263:
whilst he ransacked his lands. By the time of Timur's death in 1405 and the subsequent weakening of
Timurid authority, Shir had switched allegiance to Qara Yusuf. Though he seems to have disliked the Turkomans, he is recorded to have acted as an intermediary during a dispute between them and the
174:
princess. Such intermarriages between
Christian Armenian nobles and Muslim ruling families were not uncommon due to the mutual political benefits they provided. Alternatively, Armenians have been known to refer to other Armenians who had converted to Islam as “Kurds”. It may therefore be that Izz
268:. By 1412, Izz al-Din Shir had begun surrendering his rule to his son, Malik Muhammad, on account of his advanced age. However, he still appears to have been the Hakkari ruler de jure, with Armenian scribes continuing to refer to Malik Muhammad under his father's name.
259:. In 1395, he was recorded as having engaged the Qara Qoyunlu forces for several days, in reward for which he was awarded lands by Timur. However in 1398, he was captured by Qara Yusuf, who had him imprisoned on
237:. He was later captured and bound by Timur, who allegedly had many of the defenders of the stronghold enslaved or executed. Shir himself was spared and later had his authority restored under
287:
temporarily regained control of the area, Shir refused to recognise his rule, a policy followed by his successors. Izz al-Din Shir died two years later, in 1423.
178:
His father may have been a certain Malik Izz al-Din, who had commissioned the Halima Khatun
Mausoleum (likely for his mother) in
275:
reconquered the region in 1421, Izz al-Din Shir was among the nobles and dignitaries who visited him in his winter quarters in
489:
399:
567:
562:
190:
The exact year in which Izz al-Din Shir began his reign is uncertain. In 1384, he appears to have been allied with
155:
244:
In 1392, Shir had the province of Vostan captured from his brother Malik Assad. The following year, the
249:
309:
552:
255:
Now as Timur's ally, Shir began assisting the conqueror in his wars against Qara
Muhammad's son
64:
154:
Izz al-Din Shir was described historically as being "of the line of Senek'erim", referring to
279:
to offer their fealty. Malik
Muhammad did the same soon after when the conqueror visited the
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135:
557:
8:
195:
485:
475:
395:
370:
71:
218:, was led to safety by Shir through the latter's domains to the Jalairid capital of
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127:
92:
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al-Din Shir simply belonged to an
Islamised branch of the Artsrunid royal family.
518:
479:
389:
327:
523:. The Numismatic Chronicle. Vol. 16. Royal Numismatic Society. p. 119.
314:
Amir 'Izz al-Din Shir (probably an arabicization of the
Kurdish name Yozdan-Shir
260:
238:
546:
284:
199:
191:
230:
215:
211:
203:
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ancestry was matrilineal, i.e. his mother or grandmother may have been an
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332:. Vol. 1–2. The Society for Armenian Studies. pp. 132–33.
280:
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139:
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85:
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179:
143:
520:
A Hoard of Silver Coins from the Time of
Iskandar Qarā-Qoyūnlū
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111:
347:. Iran & the Caucasus. Vol. 7. pp. 41–43, 58.
345:
The
Kurdish Principality of Hakkariya (14th-15th Centuries)
391:
225:
In 1387, Izz al-Din Shir was besieged at a fortress in
481:
The Turks, Iran and the Caucasus in the Middle Ages
16:
Kurdish founder of the Emirate of Hakkâri (d. 1423)
252:, Zak'aria II, was stoned to death on his orders.
369:
544:
138:, which ruled an area to the south and east of
304:Sanjian, Avedis K. (1969). "Personal Names".
533:
504:
462:
450:
426:
375:The History of Tamerlane and His Successors
357:
342:
329:Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies
306:Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts,1301-1480
134:) (d.1423) was the Kurdish founder of the
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387:
198:. Sultan Ahmad, then threatened by both
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325:
303:
545:
516:
131:
13:
484:. Variorum Reprints. p. 989.
14:
579:
377:. Translated by Robert Bedrosian.
166:heritage, it is likely that this
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510:
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343:Khachatrian, Alexander (2003).
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420:
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283:region. When Qara Yusuf's son
1:
394:. Pindar Press. p. 334.
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149:
156:Senekerim-Hovhannes Artsruni
7:
568:15th-century Kurdish people
563:14th-century Kurdish people
326:Sanjian, Avedis K. (1984).
10:
584:
158:, the final ruler of the
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99:
84:
70:
59:
51:
47:
39:
31:
26:
21:
388:Sinclair, T. A. (1987).
310:Harvard University Press
271:When Timur's successor
185:
229:by the forces of the
160:Kingdom of Vaspurakan
517:Album, S. (1976).
476:Minorsky, Vladimir
239:Timurid suzerainty
196:Jalairid Sultanate
136:Emirate of Hakkâri
534:Khachatrian (2003
507:, pp. 47–49)
505:Khachatrian (2003
491:978-0-86078-028-1
463:Khachatrian (2003
453:, pp. 45–46)
451:Khachatrian (2003
427:Khachatrian (2003
401:978-0-907132-32-5
371:Thomas of Metsoph
358:Khachatrian (2003
146:) up until 1845.
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142:(in what is now
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63:Pasha Khatun of
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162:. Given Shir's
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120:Izz al-Din Shir
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90:Hakkari dynasty
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35:pre-1384 – 1423
27:Emir of Hakkâri
22:Izz al-din Shir
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12:
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553:Kurdish rulers
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441:, p. 125)
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417:, p. 110)
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43:Malik Muhammad
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536:, p. 49)
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465:, p. 47)
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439:Sanjian (1984
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429:, p. 45)
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415:Sanjian (1969
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360:, p. 41)
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285:Qara Iskander
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231:Central Asian
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200:Qara Mahammad
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216:Golden Horde
204:Qara Qoyunlu
192:Sultan Ahmad
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123:
119:
118:
78:Sultan Ahmad
558:1423 deaths
124:Yozdan-Shir
80:Baha al-Din
547:Categories
291:References
257:Qara Yusuf
246:Catholicos
233:conqueror
208:Tokhtamysh
150:Background
95:(possibly)
273:Shah Rukh
182:in 1335.
172:Artsrunid
132:Êzdîn Şêr
40:Successor
478:(1978).
373:(1987).
281:Lake Van
277:Qarabagh
250:Aghtamar
168:Armenian
140:Lake Van
108:Religion
220:Baghdad
214:of the
202:of the
194:of the
164:Kurdish
128:Kurdish
488:
398:
227:Tushpa
180:Vostan
144:Turkey
100:Father
65:Bitlis
60:Spouse
235:Timur
112:Islam
86:House
72:Issue
32:Reign
486:ISBN
396:ISBN
212:Khan
206:and
186:Life
55:1423
52:Died
248:of
122:or
549::
312:.
308:.
241:.
222:.
210:,
130::
494:.
404:.
126:(
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