its
8423:Tomás de Torquemada
8419:Spanish Inquisition
8346:, not found in the
8184:Persecution of Jews
8178:War and persecution
8126:Jewish assimilation
8109:Demographic changes
7947:on 1 September 1933
7918:Pew Research Center
7717:Holocaust survivors
7220:, most notably the
7072:Within the world's
7049:Jewish couple from
6963:nationalism studies
6792:has emerged as the
6643:of Judaism (termed
6641:liturgical language
6564:Abrahamic religions
6548:Converts to Judaism
6401:Abrahamic religions
6300:Selichot (S'lichot)
6092:Bar and bat mitzvah
5595:Principles of faith
5363:Mandatory Palestine
5301:Ludwig Wittgenstein
5185:expelled from Spain
5169:Spanish Inquisition
5161:Solomon ibn Gabirol
5071:Rhineland Massacres
4982:ethnic subdivisions
4815:Alexander the Great
4607:Alexander the Great
4497:Neo-Assyrian Empire
4455:religious practices
3928:Biblical patriarchs
3724:Israelite ancestors
3687:matrilineal descent
3292:. According to the
3012:ethnic subdivisions
2987:, gave rise to the
1042:Hellenistic Judaism
620:Land of Israel
579:Principles of faith
135:6,000,000–9,800,000
127:6,983,000–7,455,200
51:
20814:Religious identity
20732:Judaism portal
20668:Jews and Halloween
20663:Jews and Christmas
20053:Rabbinic authority
19805:Judaeo-Piedmontese
19238:Xueta Christianity
19143:Origins of Judaism
19110:Outline of Judaism
18654:on 19 October 2017
18558:The New York Times
18378:Berenbaum, Michael
17820:. 4 December 2008.
17818:The New York Times
17316:. Hamilton Books.
17239:on 4 December 2013
17207:. 26 February 2015
17093:on 27 August 2009.
16798:The World Factbook
16772:The Jerusalem Post
16626:Am. J. Hum. Genet.
15939:Berenbaum, Michael
15658:on 16 October 2013
15288:on 16 October 2014
14953:Nava Nevo (2001).
14369:. Schocken Books.
14239:20.500.12657/43969
14129:Josephus Flavius,
13220:The New York Times
12732:The Book of Judges
12025:on 18 October 1996
11853:on 5 November 2015
11564:– via JSTOR.
11427:Adele Reinhartz,
11326:www.britannica.com
11239:www.britannica.com
11160:www.britannica.com
11122:Berenbaum, Michael
10909:The New York Times
10259:The Evolving World
10198:. 1 October 2013.
9392:The New York Times
9323:10.1002/humu.20077
8852:
8664:
8656:
8625:Children of Israel
8589:
8579:Expulsions of Jews
8560:were crammed into
8486:
8445:Bohdan Chmielnicki
8321:
8280:Kingdom of England
8210:
8200:The Roman Emperor
8089:, and the rest of
8027:Republic of Turkey
7949:
7939:Youth Movement in
7862:Pale of Settlement
7846:
7822:
7725:fleeing Arab lands
7686:
7584:
7582:outside of Israel.
7560:Population centers
7070:
7055:
7040:
6942:
6889:, and the city of
6859:Post-Soviet states
6847:South African Jews
6767:Eliezer ben Yehuda
6759:
6496:Judaism portal
6461:Holocaust theology
5347:
5251:Pale of Settlement
4996:(initially in the
4926:Talmudic academies
4728:
4655:province of Judaea
4071:besieged Jerusalem
3884:
3862:Depiction of King
3856:
3820:Origins of Judaism
3664:
3171:Name and etymology
2981:Hellenistic period
2905:[jehuˈdim]
2603:Jewish Koine Greek
2145:Dominican Republic
1426:Judaism by country
1105:Jews and Christmas
960:Assyrian captivity
120:Israel (including
109:
49:
20741:
20740:
20707:extinct languages
20608:YIVO Encyclopedia
20383:Hebrew literature
20351:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
20191:Reconstructionist
19869:Judaeo-Portuguese
19558:
19557:
19514:Eastern Sephardim
19158:Synagogal Judaism
18963:978-1-316-51494-8
18925:978-0-664-22265-9
18906:978-90-429-4212-7
18885:978-0-253-33203-5
18866:978-0-7432-2338-6
18833:978-0-8028-0975-9
18781:978-0-19-513937-2
18537:978-1-4616-7459-7
18448:978-0-470-75801-4
18397:978-0-02-866097-4
18235:978-1-55753-875-8
18194:The Jewish Agency
18150:. A&C Black.
17907:Donald L Niewyk,
17452:on 12 August 2011
17413:on 3 October 2012
17350:978-0-231-50759-2
17323:978-0-7618-4846-2
17269:). pp. 40–42
17132:. Vol. 106.
16852:on 19 August 2012
16774:. 9 February 2012
16675:978-0-12-420195-8
16417:(7303): 238–242.
16384:: news.2010.277.
16185:Lewontin, Richard
16107:978-0-08-055137-1
15993:(12): 6769–6774.
15958:978-0-02-866097-4
15861:978-0-521-86202-8
15826:978-0-87417-204-1
15817:National Identity
15761:"David Goodblatt"
15637:978-0-253-00146-7
15610:978-0-8032-2465-0
15583:978-3-11-086280-5
15514:978-1-930143-89-0
15465:978-1-84519-527-4
15416:on 26 March 2014.
15383:978-0-8261-3146-1
15347:978-1-4426-9728-7
15320:978-1-85109-873-6
15266:978-3-447-05404-1
15220:978-0-230-62382-8
15193:978-0-8020-9386-8
15166:978-0-8156-5165-9
15069:978-0-85745-258-0
15035:978-1-135-14621-4
14997:978-0-7969-2114-7
14966:978-94-007-0354-4
14528:Minnesota History
14463:978-1-58330-214-9
14399:10.7312/simo10796
14319:978-0-521-77248-8
14278:978-0-521-70562-2
14248:978-3-16-151460-9
14188:978-1-64189-222-3
14072:978-1-78785-171-9
14065:. Facts On File.
14045:978-90-04-21744-7
14010:978-1-139-05513-0
13967:978-0-521-77248-8
13852:978-0-691-18127-1
13808:978-0-8028-2416-5
13773:978-90-04-34986-5
13746:978-0-674-39731-6
13719:978-0-19-518831-8
13614:978-0-19-518831-8
13587:978-0-567-08998-4
13506:978-1-57506-297-6
13386:978-0-19-872439-1
13320:978-0-8028-2126-3
13281:978-0-309-10196-7
12959:978-0-567-63671-3
12914:978-0-415-16762-8
12850:978-0-19-997846-5
12823:978-1-85075-737-5
12796:978-1-317-42815-2
12742:978-0-415-16216-6
12715:978-1-4514-9642-0
12684:978-90-04-11943-7
12657:978-0-567-44117-1
12650:. A&C Black.
12627:978-0-495-91324-5
12526:978-0-8147-3308-0
12472:978-0-691-14351-4
12443:978-0-19-970205-3
12395:978-0-06-233944-7
12388:. HarperCollins.
12365:978-1-58983-097-4
12338:978-0-19-537961-7
12313:978-1-58465-817-7
12286:978-1-4982-8143-0
12207:978-1-118-89611-2
12177:978-1-4051-6070-4
12113:978-0-253-00482-6
12086:978-1-349-24319-8
11916:978-0-304-33758-3
11888:978-0-7618-5793-8
11797:978-1-931956-69-7
11790:. Gorgias Press.
11755:(25 April 1915).
11737:978-0-520-92706-3
11709:978-0-664-25348-6
11675:978-0-8147-5822-9
11648:978-0-618-60499-9
11360:978-0-87023-172-8
11307:978-0-86705-183-4
11280:978-0-8028-2329-8
11204:Amy-Jill Levine.
11141:978-0-02-866097-4
11059:978-1-4520-3049-4
11028:978-0-521-46285-3
10997:978-0-06-210475-5
10966:978-1-101-14225-7
10870:978-1-4616-7459-7
10819:978-1-4411-1851-6
10597:978-0-671-44103-6
10555:978-0-521-77248-8
10525:Project MUSE
10479:Project MUSE
10358:978-1-111-83720-4
10326:978-1-58983-055-4
10294:on 27 August 2011
10269:978-0-674-04108-0
10176:978-1-4128-2689-1
10145:978-0-520-92706-3
10117:978-0-8147-5822-9
10089:978-1-139-44411-8
10061:978-0-19-534896-5
9942:978-0-19-997638-6
9881:978-0-19-513941-9
9837:978-1-4381-2676-0
9791:978-1-931956-69-7
9784:. Gorgias Press.
9755:(25 April 1915).
9743:978-0-520-92706-3
9721:978-0-664-25348-6
9693:978-0-8147-5822-9
9662:978-1-139-44411-8
9641:978-1-59884-363-7
9620:978-1-4128-2689-1
9599:978-0-19-534896-5
9577:978-0-8147-6700-9
9371:978-0-472-07280-4
9291:978-1-61233-093-8
9145:Dashefsky, Arnold
9099:978-3-031-33405-4
8972:and parts of the
8930:Jewish literature
8922:Jewish philosophy
8728:Iberian Peninsula
8705:Achaemenid Empire
8681:Kingdom of Israel
8666:Centuries later,
8516:of Europe during
8324:Islam and Judaism
8292:Iberian Peninsula
8242:Jewish population
8230:Early Middle Ages
7680:Jewish people in
7660:Jewish population
7494:forced to convert
7471:Southern European
7445:residents of the
7406:mitochondrial DNA
7397:, and the French
7114:genetic admixture
7074:Jewish population
6907:Jewish leadership
6815:Romance languages
6769:, who arrived in
6749:Tombstone of the
6708:Iberian peninsula
6673:Babylonian Talmud
6532:
6531:
5884:Important figures
5558:Reconstructionist
5451:Jewish secularism
5357:came to power in
5326: + 1,000,000
5181:Catholic Monarchs
5139:Initially, under
5122:Almohad Caliphate
4998:Iberian Peninsula
4980:into three major
4948:Babylonian Talmud
4866:Bar Kokhba revolt
4861:and Mesopotamia.
4851:Jewish-Roman Wars
4799:Al-Yahudu tablets
4795:Nebuchadnezzar II
4678:Bar Kokhba revolt
4662:Jewish–Roman wars
4619:Hasmonean kingdom
4560:According to the
4556:Jewish–Roman wars
4540:exiled to Babylon
4468:and the southern
4466:Kingdom of Israel
4428:
4427:
4105:Canaanite peoples
4063:Nebuchadnezzar II
4051:Kingdom of Israel
4016:Kingdom of Israel
4010:, after whom the
3922:According to the
3909:Gary A. Rendsburg
3762:Shaye J. D. Cohen
3720:Deuteronomy 7:1–5
3712:Babylonian Talmud
3588:[ˈjyːdɪʃ]
3310:tribe of Benjamin
3032:Iberian Peninsula
3010:into three major
2985:Jewish–Roman wars
2947:to establish the
2926:ancient Near East
2865:
2864:
2814:
2813:
2562:
2561:
2309:Reconstructionist
2253:
2252:
1405:
1404:
1212:
1211:
1049:Jewish–Roman wars
997:Hasmonean dynasty
913:Kingdom of Israel
817:
816:
509:rendering support
489:
488:
57:יְהוּדִים
16:(Redirected from
20831:
20809:Jews and Judaism
20730:
20729:
20728:
20715:
20714:
19847:Judeo-Golpaygani
19448:Palestinian Jews
19423:Alexandrian Jews
19379:Crimean Karaites
19296:Unterlander Jews
19249:
19248:
19163:Rabbinic Judaism
19088:
19081:
19074:
19065:
19064:
19055:Official website
19034:Official website
19023:Official website
19014:Official website
19005:Official website
18967:
18938:
18929:
18910:
18889:
18870:
18849:
18847:
18845:
18816:
18797:
18795:
18793:
18755:
18754:
18748:
18746:
18732:
18726:
18725:
18714:
18708:
18707:
18692:
18686:
18685:
18670:
18664:
18663:
18661:
18659:
18650:. Archived from
18644:
18638:
18637:
18631:
18629:
18612:
18606:
18605:
18593:
18587:
18584:
18578:
18577:
18575:
18573:
18548:
18542:
18541:
18523:
18517:
18516:
18498:
18492:
18491:
18486:
18484:
18468:
18462:
18459:
18453:
18452:
18426:
18420:
18417:
18411:
18408:
18402:
18401:
18373:
18367:
18364:
18358:
18355:
18349:
18346:
18340:
18337:
18331:
18328:
18322:
18319:
18313:
18310:
18304:
18301:
18292:
18289:
18283:
18280:
18274:
18271:
18265:
18262:
18256:
18255:
18212:
18206:
18205:
18203:
18201:
18186:
18180:
18177:
18171:
18168:
18162:
18161:
18147:Mixing Metaphors
18141:
18135:
18134:
18114:
18108:
18107:
18087:
18081:
18080:
18060:
18051:
18048:
18042:
18041:
18012:
18011:
18006:
18000:
17997:
17991:
17988:
17982:
17975:
17969:
17966:
17960:
17959:
17957:
17955:
17940:
17934:
17931:
17925:
17922:
17916:
17905:
17899:
17898:
17887:
17881:
17878:
17872:
17871:
17861:
17828:
17822:
17821:
17810:
17804:
17803:
17793:
17753:
17747:
17744:
17735:
17732:
17726:
17723:
17717:
17716:
17701:
17695:
17692:
17686:
17683:
17677:
17674:
17668:
17665:
17659:
17656:
17647:
17644:
17638:
17635:
17626:
17623:
17617:
17614:
17605:
17602:
17593:
17578:Carroll, James.
17576:
17570:
17567:
17561:
17558:
17552:
17551:
17549:
17547:
17537:
17528:
17522:
17521:
17519:
17517:
17502:
17496:
17495:
17493:
17491:
17486:on 16 April 2021
17485:
17478:
17468:
17462:
17461:
17459:
17457:
17448:. Archived from
17438:
17432:
17429:
17423:
17422:
17420:
17418:
17402:
17396:
17393:
17384:
17383:
17381:
17379:
17364:
17358:
17357:
17334:
17328:
17327:
17307:
17301:
17300:
17298:
17296:
17285:
17279:
17278:
17276:
17274:
17264:
17255:
17249:
17248:
17246:
17244:
17238:
17231:
17223:
17217:
17216:
17214:
17212:
17197:
17191:
17190:
17188:
17186:
17175:
17169:
17166:
17160:
17159:
17157:
17155:
17144:
17138:
17137:
17124:
17118:
17110:
17104:
17101:
17095:
17094:
17083:
17077:
17076:
17058:
17052:
17049:
17040:
17037:
17031:
17030:
17028:
17026:
17005:
16999:
16998:
16996:
16994:
16979:
16973:
16972:
16970:
16968:
16958:
16952:
16946:
16940:
16939:
16937:
16935:
16920:
16914:
16913:
16911:
16909:
16894:
16888:
16887:
16885:
16883:
16868:
16862:
16861:
16859:
16857:
16838:
16832:
16831:
16829:
16827:
16816:
16810:
16809:
16807:
16805:
16790:
16784:
16783:
16781:
16779:
16764:
16758:
16757:
16755:
16753:
16738:
16732:
16731:
16729:
16727:
16712:
16703:
16702:
16695:
16689:
16686:
16680:
16679:
16657:
16651:
16650:
16641:
16621:
16615:
16614:
16612:
16610:
16601:. Archived from
16590:
16584:
16583:
16581:
16579:
16568:
16562:
16561:
16551:
16541:
16516:
16510:
16509:
16499:
16489:
16457:
16451:
16450:
16405:
16394:
16393:
16377:
16371:
16370:
16360:
16328:
16322:
16321:
16319:
16317:
16308:
16300:
16294:
16293:
16283:
16251:
16242:
16241:
16231:
16207:
16201:
16200:
16181:
16175:
16174:
16164:
16154:
16121:
16112:
16111:
16094:"Ashkezani Jews"
16089:
16083:
16082:
16072:
16055:(5): 1095–1112.
16040:
16031:
16030:
16020:
16010:
15978:
15972:
15969:
15963:
15962:
15934:
15923:
15920:
15914:
15911:
15905:
15904:
15885:Weitzman, Steven
15881:
15875:
15872:
15866:
15865:
15837:
15831:
15830:
15812:
15806:
15793:
15787:
15786:
15775:
15769:
15768:
15765:history.ucsd.edu
15757:
15751:
15750:
15748:
15746:
15732:
15726:
15725:
15707:
15701:
15700:
15684:
15674:
15668:
15667:
15665:
15663:
15648:
15642:
15641:
15621:
15615:
15614:
15594:
15588:
15587:
15567:
15561:
15560:
15528:
15522:
15521:
15498:
15492:
15491:
15480:
15474:
15473:
15468:. Archived from
15449:
15440:
15439:
15437:
15435:
15424:
15418:
15417:
15412:. Archived from
15401:
15395:
15394:
15392:
15390:
15375:
15365:
15359:
15358:
15356:
15354:
15331:
15325:
15324:
15304:
15298:
15297:
15295:
15293:
15282:"Jewish Russian"
15277:
15271:
15270:
15248:
15242:
15241:
15231:
15225:
15224:
15204:
15198:
15197:
15177:
15171:
15170:
15150:
15144:
15143:
15141:
15139:
15128:
15122:
15116:
15110:
15109:
15104:
15102:
15093:. Archived from
15083:
15077:
15076:
15053:
15047:
15046:
15019:
15013:
15012:
14981:
14975:
14974:
14950:
14944:
14943:
14941:
14939:
14934:on 10 April 2021
14933:
14918:
14910:
14904:
14903:
14883:
14877:
14874:
14868:
14867:
14839:
14830:
14829:
14811:
14805:
14804:
14788:
14778:
14772:
14771:
14755:
14745:
14739:
14736:
14730:
14727:
14721:
14718:
14709:
14708:
14684:
14678:
14677:
14654:
14648:
14645:
14639:
14638:
14636:
14634:
14623:
14617:
14616:
14613:InterfaithFamily
14605:
14599:
14598:
14596:
14594:
14583:
14577:
14576:
14574:
14572:
14557:
14551:
14550:
14548:
14546:
14540:
14525:
14516:
14510:
14509:
14507:
14505:
14486:
14480:
14474:
14468:
14467:
14447:
14441:
14440:
14438:
14436:
14422:
14416:
14409:
14403:
14402:
14385:
14379:
14378:
14362:
14356:
14355:
14353:
14351:
14336:
14330:
14329:
14328:
14326:
14293:
14287:
14286:
14262:
14253:
14252:
14224:
14218:
14211:
14205:
14204:
14174:
14163:
14162:
14140:
14134:
14127:
14121:
14114:
14108:
14095:
14089:
14088:
14056:
14050:
14049:
14027:
14021:
14020:
14019:
14017:
13984:
13978:
13977:
13976:
13974:
13941:
13932:
13925:
13919:
13918:
13900:
13876:
13870:
13863:
13857:
13856:
13838:
13825:
13824:
13822:
13820:
13792:
13786:
13785:
13757:
13751:
13750:
13730:
13724:
13723:
13703:
13697:
13687:
13681:
13680:
13670:
13646:
13640:
13637:
13631:
13630:
13628:
13626:
13598:
13592:
13591:
13571:
13565:
13562:
13556:
13550:
13544:
13543:
13541:
13539:
13528:
13519:
13518:
13482:
13476:
13470:
13464:
13457:
13451:
13450:
13445:
13443:
13417:
13411:
13405:
13399:
13398:
13370:
13364:
13358:
13352:
13346:
13337:
13331:
13325:
13324:
13304:
13298:
13292:
13286:
13285:
13265:
13259:
13258:
13256:
13254:
13237:
13231:
13230:
13228:
13226:
13211:
13205:
13204:
13194:
13184:
13152:
13146:
13144:
13142:
13140:
13134:
13128:. Archived from
13127:
13118:
13112:
13105:
13099:
13098:
13074:
13068:
13065:
13059:
13055:
13049:
13046:
13040:
13029:
13023:
13022:
13010:
13001:
13000:
12998:
12974:
12968:
12967:
12943:
12937:
12936:
12928:
12919:
12918:
12894:
12885:
12884:
12866:
12855:
12854:
12834:
12828:
12827:
12807:
12801:
12800:
12780:
12774:
12773:
12753:
12747:
12746:
12726:
12720:
12719:
12699:
12693:
12692:
12668:
12662:
12661:
12641:
12635:
12634:
12613:
12607:
12606:
12595:
12589:
12588:
12586:
12584:
12573:
12567:
12566:
12546:
12537:
12536:
12535:
12533:
12509:The Hebrew Bible
12500:
12494:
12493:
12483:
12477:
12476:
12464:
12454:
12448:
12447:
12427:
12421:
12406:
12400:
12399:
12376:
12370:
12369:
12349:
12343:
12342:
12324:
12318:
12317:
12297:
12291:
12290:
12270:
12264:
12263:
12239:
12233:
12232:
12218:
12212:
12211:
12192:Bard, Kathryn A.
12188:
12182:
12181:
12161:
12155:
12154:
12136:
12127:
12124:
12118:
12117:
12097:
12091:
12090:
12070:
12061:
12060:
12058:
12056:
12041:
12035:
12034:
12032:
12030:
12015:
12009:
12008:
11984:
11978:
11977:
11975:
11973:
11956:
11950:
11948:
11928:
11922:
11920:
11900:
11894:
11892:
11872:
11866:
11865:
11860:
11858:
11852:
11846:. Archived from
11835:
11829:(21 June 1921).
11827:Einstein, Albert
11823:
11817:
11816:
11814:
11812:
11778:
11772:
11771:
11766:
11764:
11749:
11743:
11741:
11721:
11715:
11713:
11697:
11687:
11681:
11679:
11659:
11653:
11652:
11632:
11626:
11625:
11600:
11594:
11593:
11572:
11566:
11565:
11533:
11527:
11526:
11508:
11502:
11501:
11473:
11467:
11449:
11443:
11425:
11419:
11416:
11410:
11409:
11371:
11365:
11364:
11344:
11338:
11337:
11335:
11333:
11318:
11312:
11311:
11291:
11285:
11284:
11265:Ringgren, Helmer
11257:
11251:
11250:
11248:
11246:
11231:
11225:
11218:
11209:
11202:
11193:
11178:
11172:
11171:
11169:
11167:
11152:
11146:
11145:
11117:
11111:
11110:
11105:
11103:
11087:
11081:
11074:
11065:
11063:
11043:
11034:
11032:
11012:
11003:
11001:
10981:
10972:
10970:
10947:
10938:
10935:
10929:
10928:
10926:
10924:
10899:
10893:
10892:
10889:DC Theatre Scene
10881:
10875:
10874:
10856:
10850:
10849:
10847:
10845:
10831:
10825:
10823:
10803:
10782:
10781:
10779:
10777:
10772:on 19 March 2009
10768:. Archived from
10757:
10751:
10750:
10736:
10730:
10729:
10727:
10725:
10710:
10704:
10703:
10701:
10699:
10685:
10679:
10678:
10665:
10663:
10661:
10645:
10636:
10635:
10633:
10631:
10617:
10611:
10608:
10602:
10601:
10581:
10575:
10563:
10532:
10486:
10383:
10362:
10341:
10335:
10334:
10310:
10304:
10303:
10301:
10299:
10290:. Archived from
10280:
10274:
10273:
10253:
10247:
10237:
10228:
10227:
10225:
10223:
10209:
10203:
10202:
10188:
10182:
10180:
10160:
10151:
10149:
10129:
10123:
10121:
10101:
10095:
10093:
10073:
10067:
10065:
10045:
10039:
10038:
10021:
10005:
9989:
9983:
9982:
9976:
9974:
9955:
9949:
9946:
9925:
9885:
9864:
9841:
9819:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9806:
9771:
9766:
9764:
9747:
9725:
9709:
9697:
9675:
9669:
9666:
9645:
9624:
9603:
9581:
9560:
9524:
9515:
9514:
9504:
9472:
9463:
9462:
9460:
9458:
9447:
9441:
9440:
9403:
9397:
9396:
9382:
9376:
9375:
9357:
9351:
9350:
9305:
9296:
9295:
9277:
9271:
9270:
9268:
9266:
9247:
9241:
9240:
9238:
9236:
9231:on 26 March 2009
9227:. Archived from
9225:Beth Hatefutsoth
9217:
9206:
9205:
9192:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9166:
9157:
9141:
9104:
9103:
9076:
9028:
9015:
9009:
9005:
8806:Arab nationalism
8796:In summary, the
8753:Statute of Jewry
8689:Kingdom of Judah
8354:but invented in
8238:Byzantine Empire
8019:Kingdom of Yemen
8015:Kingdom of Egypt
7713:mass immigration
7518:Hispanic America
7037:Maurycy Gottlieb
7008:Ethnic divisions
6979:classical Greeks
6955:Anthony D. Smith
6835:Zionist movement
6798:Jewish languages
6740:Judaeo-Malayalam
6720:Jewish languages
6694:who migrated to
6677:Syria Palaestina
6645:lashon ha-kodesh
6632:Jewish languages
6524:
6517:
6510:
6494:
6493:
6492:
5766:Aruch HaShulchan
5490:
5484:
5478:
5455:
5454:
5402:David Ben-Gurion
5343:
5337:
5331:
5325:
5319:
5282:The Jewish State
4922:Syria Palaestina
4898:Syria Palaestina
4886:Jerusalem Talmud
4878:Syria Palaestina
4770:Babylon and Rome
4764:Rabbinic Judaism
4643:Herodian dynasty
4623:kingdom of Judah
4611:Maccabean Revolt
4570:Babylonian exile
4470:Kingdom of Judah
4431:Israel and Judah
4420:
4413:
4406:
4229:
4219:Tribes of Israel
4215:
4214:
4192:Fertile Crescent
4170:material culture
4073:, destroyed the
4055:Kingdom of Judah
4020:Kingdom of Judah
3905:Kingdom of Judah
3590:
3580:
3578:[ˈjuːdə]
3566:
3559:("Ebri/Ebrani" (
3468:
3463:
3462:
3456:
3416:
3408:
3400:
3389:
3327:Babylonian Exile
3320:
3282:kingdom of Judah
3275:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3223:Jewish languages
3216:
3211:
3210:
3202:
3197:
3196:
2953:Israel and Judah
2907:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2879:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2706:
2705:
2587:
2408:
2402:
2383:
2347:
2346:
2294:
2241:New Zealand
2193:
2156:El Salvador
2146:
2078:Northern America
2070:
1664:
1420:
1419:
1331:Crimean Karaites
1227:
1226:
1205:
1203:
1124:
1122:
1114:
1108:
1099:
1087:Rabbinic Judaism
1068:
1062:
1056:
1044:
1032:
998:
991:Maccabean Revolt
968:
961:
955:
947:
940:
934:
926:
908:
832:
831:
806:
701:
700:
633:
621:
520:
519:
497:
418:Talmudic Aramaic
413:Biblical Aramaic
87:Total population
75:
64:
58:
52:
48:
21:
18:Jewish community
20839:
20838:
20834:
20833:
20832:
20830:
20829:
20828:
20744:
20743:
20742:
20737:
20726:
20724:
20696:
20522:
20387:
20259:
20133:
20027:
19842:Judeo-Borujerdi
19817:Judeo-Malayalam
19763:Judeo-Aragonese
19734:Lishanid Noshan
19566:
19554:
19286:Oberlander Jews
19247:
19177:
19119:
19101:
19092:
19050:Wayback Machine
18994:
18975:
18970:
18964:
18926:
18907:
18886:
18867:
18843:
18841:
18834:
18813:
18791:
18789:
18782:
18763:
18758:
18744:
18742:
18734:
18733:
18729:
18715:
18711:
18703:. p. 102.
18693:
18689:
18671:
18667:
18657:
18655:
18646:
18645:
18641:
18627:
18625:
18613:
18609:
18594:
18590:
18585:
18581:
18571:
18569:
18549:
18545:
18538:
18524:
18520:
18513:
18499:
18495:
18482:
18480:
18470:
18469:
18465:
18460:
18456:
18449:
18427:
18423:
18418:
18414:
18409:
18405:
18398:
18374:
18370:
18365:
18361:
18356:
18352:
18347:
18343:
18338:
18334:
18329:
18325:
18320:
18316:
18311:
18307:
18302:
18295:
18290:
18286:
18281:
18277:
18272:
18268:
18263:
18259:
18236:
18214:
18213:
18209:
18199:
18197:
18188:
18187:
18183:
18178:
18174:
18169:
18165:
18158:
18142:
18138:
18131:
18115:
18111:
18104:
18096:. Eisenbrauns.
18088:
18084:
18077:
18061:
18054:
18049:
18045:
18032:Singer, Isidore
18024:Bacher, Wilhelm
18016:Hirsch, Emil G.
18009:
18007:
18003:
17998:
17994:
17989:
17985:
17981:, 2006, p. 103.
17976:
17972:
17967:
17963:
17953:
17951:
17948:BBC News Online
17942:
17941:
17937:
17932:
17928:
17923:
17919:
17906:
17902:
17889:
17888:
17884:
17879:
17875:
17829:
17825:
17812:
17811:
17807:
17754:
17750:
17745:
17738:
17733:
17729:
17724:
17720:
17702:
17698:
17693:
17689:
17684:
17680:
17675:
17671:
17666:
17662:
17657:
17650:
17645:
17641:
17636:
17629:
17624:
17620:
17615:
17608:
17603:
17596:
17577:
17573:
17568:
17564:
17559:
17555:
17545:
17543:
17535:
17529:
17525:
17515:
17513:
17504:
17503:
17499:
17489:
17487:
17483:
17476:
17469:
17465:
17455:
17453:
17440:
17439:
17435:
17430:
17426:
17416:
17414:
17403:
17399:
17394:
17387:
17377:
17375:
17365:
17361:
17351:
17335:
17331:
17324:
17308:
17304:
17294:
17292:
17287:
17286:
17282:
17272:
17270:
17262:
17256:
17252:
17242:
17240:
17236:
17229:
17225:
17224:
17220:
17210:
17208:
17199:
17198:
17194:
17184:
17182:
17177:
17176:
17172:
17167:
17163:
17153:
17151:
17146:
17145:
17141:
17126:
17116:
17112:
17111:
17107:
17102:
17098:
17085:
17084:
17080:
17073:
17059:
17055:
17050:
17043:
17038:
17034:
17024:
17022:
17021:on 9 March 2017
17015:
17006:
17002:
16992:
16990:
16988:Times of Israel
16980:
16976:
16966:
16964:
16960:
16959:
16955:
16947:
16943:
16933:
16931:
16921:
16917:
16907:
16905:
16895:
16891:
16881:
16879:
16870:
16869:
16865:
16855:
16853:
16840:
16839:
16835:
16825:
16823:
16818:
16817:
16813:
16803:
16801:
16792:
16791:
16787:
16777:
16775:
16766:
16765:
16761:
16751:
16749:
16739:
16735:
16725:
16723:
16714:
16713:
16706:
16697:
16696:
16692:
16687:
16683:
16676:
16658:
16654:
16622:
16618:
16608:
16606:
16591:
16587:
16577:
16575:
16570:
16569:
16565:
16532:(2): e1003316.
16517:
16513:
16458:
16454:
16406:
16397:
16378:
16374:
16329:
16325:
16315:
16313:
16311:Family Tree DNA
16306:
16302:
16301:
16297:
16252:
16245:
16208:
16204:
16182:
16178:
16122:
16115:
16108:
16090:
16086:
16041:
16034:
15979:
15975:
15970:
15966:
15959:
15935:
15926:
15921:
15917:
15912:
15908:
15882:
15878:
15873:
15869:
15862:
15838:
15834:
15827:
15813:
15809:
15803:Wayback Machine
15794:
15790:
15777:
15776:
15772:
15759:
15758:
15754:
15744:
15742:
15734:
15733:
15729:
15722:
15708:
15704:
15697:
15675:
15671:
15661:
15659:
15650:
15649:
15645:
15638:
15622:
15618:
15611:
15595:
15591:
15584:
15568:
15564:
15545:
15529:
15525:
15515:
15499:
15495:
15482:
15481:
15477:
15472:on 4 July 2014.
15466:
15450:
15443:
15433:
15431:
15426:
15425:
15421:
15402:
15398:
15388:
15386:
15384:
15366:
15362:
15352:
15350:
15348:
15332:
15328:
15321:
15305:
15301:
15291:
15289:
15278:
15274:
15267:
15249:
15245:
15232:
15228:
15221:
15205:
15201:
15194:
15178:
15174:
15167:
15151:
15147:
15137:
15135:
15130:
15129:
15125:
15117:
15113:
15100:
15098:
15097:on 7 March 2014
15085:
15084:
15080:
15070:
15054:
15050:
15036:
15020:
15016:
14998:
14982:
14978:
14967:
14951:
14947:
14937:
14935:
14931:
14916:
14912:
14911:
14907:
14884:
14880:
14875:
14871:
14856:10.2307/3264497
14840:
14833:
14826:
14812:
14808:
14801:
14779:
14775:
14768:
14746:
14742:
14737:
14733:
14728:
14724:
14719:
14712:
14705:
14685:
14681:
14674:
14663:The Jewish Mind
14655:
14651:
14646:
14642:
14632:
14630:
14625:
14624:
14620:
14607:
14606:
14602:
14592:
14590:
14585:
14584:
14580:
14570:
14568:
14559:
14558:
14554:
14544:
14542:
14538:
14523:
14517:
14513:
14503:
14501:
14488:
14487:
14483:
14475:
14471:
14464:
14448:
14444:
14434:
14432:
14424:
14423:
14419:
14410:
14406:
14387:
14386:
14382:
14363:
14359:
14349:
14347:
14338:
14337:
14333:
14324:
14322:
14320:
14294:
14290:
14279:
14263:
14256:
14249:
14225:
14221:
14212:
14208:
14189:
14175:
14166:
14159:
14141:
14137:
14128:
14124:
14115:
14111:
14096:
14092:
14073:
14057:
14053:
14046:
14028:
14024:
14015:
14013:
14011:
13985:
13981:
13972:
13970:
13968:
13942:
13935:
13926:
13922:
13877:
13873:
13864:
13860:
13853:
13839:
13828:
13818:
13816:
13809:
13793:
13789:
13774:
13758:
13754:
13747:
13731:
13727:
13720:
13704:
13700:
13688:
13684:
13647:
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13624:
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13615:
13599:
13595:
13588:
13572:
13568:
13563:
13559:
13551:
13547:
13537:
13535:
13530:
13529:
13522:
13507:
13483:
13479:
13471:
13467:
13458:
13454:
13441:
13439:
13437:
13418:
13414:
13408:Tobolowsky 2022
13406:
13402:
13387:
13371:
13367:
13359:
13355:
13347:
13340:
13332:
13328:
13321:
13305:
13301:
13293:
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13282:
13267:
13266:
13262:
13252:
13250:
13238:
13234:
13224:
13222:
13212:
13208:
13167:(12): 6769–74.
13153:
13149:
13138:
13136:
13135:on 21 July 2011
13132:
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13102:
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12895:
12888:
12881:
12867:
12858:
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12835:
12831:
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12808:
12804:
12797:
12781:
12777:
12770:
12754:
12750:
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12723:
12716:
12700:
12696:
12685:
12669:
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12658:
12642:
12638:
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12614:
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12597:
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12582:
12580:
12575:
12574:
12570:
12563:
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12497:
12484:
12480:
12473:
12455:
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12377:
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12287:
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12240:
12236:
12219:
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12137:
12130:
12125:
12121:
12114:
12098:
12094:
12087:
12071:
12064:
12054:
12052:
12043:
12042:
12038:
12028:
12026:
12017:
12016:
12012:
12005:
11985:
11981:
11971:
11969:
11961:"Who is a Jew?"
11957:
11953:
11945:
11929:
11925:
11917:
11901:
11897:
11889:
11873:
11869:
11856:
11854:
11850:
11833:
11824:
11820:
11810:
11808:
11798:
11779:
11775:
11762:
11760:
11753:Brandeis, Louis
11750:
11746:
11738:
11722:
11718:
11710:
11688:
11684:
11676:
11660:
11656:
11649:
11633:
11629:
11622:
11602:
11601:
11597:
11590:
11573:
11569:
11554:10.2307/3268093
11534:
11530:
11523:
11509:
11505:
11490:
11474:
11470:
11450:
11446:
11442:, 24 June 2014.
11436:Wayback Machine
11426:
11422:
11417:
11413:
11398:
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11345:
11341:
11331:
11329:
11320:
11319:
11315:
11308:
11292:
11288:
11281:
11267:, eds. (1986).
11258:
11254:
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11228:
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11212:
11203:
11196:
11192:13a:2 (Talmud).
11179:
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10775:
10773:
10758:
10754:
10737:
10733:
10723:
10721:
10711:
10707:
10697:
10695:
10689:"The Holocaust"
10687:
10686:
10682:
10667:
10659:
10657:
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10646:
10639:
10629:
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10619:
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10609:
10605:
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10578:
10556:
10395:Wayback Machine
10359:
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10098:
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10023:
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10007:
10006:
9991:
9990:
9986:
9972:
9970:
9957:
9956:
9952:
9943:
9911:
9882:
9858:
9838:
9820:
9816:
9804:
9802:
9792:
9762:
9760:
9753:Brandeis, Louis
9744:
9722:
9694:
9676:
9672:
9663:
9642:
9621:
9600:
9578:
9549:10.2307/2573430
9525:
9518:
9473:
9466:
9456:
9454:
9449:
9448:
9444:
9404:
9400:
9383:
9379:
9372:
9358:
9354:
9306:
9299:
9292:
9278:
9274:
9264:
9262:
9249:
9248:
9244:
9234:
9232:
9219:
9218:
9209:
9194:
9193:
9174:
9164:
9162:
9155:
9142:
9107:
9100:
9078:
9077:
9040:
9036:
9031:
9016:
9012:
9006:
9002:
8998:
8958:Jewish medicine
8936:, including in
8914:Western culture
8910:
8890:Jewish identity
8847:Praying at the
8841:
8783:Southern Europe
8771:Catholic church
8716:Jewish diaspora
8703:of the Persian
8701:Cyrus the Great
8646:Etching of the
8601:Jewish identity
8581:
8575:
8514:minority groups
8496:, which led to
8194:
8180:
8160:secular society
8140:Jewish identity
8132:
8124:Main articles:
8122:
8117:
8111:
8011:Kingdom of Iraq
7994:. Thousands of
7870:state of Israel
7802:
7800:Jewish diaspora
7796:
7674:
7668:
7569:
7562:
7550:Southern Africa
7379:
7373:
7371:Genetic studies
7192:of Greece; the
7090:Jewish diaspora
7016:
7010:
7005:
6999:
6934:
6922:Hasidic dynasty
6909:
6903:
6873:, Georgia, and
6839:State of Israel
6817:, particularly
6724:Judaeo-Georgian
6634:
6628:
6620:Jewish cultures
6576:Jewish identity
6528:
6490:
6488:
6481:
6480:
6426:
6425:
6416:
6415:
6406:Judeo-Christian
6369:
6368:
6366:Other religions
6357:
6356:
6317:
6316:
6305:
6304:
6240:
6239:
6228:
6227:
6182:
6135:
6134:
6125:
6124:
6106:
6072:
6071:
6056:
6055:
6011:
6010:
6008:Religious roles
5999:
5998:
5961:
5957:
5887:
5886:
5875:
5874:
5836:
5812:
5811:
5796:
5795:
5761:Mishnah Berurah
5741:
5740:
5729:
5728:
5703:
5656:
5649:
5648:
5637:
5636:
5590:
5589:
5578:
5577:
5509:
5502:
5501:
5453:
5443:
5437:
5432:
5426:
5406:State of Israel
5345:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5333:
5332: + 100,000
5329:
5327:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5315:
5297:Albert Einstein
5239:
5225:
5177:Alhambra Decree
5165:peaking in 1391
5073:(1066) and the
4974:
4956:
4786:Jewish diaspora
4782:
4772:
4694:Diaspora Revolt
4625:, but also the
4615:Seleucid Empire
4566:Cyrus the Great
4558:
4548:
4528:revolt in Judah
4443:Merneptah Stele
4439:
4433:
4424:
4395:
4394:
4381:
4379:Ten Lost Tribes
4364:
4363:
4354:
4353:
4329:
4328:
4319:
4318:
4298:
4282:
4261:
4239:
4238:
4213:
4206:
4200:
4059:Khirbet Qeiyafa
4047:United Monarchy
4043:Biblical judges
4039:Merneptah Stele
4012:United Monarchy
3992:Biblical judges
3958:, who lived in
3880:Shalmaneser III
3826:
3804:
3732:Leviticus 24:10
3698:Jewish identity
3653:
3651:Jewish identity
3645:Main articles:
3643:
3535:, "judío/a" in
3498:Genesis 17:9–14
3186:
3179:
3173:
3165:Western culture
3153:wrote the Bible
2989:Jewish diaspora
2977:their kingdom's
2934:ethnic religion
2897:
2883:
2861:
2816:
2815:
2703:
2693:
2692:
2683:Judeo-Malayalam
2663:Judaeo-Georgian
2583:
2574:
2564:
2563:
2464:Yiddish theatre
2406:
2344:
2334:
2333:
2292:
2265:
2255:
2254:
2191:
2144:
2068:
1662:
1446:Genetic studies
1417:
1407:
1406:
1224:
1214:
1213:
1201:
1200:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1102:
1097:
1079:and Middle Ages
1077:Rabbinic period
1064:
1058:
1051:
1039:
1010:
996:
966:
959:
950:
942:
938:
929:
924:in Judaism
921:
906:
829:
819:
818:
698:
688:
687:
631:
619:
564:
518:
517:
516:
507:Without proper
498:
485:
455:
445:
425:
422:
408:Biblical Hebrew
396:
365:
191:117,200–130,000
183:125,000–175,000
175:132,000–290,000
167:171,000–240,000
159:312,000–330,000
151:398,000–450,000
143:440,000–550,000
99:
95:
82:
66:
47:
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
20837:
20827:
20826:
20821:
20816:
20811:
20806:
20801:
20796:
20791:
20786:
20781:
20776:
20771:
20766:
20761:
20756:
20739:
20738:
20736:
20735:
20721:
20701:
20698:
20697:
20695:
20694:
20693:
20692:
20691:
20690:
20685:
20680:
20674:non-Christian
20672:
20671:
20670:
20665:
20660:
20655:
20650:
20645:
20630:
20623:
20616:
20611:
20604:
20599:
20594:
20587:
20582:
20577:
20570:
20565:
20564:
20563:
20558:
20553:
20548:
20543:
20532:
20530:
20524:
20523:
20521:
20520:
20515:
20514:
20513:
20508:
20498:
20493:
20488:
20483:
20478:
20477:
20476:
20466:
20465:
20464:
20459:
20449:
20444:
20443:
20442:
20432:
20431:
20430:
20420:
20415:
20414:
20413:
20408:
20397:
20395:
20389:
20388:
20386:
20385:
20380:
20375:
20373:Shulchan Aruch
20370:
20369:
20368:
20363:
20361:Sefer Yetzirah
20358:
20353:
20348:
20343:
20341:Pardes Rimonim
20338:
20331:Kabbalah texts
20328:
20327:
20326:
20321:
20316:
20311:
20301:
20300:
20299:
20294:
20289:
20275:
20269:
20267:
20261:
20260:
20258:
20257:
20252:
20247:
20242:
20237:
20232:
20227:
20222:
20221:
20220:
20215:
20210:
20209:
20208:
20198:
20193:
20188:
20183:
20178:
20177:
20176:
20171:
20170:
20169:
20164:
20143:
20141:
20135:
20134:
20132:
20131:
20126:
20124:Land of Israel
20121:
20120:
20119:
20109:
20104:
20099:
20098:
20097:
20087:
20082:
20077:
20076:
20075:
20065:
20060:
20055:
20050:
20049:
20048:
20037:
20035:
20029:
20028:
20026:
20025:
20020:
20019:
20018:
20017:
20016:
20011:
20010:
20009:
20002:
20000:Judeo-Alsatian
19992:
19991:
19990:
19983:
19978:
19973:
19953:
19948:
19943:
19938:
19933:
19928:
19927:
19926:
19921:
19911:
19906:
19901:
19896:
19891:
19886:
19881:
19876:
19871:
19866:
19865:
19864:
19859:
19854:
19852:Judeo-Hamedani
19849:
19844:
19839:
19829:
19827:Judaeo-Occitan
19824:
19819:
19814:
19809:
19808:
19807:
19797:
19792:
19787:
19786:
19785:
19780:
19775:
19768:Jewish English
19765:
19760:
19759:
19758:
19757:
19756:
19746:
19741:
19736:
19731:
19726:
19721:
19716:
19711:
19706:
19699:Judaeo-Aramaic
19696:
19695:
19694:
19689:
19687:Judeo-Tunisian
19684:
19679:
19677:Judeo-Moroccan
19674:
19673:
19672:
19670:Judeo-Baghdadi
19657:
19652:
19647:
19646:
19645:
19640:
19635:
19630:
19625:
19620:
19615:
19610:
19605:
19600:
19595:
19590:
19585:
19574:
19572:
19560:
19559:
19556:
19555:
19553:
19552:
19551:
19550:
19549:
19548:
19538:
19537:
19536:
19526:
19521:
19519:Livornese Jews
19516:
19506:
19501:
19500:
19499:
19489:
19488:
19487:
19486:
19485:
19480:
19475:
19470:
19460:
19455:
19450:
19445:
19440:
19435:
19430:
19425:
19420:
19410:
19409:
19408:
19398:
19393:
19388:
19383:
19382:
19381:
19376:
19366:
19361:
19360:
19359:
19349:
19344:
19339:
19338:
19337:
19332:
19322:
19321:
19320:
19315:
19305:
19304:
19303:
19298:
19293:
19288:
19283:
19278:
19273:
19268:
19266:Afrikaner-Jode
19257:
19255:
19246:
19245:
19240:
19235:
19234:
19233:
19223:
19218:
19213:
19208:
19203:
19198:
19193:
19187:
19185:
19179:
19178:
19176:
19175:
19170:
19165:
19160:
19155:
19150:
19145:
19140:
19135:
19129:
19127:
19121:
19120:
19118:
19117:
19112:
19106:
19103:
19102:
19091:
19090:
19083:
19076:
19068:
19062:
19061:
19052:
19040:
19031:
19020:
19011:
19002:
18974:
18973:External links
18971:
18969:
18968:
18962:
18939:
18930:
18924:
18911:
18905:
18890:
18884:
18871:
18865:
18850:
18832:
18817:
18811:
18798:
18780:
18764:
18762:
18759:
18757:
18756:
18727:
18709:
18687:
18665:
18639:
18607:
18600:. p. 57.
18588:
18579:
18543:
18536:
18518:
18511:
18493:
18463:
18454:
18447:
18421:
18412:
18403:
18396:
18368:
18359:
18350:
18341:
18332:
18323:
18314:
18305:
18293:
18284:
18275:
18266:
18257:
18234:
18207:
18181:
18172:
18163:
18156:
18136:
18129:
18109:
18102:
18082:
18075:
18052:
18043:
18020:Seligsohn, Max
18001:
17992:
17983:
17970:
17961:
17935:
17926:
17917:
17900:
17882:
17873:
17844:(6): 725–736.
17823:
17805:
17748:
17736:
17727:
17718:
17705:Lewis, Bernard
17696:
17687:
17678:
17669:
17660:
17648:
17639:
17627:
17618:
17606:
17594:
17571:
17562:
17553:
17523:
17512:on 21 May 2012
17497:
17463:
17433:
17424:
17397:
17385:
17359:
17349:
17329:
17322:
17302:
17280:
17250:
17218:
17192:
17170:
17161:
17139:
17105:
17096:
17078:
17071:
17053:
17041:
17032:
17000:
16974:
16953:
16949:Dekmejian 1975
16941:
16915:
16889:
16863:
16833:
16811:
16785:
16759:
16733:
16722:. 2 April 2015
16704:
16690:
16681:
16674:
16652:
16632:(5): 1126–33,
16616:
16585:
16563:
16511:
16466:Biology Direct
16452:
16395:
16372:
16337:Human Genetics
16323:
16295:
16266:(2): 119–127.
16260:Human Genetics
16243:
16222:(4): 498–500.
16202:
16176:
16113:
16106:
16084:
16061:10.1086/324070
16032:
15973:
15964:
15957:
15924:
15915:
15906:
15876:
15867:
15860:
15832:
15825:
15807:
15788:
15770:
15752:
15727:
15720:
15702:
15695:
15669:
15643:
15636:
15616:
15609:
15589:
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15562:
15543:
15523:
15513:
15493:
15475:
15464:
15441:
15419:
15396:
15382:
15360:
15346:
15326:
15319:
15299:
15272:
15265:
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15219:
15199:
15192:
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15165:
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15123:
15111:
15078:
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15048:
15034:
15014:
14996:
14976:
14965:
14945:
14905:
14894:(2): 237–252.
14878:
14869:
14831:
14824:
14806:
14799:
14773:
14766:
14740:
14731:
14722:
14710:
14703:
14679:
14672:
14658:Patai, Raphael
14649:
14640:
14618:
14600:
14578:
14552:
14511:
14481:
14469:
14462:
14442:
14417:
14404:
14380:
14357:
14331:
14318:
14288:
14277:
14254:
14247:
14219:
14206:
14187:
14164:
14158:978-0521243773
14157:
14135:
14131:Against Appion
14122:
14109:
14098:Erich S. Gruen
14090:
14071:
14051:
14044:
14022:
14009:
13979:
13966:
13933:
13920:
13891:(2): 585–607.
13871:
13858:
13851:
13826:
13807:
13787:
13772:
13752:
13745:
13725:
13718:
13698:
13682:
13641:
13632:
13613:
13593:
13586:
13566:
13557:
13545:
13520:
13505:
13477:
13465:
13452:
13436:978-0674397316
13435:
13423:, ed. (1976).
13412:
13400:
13385:
13365:
13353:
13351:, p. 206.
13338:
13326:
13319:
13299:
13287:
13280:
13260:
13232:
13206:
13147:
13113:
13100:
13089:
13069:
13060:
13050:
13041:
13024:
13002:
12969:
12958:
12938:
12920:
12913:
12886:
12879:
12856:
12849:
12829:
12822:
12802:
12795:
12775:
12768:
12748:
12741:
12721:
12714:
12694:
12690:signification.
12683:
12663:
12656:
12636:
12626:
12608:
12590:
12568:
12561:
12538:
12525:
12495:
12478:
12471:
12449:
12442:
12422:
12413:
12412:
12401:
12394:
12371:
12364:
12344:
12337:
12319:
12312:
12292:
12285:
12265:
12234:
12213:
12206:
12183:
12176:
12156:
12149:
12128:
12119:
12112:
12092:
12085:
12062:
12036:
12010:
12003:
11979:
11951:
11943:
11923:
11915:
11895:
11887:
11867:
11818:
11796:
11773:
11744:
11736:
11716:
11708:
11682:
11674:
11654:
11647:
11627:
11620:
11595:
11588:
11567:
11548:(1): 111–125.
11528:
11521:
11503:
11489:978-1442648395
11488:
11468:
11465:978-0226039336
11444:
11438:"Marginalia",
11420:
11411:
11396:
11366:
11359:
11339:
11313:
11306:
11286:
11279:
11252:
11226:
11210:
11194:
11182:Marcus Jastrow
11173:
11147:
11140:
11112:
11082:
11066:
11058:
11035:
11027:
11004:
10996:
10973:
10965:
10939:
10930:
10894:
10876:
10869:
10851:
10826:
10818:
10783:
10752:
10731:
10705:
10680:
10637:
10625:www.jewfaq.org
10612:
10603:
10596:
10576:
10574:
10573:
10564:
10554:
10539:
10493:Israel Studies
10488:
10447:Israel Studies
10442:
10435:Cassius Dio's
10432:
10407:Johnson, Paul
10404:
10398:
10385:
10374:(5): 885–926.
10357:
10336:
10325:
10305:
10275:
10268:
10248:
10229:
10204:
10183:
10175:
10152:
10144:
10124:
10116:
10096:
10088:
10068:
10060:
10040:
9984:
9950:
9948:
9947:
9941:
9926:
9909:
9903:. p. 33.
9891:Cline, Eric H.
9887:
9880:
9865:
9856:
9843:
9836:
9814:
9812:
9811:
9790:
9772:
9749:
9742:
9727:
9720:
9699:
9692:
9670:
9668:
9667:
9661:
9646:
9640:
9625:
9619:
9604:
9598:
9582:
9576:
9561:
9532:
9516:
9487:(6): 850–859.
9464:
9442:
9415:(6): 630–641.
9409:Human Genetics
9398:
9377:
9370:
9352:
9317:(3): 248–260.
9311:Human Mutation
9297:
9290:
9272:
9242:
9207:
9172:
9105:
9098:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9029:
9010:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8990:Jewish descent
8954:Jewish cuisine
8950:Jewish theatre
8934:Jewish culture
8909:
8906:
8898:Jews by Choice
8883:Reform Judaism
8840:
8837:
8775:Ottoman Empire
8637:Book of Exodus
8593:Land of Israel
8574:
8571:
8554:Einsatzgruppen
8550:Eastern Europe
8494:Final Solution
8437:New Christians
8372:Islamic Persia
8356:early medieval
8276:were massacred
8226:Late Antiquity
8222:Jewish history
8179:
8176:
8136:Ancient Greeks
8121:
8118:
8113:Main article:
8110:
8107:
8097:(112,500) and
7976:Eastern Europe
7972:United Kingdom
7952:Western Europe
7818:Russian Empire
7798:Main article:
7795:
7792:
7741:Western Europe
7729:Ethiopian Jews
7670:Main article:
7667:
7664:
7561:
7558:
7461:and others of
7391:Eastern Europe
7387:Middle Eastern
7375:Main article:
7372:
7369:
7273:Bukharian Jews
7027:Eastern Europe
7023:Ashkenazi Jews
7012:Main article:
7009:
7006:
6998:
6995:
6933:
6930:
6905:Main article:
6902:
6899:
6696:Central Europe
6692:Ashkenazi Jews
6679:at that time.
6630:Main article:
6627:
6624:
6572:Jewish culture
6530:
6529:
6527:
6526:
6519:
6512:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6427:
6424:Related topics
6423:
6422:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6318:
6314:Major holidays
6312:
6311:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6270:Birkat Hamazon
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6204:
6197:
6190:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6136:
6133:Ritual objects
6132:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6073:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6012:
6006:
6005:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5954:Rabbinic sages
5949:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5888:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5860:Chevra kadisha
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5813:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5756:Shulchan Aruch
5753:
5748:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5632:Musar movement
5629:
5628:
5627:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5471:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5447:Jewish atheism
5439:Main article:
5436:
5433:
5430:Jewish culture
5428:Main article:
5425:
5422:
5379:Final Solution
5340:
5338: + 10,000
5334:
5328:
5322:
5316:
5277:Der Judenstaat
5263:Eastern Europe
5249:, Jews in the
5243:Western Europe
5224:
5221:
5217:Crypto-Judaism
5189:Ottoman Empire
5032:Ethiopian Jews
5016:Romaniote Jews
4955:
4952:
4928:, such as the
4857:as well as in
4771:
4768:
4595:Yehud Medinata
4590:Persian Empire
4564:, the Persian
4547:
4544:
4490:House of David
4432:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4376:
4371:
4365:
4362:Related topics
4361:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4222:
4221:
4204:Jewish history
4202:Main article:
4199:
4196:
4133:archaeologists
4065:, King of the
3938:, Isaac's son
3803:
3800:
3642:
3639:
3424:Medieval Latin
3418:which through
3382:Middle English
3359:Book of Esther
3343:been scattered
3298:tribe of Judah
3175:Main article:
3172:
3169:
3089:human progress
3022:Western Europe
2993:Jewish history
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2744:Territorialism
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2713:
2712:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2628:Judaeo-Spanish
2625:
2623:Judaeo-Iranian
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2539:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2486:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2403:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:United Kingdom
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1502:Bilad-el-Sudan
1499:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1455:Land of Israel
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1313:Related groups
1310:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1170:Jewish atheism
1167:
1162:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:Islamic–Jewish
1116:
1109:
1094:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1046:
1033:
1005:
1000:
993:
988:
986:Yehud Medinata
980:
979:
973:
972:
971:
970:
963:
956:
948:
935:
927:
915:
910:
903:
895:
894:
892:Ancient Israel
888:
887:
886:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
848:Land of Israel
845:
837:
836:
830:
825:
824:
821:
820:
815:
814:
813:
812:
807:
803:Shulchan Aruch
798:
793:
788:
783:
775:
774:
773:
772:
767:
759:
758:
752:
751:
750:
749:
744:
736:
735:
729:
728:
727:
726:
721:
716:
708:
707:
699:
694:
693:
690:
689:
686:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
628:
623:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
581:
576:
569:God in Judaism
565:
560:
559:
556:
555:
554:
553:
548:
540:
539:
529:
528:
511:, you may see
499:
492:
491:
490:
487:
486:
484:
483:
465:
462:
461:
457:
456:
454:
453:
442:
436:
432:
431:
427:
426:
424:
423:
421:
420:
415:
410:
404:
402:
397:
395:
394:
389:
384:
379:
373:
371:
366:
364:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
337:
335:
329:
326:
325:
321:
320:
317:
313:
312:
309:
305:
304:
301:
297:
296:
293:
289:
288:
285:
281:
280:
277:
273:
272:
269:
265:
264:
261:
257:
256:
253:
249:
248:
245:
241:
240:
237:
233:
232:
229:
225:
224:
221:
217:
216:
213:
209:
208:
205:
201:
200:
199:90,000–120,000
197:
193:
192:
189:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
173:
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
157:
156:United Kingdom
153:
152:
149:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
125:
117:
116:
112:
111:
89:
88:
84:
83:
76:
68:
67:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
20836:
20825:
20822:
20820:
20817:
20815:
20812:
20810:
20807:
20805:
20802:
20800:
20797:
20795:
20792:
20790:
20787:
20785:
20782:
20780:
20777:
20775:
20772:
20770:
20767:
20765:
20762:
20760:
20757:
20755:
20752:
20751:
20749:
20734:
20733:
20722:
20720:
20719:
20710:
20709:
20708:
20704:
20699:
20689:
20686:
20684:
20681:
20679:
20676:
20675:
20673:
20669:
20666:
20664:
20661:
20659:
20658:Protestantism
20656:
20654:
20651:
20649:
20646:
20644:
20641:
20640:
20639:
20636:
20635:
20634:
20631:
20629:
20628:
20624:
20622:
20621:
20617:
20615:
20612:
20610:
20609:
20605:
20603:
20600:
20598:
20595:
20593:
20592:
20588:
20586:
20583:
20581:
20578:
20576:
20575:
20571:
20569:
20566:
20562:
20559:
20557:
20554:
20552:
20549:
20547:
20544:
20542:
20539:
20538:
20537:
20534:
20533:
20531:
20529:
20525:
20519:
20516:
20512:
20509:
20507:
20504:
20503:
20502:
20499:
20497:
20494:
20492:
20489:
20487:
20484:
20482:
20479:
20475:
20472:
20471:
20470:
20467:
20463:
20460:
20458:
20455:
20454:
20453:
20450:
20448:
20445:
20441:
20438:
20437:
20436:
20433:
20429:
20426:
20425:
20424:
20421:
20419:
20416:
20412:
20409:
20407:
20404:
20403:
20402:
20399:
20398:
20396:
20394:
20390:
20384:
20381:
20379:
20376:
20374:
20371:
20367:
20364:
20362:
20359:
20357:
20354:
20352:
20349:
20347:
20346:Sefer HaBahir
20344:
20342:
20339:
20337:
20334:
20333:
20332:
20329:
20325:
20322:
20320:
20317:
20315:
20312:
20310:
20307:
20306:
20305:
20302:
20298:
20295:
20293:
20290:
20288:
20285:
20284:
20283:
20279:
20276:
20274:
20273:Sifrei Kodesh
20271:
20270:
20268:
20266:
20262:
20256:
20253:
20251:
20248:
20246:
20243:
20241:
20238:
20236:
20233:
20231:
20228:
20226:
20223:
20219:
20216:
20214:
20211:
20207:
20204:
20203:
20202:
20199:
20197:
20194:
20192:
20189:
20187:
20184:
20182:
20179:
20175:
20172:
20168:
20165:
20163:
20160:
20159:
20158:
20155:
20154:
20153:
20150:
20149:
20148:
20145:
20144:
20142:
20140:
20136:
20130:
20129:Who is a Jew?
20127:
20125:
20122:
20118:
20115:
20114:
20113:
20110:
20108:
20105:
20103:
20100:
20096:
20093:
20092:
20091:
20088:
20086:
20083:
20081:
20078:
20074:
20071:
20070:
20069:
20066:
20064:
20061:
20059:
20058:Chosen people
20056:
20054:
20051:
20047:
20044:
20043:
20042:
20039:
20038:
20036:
20034:
20030:
20024:
20021:
20015:
20014:Scots-Yiddish
20012:
20008:
20007:
20003:
20001:
19998:
19997:
19996:
19993:
19989:
19988:
19987:Klezmer-loshn
19984:
19982:
19979:
19977:
19974:
19972:
19969:
19968:
19967:
19964:
19963:
19962:
19959:
19958:
19957:
19954:
19952:
19949:
19947:
19944:
19942:
19939:
19937:
19934:
19932:
19929:
19925:
19922:
19920:
19917:
19916:
19915:
19912:
19910:
19907:
19905:
19902:
19900:
19897:
19895:
19892:
19890:
19887:
19885:
19882:
19880:
19877:
19875:
19872:
19870:
19867:
19863:
19860:
19858:
19857:Judeo-Shirazi
19855:
19853:
19850:
19848:
19845:
19843:
19840:
19838:
19835:
19834:
19833:
19832:Judeo-Persian
19830:
19828:
19825:
19823:
19822:Judeo-Marathi
19820:
19818:
19815:
19813:
19810:
19806:
19803:
19802:
19801:
19800:Judeo-Italian
19798:
19796:
19793:
19791:
19788:
19784:
19781:
19779:
19776:
19774:
19771:
19770:
19769:
19766:
19764:
19761:
19755:
19752:
19751:
19750:
19747:
19745:
19742:
19740:
19737:
19735:
19732:
19730:
19727:
19725:
19722:
19720:
19717:
19715:
19712:
19710:
19707:
19705:
19702:
19701:
19700:
19697:
19693:
19690:
19688:
19685:
19683:
19680:
19678:
19675:
19671:
19668:
19667:
19666:
19663:
19662:
19661:
19658:
19656:
19655:Judeo-Amazigh
19653:
19651:
19648:
19644:
19641:
19639:
19636:
19634:
19631:
19629:
19626:
19624:
19621:
19619:
19616:
19614:
19611:
19609:
19606:
19604:
19601:
19599:
19596:
19594:
19591:
19589:
19586:
19584:
19581:
19580:
19579:
19576:
19575:
19573:
19570:
19565:
19561:
19547:
19544:
19543:
19542:
19539:
19535:
19532:
19531:
19530:
19527:
19525:
19522:
19520:
19517:
19515:
19512:
19511:
19510:
19507:
19505:
19502:
19498:
19495:
19494:
19493:
19490:
19484:
19481:
19479:
19478:Hadhrami Jews
19476:
19474:
19471:
19469:
19466:
19465:
19464:
19461:
19459:
19456:
19454:
19451:
19449:
19446:
19444:
19443:Mountain Jews
19441:
19439:
19438:Egyptian Jews
19436:
19434:
19433:Bukharan Jews
19431:
19429:
19426:
19424:
19421:
19419:
19416:
19415:
19414:
19411:
19407:
19404:
19403:
19402:
19399:
19397:
19394:
19392:
19389:
19387:
19384:
19380:
19377:
19375:
19372:
19371:
19370:
19367:
19365:
19362:
19358:
19355:
19354:
19353:
19350:
19348:
19345:
19343:
19340:
19336:
19333:
19331:
19328:
19327:
19326:
19323:
19319:
19316:
19314:
19311:
19310:
19309:
19306:
19302:
19299:
19297:
19294:
19292:
19289:
19287:
19284:
19282:
19279:
19277:
19274:
19272:
19269:
19267:
19264:
19263:
19262:
19259:
19258:
19256:
19254:
19250:
19244:
19241:
19239:
19236:
19232:
19229:
19228:
19227:
19224:
19222:
19221:Lists of Jews
19219:
19217:
19214:
19212:
19209:
19207:
19204:
19202:
19199:
19197:
19194:
19192:
19189:
19188:
19186:
19184:
19180:
19174:
19171:
19169:
19166:
19164:
19161:
19159:
19156:
19154:
19151:
19149:
19146:
19144:
19141:
19139:
19136:
19134:
19131:
19130:
19128:
19126:
19122:
19116:
19113:
19111:
19108:
19107:
19104:
19100:
19096:
19089:
19084:
19082:
19077:
19075:
19070:
19069:
19066:
19060:
19056:
19053:
19051:
19047:
19044:
19041:
19039:
19035:
19032:
19030:
19029:
19024:
19021:
19019:
19015:
19012:
19010:
19006:
19003:
19001:
18997:
18992:
18988:
18987:
18982:
18977:
18976:
18965:
18959:
18955:
18951:
18947:
18946:
18940:
18936:
18935:Coogan (1998)
18931:
18927:
18921:
18917:
18912:
18908:
18902:
18898:
18897:
18891:
18887:
18881:
18877:
18872:
18868:
18862:
18858:
18857:
18851:
18839:
18835:
18829:
18825:
18824:
18818:
18814:
18812:0-87395-291-X
18808:
18804:
18799:
18787:
18783:
18777:
18773:
18772:
18766:
18765:
18753:
18741:
18737:
18731:
18724:
18720:
18713:
18706:
18702:
18698:
18691:
18684:
18680:
18676:
18669:
18653:
18649:
18643:
18636:
18624:
18623:
18618:
18611:
18604:
18599:
18592:
18583:
18568:
18564:
18560:
18559:
18554:
18547:
18539:
18533:
18529:
18522:
18514:
18512:1-930051-87-5
18508:
18504:
18497:
18490:
18479:
18478:
18473:
18467:
18458:
18450:
18444:
18440:
18436:
18432:
18425:
18416:
18407:
18399:
18393:
18389:
18388:
18383:
18382:Skolnik, Fred
18379:
18372:
18363:
18354:
18345:
18336:
18327:
18318:
18309:
18300:
18298:
18288:
18279:
18270:
18261:
18253:
18249:
18245:
18241:
18237:
18231:
18227:
18223:
18219:
18218:
18211:
18196:. 31 May 2005
18195:
18191:
18185:
18176:
18167:
18159:
18157:9780826469694
18153:
18149:
18148:
18140:
18132:
18130:9780802862600
18126:
18122:
18121:
18113:
18105:
18103:9780931464966
18099:
18095:
18094:
18086:
18078:
18076:9781608994786
18072:
18068:
18067:
18059:
18057:
18047:
18039:
18038:
18033:
18029:
18026:(1901–1906).
18025:
18021:
18017:
18005:
17996:
17987:
17980:
17974:
17965:
17950:. 5 June 2007
17949:
17945:
17939:
17930:
17921:
17914:
17910:
17904:
17896:
17892:
17886:
17877:
17869:
17865:
17860:
17855:
17851:
17847:
17843:
17839:
17835:
17827:
17819:
17815:
17809:
17801:
17797:
17792:
17787:
17783:
17779:
17775:
17771:
17768:(6): 725–36.
17767:
17763:
17759:
17752:
17743:
17741:
17731:
17722:
17714:
17710:
17707:(June 1998).
17706:
17700:
17691:
17682:
17673:
17664:
17655:
17653:
17643:
17634:
17632:
17622:
17613:
17611:
17601:
17599:
17591:
17590:0-395-77927-8
17587:
17583:
17582:
17575:
17566:
17557:
17542:). p. 61
17541:
17534:
17527:
17511:
17507:
17501:
17482:
17474:
17467:
17451:
17447:
17443:
17437:
17428:
17412:
17408:
17401:
17392:
17390:
17374:
17370:
17363:
17356:
17352:
17346:
17342:
17341:
17333:
17325:
17319:
17315:
17314:
17306:
17290:
17284:
17268:
17261:
17254:
17235:
17228:
17222:
17206:
17202:
17196:
17180:
17174:
17165:
17149:
17143:
17135:
17131:
17130:
17122:
17115:
17109:
17100:
17092:
17088:
17082:
17074:
17072:0-415-91924-X
17068:
17064:
17057:
17048:
17046:
17036:
17020:
17016:
17010:
17004:
16989:
16985:
16978:
16963:
16957:
16950:
16945:
16930:
16926:
16919:
16904:
16900:
16893:
16877:
16873:
16867:
16851:
16847:
16843:
16837:
16822:. The Knesset
16821:
16815:
16799:
16795:
16789:
16773:
16769:
16763:
16748:
16744:
16737:
16721:
16717:
16711:
16709:
16700:
16694:
16685:
16677:
16671:
16667:
16663:
16656:
16649:
16645:
16640:
16635:
16631:
16627:
16620:
16604:
16600:
16596:
16589:
16573:
16567:
16559:
16555:
16550:
16545:
16540:
16535:
16531:
16527:
16526:PLOS Genetics
16523:
16515:
16507:
16503:
16498:
16493:
16488:
16483:
16479:
16475:
16471:
16467:
16463:
16456:
16448:
16444:
16440:
16436:
16432:
16428:
16424:
16420:
16416:
16412:
16404:
16402:
16400:
16391:
16387:
16383:
16376:
16368:
16364:
16359:
16354:
16350:
16346:
16343:(5): 707–17.
16342:
16338:
16334:
16327:
16312:
16305:
16299:
16291:
16287:
16282:
16277:
16273:
16269:
16265:
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16248:
16239:
16235:
16230:
16225:
16221:
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16213:
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16172:
16168:
16163:
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16120:
16118:
16109:
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16099:
16095:
16088:
16080:
16076:
16071:
16066:
16062:
16058:
16054:
16050:
16046:
16039:
16037:
16028:
16024:
16019:
16014:
16009:
16004:
16000:
15996:
15992:
15988:
15984:
15977:
15968:
15960:
15954:
15950:
15949:
15944:
15943:Skolnik, Fred
15940:
15933:
15931:
15929:
15919:
15910:
15902:
15898:
15894:
15890:
15886:
15880:
15871:
15863:
15857:
15853:
15849:
15845:
15844:
15836:
15828:
15822:
15818:
15811:
15804:
15800:
15797:
15792:
15784:
15780:
15774:
15766:
15762:
15756:
15741:
15737:
15731:
15723:
15721:0-7425-5229-2
15717:
15713:
15706:
15698:
15696:90-04-13693-2
15692:
15688:
15683:
15682:
15673:
15657:
15653:
15647:
15639:
15633:
15629:
15628:
15620:
15612:
15606:
15602:
15601:
15593:
15585:
15579:
15575:
15574:
15566:
15559:
15556:
15553:have adopted
15552:
15546:
15544:90-04-07237-3
15540:
15536:
15535:
15527:
15520:
15516:
15510:
15506:
15505:
15497:
15490:
15485:
15479:
15471:
15467:
15461:
15457:
15456:
15448:
15446:
15429:
15423:
15415:
15411:
15407:
15400:
15385:
15379:
15374:
15373:
15364:
15349:
15343:
15339:
15338:
15330:
15322:
15316:
15312:
15311:
15303:
15287:
15283:
15276:
15268:
15262:
15258:
15254:
15247:
15239:
15238:
15230:
15222:
15216:
15212:
15211:
15203:
15195:
15189:
15185:
15184:
15176:
15168:
15162:
15158:
15157:
15149:
15133:
15127:
15121:
15115:
15108:
15096:
15092:
15091:Jewish Agency
15088:
15082:
15075:
15071:
15065:
15061:
15060:
15052:
15045:
15043:
15042:lingua franca
15037:
15031:
15027:
15026:
15018:
15011:
15009:
15008:raison d'être
15005:
15004:lingua franca
14999:
14993:
14989:
14988:
14980:
14973:
14968:
14962:
14958:
14957:
14949:
14930:
14926:
14922:
14915:
14909:
14901:
14897:
14893:
14889:
14882:
14873:
14865:
14861:
14857:
14853:
14849:
14845:
14838:
14836:
14827:
14825:0-19-513425-7
14821:
14817:
14810:
14802:
14800:0-88706-849-9
14796:
14792:
14787:
14786:
14777:
14769:
14767:0-7914-4546-1
14763:
14759:
14754:
14753:
14744:
14735:
14726:
14717:
14715:
14706:
14704:0-19-510071-9
14700:
14696:
14692:
14691:
14683:
14675:
14673:0-8143-2651-X
14669:
14665:
14664:
14659:
14653:
14644:
14628:
14622:
14615:. 2 May 2011.
14614:
14610:
14604:
14588:
14582:
14566:
14563:. jinfo.org.
14562:
14556:
14537:
14533:
14529:
14522:
14515:
14499:
14495:
14491:
14490:"Chapter One"
14485:
14478:
14477:Kornberg 1993
14473:
14465:
14459:
14455:
14454:
14446:
14431:
14427:
14421:
14414:
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14391:
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14335:
14321:
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14311:
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13998:
13994:
13990:
13983:
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13963:
13959:
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13908:
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13702:
13695:
13691:
13686:
13678:
13674:
13669:
13664:
13660:
13656:
13652:
13645:
13636:
13620:
13616:
13610:
13606:
13605:
13597:
13589:
13583:
13579:
13578:
13570:
13561:
13554:
13549:
13533:
13527:
13525:
13516:
13512:
13508:
13502:
13498:
13494:
13490:
13489:
13481:
13475:, p. 94.
13474:
13473:Lipiński 2020
13469:
13462:
13456:
13449:
13438:
13432:
13428:
13427:
13422:
13416:
13409:
13404:
13396:
13392:
13388:
13382:
13378:
13377:
13369:
13362:
13357:
13350:
13345:
13343:
13336:, p. 35.
13335:
13330:
13322:
13316:
13312:
13311:
13303:
13297:, p. 91.
13296:
13291:
13283:
13277:
13273:
13272:
13264:
13249:
13248:
13243:
13236:
13221:
13217:
13210:
13202:
13198:
13193:
13188:
13183:
13178:
13174:
13170:
13166:
13162:
13158:
13151:
13131:
13124:
13117:
13110:
13104:
13097:
13092:
13090:3-927120-37-5
13086:
13082:
13081:
13073:
13064:
13054:
13045:
13038:
13034:
13028:
13020:
13016:
13009:
13007:
12997:
12992:
12988:
12984:
12980:
12973:
12966:
12961:
12955:
12951:
12950:
12942:
12934:
12927:
12925:
12916:
12910:
12906:
12902:
12901:
12893:
12891:
12882:
12880:0-684-86912-8
12876:
12872:
12865:
12863:
12861:
12852:
12846:
12842:
12841:
12833:
12825:
12819:
12815:
12814:
12806:
12798:
12792:
12788:
12787:
12779:
12771:
12769:90-04-11943-4
12765:
12761:
12760:
12752:
12744:
12738:
12734:
12733:
12725:
12717:
12711:
12707:
12706:
12698:
12691:
12686:
12680:
12676:
12675:
12667:
12659:
12653:
12649:
12648:
12640:
12633:
12629:
12623:
12619:
12612:
12604:
12600:
12594:
12578:
12572:
12564:
12562:1-84127-201-9
12558:
12554:
12553:
12545:
12543:
12528:
12522:
12518:
12514:
12510:
12506:
12499:
12491:
12490:
12482:
12474:
12468:
12463:
12462:
12453:
12445:
12439:
12435:
12434:
12426:
12420:
12416:
12410:
12409:
12405:
12397:
12391:
12387:
12386:
12381:
12380:Schama, Simon
12375:
12367:
12361:
12357:
12356:
12348:
12340:
12334:
12330:
12323:
12315:
12309:
12305:
12304:
12296:
12288:
12282:
12278:
12277:
12269:
12261:
12257:
12253:
12249:
12245:
12238:
12230:
12229:
12224:
12217:
12209:
12203:
12199:
12198:
12193:
12187:
12179:
12173:
12169:
12168:
12160:
12152:
12150:0-585-24643-2
12146:
12142:
12135:
12133:
12123:
12115:
12109:
12105:
12104:
12096:
12088:
12082:
12078:
12077:
12069:
12067:
12050:
12046:
12040:
12024:
12020:
12014:
12006:
12004:1-898723-48-6
12000:
11996:
11992:
11991:
11983:
11968:
11967:
11962:
11955:
11946:
11944:0-8143-2030-9
11940:
11936:
11935:
11927:
11918:
11912:
11908:
11907:
11899:
11890:
11884:
11880:
11879:
11871:
11864:
11849:
11845:
11841:
11840:
11832:
11828:
11822:
11807:
11803:
11799:
11793:
11789:
11788:
11783:
11777:
11770:
11758:
11754:
11748:
11739:
11733:
11729:
11728:
11720:
11711:
11705:
11701:
11696:
11695:
11686:
11677:
11671:
11667:
11666:
11658:
11650:
11644:
11640:
11639:
11631:
11623:
11621:0-87779-809-5
11617:
11613:
11609:
11605:
11599:
11591:
11589:0-8386-3660-8
11585:
11581:
11577:
11571:
11563:
11559:
11555:
11551:
11547:
11543:
11539:
11532:
11524:
11522:9780520226937
11518:
11514:
11507:
11499:
11495:
11491:
11485:
11481:
11480:
11472:
11466:
11462:
11458:
11454:
11448:
11441:
11437:
11433:
11430:
11424:
11415:
11407:
11403:
11399:
11397:9781108906524
11393:
11389:
11385:
11381:
11377:
11370:
11362:
11356:
11352:
11351:
11343:
11328:. 3 July 2024
11327:
11323:
11317:
11309:
11303:
11299:
11298:
11290:
11282:
11276:
11272:
11271:
11266:
11262:
11256:
11241:. 3 July 2024
11240:
11236:
11230:
11223:
11217:
11215:
11207:
11201:
11199:
11191:
11187:
11183:
11177:
11162:. 3 July 2024
11161:
11157:
11151:
11143:
11137:
11133:
11132:
11127:
11126:Skolnik, Fred
11123:
11116:
11109:
11098:
11097:
11092:
11086:
11079:
11073:
11071:
11061:
11055:
11051:
11050:
11042:
11040:
11030:
11024:
11020:
11019:
11011:
11009:
10999:
10993:
10989:
10988:
10980:
10978:
10968:
10962:
10958:
10957:
10952:
10951:Max I. Dimont
10946:
10944:
10934:
10919:
10915:
10911:
10910:
10905:
10898:
10890:
10886:
10880:
10872:
10866:
10862:
10855:
10840:
10836:
10830:
10821:
10815:
10811:
10810:
10802:
10800:
10798:
10796:
10794:
10792:
10790:
10788:
10771:
10767:
10763:
10756:
10748:
10747:
10742:
10735:
10720:
10716:
10709:
10694:
10690:
10684:
10676:
10672:
10671:
10656:
10655:
10650:
10644:
10642:
10626:
10622:
10616:
10607:
10599:
10593:
10589:
10588:
10580:
10571:
10570:
10565:
10562:
10557:
10551:
10547:
10546:
10540:
10536:
10530:
10526:
10522:
10518:
10514:
10510:
10506:
10502:
10498:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10480:
10476:
10472:
10468:
10464:
10460:
10456:
10452:
10448:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10433:
10429:
10425:
10421:
10416:
10412:
10410:
10405:
10402:
10399:
10396:
10392:
10389:
10386:
10381:
10377:
10373:
10369:
10364:
10363:
10360:
10354:
10350:
10349:
10340:
10333:
10328:
10322:
10318:
10317:
10309:
10293:
10289:
10285:
10279:
10271:
10265:
10261:
10260:
10252:
10245:
10241:
10236:
10234:
10218:
10217:www.bbc.co.uk
10214:
10208:
10201:
10197:
10193:
10187:
10178:
10172:
10168:
10167:
10159:
10157:
10147:
10141:
10137:
10136:
10128:
10119:
10113:
10109:
10108:
10100:
10091:
10085:
10081:
10080:
10072:
10063:
10057:
10053:
10052:
10044:
10037:
10032:
10028:
10027:
10020:
10016:
10012:
10011:
10004:
10000:
9996:
9995:
9988:
9981:
9968:
9964:
9960:
9954:
9944:
9938:
9934:
9933:
9927:
9924:
9920:
9916:
9912:
9910:0-472-11313-5
9906:
9902:
9899:. Ann Arbor:
9898:
9897:
9892:
9888:
9883:
9877:
9873:
9872:
9866:
9863:
9859:
9857:9780495502883
9853:
9849:
9844:
9839:
9833:
9829:
9828:
9822:
9821:
9818:
9801:
9797:
9793:
9787:
9783:
9782:
9777:
9773:
9770:
9758:
9754:
9750:
9745:
9739:
9735:
9734:
9728:
9723:
9717:
9713:
9708:
9707:
9700:
9695:
9689:
9685:
9684:
9678:
9677:
9674:
9664:
9658:
9654:
9653:
9647:
9643:
9637:
9633:
9632:
9626:
9622:
9616:
9612:
9611:
9605:
9601:
9595:
9591:
9590:
9583:
9579:
9573:
9569:
9568:
9562:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9546:
9543:(4): 328–32.
9542:
9538:
9537:Social Forces
9533:
9530:
9527:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9512:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9494:
9490:
9486:
9482:
9478:
9471:
9469:
9452:
9446:
9438:
9434:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9418:
9414:
9410:
9402:
9394:
9393:
9388:
9381:
9373:
9367:
9363:
9356:
9348:
9344:
9340:
9336:
9332:
9328:
9324:
9320:
9316:
9312:
9304:
9302:
9293:
9287:
9283:
9276:
9260:
9256:
9252:
9246:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9216:
9214:
9212:
9203:
9202:
9197:
9191:
9189:
9187:
9185:
9183:
9181:
9179:
9177:
9161:
9154:
9150:
9146:
9140:
9138:
9136:
9134:
9132:
9130:
9128:
9126:
9124:
9122:
9120:
9118:
9116:
9114:
9112:
9110:
9101:
9095:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9082:
9075:
9073:
9071:
9069:
9067:
9065:
9063:
9061:
9059:
9057:
9055:
9053:
9051:
9049:
9047:
9045:
9043:
9038:
9026:
9022:
9021:
9014:
9004:
9000:
8993:
8991:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8974:New Testament
8971:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8951:
8947:
8943:
8939:
8935:
8931:
8927:
8926:Jewish ethics
8923:
8919:
8915:
8908:Contributions
8905:
8903:
8899:
8895:
8891:
8886:
8884:
8880:
8876:
8873:Orthodox and
8871:
8869:
8868:birth control
8865:
8861:
8857:
8850:
8845:
8836:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8809:
8807:
8803:
8799:
8794:
8792:
8786:
8784:
8780:
8776:
8772:
8768:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8754:
8747:
8745:
8741:
8737:
8736:United States
8733:
8729:
8725:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8708:
8706:
8702:
8698:
8694:
8690:
8686:
8682:
8678:
8677:Lower Galilee
8674:
8669:
8660:
8653:
8649:
8644:
8640:
8638:
8634:
8633:ancient Egypt
8630:
8626:
8622:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8585:
8580:
8570:
8567:
8563:
8559:
8555:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8522:collaborators
8519:
8515:
8511:
8507:
8503:
8499:
8498:the Holocaust
8495:
8491:
8483:
8478:
8474:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8463:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8433:
8428:
8424:
8420:
8416:
8415:First Crusade
8413:includes the
8412:
8408:
8404:
8399:
8397:
8396:Refah Partisi
8393:
8389:
8385:
8381:
8377:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8360:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8340:Bernard Lewis
8337:
8333:
8329:
8325:
8318:
8314:
8310:
8308:
8304:
8299:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8264:
8262:
8258:
8257:James Carroll
8255:According to
8253:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8207:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8189:
8185:
8175:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8131:
8127:
8116:
8106:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8080:
8075:
8073:
8070:migration of
8068:
8064:
8060:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
7999:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7933:
7929:
7927:
7923:
7922:Latin America
7919:
7915:
7911:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7877:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7866:the Holocaust
7863:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7848:The waves of
7843:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7826:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7791:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7764:United States
7761:
7757:
7752:
7750:
7749:North America
7746:
7745:Latin America
7742:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7708:
7706:
7705:Supreme Court
7702:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7663:
7661:
7657:
7654:According to
7652:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7637:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7594:
7593:United States
7590:
7581:
7577:
7576:New York City
7573:
7567:
7557:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7514:Ibero-America
7511:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7482:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7467:Moroccan Jews
7464:
7460:
7456:
7455:North African
7452:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7422:autosomal DNA
7418:
7416:
7411:
7407:
7402:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7368:
7366:
7362:
7358:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7333:United States
7330:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7317:the Holocaust
7314:
7309:
7307:
7303:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7281:Georgian Jews
7278:
7277:Mountain Jews
7274:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7261:Moroccan Jews
7258:
7254:
7253:Lebanese Jews
7250:
7246:
7245:Egyptian Jews
7242:
7238:
7234:
7233:Central Asian
7230:
7229:North African
7225:
7223:
7219:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7166:
7164:
7163:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7129:
7124:
7123:
7117:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7038:
7034:
7033:
7029:portrayed in
7028:
7024:
7020:
7015:
7004:
6994:
6990:
6988:
6987:British Celts
6984:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6938:
6929:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6908:
6898:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6831:Modern Hebrew
6828:
6827:the Holocaust
6824:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6794:lingua franca
6791:
6786:
6784:
6783:Modern Hebrew
6780:
6776:
6775:mother tongue
6772:
6768:
6764:
6756:
6752:
6747:
6743:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6732:Judaeo-Berber
6729:
6728:Judaeo-Arabic
6725:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6712:the Holocaust
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6633:
6623:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6612:United States
6609:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6556:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6525:
6520:
6518:
6513:
6511:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6420:
6419:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6367:
6361:
6360:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6322:Rosh Hashanah
6320:
6319:
6315:
6309:
6308:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6129:
6128:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6009:
6003:
6002:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5955:
5951:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5799:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5746:Mishneh Torah
5744:
5743:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5633:
5630:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5442:
5431:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5398:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5377:in 1941, the
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5344: + 1,000
5312:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5293:United States
5289:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5272:Theodor Herzl
5269:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5234:
5233:The Holocaust
5230:
5223:Modern period
5220:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5141:Visigoth rule
5137:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5114:Geonic period
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5051:Isaac Judaeus
5048:
5043:
5041:
5040:Mountain Jews
5037:
5036:Bukharan Jews
5033:
5029:
5028:Egyptian Jews
5025:
5024:Yemenite Jews
5021:
5020:Tunisian Jews
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4972:Sephardi Jews
4969:
4965:
4961:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4890:Christianized
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4787:
4781:
4777:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4725:
4723:
4717:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4586:Second Temple
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4553:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4421:
4416:
4414:
4409:
4407:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4358:
4357:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4323:
4322:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4205:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4115:—religion of
4114:
4110:
4109:monolatristic
4106:
4102:
4101:national myth
4098:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3968:Ancient Egypt
3965:
3964:Twelve Tribes
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3881:
3877:
3876:Black Obelisk
3873:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3840:Khnumhotep II
3837:
3836:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3766:patrilineally
3763:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3728:intermarriage
3725:
3721:
3717:
3714:, around 200
3713:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3647:Who is a Jew?
3637:
3635:
3631:
3630:Jewish people
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3594:According to
3592:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3573:Еврей, Yevrey
3570:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3519:, "judeu" in
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3467:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3414:judieu/iudieu
3409:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3263:
3254:
3249:
3237:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3206:
3201:
3191:
3184:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3082:United States
3079:
3075:
3071:
3070:the Holocaust
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2910:Jewish people
2906:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2874:
2870:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2668:Judeo-Aramaic
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:Judeo-Italian
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:Ghardaïa Sign
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:Denominations
2259:
2258:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:United States
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1577:Guinea-Bissau
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:Lists of Jews
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
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1190:The Holocaust
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797:
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791:Mishneh Torah
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
778:
777:
776:
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
761:
760:
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745:
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740:
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558:
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552:
551:Who is a Jew?
549:
547:
544:
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542:
541:
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534:
531:
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354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
341:Modern Hebrew
339:
338:
336:
334:
331:
330:
327:
322:
319:10,000–11,000
318:
314:
311:10,300–14,000
310:
306:
303:12,900–16,000
302:
298:
295:14,300–17,500
294:
290:
287:14,900–20,000
286:
282:
279:15,800–20,000
278:
274:
271:16,300–20,000
270:
266:
263:18,800–22,000
262:
258:
255:27,000–34,000
254:
250:
247:28,800–35,000
246:
242:
239:29,700–43,000
238:
234:
231:40,000–45,000
230:
226:
223:40,000–90,000
222:
218:
215:46,500–75,000
214:
210:
207:51,000–75,000
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
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154:
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132:United States
130:
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118:
113:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
80:
79:Star of David
74:
69:
63:
53:
44:
40:
36:
34:
19:
20723:
20716:
20702:
20625:
20618:
20606:
20589:
20572:
20406:perspectives
20240:Samaritanism
20201:Neo-Hasidism
20181:Conservative
20095:Names of God
20004:
19985:
19795:Judaeo-Greek
19790:Judeo-Gascon
19729:Lishán Didán
19724:Lishana Deni
19692:Judeo-Yemeni
19660:Judeo-Arabic
19534:Meshuchrarim
19453:Persian Jews
19386:Kurdish Jews
19364:Kaifeng Jews
19313:Beta Abraham
19276:Galitzianers
19231:Antisemitism
19206:Israeli Jews
19191:Assimilation
19094:
19026:
18984:
18944:
18915:
18895:
18875:
18855:
18842:. Retrieved
18826:. Eerdmans.
18822:
18802:
18790:. Retrieved
18770:
18750:
18743:. Retrieved
18739:
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18718:
18712:
18704:
18696:
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18668:
18656:. Retrieved
18652:the original
18642:
18633:
18626:. Retrieved
18620:
18610:
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18591:
18582:
18570:. Retrieved
18556:
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18481:. Retrieved
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18198:. Retrieved
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17565:
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17544:. Retrieved
17526:
17514:. Retrieved
17510:the original
17500:
17488:. Retrieved
17481:the original
17466:
17454:. Retrieved
17450:the original
17445:
17436:
17427:
17415:. Retrieved
17411:the original
17400:
17376:. Retrieved
17372:
17362:
17354:
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17332:
17312:
17305:
17293:. Retrieved
17283:
17271:. Retrieved
17253:
17241:. Retrieved
17234:the original
17221:
17209:. Retrieved
17195:
17183:. Retrieved
17173:
17164:
17152:. Retrieved
17142:
17128:
17108:
17099:
17091:the original
17081:
17062:
17056:
17035:
17023:. Retrieved
17019:the original
17003:
16991:. Retrieved
16987:
16977:
16965:. Retrieved
16956:
16944:
16932:. Retrieved
16928:
16918:
16906:. Retrieved
16902:
16892:
16880:. Retrieved
16876:the original
16866:
16854:. Retrieved
16850:the original
16845:
16836:
16824:. Retrieved
16814:
16802:. Retrieved
16797:
16788:
16776:. Retrieved
16771:
16762:
16750:. Retrieved
16746:
16736:
16724:. Retrieved
16719:
16693:
16684:
16665:
16655:
16629:
16625:
16619:
16607:. Retrieved
16603:the original
16598:
16588:
16576:. Retrieved
16566:
16529:
16525:
16514:
16469:
16465:
16455:
16414:
16410:
16381:
16375:
16340:
16336:
16326:
16314:. Retrieved
16310:
16298:
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16259:
16219:
16215:
16205:
16196:
16192:
16179:
16137:(4): e2062.
16134:
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15870:
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15835:
15816:
15810:
15791:
15782:
15773:
15764:
15755:
15743:. Retrieved
15740:BBC Bitesize
15739:
15730:
15711:
15705:
15680:
15672:
15660:. Retrieved
15656:the original
15646:
15626:
15619:
15599:
15592:
15572:
15565:
15551:Tadzhikistan
15548:
15533:
15526:
15518:
15503:
15496:
15487:
15484:"Azerbaijan"
15478:
15470:the original
15454:
15432:. Retrieved
15422:
15414:the original
15409:
15399:
15387:. Retrieved
15371:
15363:
15351:. Retrieved
15336:
15329:
15309:
15302:
15290:. Retrieved
15286:the original
15275:
15256:
15246:
15236:
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15209:
15202:
15182:
15175:
15155:
15148:
15136:. Retrieved
15126:
15119:
15114:
15106:
15099:. Retrieved
15095:the original
15081:
15073:
15058:
15051:
15041:
15039:
15024:
15017:
15007:
15003:
15001:
14986:
14979:
14970:
14955:
14948:
14936:. Retrieved
14929:the original
14920:
14908:
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14784:
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14725:
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14682:
14661:
14652:
14643:
14631:. Retrieved
14621:
14612:
14603:
14591:. Retrieved
14581:
14569:. Retrieved
14555:
14543:. Retrieved
14531:
14527:
14514:
14504:21 September
14502:. Retrieved
14498:the original
14493:
14484:
14472:
14452:
14445:
14433:. Retrieved
14429:
14420:
14412:
14407:
14389:
14383:
14366:
14360:
14348:. Retrieved
14343:
14334:
14325:10 September
14323:, retrieved
14301:
14291:
14282:
14267:
14229:
14222:
14214:
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14138:
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14112:
14093:
14084:
14061:
14054:
14035:
14025:
14014:, retrieved
13992:
13982:
13973:10 September
13971:, retrieved
13949:
13928:
13923:
13888:
13884:
13874:
13866:
13861:
13842:
13817:. Retrieved
13797:
13790:
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13728:
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13623:. Retrieved
13603:
13596:
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13569:
13560:
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13548:
13536:. Retrieved
13487:
13480:
13468:
13460:
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13440:. Retrieved
13425:
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13302:
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13269:
13263:
13251:. Retrieved
13245:
13235:
13223:. Retrieved
13219:
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13137:. Retrieved
13130:the original
13116:
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12666:
12646:
12639:
12631:
12617:
12611:
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12593:
12581:. Retrieved
12571:
12551:
12530:, retrieved
12508:
12498:
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12460:
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12432:
12425:
12404:
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12254:(3): 22–36.
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12075:
12053:. Retrieved
12049:the original
12039:
12027:. Retrieved
12023:the original
12013:
11989:
11982:
11970:. Retrieved
11964:
11954:
11933:
11926:
11905:
11898:
11877:
11870:
11862:
11855:. Retrieved
11848:the original
11837:
11821:
11809:. Retrieved
11786:
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11768:
11761:. Retrieved
11747:
11726:
11719:
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11414:
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11342:
11330:. Retrieved
11325:
11316:
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11255:
11243:. Retrieved
11238:
11229:
11221:
11205:
11185:
11176:
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11159:
11150:
11129:
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11107:
11100:. Retrieved
11094:
11085:
11077:
11048:
11017:
10986:
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10933:
10921:. Retrieved
10907:
10897:
10888:
10879:
10860:
10854:
10842:. Retrieved
10838:
10829:
10808:
10774:. Retrieved
10770:the original
10765:
10755:
10744:
10734:
10722:. Retrieved
10718:
10708:
10696:. Retrieved
10692:
10683:
10669:
10658:. Retrieved
10652:
10628:. Retrieved
10624:
10615:
10606:
10586:
10579:
10567:
10559:
10544:
10534:
10496:
10492:
10453:(1): 36–60.
10450:
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10436:
10427:
10423:
10419:
10414:
10408:
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10367:
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10339:
10330:
10315:
10308:
10296:. Retrieved
10292:the original
10278:
10258:
10251:
10243:
10222:29 September
10220:. Retrieved
10216:
10207:
10199:
10195:
10186:
10165:
10134:
10127:
10106:
10099:
10078:
10071:
10050:
10043:
10034:
10025:
10018:
10009:
10002:
9993:
9987:
9978:
9971:. Retrieved
9962:
9953:
9931:
9922:
9895:
9870:
9861:
9847:
9826:
9817:
9803:. Retrieved
9780:
9768:
9761:. Retrieved
9732:
9705:
9682:
9673:
9651:
9630:
9609:
9587:
9566:
9540:
9536:
9484:
9480:
9455:. Retrieved
9445:
9412:
9408:
9401:
9390:
9380:
9361:
9355:
9314:
9310:
9281:
9275:
9263:. Retrieved
9254:
9245:
9233:. Retrieved
9229:the original
9199:
9163:. Retrieved
9080:
9025:who is a Jew
9018:
9013:
9003:
8978:Christianity
8946:Jewish humor
8942:Jewish music
8911:
8887:
8872:
8853:
8849:Western Wall
8817:Iranian Jews
8815:caused many
8810:
8802:antisemitism
8795:
8787:
8779:North Africa
8750:
8748:
8720:Roman Empire
8712:Roman Empire
8709:
8665:
8590:
8542:slave labour
8534:World War II
8518:World War II
8512:) and other
8490:Nazi Germany
8487:
8460:
8435:against the
8430:
8405:to outright
8400:
8361:
8336:disabilities
8322:
8303:Papal States
8300:
8265:
8261:Roman Empire
8254:
8234:Roman Empire
8218:persecutions
8211:
8188:Antisemitism
8164:
8144:Kaifeng Jews
8133:
8120:Assimilation
8099:South Africa
8076:
8072:Iranian Jews
8057:, Yemen and
8023:Pahlavi Iran
8000:
7988:Soviet Union
7950:
7878:
7847:
7810:Rosh Hashana
7780:South Africa
7753:
7733:Soviet Union
7709:
7687:
7672:Israeli Jews
7653:
7649:secular Jews
7638:
7622:Philadelphia
7585:
7546:Lemba people
7483:
7474:
7419:
7410:Harry Ostrer
7403:
7399:Rhine Valley
7380:
7313:World War II
7310:
7306:North Africa
7285:Iranian Jews
7257:Kurdish Jews
7240:
7226:
7222:Kaifeng Jews
7218:Chinese Jews
7206:African Jews
7194:Italian Jews
7186:Bene Ephraim
7178:Bnei Menashe
7172:such as the
7167:
7160:
7157:prayer rites
7152:
7126:
7120:
7118:
7071:
7030:
6997:Demographics
6991:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6918:Hasidic Jews
6910:
6879:North Africa
6855:Russian Jews
6787:
6760:
6681:
6644:
6635:
6596:North Africa
6560:Hebrew Bible
6557:
6551:
6533:
6456:Anti-Judaism
6451:Antisemitism
6430:
6396:Samaritanism
6374:Christianity
6275:Shehecheyanu
6206:
6199:
6192:
6185:
6180:Four species
6087:Pidyon haben
6041:Rosh yeshiva
5952:
5845:Beth midrash
5791:Noahide laws
5534:Conservative
5399:
5387:gas chambers
5383:North Africa
5371:World War II
5367:Soviet Union
5351:Adolf Hitler
5348:
5320: Israel
5290:
5281:
5275:
5240:
5209:similar fate
5193:North Africa
5157:Judah Halevi
5145:Islamic rule
5138:
5126:North Africa
5091:
5063:blood libels
5044:
5012:North Africa
5001:
4991:
4985:
4975:
4968:Mizrahi Jews
4941:
4913:Jewish study
4902:
4863:
4855:Roman Empire
4803:First Temple
4783:
4729:
4722:Ivdaea Capta
4720:
4659:
4651:Roman Empire
4647:vassal kings
4639:First Temple
4613:against the
4600:
4593:
4562:Book of Ezra
4559:
4536:First Temple
4494:
4463:
4440:
4384:
4327:Other tribes
4182:
4137:
4125:ethnic group
4119:centered on
4113:monotheistic
4099:' inspiring
4094:
4079:
4075:First Temple
4036:
4030:, partially
3924:Hebrew Bible
3921:
3885:
3833:
3773:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3701:
3695:
3665:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3595:
3593:
3572:
3552:
3539:, "jood" in
3527:, "jøde" in
3515:, "Jude" in
3508:
3504:
3502:
3473:
3471:
3451:
3434:
3426:
3411:
3403:
3395:
3384:
3379:
3375:Apostle Paul
3349:shift from "
3330:
3314:
3294:Hebrew Bible
3277:
3225:include the
3187:
3157:Christianity
3137:architecture
3086:
3062:Nazi Germany
3050:World War II
3046:North Africa
3035:
3025:
3015:
3005:
2951:kingdoms of
2942:
2909:
2891:
2868:
2866:
2807:Post-Zionism
2678:Judeo-Berber
2673:Judeo-Arabic
2633:Judeo-Gascon
2380:Pidyon haben
2299:Conservative
1845:Saudi Arabia
1663:South Africa
1652:Sierra Leone
1474:Israeli Jews
1388:Mosaic Arabs
1341:Kaifeng Jews
1202:Arab–Israeli
1175:Emancipation
1054:Great Revolt
863:Anti-Judaism
858:Antisemitism
853:Name "Judea"
648:Baal teshuva
532:
500:
451:Christianity
399:
387:Judeo-Arabic
368:
332:
204:South Africa
110:(2022, est.)
100:
96:
93:15.2 million
92:
46:Ethnic group
43:
32:
20648:Catholicism
20230:Hellenistic
20068:Eschatology
20006:Lachoudisch
19931:Lotegorisch
19909:Lachoudisch
19899:Koiné Greek
19812:Judeo-Latin
19749:Palestinian
19643:Palestinian
19492:Mustaʿravim
19418:Afghan Jews
19406:Berber Jews
19330:Bene Israel
19318:Falash Mura
19308:Beta Israel
19226:Persecution
19168:Middle Ages
18979:‹ The
18658:25 November
18244:j.ctvh9w1wk
18200:10 December
17506:"Australia"
17125:, based on
16993:20 February
14938:3 September
14921:The Knesset
14589:. Bbc.co.uk
14016:8 September
13661:(10): 487.
13534:. Biu.ac.il
13334:McNutt 1999
13295:Stager 1998
11576:Falk, Avner
10698:10 November
10693:HISTORY.com
10666:, based on
10630:12 December
10499:(1): 1–35.
10439:para. 13–14
10298:22 November
10029:. Collins.
9980:Testament).
9265:25 December
9165:4 September
8986:Nobel Prize
8879:proselytism
8877:discourage
8599:has shaped
8546:Third Reich
8502:persecution
8432:autos-da-fé
8366:dynasty in
8317:World War I
8288:Reconquista
8220:throughout
8103:New Zealand
8087:Middle East
7992:Berlin Wall
7935:The Jewish
7884:(315,000),
7834:Birobidzhan
7756:Indian Jews
7614:Los Angeles
7538:Beta Israel
7530:Cochin Jews
7526:Bene Israel
7498:Catholicism
7492:" who were
7420:Studies of
7365:melting pot
7302:Middle East
7289:Afghan Jews
7269:Syrian Jews
7265:Libyan Jews
7210:Beta Israel
7182:Cochin Jews
7174:Bene Israel
7170:Indian Jews
7035:(1878), by
6914:Chief Rabbi
6600:Middle East
6534:The Jewish
6140:Sefer Torah
6102:Bereavement
6082:Zeved habat
5865:Holy Temple
5805:Holy cities
5539:Conservadox
5305:Nobel Prize
5213:Catholicism
5201:Netherlands
5173:Reconquista
5059:segregation
5055:Armentarius
5008:Middle East
5000:), and the
4954:Middle Ages
4894:Constantine
4823:Mesopotamia
4738:(including
4736:Torah study
4688:shifted to
4631:Transjordan
4603:Achaemenids
4513:Sennacherib
4188:Middle East
4111:—and later
4090:minimalists
3899:during the
3740:Ezra 10:2–3
3565:عبری/عبرانی
3543:, "żyd" in
3203:, with the
3042:Middle East
3034:), and the
2802:Revisionist
2792:Neo-Zionism
2399:Zeved habat
2192:Puerto Rico
2018:Netherlands
1850:South Korea
1835:Philippines
1715:Afghanistan
1582:Ivory Coast
1356:Crypto-Jews
1321:Bnei Anusim
1300:Bene Israel
1265:Beta Israel
1222:Communities
1129:Middle Ages
868:Persecution
643:Bereavement
503:Hebrew text
369:Historical:
260:Switzerland
236:Netherlands
20804:Israelites
20748:Categories
20643:Anabaptism
20585:Jew (word)
20452:Leadership
20265:Literature
20250:Secularism
20196:Humanistic
20063:Conversion
20033:Philosophy
19874:Judeo-Urdu
19638:Babylonian
19483:Saada Jews
19468:Adeni Jews
19261:Ashkenazim
19216:Samaritans
19183:Population
19138:Israelites
17954:10 October
17490:12 October
17295:11 October
17211:28 October
17185:28 October
16752:10 October
16609:12 October
15895:(3): 168.
14534:(7): 259.
14350:28 October
14197:1302180905
14081:1162305378
13819:16 January
13696:Bk.16.2.34
13625:16 January
13442:12 October
13395:1017604304
13349:Dever 2003
13225:10 October
13139:8 November
12532:7 December
11453:"Ioudaios"
10776:24 January
10724:16 January
10428:Capitolina
9963:Britannica
9158:(Report).
8938:Jewish art
8833:refuseniks
8742:, back to
8629:the Exodus
8573:Migrations
8443:Jews; the
8425:) and the
8368:Al-Andalus
8041:came from
8003:Arab world
7693:democratic
7645:synagogues
7630:Washington
7321:emigration
7249:Iraqi Jews
7204:; various
7190:Romaniotes
7122:Ashkenazim
7064:Jew blows
6975:Tom Garvin
6901:Leadership
6875:Tajikistan
6871:Azerbaijan
6867:Uzbekistan
6861:, such as
6327:Yom Kippur
5870:Tabernacle
5615:Chosenness
5587:Philosophy
5568:Humanistic
5445:See also:
5149:golden age
5134:Maimonides
4987:Ashkenazim
4907:and later
4864:After the
4831:Asia Minor
4744:synagogues
4740:Oral Torah
4710:Alexandria
4574:Zerubbabel
4568:ended the
4474:linguistic
4447:Israelites
4390:Samaritans
4374:Israelites
4097:Israelites
3934:, his son
3893:Israelites
3844:Beni Hasan
3812:Israelites
3708:Oral Torah
3614:Jew ethics
3610:Jew lawyer
3585:"jüdisch"
3521:Portuguese
3511:(pl.), in
3393:Old French
3351:Israelites
3347:ethnonymic
3335:ten tribes
3290:Samaritans
3251:) and the
3177:Jew (word)
3159:, and had
3155:, founded
3109:governance
3105:literature
3097:philosophy
3017:Ashkenazim
2975:following
2922:Israelites
2787:Maximalism
2739:Secularism
2719:Autonomism
2536:Literature
2329:Humanistic
1933:Azerbaijan
1895:Uzbekistan
1870:Tajikistan
1790:Kyrgyzstan
1775:Kazakhstan
1622:Mozambique
1597:Madagascar
1517:Cape Verde
1469:New Yishuv
1464:Old Yishuv
1415:Population
1393:Subbotniks
1351:Samaritans
1290:Romanyotim
1233:Ashkenazim
1180:Old Yishuv
1160:Sabbateans
1147:Modern era
1139:Golden Age
1066:Bar Kokhba
786:Beit Yosef
653:Philosophy
469:Samaritans
447:Irreligion
435:Majority:
101:20 million
20705:indicate
20653:Mormonism
20638:Christian
20518:Symbolism
20506:Synagogue
20486:Mythology
20447:Education
20418:Astronomy
20401:Astrology
20218:relations
20023:Zarphatic
19971:Galitzish
19773:Yeshivish
19650:Catalanic
19613:Samaritan
19588:Ashkenazi
19569:Diasporic
19564:Languages
19509:Sephardim
19504:Romaniote
19391:Krymchaks
19325:Desi Jews
19201:Buddhists
18740:Jinfo.org
18572:20 August
18567:0362-4331
18483:20 August
18252:263234025
17782:0002-9297
17378:20 August
17243:20 August
16472:(1): 57.
16304:"Sign In"
15745:20 August
15652:"Tunisia"
14660:(1996) .
14633:2 October
14593:2 October
14571:7 October
14545:10 August
14375:581911264
14038:. Brill.
13915:236389017
13907:1047-7594
13782:988856967
13694:Geography
13677:2077-1444
13655:Religions
13271:Hernandez
13253:4 October
12260:199601200
12055:9 January
12029:9 January
11972:6 October
11784:(2002) .
11604:"Yiddish"
11406:235573883
11382:: 25–53.
11102:20 August
10923:20 August
10918:0362-4331
10844:26 August
10521:143958201
10475:144379115
9973:20 August
9778:(2002) .
9331:1059-7794
9034:Citations
8791:New World
8767:Sephardic
8724:Babylonia
8693:Babylonia
8685:Sargon II
8471:conversos
8403:expulsion
8384:Hezbollah
8266:Later in
8246:Roman era
8224:. During
8206:Vespasian
8165:Rates of
8095:Australia
7926:Caribbean
7902:Venezuela
7886:Argentina
7772:Australia
7768:Argentina
7760:Ashkenazi
7723:and Jews
7682:Jerusalem
7606:Jerusalem
7451:Old World
7443:Israelite
7430:Sephardic
7426:Ashkenazi
7345:Australia
7341:Argentina
7329:New World
7237:Caucasian
7153:Sephardim
7143:meaning "
7133:Rhineland
7128:Sephardim
7094:political
7086:millennia
7082:Old World
7078:Israelite
6851:Afrikaans
6771:Palestine
6704:Sephardic
6684:dialectal
6665:Asoristan
6626:Languages
6446:Criticism
6411:Pluralism
6389:Mormonism
6295:Kol Nidre
6069:education
5994:Acharonim
5840:Synagogue
5817:Jerusalem
5499:Movements
5395:Holocaust
5391:Auschwitz
5106:Pumbedita
5083:Lithuania
4993:Sephardim
4978:coalesced
4934:Pumbedita
4839:Macedonia
4827:Babylonia
4760:Pharisaic
4752:Sadducees
4748:sectarian
4520:Jerusalem
4509:vassalage
4486:Jerusalem
4478:religious
4349:Jerahmeel
4178:Assyrians
4158:Jerusalem
4145:Egyptians
4131:, modern
4082:Rendsburg
4006:and then
3874:, on the
3792:Roman law
3710:into the
3675:ethnicity
3583:adjective
3533:Norwegian
3486:Palestine
3478:eisegesis
3387:Gyw, Iewe
3337:from the
3323:Levantine
3221:in other
3209:יְהוּדִים
3068:known as
3027:Sephardim
3008:coalesced
2973:Judahites
2885:ISO 259-2
2878:יְהוּדִים
2797:Religious
2653:Zarphatic
2643:Bukharian
2613:Judeo-Tat
2598:Yeshivish
2572:Languages
2527:Sephardic
2517:Israelite
2507:Ethiopian
2497:Ashkenazi
2436:Religious
2226:Australia
2208:Venezuela
2114:Argentina
2096:Greenland
2008:Lithuania
1860:Sri Lanka
1855:Singapore
1780:Kurdistan
1745:Indonesia
1735:Hong Kong
1688:Abayudaya
1612:Mauritius
1346:Igbo Jews
1336:Krymchaks
1255:Sephardim
1123:relations
1017:Sadducees
1013:Pharisees
1003:Sanhedrin
918:Jerusalem
678:Synagogue
546:Etymology
477:Assyrians
444:Minority:
324:Languages
188:Australia
164:Argentina
59: (
20718:Category
20688:Hinduism
20678:Buddhism
20580:Genetics
20496:Politics
20469:Marriage
20428:Holidays
20423:Calendar
20304:Rabbinic
20280:/Hebrew
20225:Haymanot
20152:Orthodox
20139:Branches
20112:Kabbalah
20107:Haskalah
20085:Holiness
19961:dialects
19941:Shassagh
19904:Krymchak
19884:Kayliñña
19778:Yinglish
19754:Galilean
19744:Talmudic
19739:Biblical
19714:Betanure
19633:Biblical
19628:Mishnaic
19623:Medieval
19608:Tiberian
19603:Yemenite
19593:Sephardi
19529:Paradesi
19473:Ḥabbanim
19463:Teimanim
19428:Baghdadi
19401:Maghrebi
19369:Karaites
19347:Gruzínim
19335:Kochinim
19253:Diaspora
19211:Karaites
19196:Atheists
19133:Timeline
19046:Archived
18981:template
18838:Archived
18786:Archived
18745:16 March
18384:(eds.).
18028:"NIMROD"
17895:Archived
17868:19061982
17800:19061982
17205:Interfax
17154:12 April
17011:(1983).
16934:12 April
16929:Guardian
16908:12 April
16903:Ynetnews
16882:7 August
16842:"Israel"
16826:8 August
16794:"Israel"
16726:28 March
16578:12 April
16558:23468648
16506:20925954
16439:20531471
16367:19669163
16290:23052947
16238:17245410
16171:18446216
16131:PLOS ONE
16079:11573163
16027:10801975
15945:(eds.).
15901:40207028
15799:Archived
15662:12 March
15549:Jews in
15434:12 March
15389:12 March
15353:12 March
15138:12 March
14565:Archived
14536:Archived
14284:revolts.
13927:Powell,
13865:Mor, M.
13813:Archived
13619:Archived
13538:15 March
13201:10801975
13096:pursuit.
12382:(2014).
12194:(2015).
11806:51578088
11578:(1996).
11432:Archived
11128:(eds.).
10953:(2004).
10746:ynetnews
10513:30245752
10467:30245753
10391:Archived
10242:(2005),
10240:John Day
10031:Archived
10015:Archived
9999:Archived
9967:Archived
9919:54913803
9893:(2004).
9800:51578088
9511:20560205
9457:12 April
9429:11153918
9339:15300852
9259:Archived
9020:halakhic
8902:gentiles
8860:Orthodox
8668:Assyrian
8617:Chaldees
8597:refugees
8526:genocide
8506:genocide
8480:Jews in
8421:(led by
8407:genocide
8272:Crusades
8268:medieval
8228:and the
8172:Diaspora
8152:Haskalah
8083:Americas
8077:Outside
8025:and the
7996:Israelis
7924:and the
7910:Colombia
7840:live in
7808:In this
7684:, Israel
7602:New York
7598:Tel Aviv
7591:and the
7542:Ethiopia
7510:Portugal
7479:Italians
7415:Pashtuns
7293:Teimanim
7241:Sephardi
7214:Ethiopia
7198:Teimanim
7162:Mizrahim
7137:Ashkenaz
7125:and the
7098:cultural
7062:Yemenite
7051:Sarajevo
7047:Sephardi
6981:and the
6837:and the
6736:Krymchak
6598:and the
6588:Haskalah
6580:Hellenic
6540:religion
6538:and the
6476:Muhammad
6379:Hinduism
6352:Hanukkah
6290:Tachanun
6285:Havdalah
6150:Tefillin
6097:Marriage
5989:Rishonim
5975:Savoraim
5832:Tiberias
5781:Tzedakah
5701:Rabbinic
5600:Kabbalah
5573:Haymanot
5507:Orthodox
5460:a series
5458:Part of
5435:Religion
5353:and the
5118:Rishonim
5102:Damascus
5003:Mizrahim
4930:Nehardea
4918:exilarch
4909:Sasanian
4905:Parthian
4884:and the
4811:Josephus
4635:Idumeans
4534:and the
4314:Benjamin
4302:Manasseh
4286:Issachar
4270:Naphtali
4028:Benjamin
3930:such as
3866:, tenth
3775:Kil'ayim
3770:Mishnaic
3755:halakhic
3750:Haskalah
3736:Egyptian
3703:halakhic
3681:, and a
3679:religion
3641:Identity
3509:al-yahūd
3474:Ioudaios
3461:יְהוּדִי
3454:*yahūdāy
3443:" / "of
3436:Ioudaios
3367:Josephus
3288:and the
3286:gentiles
3265:(plural
3239:(plural
3219:Endonyms
3195:יְהוּדִי
3149:religion
3145:medicine
3113:business
3066:genocide
3037:Mizrahim
2997:identity
2961:covenant
2949:Iron Age
2824:Category
2782:Kahanism
2729:Feminism
2701:Politics
2585:Biblical
2555:American
2502:Bukharan
2492:American
2392:Shidduch
2368:Clothing
2324:Haymanot
2270:Orthodox
2198:Suriname
2181:Paraguay
2134:Colombia
2033:Portugal
1943:Bulgaria
1880:Thailand
1830:Pakistan
1810:Mongolia
1805:Malaysia
1725:Cambodia
1699:Zimbabwe
1674:Tanzania
1552:Eswatini
1542:Ethiopia
1532:Djibouti
1512:Cameroon
1507:Botswana
1436:Diaspora
1398:Noahides
1371:Marranos
1295:Cochinim
1280:Bukharim
1270:Gruzinim
1260:Teimanim
1250:Mizrahim
1238:Galician
1204:conflict
1165:Hasidism
1155:Haskalah
1060:Diaspora
931:timeline
843:Timeline
756:Rabbinic
663:Kabbalah
638:Marriage
614:Tzedakah
604:Holidays
562:Religion
525:a series
523:Part of
430:Religion
20703:Italics
20528:Studies
20474:Divorce
20440:Kashrut
20435:Cuisine
20393:Culture
20324:Midrash
20319:Tosefta
20309:Mishnah
20297:Ketuvim
20292:Nevi'im
20255:Schisms
20245:Science
20235:Karaite
20206:Renewal
20167:Litvaks
20162:Hasidic
20117:Sefirot
20102:Halakha
20073:Messiah
20046:Mitzvah
20041:Beliefs
19995:Western
19981:Poylish
19976:Litvish
19966:Eastern
19956:Yiddish
19951:Shuadit
19936:Qwareña
19924:Tetuani
19919:Haketia
19894:Knaanic
19889:Kivruli
19837:Bukhori
19783:Heblish
19719:Hulaulá
19709:Barzani
19665:Yahudic
19598:Mizrahi
19458:Urfalim
19413:Mizrahi
19357:Neofiti
19352:Italkim
19281:Lita'im
19173:Zionism
19125:History
19099:Judaism
19057:of the
19036:of the
19016:of the
19007:of the
18983:below (
18844:4 April
18792:4 April
18761:Sources
18628:3 April
17859:2668061
17791:2668061
17516:2 April
17456:2 April
17417:2 April
17136:. 2006.
17025:5 April
16856:5 April
16804:20 July
16778:3 April
16747:Haaretz
16648:8900243
16639:1914832
16599:Reuters
16549:3585000
16497:2964539
16474:Bibcode
16447:4307824
16419:Bibcode
16358:2771134
16316:1 April
16281:3543766
16162:2323359
16139:Bibcode
16070:1274378
15995:Bibcode
15555:Tadzhik
15489:second.
15410:Haaretz
15292:1 April
15101:5 April
14925:Knesset
14864:3264497
14435:23 June
13247:Science
13169:Bibcode
13019:Reuters
12603:Haaretz
12583:1 April
12577:"Judah"
11857:5 April
11811:2 April
11763:2 April
11562:3268093
11220:"Jew",
11190:Megilla
10839:utm.edu
10766:Haaretz
10660:30 June
9805:2 April
9763:2 April
9557:2573430
9502:3032072
9437:8136092
9347:1571356
9255:Haaretz
9235:2 April
9221:"Links"
8798:pogroms
8740:Zionism
8734:to the
8726:to the
8615:of the
8605:Abraham
8562:ghettos
8467:Iberian
8453:Pogroms
8449:Ukraine
8441:Marrano
8376:mellahs
8364:Almohad
8328:dhimmis
8307:ghettos
8301:In the
8214:Judaism
8067:Lebanon
8007:Maghreb
7984:Germany
7968:Tunisia
7964:Morocco
7960:Algeria
7945:Estonia
7941:Tallinn
7937:Zionist
7898:Uruguay
7858:pogroms
7854:Zionism
7842:Siberia
7830:menorah
7816:of the
7814:pogroms
7719:in the
7697:Knesset
7634:Chicago
7463:Iberian
7459:Italian
7434:Mizrahi
7395:Germany
7357:Algeria
7141:Sefarad
7102:natural
7088:of the
6983:Gaulish
6926:Messiah
6887:Morocco
6883:Algeria
6863:Ukraine
6833:by the
6823:Spanish
6813:. Some
6811:Russian
6802:Yiddish
6790:English
6781:times.
6779:Tannaic
6763:Sabbath
6753:in the
6751:Maharal
6688:Yiddish
6669:Aramaic
6653:Aramaic
6639:is the
6568:Judaism
6544:Judaism
6436:Zionism
6342:Shavuot
6260:Kaddish
6237:Prayers
6170:Menorah
6165:Mezuzah
6155:Tzitzit
6110:Yeshiva
6065:Culture
5970:Amoraim
5965:Tannaim
5936:Rebecca
5924:Solomon
5892:Abraham
5771:Kashrut
5722:Tosefta
5717:Midrash
5707:Mishnah
5689:Piyutim
5670:Ketuvim
5665:Nevi'im
5605:Messiah
5563:Renewal
5553:Karaite
5518:Hasidic
5468:Judaism
5441:Judaism
5424:Culture
5359:Germany
5303:. Many
5259:Central
5255:pogroms
5229:Zionism
5179:by the
5094:Baghdad
5067:pogroms
5047:Francia
4943:Amoraim
4882:Mishnah
4874:Galilee
4756:Essenes
4690:Galilee
4653:as the
4627:Galilee
4482:Samaria
4369:Leaders
4307:Ephraim
4291:Zebulun
4198:History
4166:Samaria
4141:nomadic
4117:Yahwism
4008:Solomon
3982:led by
3976:Pharaoh
3974:by the
3948:Rebecca
3932:Abraham
3889:Semitic
3870:of the
3848:Abraham
3816:Yahwism
3802:Origins
3788:Tannaim
3744:gentile
3683:culture
3667:Judaism
3659:Map of
3569:Russian
3567:)) and
3561:Persian
3557:Persian
3549:Italian
3537:Spanish
3507:(sg.),
3490:Judaism
3449:Aramaic
3427:Iudaeus
3420:elision
3253:Yiddish
3248:Djudios
3242:ג׳ודיוס
3214:Yehudim
3151:. Jews
3129:theatre
3080:or the
3024:), the
3001:culture
2957:Yahwism
2930:Judaism
2924:of the
2912:are an
2892:Yehudim
2880:
2767:General
2758:Zionism
2734:Leftism
2724:Bundism
2648:Knaanic
2608:Yevanic
2593:Yiddish
2550:Yiddish
2545:Israeli
2522:Mizrahi
2512:Israeli
2483:Cuisine
2459:Ancient
2441:Secular
2387:Kashrut
2363:Wedding
2350:Customs
2342:Culture
2319:Science
2314:Renewal
2304:Karaite
2285:Hasidic
2217:Oceania
2203:Uruguay
2171:Jamaica
2151:Ecuador
2119:Bolivia
2063:Ukraine
2038:Romania
2013:Moldova
1993:Hungary
1983:Germany
1978:Georgia
1968:Finland
1963:Estonia
1958:Denmark
1953:Czechia
1938:Belarus
1928:Austria
1923:Armenia
1900:Vietnam
1815:Myanmar
1800:Lebanon
1720:Bahrain
1679:Tunisia
1657:Somalia
1632:Nigeria
1627:Namibia
1617:Morocco
1547:Eritrea
1492:Algeria
1376:Neofiti
1285:Italkim
1275:Juhurim
1185:Zionism
1134:Khazars
1029:Sicarii
1025:Zealots
1021:Essenes
1008:Schisms
873:Leaders
835:General
827:History
770:Tosefta
765:Midrash
742:Mishnah
724:Ketuvim
719:Nevi'im
668:Customs
599:Shabbat
594:Halakha
586: (
584:Mitzvot
571: (
537:Judaism
440:Judaism
400:Sacred:
377:Yiddish
361:Spanish
351:Russian
346:English
308:Austria
268:Uruguay
244:Belgium
220:Ukraine
212:Hungary
180:Germany
62:Yehudim
20511:Hazzan
20501:Prayer
20378:Siddur
20314:Talmud
20278:Tanakh
20213:Neolog
20186:Reform
20174:Modern
20157:Haredi
20080:Ethics
19946:Shassi
19914:Ladino
19879:Karaim
19862:Juhuri
19704:Targum
19618:Signed
19583:Modern
19578:Hebrew
19546:Xuetes
19342:Dönmeh
19301:Yekkes
19000:Curlie
18986:Curlie
18960:
18922:
18903:
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18830:
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17273:3 July
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16967:7 July
16699:"Jews"
16672:
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16636:
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16445:
16437:
16411:Nature
16382:Nature
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14346:. 2008
14316:
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14133:. 4.II
14079:
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13690:Strabo
13675:
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11332:6 July
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11166:6 July
11138:
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9589:Israel
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9096:
8864:Haredi
8839:Growth
8823:, and
8744:Israel
8732:Poland
8621:Nimrod
8609:Canaan
8451:; the
8352:hadith
8204:sends
8190:, and
8085:, the
8081:, the
8079:Europe
8049:. The
8039:aliyah
8035:Turkey
7980:aliyah
7966:, and
7956:France
7894:Mexico
7890:Brazil
7882:Canada
7788:yordim
7778:, and
7747:, and
7689:Israel
7666:Israel
7632:, and
7589:Israel
7522:Brazil
7502:Iberia
7490:anusim
7475:et al.
7447:Levant
7439:Hebrew
7432:, and
7361:Israel
7353:France
7349:Brazil
7347:, and
7337:Canada
7325:Europe
7216:; and
7188:; the
7184:, and
7149:Iberia
7068:, 1947
7066:shofar
6967:nation
6895:Arabic
6843:Quebec
6819:French
6806:Ladino
6777:since
6700:Ladino
6649:Tanakh
6637:Hebrew
6616:Israel
6590:), in
6574:, and
6552:ethnos
6536:people
6441:Israel
6337:Pesach
6332:Sukkot
6280:Hallel
6265:Minyan
6255:Aleinu
6250:Amidah
6223:Gartel
6218:Kittel
6201:Hadass
6175:Shofar
6160:Kippah
6145:Tallit
6120:Cheder
6115:Kollel
6031:Hazzan
5984:Geonim
5959:Chazal
5941:Rachel
5855:Sukkah
5850:Mikveh
5827:Hebron
5809:places
5786:Niddah
5776:Tzniut
5712:Talmud
5684:Siddur
5679:Ḥumash
5654:Tanakh
5610:Ethics
5546:Reform
5525:Modern
5513:Haredi
5485:
5479:
5418:Aliyah
5342:
5336:
5330:
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5199:, the
5130:Iberia
5100:, and
5087:Russia
5079:Poland
4970:, and
4936:, and
4870:Judaea
4859:Arabia
4843:Cyrene
4835:Greece
4732:prayer
4702:Cyprus
4686:Judaea
4668:. The
4666:Judaea
4451:Canaan
4344:Rechab
4296:Joseph
4249:Simeon
4244:Reuben
4153:tribal
4121:Yahweh
4088:, the
4018:and a
3996:Samuel
3988:Joshua
3980:Exodus
3972:Joseph
3962:. The
3960:Canaan
3956:Rachel
3954:, and
3897:Canaan
3852:Joseph
3822:, and
3808:Canaan
3784:donkey
3782:and a
3671:nation
3661:Canaan
3618:Jewish
3555:), in
3545:Polish
3529:Danish
3525:French
3517:German
3513:Arabic
3505:yahūdī
3466:Yehudi
3441:Judean
3363:Tanakh
3331:Yehudi
3278:Yehudi
3236:Djudio
3231:ג׳ודיו
3227:Ladino
3205:plural
3200:Yehudi
3190:Hebrew
3147:, and
3133:cinema
3125:comedy
3101:ethics
3078:Israel
3058:Europe
3052:, the
2918:nation
2873:Hebrew
2829:Portal
2688:Domari
2618:Shassi
2579:Hebrew
2474:Humour
2418:Hiloni
2413:Aliyah
2373:Niddah
2358:Minyan
2293:Reform
2280:Haredi
2275:Modern
2176:Mexico
2161:Guyana
2124:Brazil
2086:Canada
2058:Sweden
2048:Serbia
2043:Russia
2028:Poland
2023:Norway
2003:Latvia
1988:Greece
1973:France
1948:Cyprus
1914:Europe
1885:Turkey
1875:Taiwan
1785:Kuwait
1770:Jordan
1760:Israel
1694:Zambia
1684:Uganda
1602:Malawi
1572:Guinea
1562:Gambia
1497:Angola
1483:Africa
1366:Dönmeh
1361:Anusim
1305:Berber
1243:Litvak
1195:Israel
1101:
1038:
952:Second
920:
781:Targum
747:Gemara
733:Talmud
705:Tanakh
658:Ethics
609:Prayer
481:others
479:, and
392:others
382:Ladino
356:French
316:Panama
292:Turkey
284:Sweden
228:Mexico
196:Brazil
172:Russia
148:Canada
140:France
35:(word)
20683:Islam
20491:Names
20481:Music
20462:Rebbe
20457:Rabbi
20411:Monen
20366:Zohar
20287:Torah
20282:Bible
19396:Lemba
19271:Chuts
18248:S2CID
18240:JSTOR
18030:. In
17592:p. 26
17536:(PDF)
17484:(PDF)
17477:(PDF)
17263:(PDF)
17237:(PDF)
17230:(PDF)
17117:(PDF)
16443:S2CID
16307:(PDF)
16199:(19).
16018:18733
15897:JSTOR
14932:(PDF)
14917:(PDF)
14860:JSTOR
14539:(PDF)
14524:(PDF)
14395:JSTOR
13911:S2CID
13511:JSTOR
13192:18733
13133:(PDF)
13126:(PDF)
12965:date.
12256:S2CID
11851:(PDF)
11834:(PDF)
11558:JSTOR
11494:JSTOR
11455:, in
11402:S2CID
10535:Galut
10517:S2CID
10509:JSTOR
10471:S2CID
10463:JSTOR
10424:Aelia
9553:JSTOR
9433:S2CID
9343:S2CID
9156:(PDF)
8996:Notes
8982:Islam
8697:Judea
8611:from
8482:Minsk
8457:Tsars
8388:Hamas
8348:Quran
8332:jizya
8296:Moors
8148:China
8063:Egypt
8059:Libya
8047:Syria
8043:Yemen
7982:. In
7906:Chile
7776:Chile
7739:from
7626:Paris
7618:Miami
7610:Haifa
7554:Y-DNA
7534:India
7506:Spain
7382:Y DNA
7351:. In
7323:from
7297:Yemen
7295:from
7202:Yemen
7200:from
7145:Spain
6891:Tunis
6800:like
6661:Greek
6657:Judea
6608:China
6604:India
6594:, in
6586:(see
6471:Jesus
6466:Music
6384:Islam
6347:Purim
6245:Shema
6208:Arava
6194:Lulav
6187:Etrog
6051:Kohen
6046:Mohel
6036:Dayan
6026:Posek
6021:Rebbe
6016:Rabbi
5931:Sarah
5919:David
5914:Aaron
5909:Moses
5902:Jacob
5897:Isaac
5822:Safed
5694:Zohar
5660:Torah
5646:Texts
5625:Names
5355:Nazis
5349:When
5205:India
5197:Italy
5098:Cairo
4819:Egypt
4706:Egypt
4698:Libya
4682:Judea
4578:David
4334:Caleb
4280:Asher
4259:Judah
4149:Shasu
4129:Dever
4024:Judah
4004:David
3984:Moses
3944:Sarah
3940:Jacob
3936:Isaac
3917:Shasu
3780:horse
3673:, an
3553:Ebreo
3541:Dutch
3482:Jesus
3469:.
3445:Judea
3433:term
3431:Greek
3406:juieu
3371:Philo
3355:Torah
3306:Jacob
3302:Judah
3300:from
3268:ייִדן
3192:word
3121:music
3064:in a
2963:with
2908:) or
2777:Labor
2772:Green
2469:Dance
2427:Music
2246:Palau
2166:Haiti
2129:Chile
2053:Spain
1998:Italy
1905:Yemen
1865:Syria
1840:Qatar
1820:Nepal
1765:Japan
1740:India
1730:China
1669:Sudan
1592:Libya
1587:Kenya
1567:Ghana
1557:Gabon
1537:Egypt
1522:Benin
1381:Xueta
1326:Lemba
945:First
810:Zohar
714:Torah
696:Texts
683:Rabbi
673:Rites
573:names
473:Arabs
300:Spain
276:Chile
252:Italy
20754:Jews
19097:and
19095:Jews
18996:Jews
18958:ISBN
18920:ISBN
18901:ISBN
18880:ISBN
18861:ISBN
18846:2018
18828:ISBN
18807:ISBN
18794:2018
18776:ISBN
18747:2016
18660:2011
18630:2012
18574:2022
18563:ISSN
18532:ISBN
18507:ISBN
18485:2022
18443:ISBN
18392:ISBN
18230:ISBN
18202:2023
18152:ISBN
18125:ISBN
18098:ISBN
18071:ISBN
17956:2012
17864:PMID
17796:PMID
17778:ISSN
17586:ISBN
17548:2008
17518:2012
17492:2020
17458:2012
17419:2012
17380:2022
17345:ISBN
17318:ISBN
17297:2012
17275:2008
17245:2022
17213:2017
17187:2017
17156:2013
17067:ISBN
17027:2012
16995:2024
16969:2005
16936:2013
16910:2013
16884:2007
16858:2012
16828:2007
16806:2007
16780:2012
16754:2012
16728:2018
16670:ISBN
16644:PMID
16611:2020
16580:2013
16554:PMID
16502:PMID
16435:PMID
16363:PMID
16318:2018
16286:PMID
16234:PMID
16167:PMID
16102:ISBN
16075:PMID
16023:PMID
15953:ISBN
15856:ISBN
15821:ISBN
15747:2022
15716:ISBN
15691:ISBN
15664:2015
15632:ISBN
15605:ISBN
15578:ISBN
15539:ISBN
15509:ISBN
15460:ISBN
15436:2015
15391:2015
15378:ISBN
15355:2015
15342:ISBN
15315:ISBN
15294:2014
15261:ISBN
15215:ISBN
15188:ISBN
15161:ISBN
15140:2015
15103:2014
15064:ISBN
15030:ISBN
14992:ISBN
14961:ISBN
14940:2020
14820:ISBN
14795:ISBN
14762:ISBN
14699:ISBN
14668:ISBN
14635:2013
14595:2013
14573:2011
14547:2020
14506:2015
14458:ISBN
14437:2020
14371:OCLC
14352:2013
14327:2024
14314:ISBN
14273:ISBN
14243:ISBN
14193:OCLC
14183:ISBN
14153:ISBN
14077:OCLC
14067:ISBN
14040:ISBN
14018:2024
14005:ISBN
13975:2024
13962:ISBN
13903:ISSN
13847:ISBN
13821:2023
13803:ISBN
13778:OCLC
13768:ISBN
13741:ISBN
13714:ISBN
13673:ISSN
13627:2023
13609:ISBN
13582:ISBN
13540:2014
13501:ISBN
13444:2018
13431:ISBN
13391:OCLC
13381:ISBN
13315:ISBN
13276:ISBN
13255:2018
13227:2012
13197:PMID
13141:2010
13085:ISBN
12954:ISBN
12909:ISBN
12875:ISBN
12845:ISBN
12818:ISBN
12791:ISBN
12764:ISBN
12737:ISBN
12710:ISBN
12679:ISBN
12652:ISBN
12622:ISBN
12585:2018
12557:ISBN
12534:2023
12521:ISBN
12467:ISBN
12438:ISBN
12390:ISBN
12360:ISBN
12333:ISBN
12308:ISBN
12281:ISBN
12202:ISBN
12172:ISBN
12145:ISBN
12108:ISBN
12081:ISBN
12057:2009
12031:2009
11999:ISBN
11974:2007
11939:ISBN
11911:ISBN
11883:ISBN
11859:2012
11813:2012
11802:OCLC
11792:ISBN
11765:2012
11732:ISBN
11704:ISBN
11670:ISBN
11643:ISBN
11616:ISBN
11612:1453
11584:ISBN
11517:ISBN
11484:ISBN
11461:ISBN
11392:ISBN
11355:ISBN
11334:2024
11302:ISBN
11275:ISBN
11247:2024
11180:Cf.
11168:2024
11136:ISBN
11104:2022
11054:ISBN
11023:ISBN
10992:ISBN
10961:ISBN
10925:2022
10914:ISSN
10865:ISBN
10846:2015
10814:ISBN
10778:2009
10726:2023
10700:2015
10662:2015
10632:2023
10592:ISBN
10550:ISBN
10353:ISBN
10321:ISBN
10300:2011
10264:ISBN
10224:2023
10171:ISBN
10140:ISBN
10112:ISBN
10084:ISBN
10056:ISBN
10036:ties
9975:2022
9937:ISBN
9915:OCLC
9905:ISBN
9876:ISBN
9852:ISBN
9832:ISBN
9807:2012
9796:OCLC
9786:ISBN
9765:2012
9738:ISBN
9716:ISBN
9688:ISBN
9657:ISBN
9636:ISBN
9615:ISBN
9594:ISBN
9572:ISBN
9507:PMID
9459:2013
9425:PMID
9366:ISBN
9335:PMID
9327:ISSN
9286:ISBN
9267:2023
9237:2012
9167:2023
9094:ISBN
8980:and
8956:and
8928:and
8862:and
8652:1614
8558:Roma
8504:and
8439:and
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8232:the
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8128:and
8091:Asia
8055:Iraq
8045:and
8033:and
8031:Iran
7838:Jews
7528:and
7520:and
7508:and
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7315:and
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626:Brit
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533:Jews
77:The
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14306:doi
14235:hdl
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13177:doi
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12905:438
12513:doi
12417:at
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