Jarrow March - Knowledge

836: 635:, and numerous smaller vessels were all built in Jarrow. During the brief postwar boom of 1919–20, orders remained plentiful and Palmer's prospered. However, the firm's management had not anticipated the conditions that developed in the 1920s when, as Wilkinson says, "every industrial country that had bought ships from Britain was now building for itself". The firm made over-optimistic assessments of future demand, and invested accordingly. The anticipated demand did not materialise. By the mid-1920s, Palmer's was incurring heavy losses, and was close to bankruptcy. It was temporarily reprieved by a short-lived boom in 1929, when orders rose and the town briefly enjoyed the prospect of an economic recovery. 1521: 2264: 1693: 1572: 2195: 3684: 2810: 2756: 22: 2256: 1705: 810:

see people privately there is a great deal of humming and ha'ing, and they are not quite sure". Meanwhile, the BISF argued that increased steel production should be achieved by expanding capacity in existing facilities, rather than by building new plant. Duncan, in a reversal of his earlier attitude, now opposed the provision of finance for Jarrow which, he felt, might create a precedent that other distressed areas could exploit. The BISF finally succeeded in watering down the scheme to the extent that it became unviable; Salt and his syndicate withdrew, and the scheme was dead, "strangled at birth" according to Wilkinson.

3461: 2187: 2154: 690:, told members: "There is nothing to be gained by giving Jarrow the impression that Palmer's can be revived". He continued: "Would it not be very much better to make a clean sweep of that as a shipyard, and throw open to the world for sale what is one of the finest and most convenient sites anywhere in Europe?" Despite efforts by management and workers to find an alternative solution, in the early summer of 1934 NSS acquired the yard, closed it, and began to dismantle its plant. Blythe wrote: "The only sound to compete with the unfamiliar noise of the marsh birds ... was the ring of the breakers' hammers." 3676: 2802: 2748: 3453: 1811: 665:, and there were no new orders on the firm's books. Rumours of impending reorganisation and rationalisation in the industry gave the workforce cause for anxiety, which deepened with the formation in 1930 of National Shipbuilders Security Ltd (NSS). This was a company created by the government to assist shipbuilders by acquiring failing yards and dismantling them, so that production was concentrated within a smaller number of profitable yards. To ensure this rationalisation was sustained, the closed yards were banned from any shipbuilding activity for at least 40 years. 1601:, the plight of Jarrow was the subject of exchanges in the House of Commons between Wilkinson and Baldwin. The prime minister drew attention to the recent decrease in Jarrow's unemployed, and said: "There is every reason to hope that the revival of industry now in progress in the Tyneside area will result in further opportunities for employment for those still unemployed at Jarrow." Wilkinson replied that the apparent decrease in Jarrow's unemployment figures arose from the amalgamation of the figures of Jarrow with those of neighbouring 847:

would then be forced to listen, or turn the military on us". The idea of a march was taken up with enthusiasm by the mayor Billy Thompson, by Wilkinson, and by political, commercial and religious groups. It was decided that the march would be a local affair, representing the town, with no political connotations. It would be limited to 200 fit men who would arrive in London at the start of the new parliamentary session on 3 November 1936, when a petition from the town would be presented to the House of Commons.

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strike was briefly proposed, before Wilkinson arranged a meeting with a cross-party group of MPs. The marchers' case was heard sympathetically; the meeting was warned that, given international uncertainties, they might come to regret the dismantling of an important shipbuilding facility for reasons of private profit. Such statements, according to Wilkinson, made members "distinctly uncomfortable". The next day the marchers returned by train to Jarrow, where they received an ecstatic welcome from the town.

606:. Many more such carriers followed. In 1856 the yard began building warships, and was soon supplying many of the world's navies. With its associated iron and steel works, it became the largest shipbuilding centre in the country, employing thousands of men. Jarrow's population, at around 3,800 in 1850, had increased nearly tenfold to 35,000 by 1891. Palmer's was central to Jarrow's economy, both for the numbers employed there and for the ancillary businesses that served the needs of both the yard and town. 718: 765:, when she won the seat with a majority of 2,360. In the opening debate of the new parliamentary session, on 9 December 1935, she pleaded on behalf of her new constituents: "These are skilled fitters, men who have built destroyers and battleships and the finest passenger ships ... The years go on and nothing is done ... this is a desperately urgent matter and something should be done to get work to these areas which, Heaven knows, want work." 85:(TUC) leaderships stood aloof from these marches. They exercised the same policy of detachment towards the Jarrow March, which was organised by the borough council with the support of all sections of the town but without any connection with the NUWM. During their journey the Jarrow marchers received sustenance and hospitality from local branches of all the main political parties, and were given a broad public welcome on their arrival in London. 786:, offered support for a Jarrow steelworks, while other BISF members put pressure on London's financial institutions to withhold capital from the new scheme. Reports of such tactics caused great anxiety in the Jarrow area, where the people were desperate for the new works to come about. In a reassuring speech shortly before the November 1935 general election, Baldwin, now leading the National Government, informed his listeners in 93:, which their proponents thought would improve working conditions. The town holds numerous memorials to the march. Re-enactments celebrated the 50th and 75th anniversaries, in both cases invoking the "spirit of Jarrow" in their campaigns against unemployment. In contrast to the Labour Party's coldness in 1936, the post-war party leadership adopted the march as a metaphor for governmental callousness and working-class fortitude. 851:

Society agreed to accompany the march as medical attendants. A fund was begun, with an initial target of £800, to meet the costs of the march; ultimately, nearly double that amount was raised, locally and on the route. Public meetings were planned for the overnight stops, to publicise the plight of Jarrow and of other areas like it. One marcher explained: "We were more or less missionaries of the distressed areas, Jarrow".

709:, bottle manufacture and furniture-making. While acknowledging the generous principle behind Jarvis's scheme, Betty Vernon, the biographer of Jarrow politician Ellen Wilkinson, described it as ultimately superficial, offering little more than patchwork assistance. Blythe observes: "This excellent man failed, as anyone must fail who tries to play the good squire to a town of nearly forty thousand people". 644: 1612:, as the march neared its end, marchers began to contemplate the return home, and the prospect of "looking out of the window ... knowing that there's nothing, nothing at all to do". On the final day, for the short 8 mi (13 km) stretch, large crowds watched the column proceed through the London suburbs towards Marble Arch, marching to the accompaniment of their own 584: 1668:, without prior warning, then revealed plans for a steel tubes mill on the Palmers site. The impression that Jarrow's problems could be solved thus, without government action, disconcerted the listening marchers. Wilkinson commented that such plans were in the future, and were no substitute for the town's requirement for immediate government intervention. 1437:. The conference was not supportive of the march—one delegate criticised Wilkinson for "sending hungry and ill-clad men on a march to London". The Labour conference's negative stance brought angry responses from the marchers; Riley considered that they had been "stabbed in the back". The marchers were further dismayed to learn that the 613:, the town's historian and member of parliament from 1935 to 1947, quotes a newspaper source from 1858: "There is a prevailing blackness about the neighbourhood. The houses are black, the ships are black, the sky is black, and if you go there for an hour or two, reader, you will be black". According to Wilkinson, the yard's founder, 1469:, a change from the school and church halls, and occasional workhouse accommodation, that was provided at most overnight stops. It was becoming evident that local Conservatives were often as likely to provide practical assistance as Labour, whose local parties were constrained by the attitude of the party's national leadership. 3270: 1728:, to be broken up at the yard. However, after their triumphant homecoming many of the marchers felt that their endeavour had failed. Cornelius Whalen, who at his death in 2003 was the last survivor of those who marched the full distance, said that the march was "a waste of time", but added that he had enjoyed every step. 1748:, writes that "out of all the hunger marches its aims were the most diluted and it made the most modest gains". The historians Malcolm Pearce and Geoffrey Stewart provide a positive perspective, arguing that the Jarrow March "helped to shape perceptions of the 1930s", and thus paved the way to social reform. 1559:. This was one of the least welcoming of all the overnight stops. No member of the local council greeted or visited the marchers, and they were forced to spend the night on the stone floor of an unfinished building (the local press later denied that this was so). On Saturday 24 October the marchers reached 1751:

Perry observes that "the passage of time has transformed the Jarrow Crusade ... into a potent talisman with which many apparently seek association". Thus the Labour Party, which in 1936 shunned the march, later adopted it as "a badge of credibility". In 1950 the party featured the Jarrow banners

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Working conditions in the mines were dangerous: there were explosions in 1826, 1828 and 1845, each with large loss of life. Attempts by workers to organise into a trade union were fiercely opposed by the employers. Miners conducted lengthy strikes in 1832 and 1844, each ending when hunger forced them

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in Europe helped to unify the British left, and there were more supportive voices in parliament on behalf of the unemployed. The idea of marching as a means of expressing political or social grievances had by now become an accepted and well-established tactic, and there was a growing awareness of the

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found the book "not quite as polemical as one might have expected", but felt that in her denunciation of the BISF Wilkinson had not taken full account of the state of the iron and steel industry in the 1930s. Wilkinson continued her parliamentary career, and from 1940 to 1945 held junior ministerial

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Blythe summarises the marchers' anger and disillusionment: "And that was that. The result of three months' excited preparation and one month's march has led to a few minutes of flaccid argument during which the Government speakers had hardly mustered enough energy to roll to their feet". A "stay-in"

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After the loss of the steelworks, David Riley, the chairman of Jarrow Borough Council, told a rally of the town's unemployed in July 1936: "If I had my way I would organise the unemployed of the whole country ... and march them on London so they would all arrive at the same time. The government

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When, later in the summer, Runciman met workers from Jarrow the deputation encountered, in Wilkinson's words, "a figure of ice. Icily correct, icily polite, apparently completely indifferent to the woes of others." His insistence that "Jarrow must work out its own salvation", was described by Blythe

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After the election and the return of the National Government, little happened to support Baldwin's optimistic words. In the House of Commons on 2 March 1936, Wilkinson spoke of the "atmosphere of mystery" that surrounded the Jarrow scheme: "Publicly one sees tremendous optimism ... but when you

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In October 1986, on the 50th anniversary, a group from Jarrow and other towns along the way retraced the route to London. At that time of industrial recession, Jarrow once again had the highest level of unemployment in the country. The 75th anniversary in 2011 was marked by a "March for Jobs", that

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the Bishop of Jarrow denied that his blessing on the march had indicated his support for the venture. The blessing was, he said an act of Christian duty. In general he believed that such marches should be discouraged. Wilkinson was forgiving of the bishop's volte-face, knowing, she later said, "the

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In a series of exchanges in the Commons with Runciman on 30 June, Wilkinson requested in vain that the matter be reconsidered by an independent body, rather than being decided by the BISF. One of the government's own negotiators, who had been involved in the project since its early stages, wrote in

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as its parliamentary candidate for the next general election. Wilkinson had helped to found the British Communist Party in 1920, and had a firebrand reputation. She had been associated with Hannington and the NUWM in the early 1920s, but had left the Communist Party in 1923 and had served as Labour

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which led to the arrest and imprisonment of the march's leaders. Although women were not allowed to march on the Jarrow march, women's contingents were present at other hunger marches across the 1930s. These women, who were often the wives of unemployed men, were often faced with restrictions, such

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In the period immediately after the end of the First World War, Britain's economy enjoyed a brief boom. Businesses rushed to replenish stocks and re-establish peacetime conditions of trade and, while prices rose rapidly, wages rose faster and unemployment was negligible. By April 1920 this boom had

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The British steel industry was protected from more efficient foreign competition by the government's high tariff wall. The BISF, through its control of pricing, could also present a united front against new competition at home. When the feasibility report was received by the BISF in March 1935 the

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While Jarvis's palliative measures were being developed, a more substantial project to bring industry back to Jarrow was under consideration. An American entrepreneur, T. Vosper Salt, became aware of the impending sale and break-up of Palmer's yard. He was convinced that the world demand for steel

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In the 1890s, Britain held a near monopoly of the world's shipbuilding, with a share of around 80%. This proportion fell during the early years of the 20th century to about 60%, as other countries increased their production. Palmer's remained busy, and during the years of the First World War built

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for a hastily organised public meeting. The Communist Party was holding a general rally in the park against unemployment; Wilkinson records that they "generously gave way for an hour and asked their great audience to swell our Crusade meeting". The police made an estimate of 3,000 for the crowd,

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Jarrow had been a settlement since at least the 8th century. In the early 19th century, a coal industry developed before the establishment of the shipyard in 1851. Over the following 80 years, more than 1,000 ships were launched in Jarrow. In the 1920s, a combination of mismanagement and changed

1716:, and the establishment of war-based industries, Jarvis's initiatives brought modest relief to Jarrow. By 1939, about 100 men were employed in a small furniture factory and up to a further 500 in various metal-based industries set up on the Palmer's site. Jarvis had acquired the obsolete liners 1472:

The marchers' claim that theirs was a unique situation, arising from specific actions, the closing of the shipyard and the blocking of the proposed steelworks, that could be remedied by immediate government action, may also have alienated local working-class communities. Cross-party support was

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Riley was appointed chief marshal, with four subcommittees to deal with organisational detail. All the local political parties—Labour, Conservative and Liberal—gave their support, as did the town's churches and the business community. Relays of medical students from the Inter-Hospital Socialist

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Two additional national marches were held in 1934 and 1936. By this time the country had made a substantial recovery from the worst depression years of 1929–32. Unemployment was significantly down, annual growth was averaging 4%, and many parts of the country were enjoying a substantial boom in

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re-enacted many world civil rights stories throughout history. The final event, revolved around the March, the re-enactment was described as a memorable closing to the finale. The town of Jarrow contains several commemorations, including a steel relief sculpture by Vince Rea at the new railway

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On Wednesday 4 November Wilkinson presented the Jarrow petition to the House of Commons. With over 11,000 signatures, it asked that "His Majesty's Government and this honourable House should realise the urgent need that work should be provided for the town without further delay." In the brief

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constituency. She says that at the end of the meeting MacDonald said to her: "Ellen, why don't you go out and preach socialism, which is the only remedy for all this?" This "priceless remark", she says, brought home the "reality and sham ... of that warm but so easy sympathy".

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Unemployment was particularly heavy in Britain's traditional staple export industries—coal mining, shipbuilding, iron and steel and textiles—all of which were in a slow decline from their Victorian heyday. Because of the concentration of these industries in the north of England, in

1630:"Jarrow as a town has been murdered. It has been murdered as a result of the arrangement of two great combines—the shipping combine on the one side and the steel combine on the other ... What has the Government done? I do not wonder that this cabinet does not want to see us." 870:. Henson, a severe critic of socialism and trade unionism, described the march as "revolutionary mob pressure", and regretted his colleague's association with "these fatuous demonstrations, which are mainly designed in the interest, not of the Unemployed, but of the Labour party". 3222: 2781: 558:

in the 16th century. The discovery of coal in the 17th century led to major changes. Mining on an industrial scale began in the early 1800s, resulting in the population of Jarrow more than doubling between 1801 and 1821 to around 3,500, largely from the influx of mineworkers.

525:" ... is well calculated to produce a general impression of solemn quiet. The church and mouldering monastic walls on the green hill, sloping to the bay, the long silvery expanse of water, the gentle ripple of the advancing tide ... Jarrow is 'a romancy spot'." 1953:

The extent to which Jarvis's activities were basically self-serving has remained a debatable question. In a review of Perry's book, Lewis H. Mates reveals that Jarvis's son was adopted as Jarrow's Conservative candidate in 1938 (he never contested the constituency).

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during the 1930s. Around 200 men, or "Crusaders" as they preferred to be called, marched from Jarrow to London, carrying a petition to the British government requesting the re-establishment of industry in the town following the closure in 1934 of its main employer,

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Despite the initial sense of failure among the marchers, in subsequent years, the Jarrow March became recognised by historians as a defining event of the 1930s. It helped to foster the change in attitudes which prepared the way to social reform measures after the

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housing and consumer goods. The increasing prosperity was not uniformly spread, and there were sharp contrasts between economic conditions in the south and those in the north-east, South Wales, Scotland and elsewhere, where the rate of recovery was much slower.

403:, the percentage of unemployed persons in these regions was significantly higher, sometimes more than double, than in the south throughout the interwar period. The decline of these industries helped to create pockets of long-term unemployment outside the normal 1504:

on 17 October, the marchers had travelled 70 mi (110 km) during the week, and were at the approximate half-way point in their journey. That day, the Bishop of Durham was gratified and the marchers correspondingly disappointed, when in a letter to

818:: "A system which permits the adjudication on a proposal of national importance ... to be left in the hands of parties whose financial interests may run counter to that project, is not conducive to the enterprising development of the steel industry". 774:

was about to rise, and thought that the site, with its ready-made docking and rail facilities, would be ideal for a new, modern steelworks. In January 1934, when an initial feasibility study report had proved favourable, Salt began discussions with the

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As Jarrow's representatives prepared to leave, six regional contingents of the sixth National Hunger March were taking the road to London, where they were due to arrive a week after the Jarrow marchers. A group of blind veterans, organised by the

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might exceed his constitutional limits and receive the marchers. The cabinet issued a statement that emphasised the constitutional means for expressing grievances, and condemned marches for causing "unnecessary hardship for those taking part in

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Wilkinson felt a deep bond of sympathy with the people of Jarrow and the loss of the shipyard which was the life-source of the town. Early in 1934 she led a deputation of Jarrow's unemployed to meet the prime minister, MacDonald, in his nearby

679:, was the last ship launched from the yard, on 19 July 1932. By this time, Palmer's was insolvent, but retained a faint hope of further naval contracts. These failed to materialise, and in June 1933 the firm's creditors appointed a receiver. 1861:—in the town centre. Buildings and street names bear the names of Wilkinson and Riley. Perry writes that "In Jarrow, landscape and memory have fused together, just as the red hot rivets once fastened great sheets of steel in Palmer's Yard." 2162: 1752:

on its election posters; the march then disappeared from view in an era of high employment, only to be invoked again when unemployment again became a political issue in the 1980s. In the late 20th century and beyond, Labour leaders—

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important in maintaining the march's non-partisan ethos, a factor that led Riley to refuse a donation of £20 from a communist group, stating: "We are determined at all costs to preserve the non-political character of this Crusade".

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Whalen's fellow marcher Guy Waller, on the 40th anniversary of the march in 1976, said that "he march produced no immediate startling upsurge in employment in the town. It took the war to do that". These views are shared by the

62:, an employers' organisation with its own plans for the industry. The failure of the steelworks plan, and the lack of any prospect of large-scale employment in the town, were the final factors that led to the decision to march. 1963:

Con Shiels, whose father acted as roadside cook during the march, and who himself walked the last leg from Edgware to Central London, died on 26 December 2012, aged 96. He was the last survivor of any who participated in the

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alone. Relations in Jarrow between employer and employee were poor; workers were held by the "bond" system whereby they were tied to a particular employer for a year, whether or not that employer could provide work.

3740: 795:"And, if ... is not going to happen, does that mean that the Government, who have created a practical monopoly in the steel trade and have given the trade everything that it wants, are now going to say that 2883: 1899:

Wilkinson later described the Federation as "a group of men to whom national needs, even under the threat of approaching war, meant nothing more than the opportunity of wringing profits out of obsolete plant".

4889: 1779:—left Labour to form a breakaway group committed to a more direct fight for employment. All four later rejoined the party; Scullion and Symonds both served as the town's mayor, and Symonds was Labour MP for 1913:

reports refer to 207. It is on record that some of the original contingent dropped out during the journey and in some cases were replaced, but it is possible that some names are missing from the record.

4278: 1410:, cheered on by most of the town and bearing banners announcing themselves as the "Jarrow Crusade". By the following weekend they had travelled 69 mi (111 km) to the cathedral city of 740:, a Conservative borough councillor and former mayor. In 1932, when the mood in Jarrow was desperate—"a workhouse without walls" according to one commentator—the local Labour Party selected 510:

considered that the hunger marchers had "displayed the failure of capitalism in a way that mere figures or literary description could not. Middle-class people felt the call of conscience".

3200: 1563:, arriving at the same time as the blind group. Wilkinson left to supervise arrangements in London, and would thereafter only participate intermittently until the final day, a week hence. 1927:, the region's senior MP, immediately after Wilkinson had handed in Jarrow's. The second petition was rejected by the Commons Commission on Petitions because of procedural irregularities. 782:

Federation's chairman, Sir Andrew Duncan, at first reacted positively. His members from the north-east were rather less enthusiastic. Only one of the large steel firms in the region, the

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in 1925, helped to ensure that the percentage of the workforce without jobs remained at around 10% for the rest of the 1920s and beyond, well above the normal pre-war levels. During the

1586:, was the longest daily march—21 mi (34 km). Of the original contingent, 185 were still on the road, together with 10 replacements. To maintain the timetable for arrival at 3028: 427:, the NUWM organised regular marches in which unemployed workers converged on London to confront Parliament, in the belief that this would improve conditions. These became known as " 562:

The town's years as a coalfield were unhappy. Living conditions in many of the hastily erected cottages were insanitary, lacking water and drainage. There was a serious outbreak of

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given way to Britain's first post-war slump, which ushered in an era of high unemployment. Britain's adoption of generally deflationary economic policies, including a return to the

4387: 1772:, who noted the high level of withdrawals in its early stages and dismissed it as "an insult to the memory of the Jarrow marchers ... They are not fit to walk in footsteps". 1909:

Although the number of marchers is usually given as 200, there is some confusion about the exact numbers who eventually participated. The historical record lists only 185 names;

790:: "There is no truth in any of the reports that either the banks or any other authorities ... are making a dead set to prevent anything of the kind being done in the area". 799:

is going to have the monopoly of that steel trade, and the firms he controls are going to have the orders? That is what we want to know, and it is about time that we knew it".

3937: 1605:, and did not represent an increase in employment. She asked Baldwin whether he would break with tradition and meet a deputation of the marchers; the prime minister declined. 3104: 4122: 2312: 854:

On Monday 5 October the marchers, selected from over 1,200 volunteers, attended an ecumenical dedication service in Christ Church, Jarrow, where the blessing was given by

481:, in which a series of rallies and demonstrations across London broke out into considerable violence; the leaders provoked clashes with opponents and police in Hyde Park, 454:

kept aloof, fearful of being tainted by association with the communist organisers. The same pattern was followed with subsequent NUWM marches; successive prime ministers—

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was closed off and was the venue the Freedom on The Tyne Finale. The Freedom on The Tyne Finale was the finale of the 2017 Freedom City festival. The event, promoted by

1680:, the neighbouring constituency to Wilkinson's, replied that "the Government's complacency is regarded throughout the country as an affront to the national conscience". 4711: 2879: 3819: 4514: 3971: 1825:

released the "Jarrow Song", which helped to raise awareness of the events of 1936 among a new generation. Among dramatisations based on the Jarrow March is a play,

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discussion that followed, Runciman said that "the unemployment position at Jarrow, while still far from satisfactory, has improved during recent months", to which

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brought a decline which led eventually to the yard's closure. Plans for its replacement by a modern steelworks plant were frustrated by opposition from the

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Shortly after the return home in November 1936 Riley, together with three other Jarrow councillors who had led the march—James Hanlon, Paddy Scullion and

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back to work. After the easier seams of coal were exhausted, the Jarrow pits became less profitable, and in 1851 the owners abandoned them altogether.

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A second petition supporting the Jarrow position, and containing over 68,000 signatures collected from all over the Tyneside region, was handed in by

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Although the term "Jarrow Crusade" is widely used in Matt Perry's history of the march, he notes that Jarrovians usually refer to it as the "March".

683: 3016: 1940:, the leader of the Labour Party, who did not speak. However, on the following Sunday, 8 November, Attlee and a dozen other Labour MPs, including 1616:

band despite relentless rain. On arrival, as their leaders talked to the press, the marchers retired to their overnight accommodation in London's

550:, the early Christian monk and scholar. After Bede, little changed in the remote rural community for a thousand years, although his monastery was 4968: 4440: 746: 566:

in Jarrow and northeast England in the winter of 1831–32, as part of an epidemic that spread from Europe and resulted in more than 200 deaths in

3582: 4998: 778:(BISF), a steel producers' organisation formed that year as part of the National Government's rationalisation of the iron and steel industry. 3925: 3092: 2608: 1536:, the Labour-controlled council defied the national leadership to give the marchers a warm welcome. This was matched by the reception from 5008: 4379: 617:, "regarded it as no part of his duty to see that the conditions under which his workers had to live were either sanitary or tolerable". 1677: 4569: 875: 462:

in 1930 and 1934—declined to meet the marchers' representatives, and the Labour Party and the TUC continued to keep their distance.

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that began in 1929 and lasted until 1932, the percentage of unemployed peaked at 22%, representing more than 3 million workers.

702: 662: 388: 47: 4909: 1461:. In this solidly Conservative, prosperous town the marchers were greeted warmly by the civic authorities and were fed by the 4963: 4855: 4834: 4815: 4779: 4758: 4739: 4695: 4684: 4662: 4643: 4624: 4601: 4563: 4539: 4508: 4467: 4153: 3151: 1540:'s Conservative mayor and councillors, and supplemented by gifts of clothing and underwear from the city's manufacturers. At 595: 43: 4785: 1910: 762: 729: 4498: 4978: 1438: 835: 754: 733: 693:

Following the Palmer's closure, a small hope of relief and some industrial resurrection was offered by the industrialist

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but not debated, and the march produced few immediate results. The Jarrovians went home believing that they had failed.

4705: 862:. This apparent endorsement by a senior cleric gained considerable press attention, but earned a sharp response from 775: 59: 416: 74: 3136: 1590:, the marchers took an extra rest day on Tuesday before marching, in teeming rain, the 19 mi (31 km) to 1433:

Wilkinson had left the march at Chester-le-Street to attend the Labour Party's annual conference, taking place in

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and Ben Dunwell. In what Perry describes as one of the ironies surrounding the march, the opera was performed in

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as "the last straw in official cruelty"; to Wilkinson, the phrase "kindled the town", and inspired it to action.

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station, a tile mural designed by local schoolchildren, and a bronze sculpture—"The Spirit of the Crusade" by

1664:. He told the marchers: "You have so aroused the conscience of the country that things are bound to happen". 1418:

and a delegation representing local churches. Receptions at the intervening stops had been mixed: lukewarm at

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By December 1933 rumours of NSS interest in the yard were appearing in the press, and in the House of Commons

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Perry, pp. 21, 31, 34, 39, 45, 53, 58, 63, 70, 76, 64, 87, 89, 92, 98, 100, 104, 111, 121, 126, 130, 134, 140

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The third week of the march covered the greatest distance of the four weeks—83 mi (134 km). At

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The shipyard generated high employment to Jarrow, but the industrial works created a harsh environment.

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as "avowed Communists ... who have been identified with disturbances in their own localities". The

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problems complained of, which counterbalanced their exploitation by the Communists. The historian

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by Graham Ibbeson, unveiled in Jarrow Town Centre in 2001 as a memorial to the 1936 Jarrow March

37:, was an organised protest against the unemployment and poverty suffered in the English town of 4958: 1924: 1796: 1657: 737: 698: 530:

Robert Surtees describing pre-industrial Jarrow, in his history of the County of Durham (1820).

431:", reviving a name coined by the press in 1908, when a group of London's unemployed marched to 4207: 2858: 2712: 2680: 1446: 878:, was also on the march, demanding better allowances for the country's 67,000 blind persons. 555: 451: 82: 4593: 4550: 1853: 1815: 1646: 1462: 783: 668:

In 1931, NSS was busy closing shipyards elsewhere in the country, while an order from the

8: 1810: 787: 629: 622: 567: 4845: 4805: 4613: 4330: 2936: 2470: 1661: 1617: 501:

At the same time, the national mood was changing. External factors such as the rise of

4380:"Newcastle's iconic Tyne Bridge is to host the spectacular Freedom on the Tyne finale" 4240: 4044: 594:

Jarrow began its development as a shipbuilding town with the establishment in 1851 of

4901: 4870: 4851: 4830: 4811: 4775: 4754: 4735: 4701: 4680: 4658: 4639: 4620: 4597: 4559: 4535: 4504: 4485: 4463: 4434: 3147: 1641: 1556: 1419: 1238: 922: 673: 669: 647: 602:. The first ship from the yard was launched in 1852, an iron-built and steam-powered 447: 432: 78: 1652:

After a day's rest, the marchers' main event on Tuesday was a public meeting in the

672:

for two destroyers kept Palmer's working until mid-1932. The second of these ships,

4727: 4322: 2947: 2481: 1845:

in May 1997, in retrospective defiance of the bishop who had condemned the march.

1842: 1713: 1673: 1407: 867: 859: 839: 482: 459: 90: 4145: 2966: 2500: 4973: 4801: 4769: 1800: 1769: 1494: 1488:. The march was attracting wide publicity. In London the government worried that 741: 721: 610: 507: 455: 55: 4211: 2862: 2716: 2684: 2951: 2485: 1937: 1858: 1776: 1507: 863: 603: 546:, northern England, entered British history in the 8th century, as the home of 428: 424: 66: 4271:"Re-enactment of Jarrow March fizzles out after just a quarter of the journey" 4942: 4924: 4911: 4489: 4477: 1941: 1602: 1415: 979: 706: 543: 404: 384: 4894: 3271:"Statue To Sir Charles Mark Palmer, East Of Tyne Pedestrian Tunnel Entrance" 1476:

At Harrogate Wilkinson rejoined the march, as it proceeded through southern

477:

on unemployment benefits. Anger at the means test was the rationale for the

415:

In 1921, in reaction to the rising levels of unemployment, the newly formed

4874: 4500:

The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain Volume II: 1879 to present

1830: 1757: 1753: 1734: 1200: 1449:

would be reduced, since they were unavailable for work should jobs arise.

4672: 1849: 1717: 1587: 1575: 1560: 1489: 1378: 1257: 717: 486: 4334: 4202:

Moncur, Andrew (3 November 1986). "Jarrow voices despair 50 years on".

1822: 1761: 1537: 1485: 1427: 1181: 960: 599: 539: 474: 77:-led body. For fear of being associated with communist agitation, the 1838: 1742:

who described the march as "a heroic failure", while Matt Dobson, in

1613: 1598: 1541: 1533: 1477: 1458: 1434: 1423: 1340: 1219: 1162: 1111: 1073: 1035: 941: 491: 439: 423:(NUWM). From 1922 until the late 1930s, under its charismatic leader 4326: 3737:"Interview 963 (summary), Leicester Oral History Archive Collection" 2305:"How housebuilding helped the economy recover: Britain in the 1930s" 1092: 396: 1991: 1708:

Re-enactment 2011: the "March for Jobs" in London, 5 November 2011

657:

On 24 July 1930 Palmer's launched its thousandth ship, the tanker

69:", had taken place since the early 1920s, mainly organised by the 1609: 1583: 1359: 1289: 661:. By this time the brief shipbuilding boom had been ended by the 583: 563: 502: 653:, the last ship to be launched from Palmer's shipyard, July 1932 438:

The 1922 marchers sought a meeting with the new prime minister,

1382: 917: 535: 38: 4410: 643: 2382:

The History and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham

1591: 1411: 1321: 1054: 998: 400: 3378:

Henson's diary entry, 8 October 1936, quoted in Perry, p. 72

4732:

Politicians and the Slump: The Labour Government of 1929–31

4460:

Ellen Wilkinson: From Red Suffragist to Government Minister

547: 101: 4774:. Chalfont St Peter, Bucks, England: Bradt Travel Guides. 1515: 4697:

The Shipbuilding Industry: a Guide to Historical Records

4497:

Floud, Roderick; Humphries, Jane; Johnson, Paul (2014).

3739:. East Midlands Oral History Archive. 7 November 1986. 2257:"Organization of Marchers: Alleged Control from Moscow" 16:

1936 protest about unemployment in the north of England

4552:

British Employment 1919–1939: A Study in Public Policy

4074:"Tributes to man who kept Jarrow March spirit alive". 1578:, Hyde Park, London, the terminus for the Jarrow March 724:

marching with the Jarrow Marchers, Cricklewood, London

494:

if the local Labour Party would not accommodate them.

4771:

Sacred Britain: A Guide to Places that Shake the Soul

4496: 4241:"Unemployment campaigners recreate 1936 Jarrow March" 1426:

and also from the Conservative-controlled council in

1786:

In 1939, Wilkinson published her history of Jarrow,

1597:

On 29 October, as the marchers walked from Luton to

701:. He was the prospective Conservative candidate for 3635:"Cabinet Papers: March of the Unemployed on London" 1566: 1406:After the service of dedication, the marchers left 4890:The Jarrow Crusade – UK Parliament Living Heritage 4612: 4371: 4146:"Hunger marches – When the unemployed fought back" 3674: 2935: 2469: 2155:"March of the Workless: Whitehall Visit Forbidden" 1656:, Farringdon Street. Among the guest speakers was 1582:The leg on Monday 26 October, from Northampton to 1457:After a weekend's rest, the marchers proceeded to 1452: 4408: 3454:"Jarrow Unemployed: March to London Begins Today" 1764:—have all associated themselves with the march. 4940: 3675:Jarrow (Bishop of), Geoffrey (17 October 1936). 3559: 3557: 736:was won by the National Government's candidate, 1640:On Sunday 1 November the marchers proceeded to 804:Ellen Wilkinson, House of Commons, 2 March 1936 4657:. Sunderland: University of Sunderland Press. 2418: 2416: 4633: 4089:"Seven-day catch-up: December 30-January 5". 3677:"Jarrow Marchers: The Province of the Clergy" 3554: 3547: 3545: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3223:"Steelworks at Jarrow: History of the Scheme" 2607:. Grace's Guide: British Industrial History. 1649:, who was present, put the figure at 50,000. 65:Marches of the unemployed to London, termed " 4402: 2946:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2853:"Complete Results of the General Election". 2515: 2513: 2480:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1635:Ellen Wilkinson, Hyde Park, 1 November 1936. 1608:On the penultimate stage, from St Albans to 1401: 842:, with a statue of Sir Charles Palmer, 2007. 4700:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 4634:Pearce, Malcolm; Stewart, Geoffrey (1992). 4439:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2413: 2404: 1936:Among the MPs who attended the meeting was 1465:. They were given sleeping quarters by the 621:many of Britain's warships: the battleship 513: 4308: 3542: 3408: 3087: 3085: 4864: 4767: 4726: 4587: 4558:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4503:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4377: 4309:Hallsworth, H.M. (June–September 1940). " 3640:. The National Archive. 14 October 1936. 2510: 2228:Pearce and Stewart, pp. 403–06 and 357–58 1992:"Debunking Myths: Review of Matt Perry's 1890:Jarrow was in County Durham prior to 1974 876:National League of the Blind and Disabled 4590:The Hunger Marchers in Britain 1920–1840 4529: 4226: 4224: 4021: 4019: 4000: 3998: 3911: 3909: 3602: 3600: 3572: 3273:. South Tyneside Council. Archived from 2933: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2640: 2638: 2131: 2129: 2127: 1809: 1797:Churchill's wartime coalition government 1703: 1691: 1570: 1519: 834: 732:, in the nationwide rout of Labour, the 716: 642: 582: 102:Unemployment in Britain between the wars 33:of 5–31 October 1936, also known as the 20: 4693: 4671: 4548: 4457: 4112: 3338: 3336: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3082: 3048: 3046: 3009: 2943:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2661: 2659: 2628: 2626: 2531:, June 1858, quoted in Wilkinson, p. 72 2477:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2467: 2378: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1864: 1687: 1516:Week three: Chesterfield to Northampton 1422:, warm and friendly from the people in 4969:Great Depression in the United Kingdom 4941: 4843: 4824: 4800: 4748: 4655:The Jarrow Crusade: Protest and Legend 4610: 4476: 4251:from the original on 22 September 2014 4201: 4143: 4125:from the original on 20 September 2016 4115:"The Jarrow March is Our Real History" 3294: 3292: 3134: 2915: 2913: 2461: 2288: 1994:The Jarrow Crusade: Protest and Legend 1676:, the Labour backbencher representing 1528:, a stopping point for the march, 2013 768: 638: 407:. Some workers had no work for years. 96: 4999:Protest marches in the United Kingdom 4652: 4221: 4055:from the original on 12 February 2009 4016: 3995: 3906: 3597: 3585:from the original on 21 February 2021 2922: 2635: 2124: 1989: 1391: 1012: 1007: 421:National Unemployed Workers' Movement 71:National Unemployed Workers' Movement 54:world trade conditions following the 4810:. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books. 4734:. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books. 4636:British Political History, 1867–1991 4484:. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books. 3940:from the original on 25 October 2014 3573:Collette, Christine (3 March 2011). 3566: 3333: 3301: 3203:from the original on 25 October 2014 3160:from the original on 16 October 2021 3064: 3043: 2656: 2623: 2388:. London: Chester Ward. p. 66. 2293:. Basingstoke: Palgrave. p. 82. 2088: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2022: 2010:from the original on 16 October 2021 1976: 697:, who held the ceremonial office of 465:In 1931, MacDonald became head of a 4788:from the original on 5 October 2022 4714:from the original on 5 October 2022 4517:from the original on 5 October 2022 4378:Whetstone, David (4 October 2017). 3974:from the original on 5 October 2022 3289: 2910: 2611:from the original on 11 August 2016 2392:from the original on 5 October 2022 2165:from the original on 5 October 2022 1768:drew the ire of a Conservative MP, 888:Route of Jarrow March, October 1936 46:. The petition was received by the 13: 5009:Unemployment in the United Kingdom 4386:. Newcastle: chroniclelive.co.uk. 4156:from the original on 14 April 2015 3822:from the original on 17 April 2015 3743:from the original on 9 August 2020 2605:"Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Co" 1555:From Leicester the march moved to 1414:, where they were welcomed by the 712: 25:Jarrow marchers en route to London 14: 5020: 4883: 4575:from the original on 2 April 2015 4532:The Thirties: An Intimate History 4421:from the original on 30 July 2018 4390:from the original on 11 July 2018 4281:from the original on 24 June 2016 4113:Maguire, Kevin (4 January 2013). 4045:"Farewell to last Jarrow marcher" 3687:from the original on 2 April 2015 3647:from the original on 2 April 2015 3464:from the original on 4 March 2016 3107:from the original on 3 April 2015 3031:from the original on 2 April 2015 2886:from the original on 2 April 2015 2813:from the original on 2 April 2015 2759:from the original on 2 April 2015 2315:from the original on 2 April 2015 2267:from the original on 2 April 2015 2198:from the original on 2 April 2015 2038: 776:British Iron and Steel Federation 763:general election of November 1935 410: 107:Unemployment in Britain, 1923–36 60:British Iron and Steel Federation 4362: 4353: 4344: 4302: 4293: 4263: 4233: 4195: 4186: 4177: 4168: 4144:Dobson, Matt (19 October 2011). 4137: 4106: 4097: 4082: 4067: 4037: 4028: 4007: 3986: 3952: 3918: 3897: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3861: 3852: 3843: 3834: 3800: 3791: 3782: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3729: 3720: 3711: 3702: 3668: 3659: 3627: 3618: 3609: 3533: 3524: 3515: 3506: 3497: 3488: 3479: 3446: 3437: 3428: 2755:. 26 February 1934. p. 16. 2194:. 22 November 1922. p. 10. 2161:. 22 November 1922. p. 10. 1957: 1947: 1930: 1917: 1814:"The Jarrow March" sculpture at 1567:Week four: Northampton to London 4619:. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. 4313:: The Town That Was Murdered". 3970:: col. 76–77. 4 November 1936. 3399: 3390: 3381: 3372: 3363: 3354: 3345: 3324: 3315: 3263: 3254: 3245: 3236: 3215: 3181: 3172: 3128: 3119: 3073: 3055: 3000: 2991: 2982: 2973: 2901: 2872: 2846: 2837: 2828: 2795: 2774: 2741: 2732: 2723: 2711:. 29 December 1933. p. 4. 2700: 2691: 2679:. 12 December 1933. p. 9. 2668: 2647: 2597: 2588: 2579: 2570: 2561: 2552: 2543: 2534: 2522: 2452: 2443: 2434: 2425: 2372: 2363: 2354: 2345: 2336: 2327: 2297: 2282: 2249: 2240: 2231: 2222: 2213: 2180: 2147: 2138: 2115: 2106: 2097: 1903: 1893: 1884: 1453:Week two: Ripon to Chesterfield 688:President of the Board of Trade 578: 518: 4989:Politics of North East England 3460:. 5 October 1936. p. 14. 2857:. 28 October 1931. p. 9. 2809:. 5 October 1934. p. 14. 2707:"Future of Palmers Shipyard". 2449:Wilkinson, pp. 29–35 and 51–55 2333:Pearce and Stewart, pp. 364–65 2263:. 5 November 1932. p. 7. 2094:Pearce and Stewart, pp. 355–56 2079: 2070: 2061: 2052: 1875: 1512:difficulties he had to face". 881: 830: 761:She became Jarrow's MP in the 590:, founder of Jarrow's shipyard 1: 4679:. London: Allison and Busby. 3818:: col. 5–6. 29 October 1936. 3199:: col. 205–07. 30 June 1936. 3189:"Iron and Steelworks, Jarrow" 3146:. London: Hatchette Digital. 3027:: col. 619. 9 December 1935. 1443:Unemployment Assistance Board 4964:British trade unions history 4093:. 4 January 2013. p. 6. 4078:. 3 January 2013. p. 3. 3936:: col. 75. 4 November 1936. 2967:UK public library membership 2882:. Who's Who online edition. 2501:UK public library membership 1970: 1658:the Rev. Canon Dick Sheppard 1550:Church of St Mark, Leicester 1526:Church of St Mark, Leicester 1497:", according to Wilkinson. 7: 4869:. London: Victor Gollancz. 4749:Smales, Bernard J. (1975). 4694:Ritchie, L.A., ed. (1992). 4615:Economic Decline in Britain 3103:: col. 1101. 2 March 1936. 3079:Quoted in Wilkinson, p. 180 2788:. 9 March 1934. p. 19. 2675:"Palmers Jarrow Shipyard". 2440:Wilkinson, pp. 27–28 and 55 2291:Women in Britain Since 1900 1827:Whistling at the Milestones 885: 490:as being forced to stay in 105: 10: 5025: 4979:Labour disputes in England 4867:The Town that was Murdered 4768:Symington, Martin (2011). 4611:Lorenz, Edward H. (1991). 4450: 4091:Jarrow and Hebburn Gazette 4076:Jarrow and Hebburn Gazette 3229:. 6 July 1936. p. 10. 2471:"Palmer, Sir Charles Mark" 2468:Linsley, Stafford (2004). 2135:Pearce and Stewart, p. 359 2035:Pearce and Stewart, p. 354 1925:Sir Nicholas Grattan-Doyle 1788:The Town that Was Murdered 1395:291 mi (468 km) 4865:Wilkinson, Ellen (1939). 4850:. London: Belknap Press. 4827:Ellen Wilkinson 1891–1947 4825:Vernon, Betty D. (1982). 4588:Kingsford, Peter (1982). 4530:Gardiner, Juliet (2010). 2937:"Wilkinson, Ellen Cicely" 2880:"Pearson, William George" 1623: 1402:Week one: Jarrow to Ripon 1368: 1349: 1330: 1311: 1303: 1298: 1279: 1271: 1266: 1247: 1228: 1209: 1190: 1171: 1152: 1144: 1139: 1120: 1101: 1082: 1063: 1044: 1025: 1015: 988: 969: 950: 931: 910: 905: 902: 899: 896: 893: 363: 346: 329: 312: 295: 278: 261: 244: 227: 210: 193: 176: 159: 142: 133: 126: 119: 114: 111: 4847:Hunger: a Modern History 4534:. London: Harper Press. 4417:. Newcastle University. 2934:Harrison, Brian (2004). 2379:Surtees, Robert (1820). 2103:Floud et al., pp. 244–45 1990:Mates, Lewis H. (2006). 1869: 1848:On 29 October 2017, the 1821:In 1974 the rock singer 1712:Before the start of the 1364:11 mi (18 km) 1345:10 mi (16 km) 1326:19 mi (31 km) 1294:21 mi (34 km) 1262:17 mi (27 km) 1243:14 mi (23 km) 1224:11 mi (18 km) 1205:15 mi (24 km) 1186:14 mi (23 km) 1167:12 mi (19 km) 1135:12 mi (19 km) 1116:13 mi (21 km) 1097:10 mi (16 km) 1059:15 mi (24 km) 1040:11 mi (18 km) 1003:17 mi (27 km) 984:16 mi (26 km) 965:12 mi (19 km) 946:12 mi (19 km) 927:12 mi (19 km) 825: 514:Local background: Jarrow 4807:English History 1914–45 4462:. London: Pluto Press. 4458:Bartley, Paula (2014). 4409:freedomCity2017 Staff. 4340:(subscription required) 4217:(subscription required) 3698:(subscription required) 3475:(subscription required) 3232:(subscription required) 3135:Parker, Selwyn (2010). 3017:"Debate on the Address" 2897:(subscription required) 2868:(subscription required) 2855:The Manchester Guardian 2824:(subscription required) 2791:(subscription required) 2770:(subscription required) 2749:"Politics at Guildford" 2709:The Manchester Guardian 2677:The Manchester Guardian 2506:(subscription required) 2278:(subscription required) 2219:Kingsford, pp. 107, 126 2209:(subscription required) 2176:(subscription required) 1387:8 mi (13 km) 1078:9 mi (14 km) 749:between 1924 and 1931. 417:British Communist Party 4898:: "The Jarrow Crusade" 4844:Vernon, James (2007). 4829:. London: Croom Helm. 4753:. London: W.H. Allen. 4549:Garside, W.R. (1990). 4013:Perry, pp. 150 and 169 3312:Wilkinson, pp. 198–202 3137:"Liquidate Everything" 2952:10.1093/ref:odnb/36902 2486:10.1093/ref:odnb/35369 2188:"Communist Organizers" 1818: 1801:1945 Labour government 1709: 1701: 1632: 1579: 1529: 843: 801: 725: 699:High Sheriff of Surrey 654: 591: 527: 26: 4638:. London: Routledge. 4299:Perry, pp. 175, 36–37 4051:. 19 September 2003. 3915:Wilkinson, pp. 210–11 3606:Wilkinson, pp. 205–07 3070:Wilkinson, pp. 180–81 3061:Wilkinson, pp. 174–76 3052:Wilkinson, pp. 172–73 2997:Wilkinson, pp. 195–96 2803:"New Hope for Jarrow" 2665:Wilkinson, pp. 157–58 2632:Wilkinson, pp. 153–55 2594:Wilkinson, pp. 141–42 2585:Wilkinson, pp. 137–39 2246:Kingsford, pp. 154–61 2237:Kingsford, pp. 134–38 1813: 1805:Minister of Education 1707: 1695: 1628: 1574: 1523: 1445:had ruled that their 838: 793: 730:1931 general election 720: 646: 586: 523: 83:Trades Union Congress 24: 4925:54.98139°N 1.49000°W 4653:Perry, Matt (2005). 4594:Lawrence and Wishart 4315:The Economic Journal 3575:"The Jarrow Crusade" 3006:Betty Vernon, p. 240 2907:Betty Vernon, p. 138 2834:Betty Vernon, p. 148 2644:Betty Vernon, p. 140 2431:Wilkinson, pp. 20–21 2422:Wilkinson, pp. 13–16 2410:Wilkinson, pp. 11–12 2289:Bruley, Sue (1999). 2121:Kingsford, pp. 19–22 1865:Notes and references 1854:Newcastle University 1816:Jarrow Metro station 1792:The Economic Journal 1783:from 1959 to 1970. 1698:The Spirit of Jarrow 1688:Appraisal and legacy 1546:Co-operative Society 784:Consett Iron Company 628:, the light cruiser 598:on the banks of the 5004:Protests in England 4984:October 1936 events 4921: / 4482:The Age of Illusion 4415:freedomcity2017.com 4411:"Freedom City 2017" 4321:(198–99): 292–294. 4275:The Daily Telegraph 4247:. 1 November 2011. 3926:"Petitions, Jarrow" 2979:Betty Vernon, p. 63 2529:Newcastle Chronicle 2144:James Vernon, p. 56 890: 769:Proposed steelworks 734:Jarrow constituency 639:Closure of Palmer's 471:National Government 405:cyclical variations 108: 97:National background 4994:Poverty in England 4930:54.98139; -1.49000 4350:Vernon, pp. 184–85 4277:. 7 October 2011. 3298:Pickard, pp. 21–22 2919:Bartley, pp. 62–63 2076:Taylor, pp. 188–89 2000:North-East History 1819: 1803:she was appointed 1710: 1702: 1696:Bronze sculpture. 1662:Peace Pledge Union 1580: 1530: 1439:Ministry of Labour 1254:Market Harborough 938:Chester-le-Street 886: 844: 747:Middlesbrough East 726: 655: 615:Sir Charles Palmer 592: 538:, situated on the 106: 27: 4902:BBC World Service 4857:978-0-674-02678-0 4836:978-0-7099-2603-0 4817:978-0-14-021181-8 4781:978-1-84162-363-4 4760:978-0-491-01654-4 4741:978-0-14-021172-6 4728:Skidelsky, Robert 4686:978-0-85031-398-7 4664:978-1-873757-60-4 4645:978-0-415-07247-2 4626:978-0-19-828502-1 4603:978-0-85315-556-0 4565:978-0-521-36443-0 4541:978-0-00-731453-9 4510:978-1-107-03846-2 4469:978-0-7453-3237-6 4368:Perry, pp. 115–16 4359:Symington, p. 116 4034:Wilkinson, p. 264 4025:Perry, pp. 174–75 4004:Perry, pp. 166–70 3992:Perry, pp. 164–65 3903:Perry, pp. 160–61 3894:Perry, pp. 159–60 3876:Wilkinson, p. 209 3858:Wilkinson, p. 208 3849:Perry, pp. 140–42 3797:Perry, pp. 124–27 3788:Perry, pp. 121–22 3779:Perry, pp. 113–14 3708:Wilkinson, p. 201 3530:Wilkinson, p. 204 3405:Perry, pp. 12, 57 3396:Perry, pp. 12, 30 3387:Kingsford, p. 211 3260:Wilkinson, p. 198 3242:Wilkinson, p. 197 3178:Wilkinson, p. 186 3153:978-0-7481-2231-8 3125:Wilkinson, p. 162 2965:(Subscription or 2729:Wilkinson, p. 161 2697:Wilkinson, p. 163 2653:Wilkinson, p. 149 2576:Wilkinson, p. 133 2567:Wilkinson, p. 130 2499:(Subscription or 2351:Kingsford, p. 167 2311:. 19 April 2013. 1790:. A reviewer for 1660:, founder of the 1557:Market Harborough 1420:Chester-le-Street 1399: 1398: 1239:Market Harborough 923:Chester-le-Street 596:Palmer's shipyard 479:1932 hunger march 380: 379: 44:Palmer's shipyard 5016: 4954:1936 in politics 4936: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4878: 4861: 4840: 4821: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4764: 4751:Economic History 4745: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4690: 4668: 4649: 4630: 4618: 4607: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4574: 4557: 4545: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4493: 4473: 4445: 4444: 4438: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4360: 4357: 4351: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4338: 4306: 4300: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4199: 4193: 4190: 4184: 4181: 4175: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4110: 4104: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4041: 4035: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4014: 4011: 4005: 4002: 3993: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3904: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3789: 3786: 3780: 3777: 3771: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3733: 3727: 3726:Perry, pp. 93–94 3724: 3718: 3715: 3709: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3646: 3639: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3616: 3615:Perry, pp. 84–85 3613: 3607: 3604: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3552: 3549: 3540: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3522: 3519: 3513: 3512:Perry, pp. 35–36 3510: 3504: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3486: 3485:Perry, pp. 46–48 3483: 3477: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3406: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3370: 3369:Perry, pp. 21–23 3367: 3361: 3358: 3352: 3351:Perry, pp. 45–46 3349: 3343: 3340: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3299: 3296: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3230: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3141:The Great Crash 3132: 3126: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3089: 3080: 3077: 3071: 3068: 3062: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3013: 3007: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2939: 2931: 2920: 2917: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2866: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2633: 2630: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2601: 2595: 2592: 2586: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2568: 2565: 2559: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2541: 2540:Wilkinson, p. 73 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2473: 2465: 2459: 2458:Wilkinson, p. 57 2456: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2432: 2429: 2423: 2420: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2361: 2358: 2352: 2349: 2343: 2342:Gardiner, p. 448 2340: 2334: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2151: 2145: 2142: 2136: 2133: 2122: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2067:Skidelsky, p. 15 2065: 2059: 2056: 2050: 2047: 2036: 2033: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2015: 1987: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1951: 1945: 1934: 1928: 1921: 1915: 1907: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1888: 1882: 1879: 1843:Durham Cathedral 1833:, and an opera, 1714:Second World War 1674:James Chuter Ede 1636: 1467:Territorial Army 1408:Jarrow Town Hall 891: 868:Bishop of Durham 860:Bishop of Jarrow 840:Jarrow Town Hall 805: 663:Great Depression 531: 483:Trafalgar Square 460:Ramsay MacDonald 109: 91:Second World War 48:House of Commons 5024: 5023: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5013: 4949:1936 in England 4939: 4938: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4896:Witness History 4886: 4881: 4858: 4837: 4818: 4791: 4789: 4782: 4761: 4742: 4717: 4715: 4708: 4687: 4665: 4646: 4627: 4604: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4555: 4542: 4520: 4518: 4511: 4470: 4453: 4448: 4432: 4431: 4424: 4422: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4327:10.2307/2226123 4307: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4284: 4282: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4222: 4216: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3977: 3975: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3690: 3688: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3555: 3550: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3467: 3465: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3302: 3297: 3290: 3280: 3278: 3277:on 5 March 2016 3269: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3231: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3154: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3110: 3108: 3093:"Special Areas" 3091: 3090: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2964: 2956: 2954: 2932: 2923: 2918: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2889: 2887: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2816: 2814: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2790: 2782:"News in Brief" 2780: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2762: 2760: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2636: 2631: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2511: 2505: 2498: 2490: 2488: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2395: 2393: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2270: 2268: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2201: 2199: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2168: 2166: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2039: 2034: 2023: 2013: 2011: 1988: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1962: 1958: 1952: 1948: 1935: 1931: 1922: 1918: 1908: 1904: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1770:Robert Goodwill 1690: 1666:Sir John Jarvis 1638: 1634: 1626: 1569: 1518: 1495:crocodile tears 1455: 1416:Bishop of Ripon 1404: 884: 833: 828: 807: 803: 771: 742:Ellen Wilkinson 738:William Pearson 722:Ellen Wilkinson 715: 713:Ellen Wilkinson 695:Sir John Jarvis 684:Walter Runciman 641: 611:Ellen Wilkinson 581: 533: 529: 521: 516: 508:A. J. P. Taylor 473:that imposed a 456:Stanley Baldwin 413: 389:world recession 137: 135: 130: 128: 123: 121: 116: 104: 99: 56:First World War 17: 12: 11: 5: 5022: 5012: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4905: 4904: 4892: 4885: 4884:External links 4882: 4880: 4879: 4862: 4856: 4841: 4835: 4822: 4816: 4802:Taylor, A.J.P. 4798: 4780: 4765: 4759: 4746: 4740: 4724: 4706: 4691: 4685: 4669: 4663: 4650: 4644: 4631: 4625: 4608: 4602: 4585: 4564: 4546: 4540: 4527: 4509: 4494: 4478:Blythe, Ronald 4474: 4468: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4401: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4343: 4301: 4292: 4262: 4232: 4220: 4206:. p. 32. 4194: 4185: 4176: 4167: 4136: 4105: 4103:Pickard, p. 26 4096: 4081: 4066: 4036: 4027: 4015: 4006: 3994: 3985: 3951: 3917: 3905: 3896: 3887: 3878: 3869: 3860: 3851: 3842: 3833: 3799: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3754: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3667: 3658: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3596: 3565: 3553: 3551:Blythe, p. 199 3541: 3532: 3523: 3514: 3505: 3503:Pickard, p. 94 3496: 3487: 3478: 3445: 3443:Pickard, p. 91 3436: 3434:Bartley, p. 89 3427: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3371: 3362: 3360:Pickard, p. 89 3353: 3344: 3342:Blythe, p. 194 3332: 3330:Pickard, p. 14 3323: 3314: 3300: 3288: 3262: 3253: 3251:Blythe, p. 190 3244: 3235: 3214: 3180: 3171: 3152: 3127: 3118: 3081: 3072: 3063: 3054: 3042: 3008: 2999: 2990: 2988:Bartley, p. 83 2981: 2972: 2921: 2909: 2900: 2871: 2845: 2843:Blythe, p. 189 2836: 2827: 2794: 2773: 2740: 2738:Blythe, p. 188 2731: 2722: 2699: 2690: 2667: 2655: 2646: 2634: 2622: 2596: 2587: 2578: 2569: 2560: 2551: 2549:Smales, p. 259 2542: 2533: 2521: 2519:Ritchie, p. 15 2509: 2460: 2451: 2442: 2433: 2424: 2412: 2403: 2371: 2369:Taylor, p. 433 2362: 2353: 2344: 2335: 2326: 2296: 2281: 2248: 2239: 2230: 2221: 2212: 2179: 2146: 2137: 2123: 2114: 2112:Garside, p. 11 2105: 2096: 2087: 2078: 2069: 2060: 2058:Garside, p. 13 2051: 2049:Garside, p. 10 2037: 2021: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1966: 1956: 1946: 1938:Clement Attlee 1929: 1916: 1911:Special Branch 1902: 1892: 1883: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1859:Graham Ibbeson 1777:Joseph Symonds 1689: 1686: 1647:Ritchie Calder 1627: 1625: 1622: 1568: 1565: 1517: 1514: 1454: 1451: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1001: 996: 995:Northallerton 993: 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4965: 4962: 4960: 4959:1936 protests 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4937: 4934: 4903: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4773: 4772: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4752: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4713: 4709: 4707:0-7190-3805-7 4703: 4699: 4698: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4617: 4616: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4554: 4553: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4455: 4442: 4436: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4365: 4356: 4347: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4296: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4230:Perry, p. 193 4227: 4225: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4189: 4180: 4171: 4155: 4151: 4150:The Socialist 4147: 4140: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4100: 4092: 4085: 4077: 4070: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4031: 4022: 4020: 4010: 4001: 3999: 3989: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3912: 3910: 3900: 3891: 3885:Perry, p. 146 3882: 3873: 3867:Perry, p. 149 3864: 3855: 3846: 3840:Perry, p. 139 3837: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3794: 3785: 3776: 3770:Perry, p. 111 3767: 3761:Perry, p. 102 3758: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3723: 3714: 3705: 3686: 3683:. p. 8. 3682: 3678: 3671: 3662: 3643: 3636: 3630: 3621: 3612: 3603: 3601: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3560: 3558: 3548: 3546: 3536: 3527: 3518: 3509: 3500: 3491: 3482: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3440: 3431: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3348: 3339: 3337: 3327: 3321:Perry, p. 122 3318: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3295: 3293: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3257: 3248: 3239: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3175: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3131: 3122: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3086: 3076: 3067: 3058: 3049: 3047: 3030: 3026: 3022: 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